Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Kingdom of Portugal[3] was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.
Kingdom of Portugal[lower-alpha 1] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1139–1910 | |||||||||||||
| Motto: "In hoc signo vinces" (Latin) "In this sign thou shalt conquer" | |||||||||||||
| Anthem: "Hymno Patriótico" (1809–1834) "Patriotic Anthem" Hino da Carta (1834–1910) "Anthem of the Charter" | |||||||||||||
 The Kingdom of Portugal in 1800 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Coimbra (1139–1255) Lisbon[a] (1255–1808) Angra do Heroísmo[b] (1580–1582) Rio de Janeiro (1808–1821) Lisbon (1821–1910) Angra do Heroísmo[c] (1830–1834) 38°42′N 9°11′W | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Official languages: Unofficial languages: | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Majority: Roman Catholicism (official)[1] Minority: Sephardic Judaism[lower-alpha 7] Islam[lower-alpha 8] | ||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Portuguese | ||||||||||||
| Government | Feudal constitutional monarchy (1139–1698) Absolute monarchy (1698–1820; 1823–1826; 1828–1834) Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy (1822–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910) | ||||||||||||
| Monarch | |||||||||||||
• 1139–1185 (first) | Afonso I | ||||||||||||
• 1908–1910 (last) | Manuel II | ||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1834–1835 (first) | Marquis of Palmela | ||||||||||||
• 1910 (last) | Teixeira de Sousa | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Cortes (1139–1706; 1816–1820) None (rule by decree) (1698–1820; 1823–1826; 1828–1834) The General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Portuguese Nation (1820–1822) Cortes Gerais (1820–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910) | ||||||||||||
• Upper house | Chamber of Peers (1822–1838; 1842–1910) Chamber of Senators (1838–1842) | ||||||||||||
• Lower house | Chamber of Deputies (1822–1910) | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| 25 July 1139 | |||||||||||||
| 5 October 1143 | |||||||||||||
| 1 December 1640 | |||||||||||||
| 1 February 1908 | |||||||||||||
| 5 October 1910 | |||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| 1300[2] | 90,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 1300[2] | 800,000 | ||||||||||||
• 1800 | 9,270,000 | ||||||||||||
• 1900 | 12,434,000 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Portuguese dinheiro, (1139–1433) Portuguese real (1433–1910) | ||||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | PT | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
a. ^ The capital was de facto located at Rio de Janeiro from 1808 to 1821.
b. ^ The seat of government of the Portuguese pretender António was de facto located at Angra do Heroísmo from 1580 to 1582. c. ^ The capital of the constitutional government in exile was de jure located at Angra do Heroísmo during the Portuguese Civil War, from 1830 to 1834. | |||||||||||||
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The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista, by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede. The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz.
During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire. From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain.
After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil. After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.
Portugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall.