第一章 Genesis.and.Genius
人人影视
YYeTs.com
命运叩响大门 V代表胜利
Fate knocking at the door. V for victory.
这是音乐史上最著名的乐句
The most famous sequence of notes in the whole of music
来自贝多芬的《第五交响曲》
From Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.
在本系列中 我们将了解交响乐
In this series we'll discover how the symphony emerged
如何从贵族特权世界中浮出于世
from the world of aristocratic privilege
如何伴随着国家的崛起与帝国的衰落
How it accompanied the rise of nations and the fall of empires
如何成为自由的象征和极权主义的利器
How it became a symbol of freedom and a tool of totalitarianism
如何教会管弦乐队表达自己的感情
How the symphony taught the orchestra how to speak
以及它如何逐渐成为作曲家
And how it established itself as
表达艺术思想的终极方式
the ultimate expression of the composer as an artist
这次史诗般的旅程将带我们
It's an epic journey that takes us
从御前表演的小乐队
from small bands of musicians playing in the palaces of princes
到在巨型音乐厅里表演的
to orchestras of well over 100
上百人的大型管弦乐团
performing in vast concert halls
一直作为公共宣言的交响乐
But how ultimately alongside these public statements
又是怎样成为
it became the vehicle
个人思想与情感最亲密的载体
for the most profound expression of private thoughts and emotions
直至今日
that we the audience
仍能使观众心生共鸣
can understand and relate to today
这是一个关于伟大作曲家的故事
Above all it's the story of great composers
第一集中 我们将认识路德维希·凡·贝多芬
In this first episode we'll meet Ludwig van Beethoven
伟大作曲家的典范
the epitome of the great composer
英雄般的艺术家
the artist as hero
我认为他意识到自己
I think he felt that he had
拥有英雄般的创造力
an heroic capacity as a creator
能带领音乐进入一个
to take music to a place
前人认为无法达到的高度
that nobody thought it could ever go
沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪乌斯·莫扎特
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
八岁便写出自己第一部交响曲的天才
the genius who wrote his first symphony at the age of eight
约瑟夫·海顿 18世纪的音乐巨人
And Joseph Haydn the giant of 18th century music
被誉为交响乐之父
who was dubbed the Father of the Symphony
1791年1月1日
It's New Year's Day 1791.
奥地利作曲家 约瑟夫·海顿
The Austrian composer Joseph Haydn,
58岁高龄 不顾病痛
58 years old, in rude health,
毅然从加来航行至多佛
is sailing from Calais to Dover.
此次航程将耗费十个小时
It's a voyage that will take a full ten hours.
他一个月前从家乡出发
He'd left home a month earlier.
这是他首次跨越国界
This is his first trip beyond the borders of his home
走出奥匈帝国里的小小一隅
in a small corner of the vast Austro
放弃了三十年来在艾斯特哈齐家族
Leaving the security of three decades of service
作为宫廷乐师的安逸生活
as a court musician for the aristocratic Esterhazy family,
他在马车上颠簸了1280多公里
he's jolted over 800 miles in a horse
天气恶劣 路况糟糕 伙食欠佳
bad weather, bad roads, probably bad food,
欧洲大陆上
and across Europe,
法国大革命余波未尽
the rumblings from the aftermath of the French Revolution are still being heard.
海顿虽一向讲究实干
Haydn was, as ever, pragmatic,
却仍兴奋不已
but he was also very excited.
他说道 我站在甲板上
I remained on deck, He said,
以便久久地凝望大海这一巨兽
So as to gaze my fill of that mighty monster, the ocean.
当大风掀起滔天巨浪时
Then when the highest waves were whipped up by the wind,
我有点害怕
I became a little frightened,
但我很快克服了
But I overcame it all and
一路上没有呕吐
arrived on shore without, excuse me, vomiting.
他随身带来了大量作品
He's come with a large trunk of scores
不幸的是 在混乱的行李转运过程中
but unfortunately, during the chaos of the luggage transfer
他遗失了一部重要的交响乐手稿
he's lost one vital symphonic manuscript.
但这段恶劣的旅途即将告终
But this epic journey was nearly over.
仅仅两天之内
In just two days' time,
他便受到伦敦居民的热烈欢迎
he'd be welcomed into London,
不仅如此
more than welcomed.
他是史上首位享受到音乐巨星待遇的人
He'd be received as the first ever bona
前六个月他根本无法歇息
His first six months will be non
他签过约要带来六部交响曲
contracted to deliver six symphonies
却已意外遗失一部
and already missing one score,
但海顿绝非平庸之才
but Haydn is no ordinary composer.
他是人中蛟龙
He is the most extraordinary of ordinary men.
这就是他
And here he is.
约瑟夫·海顿
Joseph Haydn,
画于1791年 即海顿到达英格兰的那年
painted in the year of his arrival in England in 1791
由协会肖像画家约翰·霍普纳
by the society portraitist John Hoppner
奉英王乔治三世之命创作
on the orders of King George III himself,
以示海顿的名望
as a sign of the man's celebrity.
海顿虽出身贫寒
Haydn came from a humble background,
但其言行间却透出一股强大的自信
but here he holds himself with immense self
看他的眼中是不是充满了求知的光芒
Is there the sharp light of curiosity in his eyes?
海顿总是热衷于探索周围的世界
Haydn was always enthusiastic about exploring the world around him.
如今 他的名字与交响乐密不可分
Today, his name is associated above all with the symphony,
他为其发展作出的努力 他人无法比拟
the form he more than anybody in the 18th century worked to develop.
在他的带动下 交响乐
In his hands, the symphony
成为了现今字典中定义的形式
became what the dictionary now defines it as:
一部大型作品 通常由四个乐章组成
a large
被认作最崇高的音乐体裁
and regarded as the most exalted form a composer can use.
他的伦敦交响曲系列将他的才华
And his London symphonies were to bring the works of his genius
一览无遗地呈现给了听众
to the widest possible audience.
海顿写出的乐曲
Haydn had this capacity to write music
能直接与听众进行对话
that would speak immediately to all hearers.
其作品最重要的意义
What comes out more than anything else
就是开辟了一片崭新的音乐世界
is a sense of a new sound world.
伦敦当时是世界上最繁华
London was the most prosperous
也是发展最迅速的城市
and fastest growing city in the world.
18世纪90年代
By the 1790s,
上流社会对于歌剧的喜爱
the fashion for opera that had dominated upper class taste
在持续了近一个世纪之后 逐渐衰落
for most of the 18th century was now on the wane
而新中产阶级
and the new middle class,
深知自己是通过自食其力
who felt that they'd earned their wealth
而非继承家财得以致富
rather than inherited it,
他们急需一些新鲜事物
was keen for something new
来体现他们别具一格的审美品位
that would reflect their sense of themselves as discerning and cultured.
海顿对英伦生活的各个方面很感兴趣
Haydn was intensely interested in all aspects of British life.
他参观了宫殿及海军造船厂
He visited palaces and naval dockyards.
并对伦敦人的嗜酒程度感到震惊
He was horrified by the levels of public drunkenness he witnessed
他详细地记录下他所见过的人
and he kept detailed notes about the people that he met
和这些人听的音乐
and the music that they listened to.
他在伦敦待了四年 其中只离开了一小段时间
He stayed with one short interval for four years.
邀他到伦敦来的是一位小提琴家 作曲家
The invitation had come from the violinist composer
兼音乐会组织者约翰·皮特·萨洛蒙
and concert organiser Johann Peter Salomon,
他出生于德国
a German by birth
在商界信誉卓著
and a man known to be highly efficient in business matters.
萨洛蒙召集了伦敦最出色的音乐家
Salomon had assembled the finest musicians in the city,
买下了位于最时尚的梅费尔区
and hired a recently
汉诺威广场一角的一所新开业的音乐厅
on the corner of Hanover Square in fashionable Mayfair.
两人在此举办的一系列音乐会
The series of concerts the two men would now promote here,
海顿作曲 萨洛蒙担任首席小提琴手
with Haydn as composer and Salomon as orchestra leader,
使交响乐
would position the symphony
成为了伦敦新生代社交文化生活的中心
at the centre of London's rapidly growing social and cultural life.
This site occupies the exact footprint of
第一次见到了汉诺威广场乐室
the Hanover Square Rooms when Haydn first saw them in 1791.
萨洛蒙在这次音乐季的演出上
Salomon had taken a canny commercial gamble
投下巨资
with this concert season,
他赚回的不仅是本钱
but it would more than pay off.
时尚阶层的人都不再热衷其他的事了
All the modish world appear fond of nothing else, my dear.
时尚人士一周看上16场音乐会
Folks of fashion eager seek 16 concerts in a week.
And this is the kind of orchestra that you might have found
大概就是这样
in the Hanover Rooms in the early 1790s,
其乐器的编排与组合
and this combination and arrangement of instruments
对后世交响乐团编制的影响达百年之久
established a blueprint for the symphonic repertoire for the next 100 years or so.
乐团后方 是木管组
At the back, we have the woodwind,
铜管组 打击组
the brass, the percussion sections.
他们处在一个稍高的平台上
They were raised on a platform,
这是海顿时代的创新
which was a novelty in Haydn's time,
此举增加了音乐会的视觉观赏性
no doubt enhanced the visual excitement for the concert
也有助于声音的均衡性
as well as helped with the balance of sound.
乐团前方 是弦乐组
In front, we have the string section,
低音提琴 大提琴 中提琴和小提琴
double basses, cellos, violas, violins.
他将小提琴分为两个部分
He would divide them into two sections,
第二组和第一组
the seconds and the firsts.
坐在最前面的是第一小提琴 玛吉
In the front sat the leader, who on this occasion is Maggie,
在海顿本人的音乐会上
but for many of Haydn's concerts
这里坐的则是萨洛蒙本人
would have been Salomon himself.
坐在最中央的 是作曲家海顿本人
And in the centre was Haydn the composer,
指挥全场
leading the operation,
但其指挥方式 与当今的指挥有所不同
but not conducting in the way we might understand it today.
这些交响曲旨在使观众同乐手
These symphonies were designed to be shared
视觉上的享受 在于观众
To be seen, the drama inherents,
对海顿如何运用乐团的揣测
in How will Mr Haydn treat his orchestra in this one?
他会带来怎样的惊喜
What surprises will we get?
《第98号交响曲》为伦敦交响曲中的精品之一
Symphony 98 is one of the greatest London symphonies.
这部作品的创作是为了弥补
Actually written in England to replace
海顿旅途中遗失的那部手稿
the one he'd lost crossing the channel,
海顿在其中加入了一个典型的海顿式惊喜
it contains a typical Haydn surprise.
对于英国国歌的运用
His take on the British National Anthem.
在四个乐章的第二乐章中
In the second of four movements,
他将原有的旋律加以变化 幻化出新的形态
he takes this tune, varies it, transforms it,
这就是海顿交响乐的精妙所在
and this is the key to the symphony in Haydn's hands.
他将一个音乐主题带上旅程
He takes a musical idea on a journey,
而这一路上 一切随之改变
and through the course of that journey, everything changes.
海顿对于音乐的把玩
Haydn's sense of playing around
在《第98号交响曲》中非常明显 对吗
is very evident in the 98th Symphony, isn't it?
是的
Oh yes.
他还知道如何随机应变
And he knew how to respond to the occasion too, didn't he?
他的音乐给当时的听众
And his music produced such
带来了极度的欢乐与惊喜
incredible reactions of joy and delight and surprise.
这在今天是很难想象的
It's difficult to imagine nowadays, isn't it,
现在的观众总是正襟危坐 悄无声息
the way audiences always behave very po
谁要咳嗽一下都是罪过
And anybody who coughs is criticised.
当年的观众如果喜欢海顿的交响曲
If you liked something in a Haydn symphony,
每个人都会欢呼鼓掌
everybody exclaimed and clapped.
海顿与萨洛蒙的交响音乐会
Haydn and Salomon's symphony concerts
取得了空前的成功
were an unprecedented success,
然而不久之后
but it wasn't long before
海顿便急需一些独处的时间
the composer needed some time to himself.
位于赫特福德郡李谷的这所房屋
And this house deep in the Lee Valley in Hertfordshire
就是海顿在1791年夏天的住所
was where he stayed for the summer of 1791.
海顿这四年间住过以及工作过的地方
Of all the places Haydn lived and worked during his four
只有洛克斯福德这一处 留存至今
this one, Roxford, is the only survivor,
就在这里 他创作了《第98号交响曲》
and it was here that he composed Symphony 98.
他希望待在这里
It was a retreat from the social whirl
远离之前在伦敦的社交漩涡
that he was very much caught up in London
这里的乡村生活
to a sort of countryside life
与他之前在奥地利的生活非常相似
that he would have been familiar with from Austria,
在这里 他能够安静地思考他所见到的人
back to a place where he could think about people he'd met,
考虑人们喜爱何种音乐
he could think about musical interests of people
并且可以创作人们感兴趣的音乐
and he could write the kindof compositions that they were interested in.
我努力地工作着
I work industriously,
他在与朋友的通信中写道
He wrote to a friend,
同时也感受到些许思乡之情
and then added with a touch of homesickness,
每天清晨 我在森林里
Early every morning when I walk alone
抱着英文语法书独自散步
in the wood with my English grammar,
我就会想起上帝
I think of my creator
以及我抛下的家人与朋友们
and of my family and friends left behind.
尽管他思乡心切
Despite his homesickness,
《第98号交响曲》的末乐章中
the last movement of Symphony 98
仍充满了喜悦与欢欣
is full of playfulness and joy
充满了令人振奋的创意与效果
with a whole series of startling ideas and effects.
第四乐章十分欢快活泼
The last movement is very fast and lively,
标注的是急板 即以最快的速度演奏
presto, it's marked, which is as fast as you can get.
感觉就像永不停息的引擎声
It's like a motor rhythm that never wants to stop,
不停地驱动自己前进
it powers its way forward
当你期待着听到主题旋律的重复时
and it's just when you're expecting a repeat of the theme,
因为你之前已听到了主题旋律
because you've already heard it,
他会给你一个惊喜
he then takes you by surprise.
让乐队以较慢的速度重复一遍主题旋律
And they start again with the theme a bit slower.
但他仍然藏着手里的王牌
But he's got... he's got the ace up his sleeve.
他自己在钢琴前演奏
He makes himself play on the forte piano.
非常弱 像是内心独白一般
A little, very trivial, little sort of inner voice
与此同时 小提琴最后一次奏响主题
as the violins play the tune for the last time.
如此地生动可爱 观众为之欣喜不已
And it's so lovely that it would have delighted the audience.
试着想象 今晚
You can imagine, Oh, tonight,
伟大的海顿博士
You know The great Doctor Haydn
在钢琴前 为我们展示其高超的技艺
gave us a little virtuoso display on the forte piano
刚开始几乎听不到
You almost don't hear it at first do you
你心想 天哪
You think oh, my gosh...
对 就像内心发出的声音一样
Yes, it's like it's inside, isn't it?
好比是音乐这一躯体的血红蛋白
It's the sort of haemoglobin of the music,
让整个躯体得以生存
keeping the whole thing alive.
海顿的天才从何而来
So where did Haydn's genius spring from?
交响乐本身又是从何而来呢
Indeed, where did the symphony itself come from?
我要回到过去
I'm going to travel back in time
探求海顿早年在奥地利乡间的生活
to Haydn's early life and career in rural Austria.
这趟旅程将使我们认识到
A journey that will allow us to understand
交响乐在18世纪 是如何发展起来的
the development of the symphony in the 18th century.
1732年春
He was born
海顿出生于靠近奥匈边境的地方
not far from the Hungarian border in the spring of 1732,
他是家里17个孩子中的老二
the second eldest of 17 children.
父亲是个车匠
His father was a wheelwright,
父母平时都以唱歌为乐
and both his parents sang for pleasure.
在当地的学校
Sent to a local school,
他学会了读写及唱歌
he learned to read and write and to sing.
他们教给我许多东西 他说
They taught me so much, he said,
虽然我挨的鞭子比吃的饭还多
although I received more thrashings than food.
有一天
Then one day,
维也纳圣斯蒂芬大教堂的唱诗班指挥
the school was visited by the choirmaster
来到他们学校访问
from Vienna's main cathedral, St. Stephens,
八岁大的约瑟夫参加了试唱选拔
and eight
这名来自外省的天才小男孩
So the small, talented boy from the provinces
加入了著名的维也纳斯蒂芬唱诗班
joined the mighty Stephansdom Choir in Vienna.
我们可以想象
We can picture him,
这个看上去很不起眼的小家伙
an undistinguished looking little fellow,
九岁时就戴着假发唱歌的样子
even at the age of nine wearing a wig.
当他步入青春期 开始变声时
When his voice begins to break,
神父建议他阉割去势
the priest suggests castrating him
以便保留他悦耳的高音
in order to preserve his beautiful treble.
幸运的是 小约瑟夫的父亲介入干涉了
But luckily for little Joseph, his father intervenes.
最后 他因为剪掉了另一个小男孩的辫子
Finally, he's dishonourably discharged from the choir after an incident
而被惩戒开除出唱诗班
which sees him cutting off another boy's pigtail.
接下来的几年 他生活窘迫
For the next few years he struggles,
几乎快到饿死的地步
hungry to the point of starvation,
看到身边城里人的富庶生活 他备受折磨
and tormented by the affluent city life he sees around him.
约瑟夫·海顿的天赋拯救了他的人生
Joseph Haydn's life was saved by his talent.
当他的头几部作品开始在维也纳的
Once his first compositions began to be played
沙龙和露天啤酒店演奏时
around Vienna's salons and beer gardens,
大家很快就注意到了他的天赋
it didn't take long for him to be singled out as someone special,
25岁之时 饥饿的日子已离他远去
and by the time he was 25, his hungry years were over.
在十八世纪
In the 18th century,
艺术家们一般都受雇于教会
artists generally were employed by the Church,
皇家宫廷或是贵族成员
a royal court or a member of the aristocracy.
国王 王子和贵族都有自己的私家乐队
No king, prince or nobleman worth his salt
以彰显自己的声誉
was without his house band.
海顿很幸运地受雇于
And Haydn was fortunate in that he was asked to work for
欧洲当时最富有 最尊贵的家族之一
one of the most noble and wealthiest families in Europe,
艾斯特哈齐家族
the Esterhazys.
家族宫殿坐落于奥地利东部
The family palace was in the remote location
艾森施塔特城的偏远之处
of Eisenstadt in Eastern Austria,
但拥有属于自己的乐团正合海顿之意
but having his own orchestra gave Haydn exactly what he needed.
除了完成作为作曲家本分的任务
As well as being able to fulfil all the normal duties of a composer,
例如宗教音乐和歌剧之外
such as church music and opera,
他开始尝试新颖的器乐体裁
he was able to experiment with new instrumental forms.
他于1761年来到这里
He arrived in 1761,
正当尼古拉一世继承艾斯特哈齐王位之时
just as Nikolaus I inherited the Esterhazy title.
新任亲王富裕奢侈 最重要的是
The new prince was rich, extravagant and, crucially,
他的宫殿里有一间非常精致的音乐厅
his palace had a particularly fine music room.
这里就是海顿实验室里的炼丹炉
So here it is, the crucible of Haydn's laboratory.
不 不只是炼丹炉
No, not just the crucible,
简直就是大型强子对撞机
the Large Hadron Collider.
三十多年来 尼古拉亲王沉迷于
Over 70 symphonies and 30 years,
海顿创作的七十多首交响曲之中
Prince Nikolaus was obsessed with music,
为了满足他贪婪的音乐欲望
and in order to feed his veracious appetite,
海顿需要找出一种
Haydn needed to find a form
可以全方位展示亲王乐团
that would show off the full range and virtuosity
精湛技艺的曲式
of the prince's orchestra.
刚起步时 乐团的规模非常小
At the beginning, they were only a tiny group of musicians,
只有14位乐师
no more than 14 of them,
但海顿在乐师们高超的演奏质量
and yet Haydn was inspired by both the quality of their playing
和美丽音乐厅的启发之下
and the beauty of the music room
创作出了非凡的交响曲
to produce extraordinary symphonies.
《早晨》是他的头几部作品之一
One of the first is 'Le Matin'
乐曲从描绘日出开始
It starts with a sunrise
其中精致的细节
that in its detailed tiny way
本身就是一部杰作
is a little masterpiece in its own right.
在这曲杰作的进程中
In the course of this little masterpiece,
乐队的各位成员都有主奏的机会
various members of this little ensemble get moments of glory.
海顿的宫廷乐队不仅在规模上
It wasn't just the size of Haydn's house band
与现代交响乐团有不同之处
that was so different from a modern symphony orchestra,
使用的乐器上也很不同
it was the instruments as well.
早期的铜管和木管乐器
The early brass and woodwind
设计原始 难以演奏
were primitive and hard to play,
但海顿谱写的独奏证明
but Haydn's solo writing demonstrates
他很信赖乐队成员的高超技艺
that he could count on some real virtuosity from his players
在海顿之前 交响乐当然已经存在
Before Haydn, the symphony certainly existed,
但它到底是什么样的
but what precisely was it?
交响乐一词的字面意思是
The word symphony literally means
将声音合在一起 变成音乐
sounding together, making music.
这个词最初是为了区分开
Its earliest use was to distinguish between
属于天使声音的教堂声乐
vocal church music, the sound of angels perhaps,
和乐师们作为服务教会
and the music that instrumentalists might play by themselves
而自己演奏出的音乐
as their contribution to a church service.
尘世音乐 让我们能脚踏实地
Earthly music, music that grounds us
感受现实世界的音乐
in the world of the here and now,
而不是那些将我们的灵魂
before the choir claims our souls,
想象和听觉引至上帝的合唱
imaginations and our ears for God.
海顿应各类场合的需求 创作了多种交响乐
Haydn wrote symphonies on demand for a variety of occasions.
他在艾森施塔特的早期杰作之一
One of his greatest early Eisenstadt works
《第22号交响曲》
is a church symphony, No. 22,
是为教会弥撒而作的
written to be performed during Mass.
该曲日后获得了哲学家的别称
It later acquired the nickname of The Philosopher,
可能是因为其第一乐章格外庄严
possibly because its first movement is exceptionally solemn,
展示了海顿的妙手
demonstrating the emotional depths
可以赋予交响乐如此之深度
of which the symphony was going to be capable in Haydn's hands.
早期的交响乐曲式
The form of early symphonies also
最初源于歌剧院
came from the opera house originally,
表演开场的器乐乐章
when the instrumental movements at the beginning of an evening
构成了一支组曲
constituted a suite,
它并非一部完整的艺术作品
not designed to be an artistic whole,
而是为了引领观众进入状态
but a way to lead the audience in to the entertainment.
而从那些开场乐章
Now, from those beginnings,
海顿意识到他可以将这种器乐形式
Haydn realised that he could extend the contrasts
延展为包含四个乐章的完整作品
into making a four
很多时候是用快板乐章开场
Very often, this could be fast,
接着是一个长而缓慢的乐章
then a long, slow movement
赋予整首曲目一种庄严的感觉
that gave a sense of gravitas to the whole event.
然后再用一支小步舞曲来调节气氛
Then a dancing minuet to sort of clear the air,
最后再用一个快节奏乐章结尾
and then a final fast movement.
位于艾森施塔特的艾斯特哈齐宫殿
The Esterhazy Palace in Eisenstadt
确实是海顿的实验室
truly was Haydn's laboratory.
他所研发的交响乐
The symphony as he developed it
吸取了宗教音乐和歌剧的精髓
draws from a combination of church music, the world of opera
并由技艺高超的乐师加以演绎
and having talented musicians to write for.
所有这些因素
With all these factors in place,
使他得以完善这种四乐章交响乐的体裁
he was able to perfect the four
除此之外 他还尝试了其他元素
And beyond that he experimented with other elements,
不同音乐情绪的并存
the unexpected juxtaposition of mood,
配器上的创新
unusual instrumentation,
戏剧效果 惊喜和玩笑
theatrical effects, surprises, jokes.
交响乐将这多种力量交织起来
The symphony became a finely wrought interplay of forces,
每部都是一次独特而迷人的旅程
each one a unique and enthralling journey.
作为交响乐作曲家
As a symphonist,
从各种角度来看 海顿都像一位
Haydn is in many ways like a master chef
结合不同食材来创作新菜式的烹饪大师
who combines different ingredients to create new dishes.
在艾森施塔特的厨房花园里
In his kitchen garden in Eisenstadt,
他种植了自己所选的一些芳草
he planted out his own selection of herbs,
我在这里会见了西格丽德·维斯
and here I met Sigrid Weiss,
一位巴洛克式烹饪专家
who is an expert on Baroque cookery.
很高兴见到你 这里太漂亮了
How lovely to meet you. This is gorgeous.
让我带你走走
Let me walk you around a little.
这些都是什么
So what do we have here?
这些是百里香
Here we have thyme...
海顿青少年时期清贫的生活
The lean and hungry years of his youth
使他迷上了饮食
gave Haydn an obsession with food.
他在信中
In his letters
总是在赞扬或抱怨他的饮食
he's always either praising or complaining about his diet
在巴洛克时代 他们喜欢在肉里面
They liked to use these strong smelling herbs
放些强烈气味的芳草
on the meat in the Baroque,
因为那时候还没有冰箱
because of course they had no refrigerators,
所以他们吃的肉并不总是很新鲜
so their meat was not always as fresh.
