CRAFT’S VILLAGE AT MADHYAPUR THIMI BY Rupesh Shrestha (062 / B.Arch / 231) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture In the Department of Architecture Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering Pulchowk Campus January 2011 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi. CERTIF ICATE This is to certify that this thesis entitled ―CRAFT‘S VILLAGE‖ at Madhyapur Thimi submitted by Mr. Rupesh Shrestha has been examined and it has been declared successful for the partial fulfilment of the academic requirement towards the completion of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture. ..…………………………… Ar. Rajesh Thapa (Thesis Supervisor) Date: ………………………. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi. DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. I state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent investigation/ work, except where otherwise stated. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and understand that any reference to or quotation from my thesis will receive an acknowledgement. ……………………. Rupesh Shrestha Date: …...………… RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all who have offered their help in accomplishing this thesis. I would like to thank my teachers; my guides who have continuously helped me with their guidance‘s and brainstorming ideas. I would like to thank my guide Ar. Rajesh Thapa for his continuous support and his valuable inputs. Also I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sudarshan Raj Tiwari, Prof. Sri Niwas Bir Singh Kansakar for their valuable ideas that has been helpful to shape this project. Also I would like to mention a special thanks to Ar. Deepak Pant and Ar. Punya Sagar Marahatta for their suggestions and continuous encouragement and gestures. Also I am indebted to the reputed personnel of various craft centres for their valuable co-operation during the case study. Also I want to express my gratitude towards Mr. Leela Mani Paudyal- Secretary at Office of Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (OPMCM) and Mr. Gopal ―Kalapremi‖ Shrestha – a renowned artist for their support while doing case study and programme formulation. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my seniors Ar. Abhishek Mananda Bajracharya, Ar. Monika Maharjan, Ar. Jeny Shrestha, Ar. Manisha Shilpakar, Ar. Timila Bajracharya and juniors Shashi Mandal, Selma Vaidya and Lona Gm, Anuj, Nirajan, Zubin, Nayan and my friend Prabin Man Baidya for their assistance and without who m this project couldn't have fully materialised. A word of appreciation also goes to my friends who have supported me in this endeavour and to all whose names I couldn't mention here. Thank you …. Rupesh Shrestha 062 / B.Arch / 231 RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi. ABSTRACT A craft is a branch of profession that requires some particular kind of skilled work. In historical sense, particularly as pertinent to the Medieval history and earlier, the term is usually applied towards people occupied in small- scale production of goods. The meaning of craft and its values are ever-changing with development of new techniques and methods. Craft village is a one-stop craft destination which offers visitors a unique variety of craft-related activities and programmes. It is intended to be a ―must visit" tourist destination. In this village, visitors will learn about Nepali handicraft through craft demonstrations & hands-on interactive sessions. Visitors will experience the interactive handicraft making besides viewing the techniques in which they make such fine masterpieces. It also accommodates various trading units. This project intends to provide spaces with forms and functions to foster the development of crafts that Nepal is known for. The art and craft gallery housed in its premises displays wide collections of handicraft products/artefacts based on time-honoured Nepali craft traditions. The core concept of the Craft gallery is education and highlights the craft heritage of Nepal and local handicraft production technologies. There are many handicrafts promoting agency in Nepal. They are private, semigovernment and government agency with different scope and scale. But the y lack adequate space which truly acknowledges the production, promotion and display of crafts. The project has opted for traditional principles in architectural design –character of a traditional settlement (tole). RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO 1. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 I trodu tio ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Histori al Ba kgrou d…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1.3 O je ti e of the Study……………………………………………………………………………………………........... 4 1.4 S ope of proje t ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1.5 Proje t Justifi atio ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1.6 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………........ 9 2. Chapter 2: Literature Review . Literature Re ie …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . O je ti e………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 12 2.3 Introduction 2.3.1 General Consideration ..……………………………………………………………………………….. 2.3.2 Design of Multifield workspace ………………………………………………………………….. 2.3.3 General requirement of studios …………………………………………………………………………. 19 2.3.4 Detailed study of studios……………………………………………………………………………………… . . Li rary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 23 . . Co fere e roo s a d restaura ts ………………………………………………………………….. 24 2.3.7 Display Spaces ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. . . E ergy Effi ie t Studies ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Chapter 3: Site Analysis 3.1 Site Analysis 3.1.1 Location ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 34 3.1.2 Physical features ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.1.3 Site surroundings ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.1.4 Site area …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.1.5 Access and approaches …………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.1.6 Vegetation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.2 Physical infrastructure …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.2.1 I frastru ture ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 36 3.2.2 Geology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.2.3 Climate ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 3.3 Few facts about Madhyapur Thimi ………………………………………………………………………………… 3.4 Site Justification …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3.5 Bye Laws ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... 37 3.6 SWOT A alysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Chapter 4: Case studies 4.1 Case Study …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 4.1.1 Introduction to Handicraft Association of Nepal ………………………………………………… 4.2 Wood craft 4.2.1 Wood Carving Industries ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.2.2 Wood carving at Bhaktapur ……………………………………………………………………………….. 44 4.3 Metal Craft 4.3.1 MahaBuddha Handicraft ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4.4 Stone Craft 4.4.1 Arniko Stone Carvers …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4.5 Clay Craft 4.5.1 Pottery Square ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50 4.5.2 Thimi Ceramics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53 4.6 Gallery and Exhibition Space 4.6.1 Nehru Memorial Pavillion ………………………………………………………………………………….. 54 4.6.2 National Craft Museum ………………………………………………………………………………………. 56 4.7 Exhibition and Commercial space 4.7.1 Babar Mahal Revisited ………………………………………………………………………………………. 4.7.2 Siddhartha Art Gallery ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4.8 Training and Development Center 4.8.1 Handicraft Design and Development center …………………………………………………….. 4.9 CRAFT VILLAGE 4.9.1 Folk arts a d Craft’s Museu 4.10 ………………………………………………………………………….. 66 Energy Studies 4.10.1 Piano's Beyeler Foundation Museum ………………………………………………………….. 68 5. Chapter 5: Design Inferences 5.1 Elements of Newar settle e ts …………………………………………………………………………. 70 6. CHAPTER 6: Programme and Area formulation …………………………………………………………………… 74 7. CHAPTER 7: CONCEPT 7.1 Concept ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79 7.2 Design theme ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7.3 Zoning and site planning ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7.4 Proposed Utility and services …………………………………………………………………………….. 7.5 Fire hazard protection plan ………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85 8. CONCLUSION Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION Arts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's own hands and skill. These can be sub-divided into handicrafts or "traditional crafts" (doing things the old way) and the rest. Some crafts have been practised for centuries, while others are modern inventions, or popularisations of crafts which were originally practiced in a very small geographic area. (Word IQ.com 2010) The specific name Arts and Crafts movement was also given to a design movement of the late 19th and early 20th century, whose proponents included William Morris and Edwin Lutyens. They believed that medieval craftsmen achieved a joy in the excellence of their work, which they strove to emulate. These activities are called crafts because originally many of them were professions. Adolescents were apprenticed to a master-craftsman, and they refined their skills over a period of years. By the time their training was complete, they were well-equipped to set up in trade for themselves, earning their living with the skill of their hands. The Industrial Revolution and the increasing mechanisation of production processes gradually reduced or eliminated many of the roles professional craftspeople played, and today 'crafts' are most commonly seen as a form of hobby. Most crafts require a combination of skill and talent, but they can also be learnt on a more basic level by virtually anyone. Many Community centres and schools run evening or day classes and workshops offering to teach basic craft skills in a short period of time. Many of these crafts become extremely popular for brief periods of time (a few months, or a few years), spreading rapidly among the crafting population as everyone emulates the first examples. The term craft also refers to the products of artistic production or creation that require a high degree of tacit knowledge, are highly technical, require specialized equipment and/or facilities to produce, involve manual labor or a blue-collar work ethic, are accessible to the general public and are constructed from materials with histories that exceed the boundaries of western art history, such as ceramics, glass, textiles, metal and wood. These products are produced within a specific community of practice and while they differ from the products RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 1 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi produced within the communities of art and design, the boundaries of such often overlap resulting in hybrid objects. Additionally, as the interpretation and validation of art is frequently a matter of context, an audience may perceive crafted objects as art objects when these objects are viewed within an art context, such as in a museum or in a position of prominence in ones home. Art and Craft are inter-related in many aspects. They are a form of expression of ideas and solutions through items they create. Different items that craftsmen have made, during their civilization has brought a masterpiece and stated about the period of their times. Nepal is a country with diversified cultures, art and traditions. It is a colorful country. It is because of these cultures and tradition Nepal is known to the world today. These diversified cultures and traditions are reflected on the art and crafts of the country, which not only specifies the identity but has become one of the most important financial gains of the country. As stated in Wikipedia (2010) Handicraft is known as craftwork is a simple craft. It is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods. They are usually labour intensive specialized skills and uses indigenous raw material and resources. In the India – Crafts (2010) it states usually, what differentiates handicraft from arts and crafts is a matter of intent, i.e. handicraft items are intended to be used, worn, etc, having a purpose beyond simple decoration. According to Handicrafts are generally considered more traditional work, created as a necessary part of daily life, while arts and crafts implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection of a creative technique. In practical terms, the categories have a great deal of overlap (Malcolm Tatum 2010). RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 2 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Gajurel and Vaidya (1994) suggest that history of Nepalese Handicraft is an old saga. Traces of Nepalese handicraft dates back to Stone Age, where any kinds of tool were inadequate. During 5th Century AD, different religions began to form their bases amongst the people, along with the history of handicraft. Thus handicraft began with faith; a lot of religion influence can be seen in Nepalese Handicraft. People from different spheres of life following different religion from Hinduism to Buddhism influenced so much of Nepalese art and craft. Documentary evidences indicate that Nepalese handicraft dates back to the period of Kautilya. In 4th century, Nepal was known for quality rainproof woolen blankets, known as "bhiringisi", as referred in ―Kautiliyam Arthashastra‖. Various Chinese travellers like Wanghunshe and Huansang, in 648 A.D. have greatly appreciated Nepalese arts and crafts and the skills of Nepalese craftsmen and artisans, in their travelogues. Terracotta toys, dolls and figurines discovered at Tilaurakot in western Nepal and bronze peacock at Lumbini are among the few best examples of the Nepalese handicrafts used by the people during and after the 6th century B.C. Production of various handicrafts and their use in the society has been an integral part of Nepal‘s rural life. Agricultural and other tools(khukuri, Kuto Kodali, Halo, Chulesi etc), rugs and blankets (Radi Pakhi), Bhangro (Hemp cloth) and Wickerwork (Gundri, Doko, Namlo etc) have always been the part of rural life. In the same way, hand made paper, handloom cloth, woolen knitwear and rugs have their own historical background that cannot be confined to a specific era. In Lichhavi period, development of artistic handicraft reached its height in various form of metal/wood/stone craft. The Thangka, which is believed to be Tibetan origin, was also developed as Pauva from Nepal. After 1951, when Nepal opened its door to foreigners, such craft products meant for domestic market also noticed the possibility of exporting to countries in Europe, USA and other Asian countries. One walking down the streets of Kathmandu cannot fail to notice the abundance religious buildings in the city. These religious building became the source of traditional handicraft. Almost every nook and corner space occupied religious artifacts. The temples were the sites of magnificent stone and wood carvings. Most of the stone carvings were from the RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi eleventh and twelfth centuries and reflect the influence of Indian art from the Gupta (5 and 6th century A.D.) and the Palasena (10th to 12th century AD.) periods. Wood carvings are predominantly from the eighteenth century used to decorate pillars, door and window frames, cornices and supporting struts (‗Craft News‘ 1999). These evidences showcase some of the magnificent craft of the country proving the skill and ancient techniques still used today; they are a source of inspiration. 1.3 OBJECTIVE The main objective of this project would be to share crafts information through workshops, gallery and exhibitions, and provide innovative craft design classes through latest technology. In trend, we accumulate all different activities in a rented building with a single character which results in loss of active participation of dwellers. Objective of this project will be to transgress from this trend into providing an apt environment of healthy promotion of Nepali crafts. The project at end will be a place of amalgamation of various trade guilds distributed in Nepal and provide a platform for creative learning for people interested in craft sector. This will also act as a community center to promote tourism as there will be a collection of Nepali cultural traits. The development functions are determined to satisfy three different parts of community requirements. The first would be an employment / facility center for village. The second one would be the tourist related functions such as viewpoint and view decks, and third one would be common for community and for tourists such as bank, information center, etc. In FHAN (12 May 2010) it describes that in Nepal there are clusters of crafts such as metal crafts, handmade paper crafts, wooden crafts, thangkas and modern painting, potteries, stone carving and so on. They are the basic livelihood of the people. As Nepal is a developing country one cannot expect a huge global industry in the area but one which survives are small cottage industry that we are more skilled in. Therefore a handicraft village can be a good platform for those using them. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 4 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi So the main objectives are as follows: 1.3.1 Social  An interaction place for craftsmen.  To provide a good working environment for the creation, workshop, exhibition and presentation.  To fulfill the solitude environment required by artists and craftsmen, coherent with their way of living and working style.  As a socialization ground for craftsmen. 1.3.2 Cultural  To promote Nepalese culture through crafts.  A cultural center that justifies the Nepali lifestyle.  To blend with the culture of different generations. 1.3.3 Physical  To provide an adequate, controlled and ideal environment for craftsmen.  To promote Nepalese handicraft, both within inside and outside Nepal.  To provide space for seminars and exhibitions, for exchange of their views and ideas.  To create a new attraction for tourist. 1.3.4 Economical objectives  To enable people to understand the relationship between economics, culture and aesthetics  The place maybe developed as a part of tourist spots in the Kathmandu Valley that would in turn help in generating certain revenue  Addition of employment. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 5 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 1.4 SCOPE OF PROJECT The project basically comprises of Crafts which are contextual to Kathmandu. Nepal is diversified nation and so is its crafts industry. Thus all of the crafts is impossible to be accommodated in a single complex. Thus taking this into account, crafts such as a. Wood Craft b. Stone Craft c. Textile Craft d. Clay Craft e. Metal Craft and f. Thanka g. Mask making has been attempted to be accommodated. Crafts Village includes A. Administration : overall management and supervision of activities B. Research and training: R & D, knowledge sharing, advancement C. Workshop: demo rooms on prototype designs D. Craft gallery: craft display, exhibitions E. Exhibit, Sales and promotion: showrooms, shops F. Supporting units: To manage the complex an administrative body is required. G. Facilities and recreation: Such as restaurants, parking and rest rooms. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 6 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 1.5 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION Nepal is suffering for serious drawbacks such as poverty and brain-drain. We have not been able to uplift Nepal and provide even basic requirements for our people. Although Nepal boasts of a rich civilization and culture we have not been able to fully catch its potential and develop it into a income generating source. We possess artists renowned in the world for their craft but still they lack a formal way of training and a platform for information dissemination / publicity of their skills. Present status of Handicraft (source:FHAN) Nepalese handicraft is not curio any more. Although produced in households, some handicraft products have taken the shape of small industry.  Volume of business / export Handicraft export from Nepal is to the tune of 2.75 billion Nepalese rupees. Although there is not any survey on local sales of handicrafts, on the basis of discussion with peoples engaged in this sector, their sale is estimated to at 4.12 billion rupees. Thus, total business of handicraft is estimated to at 6.87 billion rupees.  Revenue to Government – Import, Export, Income Tax Handicraft business contributes to national revenue from various ways. Tariff for imported raw materials, fees paid for Custom clearance and income tax from profit generated by numerous enterprises are the major forms of revenue from handicraft sector. Furthermore, enterprise registration and renewal also contribute to national revenue.  Number of family engaged / population Population census 2001 indicates that Nepal has a population of craft workers to the tune of 1 million.  Working environment As most of the handicraft production is done in household scale, the working condition is not ideal. In urban areas, space at household scale is felt inadequate to expand production. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 7 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  Handicraft industry’s problems Due to lower scale of economy, handicraft industry faces the problem of low productivity, high cost of production, inconsistent quality and inadequate volume of production. Each product has their own specific problems too. Absence of proper infrastructure has been major problem in the areas of production, processing and marketing of handicraft goods.  Contribution to GDP Handicraft sector contributes around 1% to the national GDP.  Contribution in the employment Handicraft sector contributes around 9% in the total employment of the country. Moreover, it has been a solid base for self employment. Craft industry is taking a developing route which must be preserved for its sustainability. As said earlier a good designed environment is provided for creation, workshop, exhibition and presentation. It employees and trains the people living in a society which in turn will also promote the national craft to the world. If there is any such medium to grasp their creative ingenuity then the present situation of poverty and brain-drain may come to a steep decrease. Further it will be an asset for tourism industry of Nepal in which tourists can perceive Nepal in form of its natural beauty and also in terms of its culture and crafts. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 8 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 1.6 METHODOLOGY Essential academic steps conducted during the study are simply pointed out as shown below. 1. Preliminary stage: A. Collection of data and information relevant to the project. a. From various government and non-government authorities. b. References from library and Internet. c. Interview with the craftsmen. B. Visit proposed site a. Site analysis i. Site parameters/ field visits and study ii. Data required for site planning shall be recorded diligently. iii. Soil investigation iv. Assessment of locally available construction materials. v. Funtional parameters relevant to the design according to the user requirement i.e, external and internal communication. vi. Planning and design parameter deals with planning code and design code. vii. Climatic analysis viii. Traffic flow analysis ix. Weather, fire and damp resistances x. Thermal and sound insulation C. Empirical enqiry a. Field case study b. Library case study c. Internet case study After collecting all the data from the preliminary stage, the proposed requirement of the design was formulated based on all above studies. From the above preliminary RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 9 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi stage the size, shape and function of the particular element of the whole project was determined. 2. Secondary stage: A. Planning a. Development of master planning i. Conceptual planning of site. ii. Traffic management and parking b. Conceptual design of building i. General layout of building as per requirements B. Building a. General layout/arrangement b. Architectural plans/elevations/sections c. Perspective views/model.  Design development variables  Need           Context        RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Space Relationships Priorities Processes Objective Maintenance Access Equipment Environment Site Zoning Services Macro-Climate Adjacent Building Geological factors Vehicular Access B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 10 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  Form          RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Zoning Circulation Structure Enclosure Construction type Construction process Energy Climate control Image B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 11 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.0 CHAPTER 2 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study. The review should describe, summarise, evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research. Works which are irrelevant should be discarded and those which are peripheral should be looked at critically ( Dr Barbara Webster, 2000) A literature review is an account of understanding particular topic or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research. Generally a literature review is done to identify the general topic, issue or area of concerns. For proceeding any project, proper and adequate knowledge is a must. Almost theoretical knowledge for proper understanding of the project is gained through study of literature such as books, journals, reports, articles and so on. 2.2  Objective of the study  To collect required data on various aspect  Theoretical standards for general requirement  Analysis of requirements and developing concepts Theory based on experience and researches, giving guidelines. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 12 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.3 INTRODUCTION The general idea behind the production of craft related items is the production, display, sales. Thus related studies were undertaken to understand these aspects. Various layouts and working environment were studied thereafter to get knowledge about craft related works. Following studies were done to understand and review basic design space and consideration for specific purposes. 1. General Considerations 2. Design of Multifield workspace 3. Display Spaces 4. Energy related studies 2.3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION The following gives guidelines to designing and maintain relation with other activities: Freedom and Flexibility of Space: As most of the handicraft production is done in household scale, the working environment is not ideal. In urban areas, space at household scale is felt inadequate to expand production. Hence, for ideal working condition - large ventilated rooms, with high ceiling and transitional areas such as courtyard, or open to sky spaces should be well appreciated in the studios and work areas. The link between indoor and outdoor space should be maintained as far as possible. Freedom of space RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 13 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Visual Environments: Studios must have good amount of natural daylight, with high level windows equal to at least 25-30% of the floor area. Roof lighting is also preferred. All windows should have some sort of daylight control. Artificial light comes into use in absence of natural light, where detail work and displayed images are to be focused. Lighting should be such that it does not produce any glare, less maintenance, much saving of wall and ceiling space. Natural Lighting Buffer Zones: It is possible that noise producing workspace can affect the other. So buffers can be created by additions of walls or vegetations. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 14 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Locating space with respective to activities: Spaces should be provided according to functional requirement. Work which requires huge machinery or supply of materials should be placed on the ground floor. Safety measures: Fire hazardous activities should be separated and isolated from other activities. Thermal comfort: A workspace should be thermally, mentally and physically comfortable. Thermal comforts can be gained by application of passive techniques. It is quite difficult to maintain the thermal environment in a workspace. As there is frequent opening for supply of raw materials, heat produced by machine and vibration, heat gain and loss are frequent. Use of proper ventilation, growing vegetation as shading devices, using double glazing can be the solutions. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 15 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Space inter-relation: Spaces created should be inter-related- studios, gallery, café, outdoor space should be interesting and inter-related. One cannot sit alone or isolated for longer time, it needs communication and transition of space. 2.3.2 DESIGN OF MULTIFIELD WORKSPACE:    Generally a multifield workspace includes three basic units of accommodation: Workspace area which includes various workspace such as machine room, planning and designing. Storage area for raw material, finished work, storage space for tools and small, moveable equipments, worker‘s belonging Services & amenities such as staff room, locker room, wash room. The flow sequence should be uninterrupted and carefully arranged such as – in and out of the raw material from store, to the workspace, to the finished store and out. The space provided should have comfortable working environment in respect with illumination, thermal comfort, RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 16 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi scale of furniture and fittings. There should be provision for services so as any possible user are adaptable and comfortable. As workspace mainly deals with machinery items, the construction of the building should be such as to allow admission of any sorts of machinery. Workspace for individual and group work: General considerations should be:a. Peaceful environment b. Feeling of freedom c. Outdoor setting d. Space arrangement e. Protective equipment / measure f. Locating workspace with respect to activities g. Buffer zone between workspace h. Lighting Generally a work space required to be designed is calculated as per place area. The calculation is based on common combination of fields of study. Per place work space calculation for any field of activity will have to take an account on:    Individual workspace area plus circulation about the area The areas for common activities plus the associated circulation areas An area near one of the individual or other work spaces for tools and temporary work store and an area for work space. General practicing per place areas for work area in different countries are given below. It suggest work space per person RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Field of Activity Area Per Place in sq.m. Wood Working 4.7 Metal Working 5.3 Electricity and electronics 3.3 Spinning and weaving 7.2 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 17 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Ceramics 5.0 Rattan and Bamboo work 3.9 Leather work 2.8 Masonry 3.1 Technical requirements are: Mechanical exhaust  Dust removal system  Step by step progress  Related areas should be nearby  Sound absorbents  Furnishing equipments    Display racks Lockers Tables Artificial Lighting RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 18 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.3.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF STUDIOS  The workshops for each craftwork are likely to have sufficient number of students to justify separate accommodation. One lecture hall is usually adequate except for the large departments.  Craft workshops do not need true north light and since many involve noise in their use, they may be placed on the noisier part of the site. The control of Diagrammatic layout showing functional requirement of a typical workshop noise emanating from craft room must be carefully considered in order to prevent disturbance in other rooms. Various craft rooms are better to be grouped together to facilitate the concentration and distribution of services.  General foundation level studios require floor area of about 50 sq.ft. per person and height about 3.8m. If really good side light is available, top light may be omitted but when circumstances permit, some top light should be provided. Although large windows are essential, blinds for the control of lights should also be installed. For windows, the blinds should be arranged to lift from sill in preference to being pulled down from the window head. Sink is another integral part in any studio and workshop. As an alternative to the sink in the studio itself, it is advantageous to have a small sink room adjoining the studio and entered from it so that all the water and untidiness may be kept away from the studio itself.  A store for works- both finished and in progress- may be planned adjoining each studio. In ceramics studio, the whole space for sink room should be given to sink and clay bins. The amount of top light should be 1/3rd of the floor area. The windows on the side wall should have a sill height of about 3‘. Blind boxes in studios should be sixed at sill level and the blinds made to draw upwards. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 19 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.3.4 DETAILED STUDY OF STUDIOS It is very important to learn about the final product that comes out from the studio. The character of each studio depends on the final process involved in the studio works. Each step and process involved in the studio work demand separate consideration while planning the studio. The planning depends on furniture required for studio work, materials, tools and also equipments used during the process. Space planning is very much dependent on these requirements. It gives the idea of the studio area and storage area. 2.3.4.1 Pottery studio Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln to induce reactions that lead to permanent changes, including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. It ranges from valuable works of created by professional potters to simple items made by amateurs. The industrial product obtained by baking clay is called ceramics and when an artist creates something by baking clay, it is called pottery. The traditional ceramic items can be classified into following groups. a. Ceramic Building Materials - Bricks, Tiles, Doors and Windows made of clay, b. Utensils - Cooking Pots, Stoves, Plates etc. c. Decorative items - Idols, Flower Vase etc RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 20 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi The following were the technique used in traditional ceramic. a. Pinch Touch Technique - by pressing e. Coil Technique - by joining the with hands. different pieces in a line. b. Slab Technique - By joining the f. Mold Technique - To prepare item slabs to give desired shape. with the help of mold. c. Beating Technique - Preparing g. Craving Technique - Giving artistic items by beating with hammer. design to the product. d. Wheel Technique - To give shape with the help of wheel. Materials, Furniture, Tools and Equipment Requirements (With reference to pottery in Thimi, Bhaktapur) Basic raw materials for pottery: Clay, water, colors, glazes etc. Types of  furniture  required: Tools  and equipments:     Portable clay cabinets  Damp-proof drying cabinets  Work tables and counters Wedging boards Kiln carts   Spray booth Kneading table sinks Electric ceramic kiln Enamel kilns Gas ceramic kiln 2.3.4.2 Drawing Studio Drawing is the basic tool, with the help of which an artist can make a design or image, using line or tone on any suitable surface. The design or image itself is called drawing. Design requirement for drawing studio  Drawings can be carried out in general studio space. No special machinery is required. As a rule, dust proof cubicle and store is required with a spray room about 30 sq.m. An area of 120 sq.m. is sufficient for 20 students. Benches should be 4‘6‖ length & 2‘8‖ width per student RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 21 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  Natural north and east light is preferred for drawing activities. If daylight is not enough, artificial light should be provided in preferred way.  Display boards should be provided on the walls. Moreover, studio area should not be obstructed by any kind of structural member like pillar. Design requirement for drafting studio  Design requirement is similar to drawing studio except for the furniture. The layout of the room should be such that each student can work on his own drawing table    Display boards are required for teaching Storage area for papers, drawing is required Natural north and east light is preferred for drawing activities. If daylight is not enough, artificial light should be provided in much preferred way. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 22 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.3.5 LIBRARY The total need may be divided into five categories, viz. a) Books b) Readers c) Staff d) Group meetings e) Mechanical operations Space for Books   Open reading rooms  books per foor of double-faced shelving 7 volumes per lineal foot, or 50 books per foot of standard height wall shelving, or 100 Book stack areas, 15 books per square foot or 2 books per cubic foot Space for Readers As an establishment rule of thumb, minimum allowances are made of 30 sq.ft. per adult reader seating are in terms of net space for readers, chairs, tables, aisles and service desk. Seating requirements should be listed according to the several areas of the building. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 23 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Space for Staff There are striking differences in requirements between libraries open 20, 38 or 72 hours per week. Staff space requirements should be calculated on the basis of 100 sq.ft per staff member. It includes space for desk, chair, books and equipment. A checklist of staff work areas should include:    Administrative offices Work rooms Staff lunch and lounge rooms 2.3.6 CONFERENCE ROOM & RESTAURANTS 2.3.7 Cafe layout RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 24 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.3.7 DISPLAY SPACES Generally, display refers to show or attract attention. Displaying Spaces are a source of communication. Craft made and displayed are made commutable through these displays spaces. Exhibit and display area are important in art and craft centers. Display spaces can be in the form of a Museum, Gallery, showroom, shops and so on. Gallery Gallery is a formal space for displaying various items of art and craft. Spaces provided can be for permanent, semi-permanent or special exhibits that are held from time to time. Care should be taken while fixing devices and furniture in walls, floors and ceilings so that maximum space is left vacant. For planning and designing of an exhibition hall, following considerations have to be made:       A clear idea of what would be exhibited Number of exhibits planned per year Change in the kind of exhibits Number of pieces in view in case of permanent exhibits Scale of displays 3-d objects to be displayed in cases or pedestal Circulation pattern  A gallery space should have well planned circulation pattern. The entry space should guide the visitors to the gallery area, so that they are able to survey what is there to see, select a starting point and moving to it as directly as possible. The circulation pattern should be continuous and uninterrupted that allow the visitors to move from object to the other, from  one gallery to the other. Dead end should be avoided in the circulation pattern with exhibits mainly on one side or with windows in one wall only. The visitors may pass along one side and return along the other wall, if the lighting permits. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 25 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi   It is human nature that, when visitors enter a gallery he/she tends to turn right, so the circulation pattern as such should be kept in mind. Visitors should be able to move as such that one is not forced to walk past object he has already seen. There should also be enough space for visitors to move at different speed so that few viewers can move continuously, while others stop to take a detailed look. Possible Gallery Arrangements Source: - Time Saver Standard, Fifth edition RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 26 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Lighting Light is the main source of visual perception. It is important to every living creature on earth. So lighting any space or area is very necessary. Lighting can be of two types - Natural and - Artificial Lighting. In gallery and display space too, lighting play a vital role. The method of lighting and the purpose of the space are the major ruling planning factors in a gallery. Every exhibits are different from one another, and require separate kind of lightings- a room designed to provide lighting for any art object may not be suitable for the other three dimensional object. Different intensity of illumination carries an interesting visual effect, it keeps the observer occupied and interested. To light different objects at the gallery, different types of high and low intensity lighting is provided. Variation in ceiling height and different wall colors throughout a sequence of galleries avoid fatigue and keep them interested. For the display of pictures the source of light should be limited and so controlled that it is strongest on the parts of the wall which are used for actually display and weakest where the viewer stands. The source of light should be behind the observer as possible. Use of Natural light The level of illumination suggested for different tasks in school are S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. SPACES classroom & lecture room(desk) classroom and lecture room ( chalk boards) laboratories art room work shops libraries offices staff room staircases ILLUMINATION 300 lux 400 lux 400 lux 600 lux 600 lux 400 lux 450 lux 250 lux 100 lux In case of admittance of natural light, windows sill level should be kept about 3ft. to 3ft.6in. from the floor and should reach up to 12ft. from the ceiling if flat, or springing line if segmental. However in some galleries high side light may be Gallery Top Lighting RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 27 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi need and in such case, sill level is about 6ft to 8ft from the floor level, and hence allowing medium sized wall art or exhibit cases to be placed below the windows. Such lightings generally imply that the major objects are displayed in the centered position or on the wall of the gallery opposite to the light source. Top light is also a preferred lighting in galleries, although the light must be controlled to suite the object to be displayed. Direct strong daylight must be avoided on pictures but at the same time there must not be too great or uneven reduction of light on the picture. Often objects to be displayed are light sensitive, and will deteriorate if exposed to continuous high levels of light. Due to the corroding nature of u-v radiation of day lighting, artificial light is better preferred over natural lighting as it is easier to manipulate and control the artificial lighting system. Gallery Side Lighting Use of Artificial light To accommodate changing displays, the lighting design should be flexible. This can be achieved with track-mounted lights which can be easily adjusted. The quality of light must be suitable for all objects displayed. Displays can be flat, two dimensional objects on vertical surfaces, three dimensional objects or display cases. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 28 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Two dimensional lighting Steep angles emphasize texture, but may cause shadows from fame 30 degree angle from vertical is preferred Shallow angles enhance color, may cause reflected glare Framing projector can make objects look internally illuminated Adjust light cutoff precisely match illuminated image RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 29 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Three Dimensional Lighting: Aim luminaire down at sharp angle to minimize direct glare Keep light within mass of display object Use uplights recessed into floor to highlight object. Lighting large objects may cause glare. So use of ambient diffused light in combination with narrow beam light is preferred for highlight. 30 degree angle for small, low object High-reflectance pedestal Light coming from different direction can reveal shape and texture. Use of direct light to add shadow and to express depth, diffuse light helps to add detail in the shadow RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 30 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 2.3.8 ENERGY EFFICIENT STUDIES: Efficient Energy is simply using less energy to provide the same level of energy service. Due to global energy crisis, alternative efficient energy has taken the priority in saving and using energy efficiently. So studies of following were made:    RAIN WATER HARVESTING WASTE WATER TREATMENT SOLAR ENERGY  Elements of typical Water Harvesting system RAIN WATER HARVESTING Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, accumulating and storing, of rainwater. Rain water harvesting is essential because surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished. Rainwater collection and simple filtration system RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES: There are mainly two main techniques of rain water harvestings.  Storage of rainwater on surface for future use: storage of rain water on surface structures such as underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc  Recharge to ground water: n Pits, Trenches, Dug wells, hand Pump and so on. The harvesting technique consists of the following principal: RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 31 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 1. Catchment Area: The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. 2. Conveying System: The collected water is conveyed for filtration in a filter. The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharge structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration. 3. Collection Space: the water is stored in small or big reservoir. 4. The tap system: a simple water tap or a pump, used to extract water from storage space.  WASTE WATER TREATMENT THROUGH Reed Beds Method Reed beds are a tertiary treatment with the process aim of removal of suspended and dissolved matter. They remove 60 - 80% solids from the secondary effluent. In the operation of horizontal flow reed beds secondary treated effluent is passed uniforml y over vegetation so that suspended solid matter is retained in the vegetation. Reed beds have are very good at removing BOD, ammonia and nutrients, therefore Reed Bed Effluent Treatment Plant this is one of the few forms of tertiary treatment that can be used to improve poor quality secondary effluent. Very simply, it consists of an area of reeds planted in a soil or gravel medium. It traps the solids from the effluent during its travel across the bed. Reed beds planted in a soil medium are capable of removing BOD and suspended solids up to 95% with potential removal of ammonia, nitrate and phosphate.  SOLAR ENERGY RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 32 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Solar power is the generation of electricity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photovoltaics (PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power. Photovoltaic cell (PV) is a device that converts light into direct current using the photoelectric effect. The PV cell consists of one or two layers of a semi-conducting material, usually silicon. When light shines on the cell it creates an electric field across the layers causing electricity to flow. The greater the intensity of the light, the greater the flow of electricity. PVs will only produce electricity whilst there is daylight. A typical solar panel of 193.75 sq.ft, on a clear day (noon), produces 129 watt/sq.ft. The amount energy collected is 372000 watt hr, i.e. 372 units per day. *Source: Small scale solar electrical (photovoltaics) energy and traditional buildings, English Heritage. Schematic Diagram for off grid electric system RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 33 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 3.0 CHAPTER 3 3.1 SITE ANALYSIS 3.1.1 Location: The proposed site is located at Kamerotar,Madhyapur Thimi, ward no. 9 at Bhaktapur district. The site is an agricultural land which has been planned by the government for the future land pooling project. The site lies just below the traditional city of Thimi. It is situated 10 Km east from Kathmandu and 3 Km west from Bhaktapur. Location Map (Courtesy: Google earth) 3.1.2 Physical features: Geographically: Latitude 27 o40‘15‖ and Longitude 85o16‘33‖. The site has altitude varying from 1330m above sea level to 1320m to the lowest at the southern boundary. Orientation: South with advantage of slope align southern direction. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 34 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 3.1.3 Site surroundings: The site lies in the gorge of a dense residential zone. The site can be referred as the transitional zone as it has been surrounded by modern feature dwellings more than traditional ones as traditional buildings are located in the core area only. Araniko highway lies at the southern side of the site which is 650m away. Tuberculosis Center is located at the south west side of the site. SOS Children‘s Village and Underprivileged Technical Training Center lie at the north western side of the site. The site has been facilitated with the presence of post office, health post, police station, cinema hall in a short distance which further enhances its significance. Site view 3.1.4 Site area: The total area for the project is approximately 47 ropanies (24414.1671 sq.m.) . The slope has an elevation difference of about 6 meters with three levels of contours. It has a flat land with gradual slope at three sides. The site is elongated in north – south direction. 3.1.5 Access and approaches: Currently there is no particular road linking the site and the highway but according RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 to the Planning Commission, 9m wide black topped road will be B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 35 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi approaching the site. The secondary road joining the site and the city is 11m wide which is located 10m above the site. People often use a stone track passing through the site to get to their homes. 