PROGRAMMING IN ANSI C Eighth Edition E Balagurusamy is presently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. In the past he has also held the positions of member, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi and Vice-Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai. He is a teacher, trainer and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. His areas of interest include Object- Oriented Software Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering and Total Quality Management. A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling books, among others include: • Fundamentals of Computers • Computing Fundamentals and C Programming 2/e • Programming in C#, 4/e • Programming with Java, 5/e • Object-Oriented Programming with C++, 7/e • Programming in BASIC, 3/e • Numerical Methods • Reliability Engineering A recipient of numerous honors and awards, he has been listed in the Directory of Who's Who of Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education. PROGRAMMING IN ANSI C Eighth Edition E Balagurusamy Chairman EBG Foundation Coimbatore McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited CHENNAI McGraw Hill Education Offices Chennai New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited 444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116 Programming in ANSI C, 8/e Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2012, 2011, 2007, 2004, 2002, 1992, 1982 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Print Edition: ISBN-13: 978-93-5316-513-0 ISBN-10: 93-5316-513-X E-Book Edition: ISBN-13: 978-93-5316-514-7 ISBN-10: 93-5316-514-8 Printed and bound in India. Managing Director: Lalit Singh Senior Portfolio Manager: Hemant K Jha Sr. Manager—Content Development and Production Services: Shalini Jha Sr. Content Developer: Vaishali Thapliyal Content Developer: Shweta Pant Production Head—Higher Education and Professional: Satinder S Baveja Senior Manager—Production: Piyaray Pandita General Manager—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Manager—Production: Reji Kumar Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Typeset at The Composers, 260, C.A. Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed and bound in India at Cover Printer: Cover Designer: The Computerminds Cover Image Source: Shutterstock Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in Write to us at: [email protected] CIN: U80302TN2010PTC111532 Toll Free Number: 1800 103 5875 C is a powerful, flexible, portable and elegantly structured programming language. Because C combines the features of high-level language with the elements of an assembler, it is suitable for both systems and applications programming. It is undoubtedly the most widely used general-purpose language today in operating systems, and embedded system development. Its influence is evident in almost all modern programming languages. Since its standardization in 1989, C has undergone a series of changes and improvements in order to enhance the usefulness of the language. The version that incorporates the new features is now referred to as C11. New to this Edition Distinguished as one of the bestsellers in the market, ‘Programming in ANSI C’ is taking forward another step in the pursuit of perfection. The title keeps up with its predecessors by balancing between theory and practical approach of the subject. In order to build a firm foundation, a new chapter ‘Introduction to Computing’ has been introduced. The appendix ‘Projects’ has been revamped with two new and exciting projects, that will help students to hone their programming skills and bring them to practical usefulness. Existing chapters have been further enriched with additional write-ups, tips and a new ‘Test Your Skills’ section around the content. Two new sections, Multiple Choice Questions and Interview Questions, have been introduced in each chapter, with the intent to give more practice to students and prepare them for different interviews and competitive exams. The section on Programming Exercises has also been enriched with some new questions. Organization of the Book Programming in ANSI C in its eighth edition starts with two introductory chapters. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction to Computing’, introduces students to different components of a computer and discusses problem solving aspects of computing. Chapter 2, ‘Overview of C’, discusses the basic structure of C programs and their execution. Chapter 3 discusses how to declare the constants, variables, and data types. Operators and expressions are presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals with the managing of Input and Output Operations. Chapter 6 talks about Branching. The concept of decision making and looping is explained in Chapter 7. Arrays, Character Arrays, and Strings have been discussed in Chapters 8 and 9. User-defined functions, structures and unions are covered in Chapters 10 and 11, while Chapter 12 talks about Pointers. Chapter 13 briefs about file management in C. Dynamic Memory Allocation and Linked Lists are presented in Chapter 14. Preprocessor is explained in Chapter 15. Guidelines helpful in developing a C Program are listed in Chapter 16. Salient Features of the Book • A comprehensive book covering the fundamentals as well as latest features of C programming. • Each chapter follows an outcome-based learning approach as per ‘Bloom’s Taxonomy’. • Strong pedagogical features, that include: ♦ Worked out problems ♦ Tips and important notes ♦ 24 detailed case studies ♦ Multiple choice questions ♦ Programming and debugging questions ♦ Interview questions • Two new and exciting projects on: ♦ Electricity Board Management System ♦ Making Web Services in C • An engaging appendix on ‘Graphic Programming Using C’ Digital Supplements The digital supplement can be accessed at the given link (http://www.mhhe.com/balagurusamy/ansic8e). It contains the following components: • Projects • e-Case studies • Additional information and questions Acknowledgements This book is my sincere attempt to make a footprint on the immensely vast and infinite sands of knowledge. I would request the readers to utilise this book to the maximum extent. I owe a special thanks to the entire team of McGraw Hill Education India. E Balagurusamy Publisher’s Note McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments from you, all of which can be sent [email protected] (kindly mention the title and author name in the subject line). Piracy-related issues may also be reported. About the Author Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Computing Learning Objectives Introduction Components of a Computer Concept of Hardware and Software Art of Programming through Algorithms and Flowcharts Key Concepts Always Remember Review Questions Chapter 2 Overview of C Learning Objectives History of C Importance of C Sample Program 1: Printing a Message Sample Program 2: Adding Two Numbers Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation Sample Program 4: Use of Subroutines Sample Program 5: Use of Math Functions