这些是薄荷
Mint here.
园丁海顿和美食家海顿
Haydn the gardener and Haydn the gourmet
都是手艺大师海顿的一部分
are all part of the complete picture of Haydn the master craftsman.
这个呢
And this one?
罗马酢浆草
Roman sorrel.
可以直接吃吗
Can we eat it?
我们可以将海顿一首交响曲
We could liken symphonic development
开场乐章的结构
in one of Haydn's opening movements
比作他最钟爱的
to the preparation of a carefully balanced meal
那种均衡美味的菜式
of the sort which the composer often enjoyed.
所有主题都汇聚在曲子的开场
All the themes are gathered together at the beginning of the piece
正如烹饪开胃菜之前
in the same way one might gather and prepare ingredients
需将所有原料收集在一起
then cook a simple starter.
这段被称为呈示部
This is what's called the exposition,
一道撩拨食欲的开胃菜
a tasty first course that whets your appetite for what's to come.
非常感谢
Thank you very much.
祝你好胃口
Guten appetit!
下一阶段 展开部
The next stage, the development
将原料混在一起 进行烹饪
blends together, reshapes and cooks up all these ingredients,
全新的口味由此产生
allowing new flavours to emerge.
最后 在再现部中
Finally, in the recapitulation,
所有主题连同和声交融到一起
all the themes and harmonies are brought together and resolved
正如结尾的主菜
just like the finished main course.
这道是海顿最喜爱的主菜之一
This is one of Haydn's particular favourites,
炖兔肉配水果布丁和樱桃
braised rabbit with dumplings and cherries.
-太棒了 -看起来太美味了
- Fantastic! - That looks totally delicious!
18世纪60年代
In the 1760s,
尼古拉亲王决定在艾森施塔特以东
Prince Nikolaus decided to build an elaborate new pleasure palace
50公里的奥匈边境之处
50 kilometres east from Eisenstadt,
新建一座游乐宫
over the Hungarian border.
以后每个夏天 宫廷里所有人
So every summer the entire court,
包括海顿和他的乐团
including Haydn and his orchestra,
都会搬来这座童话般的艾斯特哈泽宫
decamped to the fairytale palace of Esterhaza.
然而 虽然那里有音乐厅 大舞厅
However, although there were music rooms, ball rooms,
宴会凉亭和一个完整规模的歌剧院
banqueting pavilions and a full scale opera house,
乐师的住宿空间却非常有限
there was only very limited accommodation for the many musicians.
他们的家人必须留在艾森施塔特
Families had to stay in Eisenstadt.
没有妻子 没有女友 没有家人
No wives, no girlfriends, no families.
可以理解 乐师相当苦恼
The musicians were understandably miserable.
但海顿想出了
But Haydn came up with his own
一种机智的劳工运动
rather witty version of industrial action.
《第45号交响曲》是海顿为了艾斯特哈泽宫的
Symphony 45 was one of the three dozen symphonies
夏季庆典所谱写的36首交响曲之一
written for the summer festivities at Esterhaza.
曲风严肃 甚至有些激烈
It's a serious, sometimes stormy work,
其结尾隐含了海顿的抗议
but at the end comes Haydn's protest,
因而赋予了这部作品
a gesture that gives the work
更为人熟知的别称 告别
its familiar nickname, The Farewell.
在急促的结尾乐章即将结束时
As the last restless movement comes to a close,
音乐突然缓和了下来
the music suddenly slows down
演奏者开始一位接一位地离开舞台
and the players begin to leave the stage, one by one,
每位离开之时 都将曲谱架上的蜡烛熄灭
each snuffing out the candle on his music stand as he goes.
最后 只剩下两把小提琴以极弱音演奏
Finally, there are just two violins left playing pianissimo,
直到音乐化为寂静
and the music evaporates into silence.
亲王理解了其中深意
The prince took the hint.
第二天 整宫人员返回了艾森施塔特
The following day, the court returned home
在舒适的家中和家人团聚
to the domestic comforts of Eisenstadt.
海顿在艾斯特哈齐家族留任了将近30年
Haydn was to stay in Esterhazy for nearly 30 years,
这种情况并不多见
but this was very unusual.
大部分作曲家都过着流浪的生活
Most composers of the time led a much more nomadic existence,
四处迁徙
moving from place to place,
这正是音乐灵感的传播方式
and this was of course how musical ideas were moved around.
其中一位
One of these travelling musicians
就是沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪乌斯·莫扎特
was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
在1764年
and in 1764,
海顿移居艾森施塔特之后不久
not long after Haydn had arrived in Eisenstadt,
他访问了伦敦
he visited London.
莫扎特的童年绝大部分是
Mozart spent a large part of his childhood
同父亲和姐姐在无休止的
on an interminable tour of Europe
欧洲巡回演出中度过的
accompanied by his father and his older sister.
这家人到达伦敦之后
The family arrived here in London
搬入一家理发店楼上的寓所居住
and moved into lodgings above a barber's shop,
令人欣慰的是
which now, delightfully,
如今变成了一家专营古籍音乐的书店
is an antiquarian booksellers specialising in music.
此次旅行肯定是一次痛苦的经历
The whole thing must have been a bit of an ordeal.
据称 他们三人前前后后
There were reports of all three of them being ill
都曾患病
at one time or another.
但也得到了一个意想不到的收获
But it did produce at least one unexpected benefit.
在他父亲病得卧床不起之时
Whilst his father was bedridden
八岁的莫扎特写出了自己的第一首交响曲
the eight
要记得 他当时才八岁
Now remember, he was eight.
这部作品曾被批评为毫无新意
This symphony has been criticised as being derivative,
还有些人说是他父亲谱的曲
and some have said it was written by his father,
而我也相信他父亲给予了他很多帮助
and I'm sure his father helped him a great deal.
但最重要的一点是
But the important point, surely,
这是一首八岁小孩谱写的交响曲
is that it's a symphony written by an eight
结构完美
and it's structurally perfect,
配器均衡
exquisitely balanced,
旋律极其优美
and very, very nice to listen to.
莫扎特十几岁时游历了整个欧洲
In his teens, Mozart criss
从不同地方获得创作灵感
picking up ideas wherever he went.
而位于德国西南部的曼海姆就是关键之一
One of the key centres was Mannheim in South West Germany,
这里的宫廷乐队是一个大师级的乐团
where the court orchestra was a finely tuned, virtuoso ensemble.
宫廷乐队的作曲家是约翰·斯塔米茨
The court composer was Johann Stamitz,
他为乐团创作的60首交响曲都是典范之作
who wrote 60 prototype symphonies for them.
风格新颖而充满活力
They became well known for their novel, dynamic effects,
曲目开头的弓法
an opening coups d'archet,
在乐章伊始 通过一声巨响
a loud bang at the beginning of a piece of music
来吸引观众的注意力 使其进入状态
that would wake the audience up and grab their attention.
曼海姆火箭 一系列激动人心
The Mannheim Rocket, a cluster of notes
一路攀升的音符组合
that soared thrillingly heavenwards,
乐团营造的渐强效果出人意料
and a big orchestral crescendo that was so unexpected
据说每到此刻
that apparently ladies in the audience
女士们往往会因激动而晕倒
used to faint with excitement.
在和启蒙时代管弦乐团合作排练时
In preparing the music with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment
马克·埃尔德非常期待
Mark Elder was keen to work
亲自实践交响乐先驱们缔造的种种奇妙效果
on some of the effects achieved by these symphonic pioneers.
很明显 我们在演奏这段激动人心的乐曲时
Obviously what we've got to try and show in this,
要着重表现的 是其风格
this very exciting music, is the style.
他们都是弓法高超的专家
And they were specialists in a sort of bravura attack.
来一遍
Here it is.
这首曲子中 弓法的特色在于
And the coups d'archet was the way
所有人用同样的手法拉奏 就像这样
everybody attacked the bow in the same way, as they all did there.
我们再来一遍好吗
Can we just try that once again?
很好 非常好
Bravo, well done.
我们对从弱到强
The idea of getting louder from playing very soft
直到最强音的演奏手法并不陌生
and going to very loud is something we're all so familiar with.
这种手法很常见
We do it all the time.
其创新之处在于 让所有的乐师一起
But the idea that this was a new way of musicians together
表现同样的力度 同样的情感
expressing the same energy and the same emotion
这一点为音乐注入了一股新的活力
gave the music a new excitement and a new daring.
1777年 22岁的沃尔夫冈·莫扎特
So celebrated did Mannheim become that in 1777,
慕名前往曼海姆拜访该乐团
the 22
随身带着他最新的交响乐作品
bringing with him the score of his latest symphony.
当莫扎特决定在这间乐室里同乐团合作
When Mozart decided to premiere this symphony, his 31st,
进行《第31号交响曲》的首演时
with them in this very room,
他是在测试自己的作品
he was test
这部作品中不乏广受欢迎的曼海姆特效
which included several of the crowd
在人生的这个阶段 莫扎特急需一次胜利
At this stage in his life Mozart really needed a success.
巴黎有许多富裕而品味高雅的音乐爱好者
In Paris there were many wealthy, sophisticated music lovers
他精心创作的乐曲
and his carefully crafted symphony
或许能收获一笔酬金 甚至一份工作
might land him a commission or even a job.
Paris in the middle of the 18th century was very different from the modern city.
埃菲尔铁塔和香榭丽舍大道都建于19世纪
The Eiffel Tower and the famous boulevards weren't built until the 19th century.
And in 1778, when Mozart arrived,
这附近都被一座巨大的
the area around here was dominated
文艺复兴宫殿占据着
by a vast Renaissance palace
这就是杜伊勒里宫 时髦的贵族们
the Tuileries where the fashionable and cultured aristocracy
聚集于此欣赏音乐 此时大革命尚未发生
this was before the Revolution remember, flocked to hear music.
莫扎特的交响曲于1778年6月在这里首演
Mozart's symphony, later to become known as the Paris Symphony,
此曲日后被称作《巴黎交响曲》
was first heard here in June 1778.
所有细节都根据当时巴黎人的审美精心打磨
Every detail was honed to accord with contemporary Parisian taste
我知道第一乐章的中间部分
In the middle of the first movement
会让他们激动不已
is a section I knew would excite them,
他在事后给父亲的信中说道
He later wrote to his father.
的确 观众简直入了迷
Sure enough, the audience was carried away by it.
我作曲的时候
Since I knew when I wrote it
就知道它会有这种效果
that it would have this sort of effect,
所以在结尾部分我又用了一遍
I used it again at the end.
这首交响曲获得了不大不小的成功
The symphony was a mild success.
可能是因为他一味迎合当地审美
Perhaps he'd so conformed to local taste
这首曲子并非特别出众
that the work didn't particularly stand out.
音乐会之后 他写道
After the concert, he wrote,
我高兴极了 音乐会一结束
I was happy, so as soon as the concert was over
我就冲到皇家宫殿
I rushed over to the Palais-Royal,
犒赏自己一个大冰激凌
ordered myself a large ice cream,
诵经祈祷 然后回家了
said my rosary and went home.
莫扎特并非唯一一位
Mozart wasn't the only symphonist
想征服挑剔的巴黎听众的作曲家
keen to conquer the discerning audiences of Paris.
五年之后 约瑟夫·海顿的六首新交响曲
Five years later, half a dozen new symphonies by Joseph Haydn
在巴黎得到巨大成功
arrived to great acclaim.
尽管艾斯特哈齐亲王不允许他的作曲家旅行
Although Prince Esterhazy didn't allow his composer to travel,
还是很高兴海顿的乐曲能使他名满天下
he was happy for Haydn's scores to spread his fame.
当身处维也纳的莫扎特
And when Mozart, now living in Vienna,
听到这些巴黎的交响曲时
heard these Paris Symphonies,
他终于从中得到了源源不断的伟大灵感
they were to inspire his final great symphonic outpouring.
1788年
In 1788
距法国和整个欧洲卷入革命的洪流还有一年
a year before revolution convulsed France and indeed Europe
莫扎特在维也纳的这家咖啡馆演出
Mozart preformed here in this Viennese cafe,
但更重要的是
but perhaps more significantly
他几周之内 便写出了三部交响曲
he also wrote three symphonies in a matter of weeks
即宏伟的《第39号交响曲》
the noble No. 39,
阴郁狂暴的《第40号交响曲》
the dark, turbulent No. 40,
少见的以小调写成的交响曲
unusually in a minor key,
以及感情外露的《第41号交响曲》
and the extrovert No. 41
也被称为朱庇特
later nicknamed The Jupiter,
其技艺之华丽几乎到了夸张的地步
a piece of almost extravagant technical virtuosity.
可以说 莫扎特生命中的最后几年是个谜
Mozart's final years are something of a mystery.