3.1.6 Vegetation: The site is being used for agricultural purpose. Few number of trees can be seen within the western side of the site. 3.2 Physical infrastructure: The site lies in the urban expansion zone and is facilitated with the amenities like electricity, telephone and water supply. The site however lacks the drainage system so an alternative means of disposal has to be sorted out. The site has the benefit of natural surface drainage system due to its sloping character. 3.1.7 Infrastructures:   Electricity available from NEA lines.  Telephone lines available from NTC.  Water supply available from public supply.  9m wide road approaching the site. Natural drainage is possible due to its topography. 3.1.8 Geology: The site lies in medium liquefaction zone in terms of seismic susceptibility according to the environmental mapping report by NSET. 3.1.9 Climate:   Mean max. temp.: 29 32 c  Annual rainfall: 1205 mm  Avg. minimum temp.: 12 14 c Wind direction: North West to South East direction RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 36 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 3.3 3.4 Few facts about Madhyapur Thimi:   It is an ancient medieval city, also known as Nikosera.  making and dolls.  It is famous for terracotta work, pottery, molded candlesticks, ashtrays, mask  Western part of the city is still traditional but slowly transforming into modern Site Justification:  Enhancement of socialization is more prominent through a traditional and settled  community.  It is near to the culture, nature and community.  3.5 with rapid urbanization being taken place. The site has very strong social and cultural potentials. It is far away from the hustle and bustle of the city yet easily accessible. Bye Laws: According to the bye laws of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, the site lies in Urban Expansion Zone. Following are the regulations for the project as per the bye laws:   3.6 F. A. R.: 2 Max. Ground Coverage: 40 % of the total plot SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH  Facility of Amenities  Natural Surface Drainage  9m wide road  Less Pollution WEAKNESS  Drainage system RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 37 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi OPPORTUNITY  Flat at middle  Material availability  Traditional settlement  Tourist route  East slope RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 38 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi CHAPTER 4 4.1 CASE STUDY As according to Soy, Susan K. (1997) case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies emphasize detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researchers have used the case study research method for many years across a variety of disciplines. Social scientists, in particular, have made wide use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of ideas and extension of methods. Researcher Robert K. Yin defines the case study research method as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used (Yin, 1984, p. 23). It is almost impossible to design or propose any project without studying similar cases. The study will help to analyze the existing case and design a better space to solve the short comings of the existing building. To gain appropriate knowledge about the subject matter, cases studies will be performed on:   Various working studios of the artists and craftsmen  Different Art Galleries and Museums  Different craft Centers  Industrials areas Psychology with respect to audio-visual stimulation Research on    Working spaces (clay, metal, wood, stone etc) Display spaces (lighting, circulation, space arrangements, etc.) Research on the existing traditional forms in the valley. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 39 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.1.1 Introduction to Handicraft Association of Nepal Handicraft Association of Nepal was established in the year 1971 to promote the handicraft sector by some group of business men. As it was related to my thesis project I had an opportunity to visit the place and get some handful information about the handicraft scenario of Nepal. The main aim of this association is that it helps members to improve their product nationally and internationally. It is estimated to have export 40 different handicraft to about 70 different countries FHAN (12 May 2010). Some of the case studies done: 4.2 Wood craft 4.2.1 Wood Carving Industries 4.2.2 Wood carving at Bhaktapur 4.3 Metal Craft 4.3.1 Maha Buddha Handicraft 4.4 Stone Craft 4.4.1 Arniko Stone Carvers 4.5 Clay Craft 4.5.1 Pottery Square 4.5.2 Thimi Ceramics 4.6 Gallery and Exhibition Space 4.6.1 Nehru Memorial Pavillion 4.6.2 National Craft Museum 4.7 Exhibition and Commercial space 4.7.1 Babar Mahal Revisited 4.7.2 Siddhartha Art Gallery 4.8 Training and Development Center 4.8.1 4.9 Handicraft Design and Development center CRAFT VILLAGE 4.9.1 Folk arts and Craft‘s Museum 4.10 Energy Studies 4.10.1 Piano's Beyeler Foundation Museum RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 40 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.2 WOOD CRAFT 4.2.1 WOOD CARVING INDUSTRY Location: Patan Industrial Estate Area: 5 Ropanies Crafts: Wood work, carving detailing, souvenir General:  Six sections- sale area, workshop, store, carpentry, seasoning room and temporary sheds store.  The numbers of workers are 38 out of which 14 are administrative and View of the Work area: Wood Carving Industry 24 are laborers. Building Description: The industry has 3 entry- side entry, showroom entry and service entry. The side entry leads to the administration. Reception, designing, account, marketing, waiting room is managed in the hall with removal partitions. Managing director‘s room is separated from the hall which is nearby Plan of Work Space showroom. One has to go through the administration to get in the workshop. Showroom acts as the spine to connect administration and workshop from the elevation i.e. it can be accessed either from administration or workshop. It can also be accessed from the main road as it exposes it‘s façade to the main street. The showroom is a double storey building where only the ground floor comes into use. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 41 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Area provided and stage of work: S NO. WORK STAGE FLOOR SPACE (SQ.FT.) 1. RAW MATERIAL STORE 4750 2. SEASONING 900 3. MACHINE 1875 4. STORING 3750 5. SKETCHING 150 6. CARVING 1200 Machines and tools used (Machine room with size of base for each machine) S NO. MACHINE SIZE 1. SEASONING MACHINE CAPACITY 5 CU. M. 2. PLANNER 5‘X4‘ 3. HACKSAW 2‘X4‘ 4. CIRCULAR SAW 4‘X3‘ 5. DRILLING 3‘X2‘ 6. GRINDING 3‘X2‘ 7. LATHE 8‘X4‘ Infrastructure:  Buildings Large open to sky space and covered semi covered spaces for the storage of raw materials and   finished products. Large open hall for machine room and workspace. Workshop and machine room are of load bearing type with finishes such as plaster, mud motar and  brick finishes. The halls have sloped roof which uses queen post truss to hold the GI sheeting slope roof (less than  35°) Indoor workspace ht. 16 ft RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 42 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  Large openings – Sill ht.-3‘ , Lintel ht. 9‘ Working environment Lighting and Ventilation:    Workshop and machine room requires more light than others. Both natural as well as artificial lights are provided. The openings provided for natural light is approximately 35% of the floor area while 16% opening in machine room. As most of the operations are performed in main  workshop, natural light is sufficient. Ventilation is provided in work area but is not sufficient as the space is heated during summer season, so electrical fans are used. Thermal environment:   Floor is the main working surface and is made of cement finish. For 18m deep room, sunlight penetrates mainly from south of window height of 2.7m, sunlight just penetrates up to 6.5m of the depth. Blow up Workshop plan  Roofing is with GI sheet, and there is no thermal insulation so heat loss is more than heat gain. Security:   Separate industrial zone. Separate rooms for workers and guards. Safety:   No fire extinguishers. Segregation of fire prone areas. Open area acts as spill out area. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Adequate Natural Light B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 43 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi        Pros Workspace (80 sq. ft / person) Daylighting (Opening : Ventilation = 1:1.45) White painted walls Separation of fire prone areas Open area, spill out area       Cons Many Operations Wall surfaces with no recess. No Locker room. Sill ht. at table ht. No thermal insulation No skylight Circulation continuous for easy escape 4.2.2 Wood carving at Bhaktapur Location: Bhaktpur Area: 5 Ropanies Crafts: Wood work, carving detailing. General   Room less ventilated  Storage in dark, damp place  Less lighting  Top lighting View of the work area : Wood Carving at Bhaktapur Insufficient space. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 44 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Schematic layout of the center Like wood, metal is also an integral part of traditional Nepalese culture and art. It is stated that bronze figures, sometimes alloyed with copper, appeared in the valley around 8th century AD. These images usually represented religious deities or legendary figures. The most frequently used production technique is that of a form of wax casting. Images often contain embedded semi-precious stones, usually coral or turquoise, or are gilded with gold. 4.3 Metal Craft 4.3.1 MAHA BUDDHA HANDICRAFT Location: Patan Industrial Estate Specialization: Metal works include images of god and goddess, metal carving detailing, utilitarian utensils, religious items, souvenir. General: Maha Buddha Handicraft was established in the year 2025. Like other industry in the industrial area it deals with handicrafts that are made out of metal. The industry has four section- sales area, workshop, staff room and store. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 View of the Work area: Mahabuddha Handicraft B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 45 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Building Description: The industry has two entry points, one leading to the show room while the other to the workspace. The showroom can be entered from workshop as well. There is an open court which is surrounded by semi open spaces i.e. workspaces, offices and stores. The workspace is provided for series of work in process – casting, cutting, carving, buffing, finishing and storing. Distributed workspace of the industry Lost Wax Process The process of lost wax makes it a unique handicraft, which is why metal crafts are popular in and outside the country.  The process involves: Firstly a key is prepared of wax model, and then it is covered with varieties of clay. The piece is then heated so that the wax is melted; the melted wax is then extracted creating a cavity. The cavity is then poured with melted metal syrup. It is then cooled and the original model is  translated into the metal image.  buffing; chiseling is done to bring out precision. The metal image out of the casting is very rough. The rough images are made smooth by The metal image is then painted or plated with gold as per client‘s requirement. Infrastructure:  Buildings  for workspace. Open to sky space and semi covered spaces Both workspace and showroom are of frame structure with rough plaster and brick finishes. Kiln RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 46 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi   Ceilings are flat with cement mortar finishes. Working Environment: in work as workspaces Lighting and Ventilation: Natural light is sufficient Showing kiln space (coal kiln) in workspaceare semi open space facing the open to sky court. While artificial lights are used in show rooms and office areas where light is insufficient. Ventilation are provided on the walls of workspace, which acts as a cross ventilation. Thermal environment: Floor is the main working surface and is made of cement finish. Workers sit down on the floor over straw mat or wooden stools. During summer, due to semi open space and cross ventilation, it is thermally comfortable but during extreme winters workers have a hard time. Safety: No fire extinguishers have been provided. Fire kiln are not separated or isolated to another room but are visible. In case of fire break out, one can directly run to open areas. Positive Aspect:    Semi open work space provides good amount of natural light Clear division of workspace for specific works Since the ceiling is flat made of cement mortar, it does not get heated like C.G.I roofs sheets. Negative Aspect:   Kiln is not isolated or separated therefore harmful smoke and dust affect the surrounding Cold winters makes difficult for workers to perform their task.  