我们知道很多微小的细节
We have lots of small details,
比如他更换住处有多么频繁
how frequently he changed apartment, for instance,
但对他生活的整体状况我们一无所知
but about the bigger picture there's nothing at all.
他对自己作品的想法
What he thought about the music he was writing,
他的雄心 希望和恐惧
his ambitions, his hopes and his fears,
以及最后几首交响曲的信息 完全不知
and about the last few symphonies, no information.
在这些交响曲诞生后三年
These symphonies were completed three years
他就突然英年早逝
before his sudden and tragic early death.
我们无从知道 这些曲目灵感来自哪里
But we have no idea what occasioned them
也没有任何记录表明
and there is no record of them
在他有生之年 这些曲目是否上演过
ever having been actually performed in his lifetime.
这几首最后的交响曲情感丰富
These last symphonies are emotionally rich
充满了悲伤 令人措手不及
and full of sadness, just when you least expect it.
其强烈的情感表现得淋漓尽致
The palate of emotional intensity is very, very marked.
给人的感觉就是
And one feels that,
即使他还能创作更多交响曲
whether or not he could have written any more symphonies
这几部也是他在交响乐这种形式中的巅峰之作
that these were a summation for him of what he could achieve in the form.
而且 每部作品都特点鲜明
And each of them has such a different character.
我认为 音乐的特点是由曲调的选择表现的
Now, to me, the character comes from the choice of key.
我们知道 在他创作这些曲目前
And we know, before he wrote them, that he received a new score
收到了三首海顿的新交响曲
of three of Haydn's symphonies
也是使用了同样的三个曲调
and that they were in these same three keys
降E g小调和C大调
E flat, G minor and C major
莫扎特的最后三首交响曲也采用了这些曲调
which are the keys of Mozart's last three symphonies.
他受到了启发 希望能够进一步发展
He was inspired and wanted to give something
这种他尚未完全驾驭的形式
to the form that he hadn't hitherto managed.
莫扎特显然十分欣赏
Mozart clearly admired the symphonic innovations
海顿在艾森施塔特对交响乐的创新
that Haydn had discovered in his laboratory in Eisenstadt,
当这两位作曲家
and when the two composers met
在18世纪80年代末期首次会面时
for the first time in the late 1780s,
海顿答谢了他的欣赏
Haydn repaid the compliment.
也许有人觉得我有点天赋 他说道
Some have said that I might have some genius, He remarked,
但莫扎特永远比我技高一筹
but Mozart is always my superior.
1790年 风云突变
Suddenly in 1790 everything changed.
尼古拉亲王意外离世
Prince Nikolaus died unexpectedly
他的儿子安东成为新的亲王
and the next prince, his son Anton,
并立刻着手解散其父
immediately began to dismantle his father's
庞大而奢侈的音乐设施
extravagant and expensive musical establishment.
尽管收到了一笔丰厚的退休金
Despite a generous pension,
海顿一定也感到了对未来的迷茫
Haydn must have wondered what the future would bring.
一天晚上 他坐在家中
And then one night as he was sitting at home,
前门忽然响起敲门声
there was a loud knock on the front door.
一位陌生人走进来 大声宣布
A stranger was let in and declared boldly,
我是伦敦的萨洛蒙 我来接你
I am Salomon of London and I have come to fetch you.
对海顿和交响乐的历史来说
It was a decisive moment in Haydn's life
这是一个决定性的时刻
and in the history of the symphony.
在踏上他史诗般的旅程之前
Just before setting off on his epic journey,
海顿 萨洛蒙和莫扎特共进告别聚餐
Haydn joined Salomon and Mozart for a farewell meal.
萨洛蒙很想鼓动莫扎特前往英国旅行
Salomon was keen to sign Wolfgang up for a British tour,
但莫扎特仿佛更在意海顿的安危
but the young composer seemed more concerned about his colleague's welfare.
你已经不再年轻了 他说
You're not young any more, He said.
但我身体还不错 海顿回答
But I'm still in good health, Haydn replied.
你不善交际 会的语言也太少 莫扎特说
You're too unworldly and speak too few languages, Mozart said.
不 海顿坚定地答道
No, Haydn replied firmly,
我的语言 全世界都能听懂
My language is understood all over the world.
现在 我们回到了本片的起点
And now we're back where we started
in the last decade of the 18th century
海顿在伦敦大获成功
with Haydn's triumphal arrival in London.
在奥地利当了30年乐师后
After 30 years as a sort of musical servant in Austria,
他在这里
he's welcomed here
以当代最伟大作曲家的身份受到接待
as the greatest composer of his age.
As the Sun newspaper of 1794 put it,
他的音乐高雅 丰富
His music is exquisite, rich,
富有想象力 大胆而感人
fanciful, bold and impressive.
约瑟夫·海顿在伦敦开始了新生活
London gave Joseph Haydn a new lease of life.
接连四年广受欢迎的音乐会
Four years of wildly successful concerts,
12首新交响乐首演 最后一首在1795年
twelve new symphonies premiered, the last in 1795
就在坐落于干草市场的皇家乐室
here at the Theatre Royal Music Rooms in the Haymarket.
一位批评家赞叹道
As one enamoured critic gushed,
海顿的天才到底有没有止境
Would Haydn ever get to the bottom of his genius box?
答案显然是没有
Well, the answer to that surely must be no.
尽管在漫长的职业生涯中
Although he would write over 100 symphonies
他一共创作了一百多部交响曲
over the course of a long working life,
海顿既记不住他的作品
Haydn himself would have recognised
飞速增长的编号
neither the dizzying upward spiral of numbers
从1759年的《D大调第一交响曲》
from his first Symphony in D Major written in 1759
到40年后的《第104号交响曲》
to his 104th written some 40 years later
也不知道其中一些曲目获得的别称
nor the affectionate nicknames that some of the pieces acquired
哲学家 告别 惊喜 军队
The Philosopher, The Farewell, The Surprise, The Military.
生平第一次
For the first time in his life,
海顿逃离了艾森施塔特贵族化的泡沫
Haydn had escaped the aristocratic bubble of Eisenstadt.
伦敦交响曲系列反映出了
The London symphonies reflect
他对世界的新体验
both his new experiences of the world
和他与更广泛听众群的接触
and his encounters with a wider audience.
在伦敦 人们对音乐的渴求
In London there was hunger for music
也反映出法国大革命
that spoke to the tensions
带来的紧张情绪
around the French Revolution
以及在其他国家的革命转化成恶意攻击时
and the anxieties that the British had
英国民众所感受到的不安
when revolution turned into attack on other countries.
现在 交响曲不再仅仅是面向公众的演出
Now symphonies were not only being played in public,
其本身也成为了一种公开的宣言
but becoming public statements in themselves.
《军队交响曲》是伦敦交响曲系列的第八部
The Military Symphony, the eighth of the London symphonies,
完成于1794年 是一部杰作
written in 1794 and a masterpiece.
它是海顿访问英格兰期间最大的成功
It was Haydn's greatest success during his visit to England.
听众们认为带有战争色彩的音乐极具话题性
It's war music that the audience regarded as acutely topical.
现代人很难感知到
It's difficult with our modern ears
这首曲目对当时英国民众产生的影响
to grasp the impact this work had on the British public.
其中 海顿对土耳其打击乐器的使用
Amongst other things, Haydn shocked them with his use for the first time
震惊了观众
of Turkish percussion.
再来一个 再来一个 所有人都在喊
Encore, encore, encore, Resounded from every seat,
连矜持的女士们也不例外
the ladies themselves could not forbear.
战争的开展 将士的行军
It is the advance into battle and the march of men.
冲锋的呐喊 攻击的轰鸣
The sounding of the charge, the thundering of the onset.
兵器的碰撞 伤者的呻吟
The clash of arms, the groans of the wounded
以及战争那地狱般的咆哮声
and what may be called the hellish roar of war
一同将乐曲引向令人毛骨悚然的高潮
increases to a climax of horrid sublimity.
18世纪90年代的伦敦听众
Haydn writing for London audiences in the 1790s was very much aware
认为他们的社会是阳刚的 军事化的
that they saw themselves as a manly, military society
海顿捕捉到了这一点
and Haydn absolutely captured that.
海顿离开伦敦 返回奥地利的故乡途中
When Haydn left London to return home to Austria
顺路简短拜访了偏远的德国小镇波恩
he made a brief stop along the way in the provincial German town of Bonn.
在那里 他第一次见到了
Here he was to meet for the first time
那位将把交响乐带入新世纪的作曲家
the composer who would carry the symphony forward into the next century
路德维希·凡·贝多芬
Ludwig van Beethoven.
海顿时年60岁
Haydn was 60
而那位阴沉的年轻中提琴手
and the sullen young viola player
伯恩选民管弦乐队的成员 只有22岁
he was a member of the Elector Of Bonn's Orchestra
他已经表现出成为作曲家的某些天赋
He was already showing some promise as a composer.
他已经完成了两部值得注意的皇家清唱剧
He'd written two attention-grabbing Imperial Cantatas
海顿答应收他为徒
and Haydn agreed to take him on as a student.
这段关系并不轻松
It was never an easy relationship.
你将拥有史无前例的思想 海顿说
You will have thoughts that no
还遭受着耳聋的折磨
and tormented by my deafness,
我发现与别人一起只有痛苦
I find only suffering in the company of others.
他承认自己已经失聪
He's acknowledged to himself he's deaf
艺术的奇迹之处在于
and the great miracle of art is
从他承认自己失聪之时起
that the moment he's acknowledged it,
我们进入了所谓的英雄时代
we enter what's cornily called the heroic period.
欣赏到了极伟大的艺术作品
We get the great, great works of art,
因为他战胜了病魔
because he's overcome it.
要讲述下面的故事
To tell the next part of the story,
我们先要回到巴黎
we need to return to Paris
去瞻仰一位英雄的陵墓
and to a hero's grave.
正当贝多芬奠定了他在音乐界的地位时
Just as Beethoven defined his era in music,
拿破仑·波拿巴在政治领域开创了自己的时代
so Napoleon Bonaparte towered over his era in world politics
虽然他只是一个小个子男人
although, of course, he himself was quite a small man.
拿破仑这个名字强大有力
The name of Napoleon was so potent,
他领导的军事力量令人生畏
his military prowess was so fearsome,
在短短的十二年里他横扫了欧洲
that he dominated and terrorised Europe for over a dozen years.
1799年 他在成功政变后
After his successful coups d'etat in 1799,
任命自己为第一执政
he appointed himself First Consul,
他亲近法国民众
a man of the French people,
致力于恢复共和国
devoted to restoring the republican virtues of
自由 平等和博爱的美德
liberty, equality and fraternity
此前的十年 法国内政混乱
after a decade of gross mismanagement
恐怖蔓延
and institutionalised terror so widespread
断头台甚至获得了国民剃刀的别称
that the guillotine earned the nickname The national razor.
贝多芬以这个题材为基础
Beethoven had found the subject
创作了他的第三部 也是最激进的一部交响曲
for his third and most radical symphony yet.
此曲篇幅巨大 其第一乐章的长度
A work so massive, that its first movement alone
基本等同于海顿早期的整部交响曲
is as long as many of Haydn's early symphonies.
《英雄》 是英雄的交响曲
Eroica, the heroic symphony.
《英雄》所富有的革新精神
The Eroica is an extraordinary huge advance
是之前任何一部作品都无法比拟的
on anything anyone had done before.
他来源于大众 并为大众创作
He was a man of the people, creating art for the people
他觉得这也是拿破仑代表的精神
and he thought that was what Napoleon represented.
作曲家希望通过交响乐作达到一定的效果
The Eroica comes to stand or what symphonic composers
《英雄》则是这一方面的典范之作
want to achieve through their musical works.
《英雄》是一部颠覆传统的作品
The Eroica was a revolutionary piece of work.
贝多芬需要开发新的技巧
Beethoven needed new techniques
以便表现他对于拿破仑的想法
if he was to express adequately his thoughts about Napoleon,
这个男人对欧洲的影响迅速而彻底
a man who was affecting such rapid and sweeping changes across Europe
人们相信 他会给这片多灾多难的土地
a man who many believed would bring peace,
带来和平 安定和自由
security and liberty to a troubled continent.
欧洲永远无法重回
There was no way that Europe could possibly return
1789年之前的太平之日
to life as it was in the days before 1789
贝多芬也决不能重回前人之路
and there was no looking back to old models for Beethoven.
这部新作的激进无法避免
The new work just had to be radical,
它的首次亮相无比震撼
its first performance explosive,
这间屋子见证了这一时刻
and this is the room where it all happened.
贝多芬的朋友 费迪南德·里斯说道
Beethoven's friend, Ferdinand Ries,
这位作曲家的这部作品
said the composer wrote his symphony
是为拿破仑·波拿巴所作
with Napoleon Bonaparte in mind,
只为第一执政拿破仑而作
but Napoleon as First Consul.
贝多芬无比崇敬拿破仑
He held him in great esteem
并将其比作古罗马最伟大的执政官
and compared him to the greatest consuls of ancient Rome.
费迪南德·里斯亲眼见到
Ferdinand Ries himself saw
这部交响曲精美的手稿副本
a beautifully copied manuscript of the symphony
静静地躺在贝多芬的书桌上
lying on Beethoven's table and, on the front page,
封面的顶部 写着拿破仑的名字
were inscribed the names Napoleon At the top
下面写着贝多芬的名字
and Beethoven At the bottom.
但当贝多芬得知
But when Beethoven was told
拿破仑称帝时
that Napoleon had crowned himself Emperor
他暴跳如雷 并吼道
he flew into a rage and screamed,
他也不过是一介凡夫俗子
So now he is no more than a common mortal.
现在他也要践踏人权
Now he will tread on all the rights of man,
以逞其个人的野心了
Indulge only his ambition,
他将骑在众人头上
think himself superior to all men,
成为一个暴君了
Become a tyrant.
他说着走向桌子 拿起手稿
He went to the table, picked up the manuscript,
把封面撕成两半 扔到了地板上
ripped the front page in half and threw it on the floor.
拿破仑一世 法国皇帝
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French,
离他1821年病逝尚有十六年
still had 16 more years to live.
但对于贝多芬来说 他已经死了
But, for Beethoven, it was clear,
他的伟大在他加冕那天消亡殆尽
his greatness had died on the day of his coronation.
《英雄》的第二乐章是葬礼进行曲
The second movement of the Eroica is a funeral march,
也许是为英雄的逝去而悲号
perhaps mourning the loss of a hero.
当这部交响曲的乐谱于三年后出版时
When the symphony was published three years later
上面有一段铭文
it bore an inscription
纪念一位逝去的伟人
to celebrate the memory of a great man.
贝多芬在维也纳的35年中
Beethoven lived in more than 60 different places
曾在60多个地方生活过
during his 35 years in Vienna.
我与音乐学家
I joined musicologist
约翰·德斯里奇教授一同参观了这里
professor John Deathridge to visit this one
这里空间狭窄 地处偏僻
which is typically cramped and out of the way.
但是不管这位作曲家在哪里落脚
But wherever the composer lodged,
这个地方总要有两样东西
there were always two inevitable objects
一架钢琴和一副珍贵的肖像
a piano and a treasured portrait.
贝多芬的这幅肖像
This is a picture of Beethoven
大约画于他创作《第三交响乐英雄》之时
at about the time he wrote his third symphony, the Eroica.
对吗
Is that right?
没错
That's correct.
这画出自他的一个朋友
Painted by a friend of his called
韦力伯德·马勒之手
Willibrord Mahler,
他向这位朋友演奏了第四乐章
he played the last movement to the painter
之后又即兴表演了两个小时
and then he continued on improvising for two hours.
让马勒感兴趣的是
What Mahler was interested in
他捕捉到了
was capturing something
《英雄》这部作品的神话元素
of the mythological side of the Eroica.
很尴尬的姿势
是的
有点像《蒙娜丽莎》
A little bit like the Mona Lisa,
背景是乡村景色
in a sort of country landscape.
目光斜视
And the eyes are looking askance.
我一直觉得这只手
I often think that this hand here,
是非常有力的一只手
it's a very strong hand,
一定是贝多芬在演奏《英雄》第四乐章时
has something to do with his impression of Beethoven
给画者留下的印象
playing the last movement of the Eroica.
很明显这幅画对贝多芬来说非常重要
It was clearly a very important painting for Beethoven
因为他走到哪儿都带着它
because he took it with him everywhere.
为什么他这么喜欢这幅画
Why did he like it?
我觉得可能是虚荣心
I'm tempted to say vanity.
因为这幅画中的他十分帅气
He looks rather good in this.
我觉得 这幅画体现了
It represents for him, I think,
他作为交响乐作曲家的特质
something very important about his role as a symphonic composer.
我以一名作曲家的身份 活于世上
I am here in the world as a composer
我的交响曲应该是这样的
and this is what my symphonies are going to be.
我感觉《第三交响曲》
I feel that the third symphony
像是另一个时代的开端
is like on the threshold of another age.
他写这部作品 是为了表现
It's written because he wanted to answer
他印象中 拿破仑的辉煌成就
what he felt was the scale of Napoleon's achievements
而一般的交响曲达不到这种目的
and the normal symphony wouldn't have been enough.
你觉得他把自己也当作英雄吗
Do you think he saw himself as a hero?
这个问题不好回答
That's a very difficult question to answer.
我觉得 他知道自己有这种能力
I feel sure that he knew he had the capacity in him
其他作曲家少有的能力
that was given to very few other creators
他要凭借一己之力
and that he owed it to himself
去发掘自己的天赋
to find the extent of the depth of his talent,
这也使他不断地突破极限
which is why he kept pushing the boundaries further and further
创作出了更有真情实感的作品
to create more emotional truth.
我认为他意识到自己
I think he felt that he had
拥有英雄般的创造力
an heroic capacity as a creator
能带领音乐进入一个
to take music to a place
前人认为无法达到的高度
that nobody thought it could ever go.
他并没有止步于此
And he would not stop here.
而是又创作了六部交响曲
There were six more symphonies still to come.
他听力的衰退
His encroaching deafness
更彰显了他英雄般的毅力
would strengthen his almost heroic willpower
也为其音乐注入了深刻而广泛的怜悯之情
and give his music a sense of profound, universal compassion.
《英雄》之后 一切皆有可能
After the Eroica, anything was possible.
交响乐也成为了
And the symphony took its place
最深刻也最具表现力的音乐形式
as music's most expressive and articulate form.
想要进一步了解交响乐
To go deeper into the music
并解开其中的奥秘
and unravel the secrets of the symphony,
YYeTs.com
命运叩响大门 V代表胜利
Fate knocking at the door. V for victory.
这是音乐史上最著名的乐句
The most famous sequence of notes in the whole of music
来自贝多芬的《第五交响曲》
From Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.
在本系列中 我们将了解交响乐
In this series we'll discover how the symphony emerged
如何从贵族特权世界中浮出于世
from the world of aristocratic privilege
如何伴随着国家的崛起与帝国的衰落
How it accompanied the rise of nations and the fall of empires
如何成为自由的象征和极权主义的利器
How it became a symbol of freedom and a tool of totalitarianism
如何教会管弦乐队表达自己的感情
How the symphony taught the orchestra how to speak
以及它如何逐渐成为作曲家
And how it established itself as
表达艺术思想的终极方式
the ultimate expression of the composer as an artist
这次史诗般的旅程将带我们
It's an epic journey that takes us
从御前表演的小乐队
from small bands of musicians playing in the palaces of princes
到在巨型音乐厅里表演的
to orchestras of well over 100
上百人的大型管弦乐团
performing in vast concert halls
一直作为公共宣言的交响乐
But how ultimately alongside these public statements
又是怎样成为
it became the vehicle
个人思想与情感最亲密的载体
for the most profound expression of private thoughts and emotions
直至今日
that we the audience
仍能使观众心生共鸣
can understand and relate to today
这是一个关于伟大作曲家的故事
Above all it's the story of great composers
第一集中 我们将认识路德维希·凡·贝多芬
In this first episode we'll meet Ludwig van Beethoven
伟大作曲家的典范
the epitome of the great composer
英雄般的艺术家
the artist as hero
我认为他意识到自己
I think he felt that he had
拥有英雄般的创造力
an heroic capacity as a creator
能带领音乐进入一个
to take music to a place
前人认为无法达到的高度
that nobody thought it could ever go
沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪乌斯·莫扎特
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
八岁便写出自己第一部交响曲的天才
the genius who wrote his first symphony at the age of eight
约瑟夫·海顿 18世纪的音乐巨人
And Joseph Haydn the giant of 18th century music
被誉为交响乐之父
who was dubbed the Father of the Symphony
1791年1月1日
It's New Year's Day 1791.
奥地利作曲家 约瑟夫·海顿
The Austrian composer Joseph Haydn,
58岁高龄 不顾病痛
58 years old, in rude health,
毅然从加来航行至多佛
is sailing from Calais to Dover.
此次航程将耗费十个小时
It's a voyage that will take a full ten hours.
他一个月前从家乡出发
He'd left home a month earlier.
这是他首次跨越国界
This is his first trip beyond the borders of his home
走出奥匈帝国里的小小一隅
in a small corner of the vast Austro
放弃了三十年来在艾斯特哈齐家族
Leaving the security of three decades of service
作为宫廷乐师的安逸生活
as a court musician for the aristocratic Esterhazy family,
他在马车上颠簸了1280多公里
he's jolted over 800 miles in a horse
天气恶劣 路况糟糕 伙食欠佳
bad weather, bad roads, probably bad food,
欧洲大陆上
and across Europe,
法国大革命余波未尽
the rumblings from the aftermath of the French Revolution are still being heard.
海顿虽一向讲究实干
Haydn was, as ever, pragmatic,
却仍兴奋不已
but he was also very excited.
他说道 我站在甲板上
I remained on deck, He said,
以便久久地凝望大海这一巨兽
So as to gaze my fill of that mighty monster, the ocean.
当大风掀起滔天巨浪时
Then when the highest waves were whipped up by the wind,
我有点害怕
I became a little frightened,
但我很快克服了
But I overcame it all and
一路上没有呕吐
arrived on shore without, excuse me, vomiting.
他随身带来了大量作品
He's come with a large trunk of scores
不幸的是 在混乱的行李转运过程中
but unfortunately, during the chaos of the luggage transfer
他遗失了一部重要的交响乐手稿
he's lost one vital symphonic manuscript.
但这段恶劣的旅途即将告终
But this epic journey was nearly over.
仅仅两天之内
In just two days' time,
他便受到伦敦居民的热烈欢迎
he'd be welcomed into London,
不仅如此
more than welcomed.
他是史上首位享受到音乐巨星待遇的人
He'd be received as the first ever bona
前六个月他根本无法歇息
His first six months will be non
他签过约要带来六部交响曲
contracted to deliver six symphonies
却已意外遗失一部
and already missing one score,
但海顿绝非平庸之才
but Haydn is no ordinary composer.
他是人中蛟龙
He is the most extraordinary of ordinary men.
这就是他
And here he is.
约瑟夫·海顿
Joseph Haydn,
画于1791年 即海顿到达英格兰的那年
painted in the year of his arrival in England in 1791
由协会肖像画家约翰·霍普纳
by the society portraitist John Hoppner
奉英王乔治三世之命创作
on the orders of King George III himself,
以示海顿的名望
as a sign of the man's celebrity.
海顿虽出身贫寒
Haydn came from a humble background,
但其言行间却透出一股强大的自信
but here he holds himself with immense self
看他的眼中是不是充满了求知的光芒
Is there the sharp light of curiosity in his eyes?
海顿总是热衷于探索周围的世界
Haydn was always enthusiastic about exploring the world around him.
如今 他的名字与交响乐密不可分
Today, his name is associated above all with the symphony,
他为其发展作出的努力 他人无法比拟
the form he more than anybody in the 18th century worked to develop.
在他的带动下 交响乐
In his hands, the symphony
成为了现今字典中定义的形式
became what the dictionary now defines it as:
一部大型作品 通常由四个乐章组成
a large
被认作最崇高的音乐体裁
and regarded as the most exalted form a composer can use.
他的伦敦交响曲系列将他的才华
And his London symphonies were to bring the works of his genius
一览无遗地呈现给了听众
to the widest possible audience.
海顿写出的乐曲
Haydn had this capacity to write music
能直接与听众进行对话
that would speak immediately to all hearers.
其作品最重要的意义
What comes out more than anything else
就是开辟了一片崭新的音乐世界
is a sense of a new sound world.
伦敦当时是世界上最繁华
London was the most prosperous
也是发展最迅速的城市
and fastest growing city in the world.
18世纪90年代
By the 1790s,
上流社会对于歌剧的喜爱
the fashion for opera that had dominated upper class taste
在持续了近一个世纪之后 逐渐衰落
for most of the 18th century was now on the wane
而新中产阶级
and the new middle class,
深知自己是通过自食其力
who felt that they'd earned their wealth
而非继承家财得以致富
rather than inherited it,
他们急需一些新鲜事物
was keen for something new
来体现他们别具一格的审美品位
that would reflect their sense of themselves as discerning and cultured.
海顿对英伦生活的各个方面很感兴趣
Haydn was intensely interested in all aspects of British life.
他参观了宫殿及海军造船厂
He visited palaces and naval dockyards.
并对伦敦人的嗜酒程度感到震惊
He was horrified by the levels of public drunkenness he witnessed
他详细地记录下他所见过的人
and he kept detailed notes about the people that he met
和这些人听的音乐
and the music that they listened to.