Lack of changing room and lockers. 4.4 STONE CRAFTS The history of stone goes back to at least two thousand years ago. The oldest survival sculpture in the country indicates that stone sculpture was among the fist art forms to have been developed in the country. Many sculptures of deities, animals, serpents, people, bells, vessels, garudas etc. are made of stone. The crafts men are highly creative and gifted in their profession. Generally tradition is RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Stone Statue B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 47 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi to take the art from generation to generation. 4.4.1.1 ARNIKO STONE CARVERS Location: Patan Industrial Estate Specialization: Stone works, large stone works to small souvenirs. General: From father‘s generation to the sons, Arniko Stone Carvers have been continuing the generation of stone craft from generation to generation. The stone industry basically deals with stone carving of small souvenir to large carving of images and deities. The industry has mainly three section- store, workspace and sales unit. Machines and tools used:   Saw with Rail  Hand Grinding  Hand Drilling  Hammer and Chisel Scribers Infrastructure:  Room for storage as well as display Buildings Open to sky space and covered spaces for the storage of raw materials and finished products. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 48 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  Workshops are of both load bearing type and frame structure with finishes such as plaster, mud mortar and brick finishes. Working Environment: Lighting and Ventilation: As different spaces are provided for work shop natural lighting is not sufficient for detail work. Use of artificial lighting is provides. Large workshop halls Unmanaged workspace followed with storage which are both deep and high have minimal penetration of natural light. Ventilation as such are not provided. Thermal environment: As stone itself is a cold item, during winter season it is much difficult for workers to work on stones. In some of the work space sue to large room height the thermal environment is satisfactory during summers. Positive Aspects:    Continuous flow of work Machine section is separated from working area Display area for the customers is properly utilized within the finished store. Negative Aspects:    Due to the waste and dust produced, it sometimes become difficult for workers to work efficiently and effectively. The spaces are not properly allocated for specific purpose. Noise producing area is not separated or isolated. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 49 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.5 CLAY CRAFT Pottery is the ceramic ware made by potters. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery (plural potteries). Pottery can also refer to the material of which the pottery ware is made. Major types of pottery include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies and art-forms, and remains a major industry today. The definition used by archaeologists tends to exclude ceramic objects such as figurines which are made by similar processes, and perhaps the same people, but are not vessels, or made on a wheel. Potter at work Pottery Craft flourished in Patan, Thimi and Bhaktapur. Common forms of pottery are terra cotta oil lamps used to light homes during the festival Dipawali, and flower pots decorated with peacocks and elephants. 4.5.1 POTTERY SQUARE Location: Bhaktapur, Pottery Square. Specialization: Pots, Utensils, Decorative, etc. General: The Pottery Square of Bhaktapur is a conserved traditional village, where the whole community is based on pottery making. Pottery is the way of their livelihood. One can see almost all the houses making pottery every day. The potters are called ―Kuma”, a caste for potters. The whole family of Kuma is engaged in the workshop. The tradition is- the trade is handed down from father to son generation. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Plan of potters workplace B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 50 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Space Used: Work is done in ground floor which opens up to a courtyard or community gathering area. The upper portion of the house is used for residential purpose by the potters. Raw materials are stored in the ground floor, as it is damp and dark, which is good for storage. The squares are used for sun drying of pottery items. The crafts are either sold on the local souvenir shop or are taken to market.  Machines and tools used:  Shaping Tools(paddles, anvils, ribs)  pins)   Potter‘s Wheel & Turntables Rolling tools(roulettes, slab rollers, rolling Cutting/piercing tools(knives, fluting tools, wires) Finish Tools(Burnishing stones, rasps, chamois) Infrastructure:  Buildings  type The houses in the square are old traditional Most of the houses are 3 bay types, in ground floor-the front part is used for Potter‘s wheel, the second part is used for storing and the third part is used for staircase. The staircase is   View of the pottery square, Bhaktapur placed in front in case there is lack of space. Wall is made out of mud mortar and brick exposed façade. Courtyards or separate room on the ground floor are used for kiln. Working Environment: Lighting and Ventilation:   Workspace on ground floor, lights are through door openings thus found inadequate. Ventilation inadequate. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 51 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Thermal environment:   As traditional houses are thermally comfortable, extreme temperature does not affect the workers. The kiln area produces smoke and dust which may affect the dwellers Safety: In case the kiln is located inside the house, it can be dangerous if any fire breakout. Otherwise kiln are isolated and made separate. Positive Aspects:   Whole community is based on pottery, court spaces are shared. Working environment is calm and peaceful. Negative Aspects:    Congested work space, work done in private space at the ground floor Natural light not sufficient in workspace, have to depend on artificial light Storage and workspace not separate have to depend on single room. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 52 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.5.2 THIMI CERAMICS Location: Bhaktapur, Pottery Square. Specialization: Pots, Utensils, Decorative, etc. Schematic layout Features     Production 650 ft.2 (8-9 person) Storage is 840 ft2 Glazing done in addition but is contradictory to essence of pottery craft practiced in Nepal. Is it authentic method to do???????? RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 53 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.6 GALLERY AND EXHIBITION SPACE 4.6.1 NEHRU MEMORIAL PAVILLION Location: - New Delhi Architect :- Raj Rewal General   It is embedded in grassy mounds.  Nepal.    Its form has been derived from Buddhist Stupas in It has affinity with Yantra. There are two levels Plan of upper level o Upper level – with A/V room Harmonious relation between visitor and displays Glass bricks which subdue natural light o Lower level is with 4 sections    o Double height enclosure There is a sense of monumentality combined with human scale. Stepped roof as amphitheatre Considerable views of Natural and artificial lights Stepped roof provides a kind of Amphitheatre. Section RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 54 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Exterior showing how structure has been embedded in artificial mound Staircase leading to two levels of containing exhibitions. Interior View of the Pavilion RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 55 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.6.2 NATIONAL CRAFT MUSEUM Location: Pragati Maidan, Delhi. Architect: Charles Correa Built – up area:- 6800 sq. m Introduction  The craft museum- set up in 1956 by the all India handicrafts board.  The museum is mainly divided into three sections:  Display gallery and store  Village complex  Display of terracotta figures  Crafts Demonstration area It is organized around a central pathway, going from VILLAGE to TEMPLE to PALACE, a metaphor for the Indian street.   Objective to collect and display finest specimen of Indian crafts. Functions contained in the complex  Museum for a large permanent collection of folk art  Workshop area for the craftsmen  Shop and sales area for the crafts  Library  Amphitheatre  Administration  Services Planning Concept  Galleries, store, administrative areas and library situated around a series of open to sky courts. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 56 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  Unique rustic ambience coupled with modern functionality Analysis Spatial Character  Spontaneous flow Architectural Character of  Each court has a display  Work court off access spaces  Sequence symbolizing of Activity spaces revealed after another.  Work court designed of the access spine. tradition. Eg:- Tulsi  Local construction material.  Mud plaster and terra- spine.  Hierarchy of performing space.  Open air amphitheatre for large performance. cotta tile.  Contemporary expression – carved windows, perforated iron screens.  Functions held in the complex: Research and Documentation: The Museum has a specialized library of more than 10,000 books and periodicals pertaining to Indian arts and crafts. Filed research is commissioned with  research scholars to document the living arts and crafts. Educational Program: Thousands of schools children and students of art colleges visit the Museum for general exposure to India's rural artistic heritage or for more exercises such as onthe-spot painting or participating in 'Creativity Workshops'. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 57 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi   Committee room: capacity of 35 persons holds official seminars, conferences. Reference library: The reference library in the museum, houses approximately 10000-books/journals on Art and Culture  with 35 seating capacity.  preservation of the Museum's collection. Conservation Laboratory looks after the Auditorium: Museum has an air- conditioned auditorium, for screening of educational films, holding of lectures, seminars and conferences. It has a seating  capacity of 180 persons.  exhibitions by the Artists. Exhibition Hall: for holding temporary Crafts Museum Shop: The museum shop sells books and a whole range of exquisite handicrafts. The objective of the Shop is to sell original creations of the finest Indian craft persons and not to market  mechanically replicated 'souvenirs' Cafeteria: Museum has an open air cafeteria in its vicinity, where the visitor Plan of Craft’s Village Source:- Charles Correa, The perrenial press, Bombay can relax in the rustic rural ambience. Conclusion:  The Craft Museum has stated a good example by preserving and conserving the tradition or art and culture in a modern way. The skill full art, the lost tradition must be preserved as they are our identity; we need not go out and search for our identity if it is preserved. The craft museum serves and preserves the spirit of art, making awareness. The thoughtful space planning, the human scale, the tribal and rural display all gives a sense of belonging. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 58 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 59 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.7 Exhibition and Commercial space 4.7.1 BABAR MAHAL REVISITED Location: Babarmahal Revisited, Babarmahal. General:   Six Courtyards of elegant shopping and eateries in historic setting.  Narrow lanes interconnect courtyard  Sunken court with chautari.  Semi-open spaces. Eg:- Patis  Neo-classical architecture. Site plan (Source: KVPT) Interior with open space plan RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 60 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi    Exposed wooden joists Difference of levels between courtyards It shows conservation and development moving side by side. Bird’s eye-view Site section Bird’s eye-view RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 61 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.7.2 SIDDHARTHA ART GALLERY General  The gallery inside the mahal is accessed through various souvenir shop  restaurant. The gallery is a two storied building which has halls of area 750 sq. ft. It displays temporary exhibits of art from all around the world. Focus light on pictures Lighting:  Artificial lights are used to light the displayed exhibits. Focus light, spot light with adjustable support is directly  hung on the ceiling. Skylight is used to light the stair case that connects the ground floor with the upper floor. Windows have low ceilings, but the natural light provided is not sufficient. Gallery Space, use of artificial to lit the display Space used: As seen, exhibits are mainly those of art that are hung on the walls. Floor space can also be used for displaying exhibits. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 62 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.8 Training and Development Center 4.2.4.1 HANDICRAFT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER Location: Pulchowk, Lalitpur General Established in 2006 focusing on the preservation and dissemination of knowledge on traditional arts and crafts Part of their mission is to bring this educational institution one step further into the future with the development of a resource center and library within the facility that collects and shares appropriate master research analysis for the archives returning the true meaning and representation of original art to Nepal. Functions: The Center offers seminars, workshops and exhibitions on the development of traditional art. Counseling programs offered for students on marketing, career development and skill technology. Research analysis and archive development. It offers trainings to artisans on Thanka painting, Clay sculpture, Metal carving (repousse work), wood carving and stone carving. Section Alongside the full 2 year degreed package and 3 month workshops, there will be 2-3 day seminars enhancing one‘s knowledge on the development of traditional art. No. of students: 40 8 students in each stream For three months students in each group RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 package: 8 Floor plan (Courtesy : Ar. Jeny Shrestha) B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 63 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Architectural Character:    In a residential bldg. Three blocks :- a) guard house, handloom workshop b) design training center    c) administration 14' x 20'-6" computer lab for 20 student - 10 computer 14' x 20'-6" classroom for 22 student - 22 drawing seats Pros   Interior use of handmade products reflects craftsmanship. Provision of enough space for training purpose. Floor plan RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231  Cons Visual appearance doesn't define  character  lab. Congested classroom and computer Lack of toilets Front view B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 64 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Floor Plans Interior of Conference hall Interior of Training hall RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Interior of Computer lab B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 65 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.9 CRAFT VILLAGE 4.9.1 FOLK ARTS AND CRAFT’S MUSEUM Location: Sonargaun, Bangladesh. General     Mini Bangladesh = ―Craft‘s village‖ Museum with maximum floors space of 75,000 sq. ft. Double storied Accommodate reception, lobby, permanent exhibition, temporary exhibition, reserve collection, conservation section, library, auditorium with 500 seats capacity, offices,   Exterior View craft shop, cafe and other service areas. On the campus housing Typical rural houses reconstructed on the plot with maximum attention on authentic design,  dimension and materials.  Display galleries around courtyards  Typical Bangladesh village style architecture ―Invisible‖ building  Low and spread out horizontally  Concealed with trees Interior View  Very little seen from outside  Avoiding strong contrast RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 66 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Ground floor plan . Inner of Courtyard RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 Entrance View B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 67 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 4.10 Energy studies 4.10.1 PIANO'S BEYELER FOUNDATION MUSEUM Architect: RenzoPiano Location: Switzerland General     Naturally lit environment Museum 395 ft. (120 m ) long Pavilion running north / south, with a park to the west. The outermost element is the layer of fritted glass brise-soleil inclined and positioned to prevent direct sun penetration during all museum opening times but also to maintain   optimum admittance of diffused light. When the museum is closed, for example, the louvers are closed to prevent exposure of artworks to daylight. The louver system lies in the zone between ceiling and roof, which is designed as a "loft thermal buffer zone" and combines with the exterior brise-soleil of incident solar  radiation from reaching the gallery spaces below. to prevent 98 percent Thermal buffer spaces extend from the roof to the east and west sides of the facade, helping to limit the effects of climatic extremes on the building — 12 degrees Fahrenheit (-11 degrees Centigrade) in winter and 91 degrees F. (33 degrees C.) in summer. Multi-layered roof system allows for Day lit Galleries A. BRISE-SOLEIL  fritted glass inclined and positioned to prevent  direct sun penetration and maintain optimum  B. admittance of diffused light WEATHERPROOF LAYER  double glazed skin with an ultraviolet filter that  removes the parts of the electromagnetic RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 68 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi  spectrum most likely to damage the artwork C. COMPUTER  MOTORIZED ALLUMINUM LOUVERS that control light levels in each room Interior View D. “LOFT THERMAL BUFFER ZONE”   louver system lies in this zone between the  prevents 98% of incident solar radiation from  E.  reaching the spaces below LAMINATED GLASS CEILING   F. ceiling and the roof, combined with brise-soleil designed to support maintenance access to the louver motors and electric lights GRID OF PERFORATED METAL PANELS   incorporates a paper that diffuses the light once more and hides the ―loft‖ The east facade is climatically buffered by the service and ancillary rooms, and to the west the "winter garden" performs the same task, while providing a resting place with views across the countryside. Exterior View RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 69 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi CHAPTER 5: DESIGN INFERENCES 5.1 Elements of Newar settlements A. Streets a. The street for gods/the festival routes This street connected the palace square with major town centers. The major festivals are connected and chariots are drawn through these streets .These streets are not as wide as compared to modern streets but wide enough for chariots to pass through. b. The streets for people These streets connected different neighborhoods and also different major streets.The functions of these streets are mainly for connectivity and trade along with more intimate socializing .The characters are similar to the main streets , except for the widths. c. The streets for dead people /the funeral route These streets system runs hiding from the major street and the royal palace .This became a practice after a Malla king .The dead are taken through a system of alleyways between and through the dwellings ,culminating to the funerary river bank.The streets surrounding the city running along the city wall also forms a part of this hirerarchy and possess a signifcants cultural important. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 70 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi B. Buildings a. Temple The temple by virtue of their grand scale and ornamentation served as visual relief and also as landmarks along the streets .Most of the temples of Kathmandu follow a traditional Newari temple architecture: Patan Durbar Square near Jhom Bahal symmetrical with square or rectangular plan, brick clad with a single or multi-tiered overhanging and sloped roof and also odd number of fenestrations in each wall. Besides the tires temple other temple styles include the Shikhara style temples and composite types as well. These temples are generally for religious purpose. b. Layaku (palace) Palaces are the dwellings for royal family. Layaku is the old Newari term for the word ‗Palace‖. The traditional Malla palace of Kathmandu comprise of a number of buildings surrounding a number of courtyards, these were generally three major courtyard ,along with family temples ,palace gardens, ponds or other water sources etc. c. Newa chen (Newari Residence) Generally, newari houses are 3 and half storied .According to the utilization of spaces ,there is vertical arrangement of the spaces in newari houses .Ground floor called chedi,is used either as shop or for cattle raising ,the first floor ,called Matan is the beginning of the living space ,used for sleeping purposes ,the second floor of chota is the living space ,and finally the topmost or the baiga is the kitchen and the family shrine .The façade of a residential Newa Residence in Jhom Bahal building is brick exposed with Tiki Jhya (lattice window) in the matan and Saa Jhya in the choto.The length of the house varies from house to house but normally rectangular houses are of 4 to 8 meters in length and 6m in depth. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 71 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi d. Falcha (rest room) Rest house serves mainly for overnight stay of the trading traveler‘s .These are placed along the streets at strategic locations. Besides, these were also public spaces where people gathered and interacted . Bahal with Chuka- open space in Jhom Bahal e. Dyo che (Priest house) Dyo chen is the house of God .It is also known as Math and its design and activities are bound by specific rules .The form should be square with a two storied courtyard building. The design of a Math, its location, orientation and its internal planning correspond to that of a standard dwelling Falcha Pati in Jhom Bahal house .Math has no fixed orientation and if space allows, a Math is built with a central load bearing wall and the design of the math resembles that of residential house C. Open Spaces a. Public squares Public squares are large open spaces surrounding the palaces .These squares have different components such as temples ,stone water spouts and rest houses etc . b. Bahals Bahals are the buildings with open central courtyards ; these courtyards can be public or privately owned .The purpose and specific activity of these spaces vary with its ownership ,occupancy and other religious as well as social factors . RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 72 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi c. Chuka Chowks are basically courtyards, generally square in shape and surrounded by a number of houses ,either residential or others . D. Services a. Lohan Hiti(stone water spouts) The public water spouts are the water supply system that existed in the valley long before the Malla period .The stone water spout, placed in a depressed spaced (sometimes a storey deep) ,laid in stone is provided with proper drainage and walled with brick and stone decorations. The form of the stone water spout represents the mirror image of the temple profile. This system followed gravitational flow of water. These were major urban amenities, serving the local community and also the travelers‘ .Usually there used to be a public rest house near the water spouts b. Water supply Water supply system was developed in Kathmandu during the Licchhavi times ,the water supply mechanism of the Licchhavi times were very well developed ,they were used for both irrigation as well as supply to the public water supply systems .Water supply was also done in the valley by wells and ponds. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 73 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi CHAPTER 6: PROGRAMME AND AREA FORMULATION NO. DESCRIPTION 1 A Reception Entrance lobby + Waiting (0.5 m2 per person) Information counter Ticketing Cashier's office Toilet B Administration Reception Director's office Manager's room Accounts section Marketing section Meeting Room (15 Person) Toilets 2 Arts and Crafts Gallery I Gallery permanent collection Store area (4 @ 25sq. m.) Curator's office Toilets 3 a Crafts Section Wood carving Display Area Raw Material Store Seasoning Equipment Room Design Room Carving – Big ( 10 craftsman) Carving – Small Assembling + Finishing Finish Store Staff Area Learner's Area Toilet Pantry RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 SPACE REQ(sq. m.) 150 14 10 30 24 228 35 20 14 18 18 25 20 150 500 100 15 40 655 25 30 25 50 15 80 16 20 32 20 20 16 6 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 74 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 355 B Metal craft Display Area Raw Material Store Design Waxing / Mud Moulding Kiln (2 electric kilns) Assembly Finishing Polishing Store Staff Area Casting Learner's Area Face painting Toilet Pantry C D Clay craft Display Area Clay Storage Mixing Design Room Working area (15 artists) Kiln (2 Courtyard kilns) Unglazed Item Store Staff Area Learner's Area Toilet Pantry 25 20 10 30 40 15 10 10 30 20 10 20 30 15 6 285 25 20 25 10 250 20 25 20 20 15 6 436 Mask making Raw Material Store Frame Paint Finish store Staff Area Learner's Area Toilet Pantry RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 15 20 25 20 20 20 16 6 142 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 75 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi E Textile weaving Raw Material Store Design Room Cone roll Beam Roll Weaving (10 looms) Cutting / Check Packing Store Staff Area Learner's Area Toilet Pantry F G 4 Stone Craft Raw Material Store Kiln Welding Engraving Polishing Gold & Silver Plating Face Painting Design Rm. Lab Face painting Thanka Painting Work Studio (20 artists) Raw Material Store Preparation Store Toilet Multipurpose Hall (100 people) Main Hall with stage (100 @ 1.5 sq. m.) Projection control room Store Green room with wash (2 @ 18 RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 20 10 30 15 160 18 18 20 20 20 16 6 353 20 40 15 42 6.8 38 30 13 6.5 30 258.3 100 20 45 10 10 185 15O 25 12 36 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 76 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi sq. m.) Rest rooms B Open air theatre 5 a Design Training and Research Administration Conference Product Development Training Halls (1 Computer Lab + Drawing Rm + A/V Rm.) (3 @ 50 sq. m.) Reference Library Main Stack area Reading area Issue counter Photocopy Catalogue + Baggage Reference area Librarian office Toilet b c 6 Theme Restaurants / Eatery Dining Area (70 @ 2 sq. m.) Kitchen (70 @ 0.7sq m.) Store Counter Toilets 35 258 115 75 70 150 75 50 100 12 15 125 15 30 422 140 50 20 15 20 245 7 Souvenir shops 150 8 Sales Unit Show Room (3 X 192) Account Section Store Toilet 576 8 16 15 615 9 Quarters RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 77 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Staff Quarters (9 X110) Trainee Hostel ( 2X 240) Indoor Sitting 10 a b C D E F G 990 480 110 1470 Other Facilities Cafeteria Washrooms Toilets Store Generator/ Machine room First aid room Guard House (3 @ 20 sq. m.) 100 20 20 20 120 20 40 ANALYSIS BUILT-UP AREA …………………. 6997.3 SQ.M CIRCULATION SPACE @ 35% OF BUILT - UP AREA = 2449.055 SQ.M TOTAL BUILT – UP AREA …………. 9446.355 SQ.M PARKING AREA ………………….. = 7.5% OF T.A. = 1602.45 SQ. M ACCORDING TO BYE – LAW, MAX. GROUND COVERAGE AREA = 40 % OF T.A. = 0.4 X 24414.1671 (45 R0PANIES) = 9765.27 SQ.M DESIGN INFORMATIONS: NO. OF STAFFS: 90 NO. OF CRAFT STUDENTS: 48 MAX. NO. OF VISITORS EXPECTED: 450 per day DESCRIPTION TOTAL AREA: GROUND COVERAGE:) TOTAL BUILT UP AREA: PARKING AREA PARKING NO. OF VEHICLES: RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 AREA 24414.1671 sq.m. 6997.3 sq.m. 9446.355 sq.m. 2434 sq.m 50 cars, 60bikes, 5 buses PERCENTAGE 100% 28.66 % of total area 38.69 % of total area 9.5% of total area B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 78 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi CHAPTER 7 7.1 CONCEPT Craft‘s Village has planning that bears attachment to the traditional architecture of the Kathmandu valley, yet being modern in terms of the function and utility. The concept has been derived from the analysis of site and functional requirements of the craft activities. The important aspects being the serial flow of the various processes systematically. The traditional outlook has been tried to be achieved with the help of square and rectangular forms, use of courtyards, slope roof, use Eight nodes for planning of cornices, local materials like brick, timber. It is also important to analyze that the used form is suitable not only to achieve the outlook, but it is also a appropriate shape with due consideration to material availability, environmental suitability as well as the tourism potential within the area. Since c raft requires both open / closed spaces as per the activities. So courtyard planning has been opted. For planning of overall site, different forms and doctrines have been used. The number 8 is considered as sacred both to the Hindus and Buddhists.Eg:- ―The game of chess has a brahmanic origin is proved by the eminently sacerdotal character of the diagram of 8 x 8 squares (ashtāpada).‖ " It may be recalled that the Hindus recognize eight planets: the sun, the moon, the five planets visible to the naked eye, and Rāhu, the "dark star" of the eclipse; each of these "planets" rules one of the eight directions of space.‖ ―We have seen that each phase of a cycle, ―fixed‖ in the scheme of 8 x 8 squares, is ruled by a heavenly body and at the same time symbolizes a divine aspect, personified by a deva. It is thus that this mandala symbolizes at one and the same time the visible cosmos, the world of the Spirit and the Divinity in its multiple aspects.‖ RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 79 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 7.2. DESIGN THEME Design of Craft‘s Village revolves around four themes:a. Nepali Spirit b. A modern synthesis c. Structural Rationalism d. Tradition and Pragmatism Design Theme 7.3 ZONING AND SITE PLANNING The whole site has been divided into eight quadrants with centre as a mandala (Art and Craft Gallery). The entrance is made through south and the visitor reaches the a large entrance court which is symbolic to ―lacchi‖ of newari settlement. The buildings are arranged in in the eight nodes in a ―pinwheel‖ kind of arrangement. The serial flow of spaces has been maintained. The work areas are arranged in a way such that they can be like galleries where visitors can walk and see different craft skills being executed. Restaurants and souvenir shops are placed lastly providing refreshments or they can be entered at first also. There are hierarchy of spaces which a visitor can experience. Through the main entrance visitor can experience a public space. When they enter they experience semi-public space of workshops and display areas. Then at the rear end of the site there is placement of quarters for the craftsmen and learners. Thus basically three level of planning has been opted. Viz. a) Public b) Semi-private c) Private RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 80 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi Zoning and site planning Functional organization of spaces and its layout gives importance to the visitor flow and rapid evacuation incase of accidents. The open courts provide visitors as well as craftsmen to have a space for working and display exhibits. In and out of goods and services have also been taken into consideration. For this service road is provided. Juxtposition of different forms RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 81 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 7.4 PROPOSED UTILITY AND SERVICES Service roads Since the materials for each of the craftworks had to be supplied to the blocks in a more effective manner, the whole handicraft complex has been serviced by a 3m wide road. Two service gates are provided on east and north-east side. Eleectricity Electrical unit that monitors and supplies electricity to the whole complex has been placed near the service entry. It also consists of a stand by generator for continual supply of electricity Drainage Surface drainage provided along the buildings and courtyards for the easy runoff of the water from paved areas. The water would be filtered and stored in the rain water harvesting tank. Water supply Rain water is the source of all water and rain water harvesting is a technique to collect and store the rain water at the surface or sun-surface aquifers, before it is lost as surface run-off. Thus, a system of harvesting rain water from the roof and the paved areas have been proposed to be used for the craft activities, cleaning purpose and watering plants. For the purpose, rain water harvesting tanks have been at lvl +1 near service entry& lvl +2 near amphitheatre Harvesting potential: Area of the plot = 24414.1671 sq.m. Avg. Annual ht. of rainfall = 1.6m Vol of rainfall over the plot = 24414.1671 x 1.6 = 39062.67 cu.m. Capacity of water that can be harvested = 80% of total volume = 48828.3 cu.m.= 4,88,28,000 lts Soak pits would be provided at intervals for ground water recharge. This will also help to reduce the runoff from site and lessen the chances of contributing to the downstream flooding. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 82 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi 7.5 FIRE HAZARD PROTECTION PLAN Smoke sensors for fire detections are used in all public areas, which are connected to alarm sensors, at 24 hours attendant area, eg. The Guard House. Localized fire extinguishers have been provided within an interval of 45m .With due consideration to the fire safety for the studios, the major fire prone areas have been separated from the main studio space with the provision of quick access to open space. Moreover, fire hose reels would be places at an interval of 50m in major areas, like studios, that draws water from the underground water tank with pressure controlled fire pump that is connected to the fire hose reels- capacity 140,000 litres. Waste treatment Wastes coming out from the complex – organic or inorganic – need to be separated at first, before treatment. The inorganic wastes would be recycled through the recycling station sand the non- recyclable wastes would be taken away by the municipal vehicles. Sanitation For the sanitation, reed bed effluent treatment plant has been proposed as it requires little energy as compared to conventional mechanized plants. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 83 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi CONCLUSION Traditional crafts, visual arts and other forms of traditional cultural expression are closely related to the identity, heritage and socio-cultural well being of indigenous and local communities. Tradition referring to cultural expression generally were first created a long time ago, which have been transmitted from generation to generation and are regarded as pertaining to a particular people or its territory. Craft as such are a source of tradition which has been passed on from one generation to the other. It is our duty to continue this generation of craft, a skill to be preserved and promote. The Craft‘s Village tries to achieve this continuation of generation. It will space a space for craft as well as craft people to house different craft in a single community. It will continue the culture of craft and inspire people to be indigenous. Modernization has crept into scene but it is also true, that forgetting our tradition and culture is like losing our identity. Both should go hand in hand - preserve and develop. Craft‘s Village is a modern achievement but the elements provided are traditional and based on culture and society. Thus the Handicraft Village has tried to achieve a communicable space for craft, craftsmen and visitors. RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 84 Thesis on Craft‘s Vlllage, Madhyapur Thimi BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Korn, Wolfgang. Traditional Architecture of the Kathmandu Valley. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, 1979. 2. Gajurel C.L. and Vaidya, K.K. Traditional Arts and Crafts of Nepal. S. Chand and company Ltd, New Delhi, 1994 3. Khan, Hasan Uddin, Charles Correa, Concept Media Pte Ltd., 1987 4. Maharjan, Sampurna, Craft Center at Lubhu, B. Arch. Thesis, 2005, 5. Khakurel, Sarita, Center for Fine Arts at Kirtipur, B. Arch. Thesis 2000 6. Shrestha, Jeny, Handicraft Center, Kirtipur, B. Arch. Thesis 2009 7. Adamson, Glenn. Thinking through craft , Glenn Adamson. Oxford; New York: Berg, 2007. 8. Tatum, M. 2010 ‗What are Handicrafts？‘, conjecture corporation, viewed 11 May 2010, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-handicrafts.htm 9. FHAN 2010, Historical Background, 2008, viewed at 16 May 2010, http://www.nepalhandicraft.org.np/handicraft_prof.php#t2 10. Webster, B, ‘What is a literature review?‘, Central Queensland University Course Resources, viewed 11 May 2010, http://www.library.cqu.edu.au/tutorials/litreviewpages/what.htm 11. Ching, Frank (Francis D.K.), Architecture: Form, Space & Order, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1975, 2nd ed. 1996, 3rd ed. John Wiley, Hoboken 2007; ISBN 0471752169 12. Hamel, J. (with Dufour, S., & Fortin, D.). (1993). Case study methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage 13. Soy, Susan K. (1997). The case study as a research method. Unpublished paper, University of Texas at Austin. 14. Pandit, R.V., Charles Correa, The perrenial press, Bombay, 1996 RUPESH SHRESTHA 062 / B.ARCH. / 231 B. ARCH. THESIS 2011 IOE, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 85