他在伦敦待了四年 其中只离开了一小段时间
He stayed with one short interval for four years.
邀他到伦敦来的是一位小提琴家 作曲家
The invitation had come from the violinist composer
兼音乐会组织者约翰·皮特·萨洛蒙
and concert organiser Johann Peter Salomon,
他出生于德国
a German by birth
在商界信誉卓著
and a man known to be highly efficient in business matters.
萨洛蒙召集了伦敦最出色的音乐家
Salomon had assembled the finest musicians in the city,
买下了位于最时尚的梅费尔区
and hired a recently
汉诺威广场一角的一所新开业的音乐厅
on the corner of Hanover Square in fashionable Mayfair.
两人在此举办的一系列音乐会
The series of concerts the two men would now promote here,
海顿作曲 萨洛蒙担任首席小提琴手
with Haydn as composer and Salomon as orchestra leader,
使交响乐
would position the symphony
成为了伦敦新生代社交文化生活的中心
at the centre of London's rapidly growing social and cultural life.
This site occupies the exact footprint of
第一次见到了汉诺威广场乐室
the Hanover Square Rooms when Haydn first saw them in 1791.
萨洛蒙在这次音乐季的演出上
Salomon had taken a canny commercial gamble
投下巨资
with this concert season,
他赚回的不仅是本钱
but it would more than pay off.
时尚阶层的人都不再热衷其他的事了
All the modish world appear fond of nothing else, my dear.
时尚人士一周看上16场音乐会
Folks of fashion eager seek 16 concerts in a week.
And this is the kind of orchestra that you might have found
大概就是这样
in the Hanover Rooms in the early 1790s,
其乐器的编排与组合
and this combination and arrangement of instruments
对后世交响乐团编制的影响达百年之久
established a blueprint for the symphonic repertoire for the next 100 years or so.
乐团后方 是木管组
At the back, we have the woodwind,
铜管组 打击组
the brass, the percussion sections.
他们处在一个稍高的平台上
They were raised on a platform,
这是海顿时代的创新
which was a novelty in Haydn's time,
此举增加了音乐会的视觉观赏性
no doubt enhanced the visual excitement for the concert
也有助于声音的均衡性
as well as helped with the balance of sound.
乐团前方 是弦乐组
In front, we have the string section,
低音提琴 大提琴 中提琴和小提琴
double basses, cellos, violas, violins.
他将小提琴分为两个部分
He would divide them into two sections,
第二组和第一组
the seconds and the firsts.
坐在最前面的是第一小提琴 玛吉
In the front sat the leader, who on this occasion is Maggie,
在海顿本人的音乐会上
but for many of Haydn's concerts
这里坐的则是萨洛蒙本人
would have been Salomon himself.
坐在最中央的 是作曲家海顿本人
And in the centre was Haydn the composer,
指挥全场
leading the operation,
但其指挥方式 与当今的指挥有所不同
but not conducting in the way we might understand it today.
这些交响曲旨在使观众同乐手
These symphonies were designed to be shared
视觉上的享受 在于观众
To be seen, the drama inherents,
对海顿如何运用乐团的揣测
in How will Mr Haydn treat his orchestra in this one?
他会带来怎样的惊喜
What surprises will we get?
《第98号交响曲》为伦敦交响曲中的精品之一
Symphony 98 is one of the greatest London symphonies.
这部作品的创作是为了弥补
Actually written in England to replace
海顿旅途中遗失的那部手稿
the one he'd lost crossing the channel,
海顿在其中加入了一个典型的海顿式惊喜
it contains a typical Haydn surprise.
对于英国国歌的运用
His take on the British National Anthem.
在四个乐章的第二乐章中
In the second of four movements,
他将原有的旋律加以变化 幻化出新的形态
he takes this tune, varies it, transforms it,
这就是海顿交响乐的精妙所在
and this is the key to the symphony in Haydn's hands.
他将一个音乐主题带上旅程
He takes a musical idea on a journey,
而这一路上 一切随之改变
and through the course of that journey, everything changes.
海顿对于音乐的把玩
Haydn's sense of playing around
在《第98号交响曲》中非常明显 对吗
is very evident in the 98th Symphony, isn't it?
是的
Oh yes.
他还知道如何随机应变
And he knew how to respond to the occasion too, didn't he?
他的音乐给当时的听众
And his music produced such
带来了极度的欢乐与惊喜
incredible reactions of joy and delight and surprise.
这在今天是很难想象的
It's difficult to imagine nowadays, isn't it,
现在的观众总是正襟危坐 悄无声息
the way audiences always behave very po
谁要咳嗽一下都是罪过
And anybody who coughs is criticised.
当年的观众如果喜欢海顿的交响曲
If you liked something in a Haydn symphony,
每个人都会欢呼鼓掌
everybody exclaimed and clapped.
海顿与萨洛蒙的交响音乐会
Haydn and Salomon's symphony concerts
取得了空前的成功
were an unprecedented success,
然而不久之后
but it wasn't long before
海顿便急需一些独处的时间
the composer needed some time to himself.
位于赫特福德郡李谷的这所房屋
And this house deep in the Lee Valley in Hertfordshire
就是海顿在1791年夏天的住所
was where he stayed for the summer of 1791.
海顿这四年间住过以及工作过的地方
Of all the places Haydn lived and worked during his four
只有洛克斯福德这一处 留存至今
this one, Roxford, is the only survivor,
就在这里 他创作了《第98号交响曲》
and it was here that he composed Symphony 98.
他希望待在这里
It was a retreat from the social whirl
远离之前在伦敦的社交漩涡
that he was very much caught up in London
这里的乡村生活
to a sort of countryside life
与他之前在奥地利的生活非常相似
that he would have been familiar with from Austria,
在这里 他能够安静地思考他所见到的人
back to a place where he could think about people he'd met,
考虑人们喜爱何种音乐
he could think about musical interests of people
并且可以创作人们感兴趣的音乐
and he could write the kindof compositions that they were interested in.
我努力地工作着
I work industriously,
他在与朋友的通信中写道
He wrote to a friend,
同时也感受到些许思乡之情
and then added with a touch of homesickness,
每天清晨 我在森林里
Early every morning when I walk alone
抱着英文语法书独自散步
in the wood with my English grammar,
我就会想起上帝
I think of my creator
以及我抛下的家人与朋友们
and of my family and friends left behind.
尽管他思乡心切
Despite his homesickness,
《第98号交响曲》的末乐章中
the last movement of Symphony 98
仍充满了喜悦与欢欣
is full of playfulness and joy
充满了令人振奋的创意与效果
with a whole series of startling ideas and effects.
第四乐章十分欢快活泼
The last movement is very fast and lively,
标注的是急板 即以最快的速度演奏
presto, it's marked, which is as fast as you can get.
感觉就像永不停息的引擎声
It's like a motor rhythm that never wants to stop,
不停地驱动自己前进
it powers its way forward
当你期待着听到主题旋律的重复时
and it's just when you're expecting a repeat of the theme,
因为你之前已听到了主题旋律
because you've already heard it,
他会给你一个惊喜
he then takes you by surprise.
让乐队以较慢的速度重复一遍主题旋律
And they start again with the theme a bit slower.
但他仍然藏着手里的王牌
But he's got... he's got the ace up his sleeve.
他自己在钢琴前演奏
He makes himself play on the forte piano.
非常弱 像是内心独白一般
A little, very trivial, little sort of inner voice
与此同时 小提琴最后一次奏响主题
as the violins play the tune for the last time.
如此地生动可爱 观众为之欣喜不已
And it's so lovely that it would have delighted the audience.
试着想象 今晚
You can imagine, Oh, tonight,
伟大的海顿博士
You know The great Doctor Haydn
在钢琴前 为我们展示其高超的技艺
gave us a little virtuoso display on the forte piano
刚开始几乎听不到
You almost don't hear it at first do you
你心想 天哪
You think oh, my gosh...
对 就像内心发出的声音一样
Yes, it's like it's inside, isn't it?
好比是音乐这一躯体的血红蛋白
It's the sort of haemoglobin of the music,
让整个躯体得以生存
keeping the whole thing alive.
海顿的天才从何而来
So where did Haydn's genius spring from?
交响乐本身又是从何而来呢
Indeed, where did the symphony itself come from?
我要回到过去
I'm going to travel back in time
探求海顿早年在奥地利乡间的生活
to Haydn's early life and career in rural Austria.
这趟旅程将使我们认识到
A journey that will allow us to understand
交响乐在18世纪 是如何发展起来的
the development of the symphony in the 18th century.
1732年春
He was born
海顿出生于靠近奥匈边境的地方
not far from the Hungarian border in the spring of 1732,
他是家里17个孩子中的老二
the second eldest of 17 children.
父亲是个车匠
His father was a wheelwright,
父母平时都以唱歌为乐
and both his parents sang for pleasure.
在当地的学校
Sent to a local school,
他学会了读写及唱歌
he learned to read and write and to sing.
他们教给我许多东西 他说
They taught me so much, he said,
虽然我挨的鞭子比吃的饭还多
although I received more thrashings than food.
有一天
Then one day,
维也纳圣斯蒂芬大教堂的唱诗班指挥
the school was visited by the choirmaster
来到他们学校访问
from Vienna's main cathedral, St. Stephens,
八岁大的约瑟夫参加了试唱选拔
and eight
这名来自外省的天才小男孩
So the small, talented boy from the provinces
加入了著名的维也纳斯蒂芬唱诗班
joined the mighty Stephansdom Choir in Vienna.
我们可以想象
We can picture him,
这个看上去很不起眼的小家伙
an undistinguished looking little fellow,
九岁时就戴着假发唱歌的样子
even at the age of nine wearing a wig.
当他步入青春期 开始变声时
When his voice begins to break,
神父建议他阉割去势
the priest suggests castrating him
以便保留他悦耳的高音
in order to preserve his beautiful treble.
幸运的是 小约瑟夫的父亲介入干涉了
But luckily for little Joseph, his father intervenes.
最后 他因为剪掉了另一个小男孩的辫子
Finally, he's dishonourably discharged from the choir after an incident
而被惩戒开除出唱诗班
which sees him cutting off another boy's pigtail.
接下来的几年 他生活窘迫
For the next few years he struggles,
几乎快到饿死的地步
hungry to the point of starvation,
看到身边城里人的富庶生活 他备受折磨
and tormented by the affluent city life he sees around him.
约瑟夫·海顿的天赋拯救了他的人生
Joseph Haydn's life was saved by his talent.
当他的头几部作品开始在维也纳的
Once his first compositions began to be played
沙龙和露天啤酒店演奏时
around Vienna's salons and beer gardens,
大家很快就注意到了他的天赋
it didn't take long for him to be singled out as someone special,
25岁之时 饥饿的日子已离他远去
and by the time he was 25, his hungry years were over.
在十八世纪
In the 18th century,
艺术家们一般都受雇于教会
artists generally were employed by the Church,
皇家宫廷或是贵族成员
a royal court or a member of the aristocracy.
国王 王子和贵族都有自己的私家乐队
No king, prince or nobleman worth his salt
以彰显自己的声誉
was without his house band.
海顿很幸运地受雇于
And Haydn was fortunate in that he was asked to work for
欧洲当时最富有 最尊贵的家族之一
one of the most noble and wealthiest families in Europe,
艾斯特哈齐家族
the Esterhazys.
家族宫殿坐落于奥地利东部
The family palace was in the remote location
艾森施塔特城的偏远之处
of Eisenstadt in Eastern Austria,
但拥有属于自己的乐团正合海顿之意
but having his own orchestra gave Haydn exactly what he needed.
除了完成作为作曲家本分的任务
As well as being able to fulfil all the normal duties of a composer,
例如宗教音乐和歌剧之外
such as church music and opera,
他开始尝试新颖的器乐体裁
he was able to experiment with new instrumental forms.
他于1761年来到这里
He arrived in 1761,
正当尼古拉一世继承艾斯特哈齐王位之时
just as Nikolaus I inherited the Esterhazy title.
新任亲王富裕奢侈 最重要的是
The new prince was rich, extravagant and, crucially,
他的宫殿里有一间非常精致的音乐厅
his palace had a particularly fine music room.
这里就是海顿实验室里的炼丹炉
So here it is, the crucible of Haydn's laboratory.
不 不只是炼丹炉
No, not just the crucible,
简直就是大型强子对撞机
the Large Hadron Collider.
三十多年来 尼古拉亲王沉迷于
Over 70 symphonies and 30 years,
海顿创作的七十多首交响曲之中
Prince Nikolaus was obsessed with music,
为了满足他贪婪的音乐欲望
and in order to feed his veracious appetite,
海顿需要找出一种
Haydn needed to find a form
可以全方位展示亲王乐团
that would show off the full range and virtuosity
精湛技艺的曲式
of the prince's orchestra.
刚起步时 乐团的规模非常小
At the beginning, they were only a tiny group of musicians,
只有14位乐师
no more than 14 of them,
但海顿在乐师们高超的演奏质量
and yet Haydn was inspired by both the quality of their playing
和美丽音乐厅的启发之下
and the beauty of the music room
创作出了非凡的交响曲
to produce extraordinary symphonies.
《早晨》是他的头几部作品之一
One of the first is 'Le Matin'
乐曲从描绘日出开始
It starts with a sunrise
其中精致的细节
that in its detailed tiny way
本身就是一部杰作
is a little masterpiece in its own right.
在这曲杰作的进程中
In the course of this little masterpiece,
乐队的各位成员都有主奏的机会
various members of this little ensemble get moments of glory.
海顿的宫廷乐队不仅在规模上
It wasn't just the size of Haydn's house band
与现代交响乐团有不同之处
that was so different from a modern symphony orchestra,
使用的乐器上也很不同
it was the instruments as well.
早期的铜管和木管乐器
The early brass and woodwind
设计原始 难以演奏
were primitive and hard to play,
但海顿谱写的独奏证明
but Haydn's solo writing demonstrates
他很信赖乐队成员的高超技艺
that he could count on some real virtuosity from his players
在海顿之前 交响乐当然已经存在
Before Haydn, the symphony certainly existed,
但它到底是什么样的
but what precisely was it?
交响乐一词的字面意思是
The word symphony literally means
将声音合在一起 变成音乐
sounding together, making music.
这个词最初是为了区分开
Its earliest use was to distinguish between
属于天使声音的教堂声乐
vocal church music, the sound of angels perhaps,
和乐师们作为服务教会
and the music that instrumentalists might play by themselves
而自己演奏出的音乐
as their contribution to a church service.
尘世音乐 让我们能脚踏实地
Earthly music, music that grounds us
感受现实世界的音乐
in the world of the here and now,
而不是那些将我们的灵魂
before the choir claims our souls,
想象和听觉引至上帝的合唱
imaginations and our ears for God.
海顿应各类场合的需求 创作了多种交响乐
Haydn wrote symphonies on demand for a variety of occasions.
他在艾森施塔特的早期杰作之一
One of his greatest early Eisenstadt works
《第22号交响曲》
is a church symphony, No. 22,
是为教会弥撒而作的
written to be performed during Mass.
该曲日后获得了哲学家的别称
It later acquired the nickname of The Philosopher,
可能是因为其第一乐章格外庄严
possibly because its first movement is exceptionally solemn,
展示了海顿的妙手
demonstrating the emotional depths
可以赋予交响乐如此之深度
of which the symphony was going to be capable in Haydn's hands.
早期的交响乐曲式
The form of early symphonies also
最初源于歌剧院
came from the opera house originally,
表演开场的器乐乐章
when the instrumental movements at the beginning of an evening
构成了一支组曲
constituted a suite,
它并非一部完整的艺术作品
not designed to be an artistic whole,
而是为了引领观众进入状态
but a way to lead the audience in to the entertainment.
而从那些开场乐章
Now, from those beginnings,
海顿意识到他可以将这种器乐形式
Haydn realised that he could extend the contrasts
延展为包含四个乐章的完整作品
into making a four
很多时候是用快板乐章开场
Very often, this could be fast,
接着是一个长而缓慢的乐章
then a long, slow movement
赋予整首曲目一种庄严的感觉
that gave a sense of gravitas to the whole event.
然后再用一支小步舞曲来调节气氛
Then a dancing minuet to sort of clear the air,
最后再用一个快节奏乐章结尾
and then a final fast movement.
位于艾森施塔特的艾斯特哈齐宫殿
The Esterhazy Palace in Eisenstadt
确实是海顿的实验室
truly was Haydn's laboratory.
他所研发的交响乐
The symphony as he developed it
吸取了宗教音乐和歌剧的精髓
draws from a combination of church music, the world of opera
并由技艺高超的乐师加以演绎
and having talented musicians to write for.
所有这些因素
With all these factors in place,
使他得以完善这种四乐章交响乐的体裁
he was able to perfect the four
除此之外 他还尝试了其他元素
And beyond that he experimented with other elements,
不同音乐情绪的并存
the unexpected juxtaposition of mood,
配器上的创新
unusual instrumentation,
戏剧效果 惊喜和玩笑
theatrical effects, surprises, jokes.
交响乐将这多种力量交织起来
The symphony became a finely wrought interplay of forces,
每部都是一次独特而迷人的旅程
each one a unique and enthralling journey.
作为交响乐作曲家
As a symphonist,
从各种角度来看 海顿都像一位
Haydn is in many ways like a master chef
结合不同食材来创作新菜式的烹饪大师
who combines different ingredients to create new dishes.
在艾森施塔特的厨房花园里
In his kitchen garden in Eisenstadt,
他种植了自己所选的一些芳草
he planted out his own selection of herbs,
我在这里会见了西格丽德·维斯
and here I met Sigrid Weiss,
一位巴洛克式烹饪专家
who is an expert on Baroque cookery.
很高兴见到你 这里太漂亮了
How lovely to meet you. This is gorgeous.
让我带你走走
Let me walk you around a little.
这些都是什么
So what do we have here?
这些是百里香
Here we have thyme...
海顿青少年时期清贫的生活
The lean and hungry years of his youth
使他迷上了饮食
gave Haydn an obsession with food.
他在信中
In his letters
总是在赞扬或抱怨他的饮食
he's always either praising or complaining about his diet
在巴洛克时代 他们喜欢在肉里面
They liked to use these strong smelling herbs
放些强烈气味的芳草
on the meat in the Baroque,
因为那时候还没有冰箱
because of course they had no refrigerators,
所以他们吃的肉并不总是很新鲜
so their meat was not always as fresh.
这些是薄荷
Mint here.
园丁海顿和美食家海顿
Haydn the gardener and Haydn the gourmet
都是手艺大师海顿的一部分
are all part of the complete picture of Haydn the master craftsman.
这个呢
And this one?
罗马酢浆草
Roman sorrel.
可以直接吃吗
Can we eat it?
我们可以将海顿一首交响曲
We could liken symphonic development
开场乐章的结构
in one of Haydn's opening movements
比作他最钟爱的
to the preparation of a carefully balanced meal
那种均衡美味的菜式
of the sort which the composer often enjoyed.
所有主题都汇聚在曲子的开场
All the themes are gathered together at the beginning of the piece
正如烹饪开胃菜之前
in the same way one might gather and prepare ingredients
需将所有原料收集在一起
then cook a simple starter.
这段被称为呈示部
This is what's called the exposition,
一道撩拨食欲的开胃菜
a tasty first course that whets your appetite for what's to come.
非常感谢
Thank you very much.
祝你好胃口
Guten appetit!
下一阶段 展开部
The next stage, the development
将原料混在一起 进行烹饪
blends together, reshapes and cooks up all these ingredients,
全新的口味由此产生
allowing new flavours to emerge.
最后 在再现部中
Finally, in the recapitulation,
所有主题连同和声交融到一起
all the themes and harmonies are brought together and resolved
正如结尾的主菜
just like the finished main course.
这道是海顿最喜爱的主菜之一
This is one of Haydn's particular favourites,
炖兔肉配水果布丁和樱桃
braised rabbit with dumplings and cherries.
-太棒了 -看起来太美味了
- Fantastic! - That looks totally delicious!
18世纪60年代
In the 1760s,
尼古拉亲王决定在艾森施塔特以东
Prince Nikolaus decided to build an elaborate new pleasure palace
50公里的奥匈边境之处
50 kilometres east from Eisenstadt,
新建一座游乐宫
over the Hungarian border.
以后每个夏天 宫廷里所有人
So every summer the entire court,
包括海顿和他的乐团
including Haydn and his orchestra,
都会搬来这座童话般的艾斯特哈泽宫
decamped to the fairytale palace of Esterhaza.
然而 虽然那里有音乐厅 大舞厅
However, although there were music rooms, ball rooms,
宴会凉亭和一个完整规模的歌剧院
banqueting pavilions and a full scale opera house,
乐师的住宿空间却非常有限
there was only very limited accommodation for the many musicians.
他们的家人必须留在艾森施塔特
Families had to stay in Eisenstadt.
没有妻子 没有女友 没有家人
No wives, no girlfriends, no families.
可以理解 乐师相当苦恼
The musicians were understandably miserable.
但海顿想出了
But Haydn came up with his own
一种机智的劳工运动
rather witty version of industrial action.
《第45号交响曲》是海顿为了艾斯特哈泽宫的
Symphony 45 was one of the three dozen symphonies
夏季庆典所谱写的36首交响曲之一
written for the summer festivities at Esterhaza.
曲风严肃 甚至有些激烈
It's a serious, sometimes stormy work,
其结尾隐含了海顿的抗议
but at the end comes Haydn's protest,
因而赋予了这部作品
a gesture that gives the work
更为人熟知的别称 告别
its familiar nickname, The Farewell.
在急促的结尾乐章即将结束时
As the last restless movement comes to a close,
音乐突然缓和了下来
the music suddenly slows down
演奏者开始一位接一位地离开舞台
and the players begin to leave the stage, one by one,
每位离开之时 都将曲谱架上的蜡烛熄灭
each snuffing out the candle on his music stand as he goes.
最后 只剩下两把小提琴以极弱音演奏
Finally, there are just two violins left playing pianissimo,
直到音乐化为寂静
and the music evaporates into silence.
亲王理解了其中深意
The prince took the hint.
第二天 整宫人员返回了艾森施塔特
The following day, the court returned home
在舒适的家中和家人团聚
to the domestic comforts of Eisenstadt.
海顿在艾斯特哈齐家族留任了将近30年
Haydn was to stay in Esterhazy for nearly 30 years,
这种情况并不多见
but this was very unusual.
大部分作曲家都过着流浪的生活
Most composers of the time led a much more nomadic existence,
四处迁徙
moving from place to place,
这正是音乐灵感的传播方式
and this was of course how musical ideas were moved around.
其中一位
One of these travelling musicians
就是沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪乌斯·莫扎特
was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
在1764年
and in 1764,
海顿移居艾森施塔特之后不久
not long after Haydn had arrived in Eisenstadt,
他访问了伦敦
he visited London.
莫扎特的童年绝大部分是
Mozart spent a large part of his childhood
同父亲和姐姐在无休止的
on an interminable tour of Europe
欧洲巡回演出中度过的
accompanied by his father and his older sister.
这家人到达伦敦之后
The family arrived here in London
搬入一家理发店楼上的寓所居住
and moved into lodgings above a barber's shop,
令人欣慰的是
which now, delightfully,
如今变成了一家专营古籍音乐的书店
is an antiquarian booksellers specialising in music.
此次旅行肯定是一次痛苦的经历
The whole thing must have been a bit of an ordeal.
据称 他们三人前前后后
There were reports of all three of them being ill
都曾患病
at one time or another.
但也得到了一个意想不到的收获
But it did produce at least one unexpected benefit.
在他父亲病得卧床不起之时
Whilst his father was bedridden
八岁的莫扎特写出了自己的第一首交响曲
the eight
要记得 他当时才八岁
Now remember, he was eight.
这部作品曾被批评为毫无新意
This symphony has been criticised as being derivative,
还有些人说是他父亲谱的曲
and some have said it was written by his father,
而我也相信他父亲给予了他很多帮助
and I'm sure his father helped him a great deal.
但最重要的一点是
But the important point, surely,
这是一首八岁小孩谱写的交响曲
is that it's a symphony written by an eight
结构完美
and it's structurally perfect,
配器均衡
exquisitely balanced,
旋律极其优美
and very, very nice to listen to.
莫扎特十几岁时游历了整个欧洲
In his teens, Mozart criss
从不同地方获得创作灵感
picking up ideas wherever he went.
而位于德国西南部的曼海姆就是关键之一
One of the key centres was Mannheim in South West Germany,
这里的宫廷乐队是一个大师级的乐团
where the court orchestra was a finely tuned, virtuoso ensemble.
宫廷乐队的作曲家是约翰·斯塔米茨
The court composer was Johann Stamitz,
他为乐团创作的60首交响曲都是典范之作
who wrote 60 prototype symphonies for them.
风格新颖而充满活力
They became well known for their novel, dynamic effects,
曲目开头的弓法
an opening coups d'archet,
在乐章伊始 通过一声巨响
a loud bang at the beginning of a piece of music
来吸引观众的注意力 使其进入状态
that would wake the audience up and grab their attention.
曼海姆火箭 一系列激动人心
The Mannheim Rocket, a cluster of notes
一路攀升的音符组合
that soared thrillingly heavenwards,
乐团营造的渐强效果出人意料
and a big orchestral crescendo that was so unexpected
据说每到此刻
that apparently ladies in the audience
女士们往往会因激动而晕倒
used to faint with excitement.
在和启蒙时代管弦乐团合作排练时
In preparing the music with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment
马克·埃尔德非常期待
Mark Elder was keen to work
亲自实践交响乐先驱们缔造的种种奇妙效果
on some of the effects achieved by these symphonic pioneers.
很明显 我们在演奏这段激动人心的乐曲时
Obviously what we've got to try and show in this,
要着重表现的 是其风格
this very exciting music, is the style.
他们都是弓法高超的专家
And they were specialists in a sort of bravura attack.
来一遍
Here it is.
这首曲子中 弓法的特色在于
And the coups d'archet was the way
所有人用同样的手法拉奏 就像这样
everybody attacked the bow in the same way, as they all did there.
我们再来一遍好吗
Can we just try that once again?
很好 非常好
Bravo, well done.
我们对从弱到强
The idea of getting louder from playing very soft
直到最强音的演奏手法并不陌生
and going to very loud is something we're all so familiar with.
这种手法很常见
We do it all the time.
其创新之处在于 让所有的乐师一起
But the idea that this was a new way of musicians together
表现同样的力度 同样的情感
expressing the same energy and the same emotion
这一点为音乐注入了一股新的活力
gave the music a new excitement and a new daring.
1777年 22岁的沃尔夫冈·莫扎特
So celebrated did Mannheim become that in 1777,
慕名前往曼海姆拜访该乐团
the 22
随身带着他最新的交响乐作品
bringing with him the score of his latest symphony.
当莫扎特决定在这间乐室里同乐团合作
When Mozart decided to premiere this symphony, his 31st,
进行《第31号交响曲》的首演时
with them in this very room,
他是在测试自己的作品
he was test
这部作品中不乏广受欢迎的曼海姆特效
which included several of the crowd
在人生的这个阶段 莫扎特急需一次胜利
At this stage in his life Mozart really needed a success.
巴黎有许多富裕而品味高雅的音乐爱好者
In Paris there were many wealthy, sophisticated music lovers
他精心创作的乐曲
and his carefully crafted symphony
或许能收获一笔酬金 甚至一份工作
might land him a commission or even a job.
Paris in the middle of the 18th century was very different from the modern city.
埃菲尔铁塔和香榭丽舍大道都建于19世纪
The Eiffel Tower and the famous boulevards weren't built until the 19th century.
And in 1778, when Mozart arrived,
这附近都被一座巨大的
the area around here was dominated
文艺复兴宫殿占据着
by a vast Renaissance palace
这就是杜伊勒里宫 时髦的贵族们
the Tuileries where the fashionable and cultured aristocracy
聚集于此欣赏音乐 此时大革命尚未发生
this was before the Revolution remember, flocked to hear music.
莫扎特的交响曲于1778年6月在这里首演
Mozart's symphony, later to become known as the Paris Symphony,
此曲日后被称作《巴黎交响曲》
was first heard here in June 1778.
所有细节都根据当时巴黎人的审美精心打磨
Every detail was honed to accord with contemporary Parisian taste
我知道第一乐章的中间部分
In the middle of the first movement
会让他们激动不已
is a section I knew would excite them,
他在事后给父亲的信中说道
He later wrote to his father.
的确 观众简直入了迷
Sure enough, the audience was carried away by it.
我作曲的时候
Since I knew when I wrote it
就知道它会有这种效果
that it would have this sort of effect,
所以在结尾部分我又用了一遍
I used it again at the end.
这首交响曲获得了不大不小的成功
The symphony was a mild success.
可能是因为他一味迎合当地审美
Perhaps he'd so conformed to local taste
这首曲子并非特别出众
that the work didn't particularly stand out.
音乐会之后 他写道
After the concert, he wrote,
我高兴极了 音乐会一结束
I was happy, so as soon as the concert was over
我就冲到皇家宫殿
I rushed over to the Palais-Royal,
犒赏自己一个大冰激凌
ordered myself a large ice cream,
诵经祈祷 然后回家了
said my rosary and went home.
莫扎特并非唯一一位
Mozart wasn't the only symphonist
想征服挑剔的巴黎听众的作曲家
keen to conquer the discerning audiences of Paris.
五年之后 约瑟夫·海顿的六首新交响曲
Five years later, half a dozen new symphonies by Joseph Haydn
在巴黎得到巨大成功
arrived to great acclaim.
尽管艾斯特哈齐亲王不允许他的作曲家旅行
Although Prince Esterhazy didn't allow his composer to travel,
还是很高兴海顿的乐曲能使他名满天下
he was happy for Haydn's scores to spread his fame.
当身处维也纳的莫扎特
And when Mozart, now living in Vienna,
听到这些巴黎的交响曲时
heard these Paris Symphonies,
他终于从中得到了源源不断的伟大灵感
they were to inspire his final great symphonic outpouring.
1788年
In 1788
距法国和整个欧洲卷入革命的洪流还有一年
a year before revolution convulsed France and indeed Europe
莫扎特在维也纳的这家咖啡馆演出
Mozart preformed here in this Viennese cafe,
但更重要的是
but perhaps more significantly
他几周之内 便写出了三部交响曲
he also wrote three symphonies in a matter of weeks
即宏伟的《第39号交响曲》
the noble No. 39,
阴郁狂暴的《第40号交响曲》
the dark, turbulent No. 40,
少见的以小调写成的交响曲
unusually in a minor key,
以及感情外露的《第41号交响曲》
and the extrovert No. 41
也被称为朱庇特
later nicknamed The Jupiter,
其技艺之华丽几乎到了夸张的地步
a piece of almost extravagant technical virtuosity.
可以说 莫扎特生命中的最后几年是个谜
Mozart's final years are something of a mystery.
我们知道很多微小的细节
We have lots of small details,
比如他更换住处有多么频繁
how frequently he changed apartment, for instance,
但对他生活的整体状况我们一无所知
but about the bigger picture there's nothing at all.
他对自己作品的想法
What he thought about the music he was writing,
他的雄心 希望和恐惧
his ambitions, his hopes and his fears,
以及最后几首交响曲的信息 完全不知
and about the last few symphonies, no information.
在这些交响曲诞生后三年
These symphonies were completed three years
他就突然英年早逝
before his sudden and tragic early death.
我们无从知道 这些曲目灵感来自哪里
But we have no idea what occasioned them
也没有任何记录表明
and there is no record of them
在他有生之年 这些曲目是否上演过
ever having been actually performed in his lifetime.
这几首最后的交响曲情感丰富
These last symphonies are emotionally rich
充满了悲伤 令人措手不及
and full of sadness, just when you least expect it.
其强烈的情感表现得淋漓尽致
The palate of emotional intensity is very, very marked.
给人的感觉就是
And one feels that,
即使他还能创作更多交响曲
whether or not he could have written any more symphonies
这几部也是他在交响乐这种形式中的巅峰之作
that these were a summation for him of what he could achieve in the form.
而且 每部作品都特点鲜明
And each of them has such a different character.
我认为 音乐的特点是由曲调的选择表现的
Now, to me, the character comes from the choice of key.
我们知道 在他创作这些曲目前
And we know, before he wrote them, that he received a new score
收到了三首海顿的新交响曲
of three of Haydn's symphonies
也是使用了同样的三个曲调
and that they were in these same three keys
降E g小调和C大调
E flat, G minor and C major
莫扎特的最后三首交响曲也采用了这些曲调
which are the keys of Mozart's last three symphonies.
他受到了启发 希望能够进一步发展
He was inspired and wanted to give something
这种他尚未完全驾驭的形式
to the form that he hadn't hitherto managed.
莫扎特显然十分欣赏
Mozart clearly admired the symphonic innovations
海顿在艾森施塔特对交响乐的创新
that Haydn had discovered in his laboratory in Eisenstadt,
当这两位作曲家
and when the two composers met
在18世纪80年代末期首次会面时
for the first time in the late 1780s,
海顿答谢了他的欣赏
Haydn repaid the compliment.
也许有人觉得我有点天赋 他说道
Some have said that I might have some genius, He remarked,
但莫扎特永远比我技高一筹
but Mozart is always my superior.
1790年 风云突变
Suddenly in 1790 everything changed.
尼古拉亲王意外离世
Prince Nikolaus died unexpectedly
他的儿子安东成为新的亲王
and the next prince, his son Anton,
并立刻着手解散其父
immediately began to dismantle his father's
庞大而奢侈的音乐设施
extravagant and expensive musical establishment.
尽管收到了一笔丰厚的退休金
Despite a generous pension,
海顿一定也感到了对未来的迷茫
Haydn must have wondered what the future would bring.
一天晚上 他坐在家中
And then one night as he was sitting at home,
前门忽然响起敲门声
there was a loud knock on the front door.
一位陌生人走进来 大声宣布
A stranger was let in and declared boldly,
我是伦敦的萨洛蒙 我来接你
I am Salomon of London and I have come to fetch you.
对海顿和交响乐的历史来说
It was a decisive moment in Haydn's life
这是一个决定性的时刻
and in the history of the symphony.
在踏上他史诗般的旅程之前
Just before setting off on his epic journey,
海顿 萨洛蒙和莫扎特共进告别聚餐
Haydn joined Salomon and Mozart for a farewell meal.
萨洛蒙很想鼓动莫扎特前往英国旅行
Salomon was keen to sign Wolfgang up for a British tour,
但莫扎特仿佛更在意海顿的安危
but the young composer seemed more concerned about his colleague's welfare.
你已经不再年轻了 他说
You're not young any more, He said.
但我身体还不错 海顿回答
But I'm still in good health, Haydn replied.
你不善交际 会的语言也太少 莫扎特说
You're too unworldly and speak too few languages, Mozart said.
不 海顿坚定地答道
No, Haydn replied firmly,
我的语言 全世界都能听懂
My language is understood all over the world.
现在 我们回到了本片的起点
And now we're back where we started
in the last decade of the 18th century
海顿在伦敦大获成功
with Haydn's triumphal arrival in London.
在奥地利当了30年乐师后
After 30 years as a sort of musical servant in Austria,
他在这里
he's welcomed here
以当代最伟大作曲家的身份受到接待
as the greatest composer of his age.
As the Sun newspaper of 1794 put it,
他的音乐高雅 丰富
His music is exquisite, rich,
富有想象力 大胆而感人
fanciful, bold and impressive.
约瑟夫·海顿在伦敦开始了新生活
London gave Joseph Haydn a new lease of life.
接连四年广受欢迎的音乐会
Four years of wildly successful concerts,
12首新交响乐首演 最后一首在1795年
twelve new symphonies premiered, the last in 1795
就在坐落于干草市场的皇家乐室
here at the Theatre Royal Music Rooms in the Haymarket.
一位批评家赞叹道
As one enamoured critic gushed,
海顿的天才到底有没有止境
Would Haydn ever get to the bottom of his genius box?
答案显然是没有
Well, the answer to that surely must be no.
尽管在漫长的职业生涯中
Although he would write over 100 symphonies
他一共创作了一百多部交响曲
over the course of a long working life,
海顿既记不住他的作品
Haydn himself would have recognised
飞速增长的编号
neither the dizzying upward spiral of numbers
从1759年的《D大调第一交响曲》
from his first Symphony in D Major written in 1759
到40年后的《第104号交响曲》
to his 104th written some 40 years later
也不知道其中一些曲目获得的别称
nor the affectionate nicknames that some of the pieces acquired
哲学家 告别 惊喜 军队
The Philosopher, The Farewell, The Surprise, The Military.
生平第一次
For the first time in his life,
海顿逃离了艾森施塔特贵族化的泡沫
Haydn had escaped the aristocratic bubble of Eisenstadt.
伦敦交响曲系列反映出了
The London symphonies reflect
他对世界的新体验
both his new experiences of the world
和他与更广泛听众群的接触
and his encounters with a wider audience.
在伦敦 人们对音乐的渴求
In London there was hunger for music
也反映出法国大革命
that spoke to the tensions
带来的紧张情绪
around the French Revolution
以及在其他国家的革命转化成恶意攻击时
and the anxieties that the British had
英国民众所感受到的不安
when revolution turned into attack on other countries.
现在 交响曲不再仅仅是面向公众的演出
Now symphonies were not only being played in public,
其本身也成为了一种公开的宣言
but becoming public statements in themselves.
《军队交响曲》是伦敦交响曲系列的第八部
The Military Symphony, the eighth of the London symphonies,
完成于1794年 是一部杰作
written in 1794 and a masterpiece.
它是海顿访问英格兰期间最大的成功
It was Haydn's greatest success during his visit to England.
听众们认为带有战争色彩的音乐极具话题性
It's war music that the audience regarded as acutely topical.
现代人很难感知到
It's difficult with our modern ears
这首曲目对当时英国民众产生的影响
to grasp the impact this work had on the British public.
其中 海顿对土耳其打击乐器的使用
Amongst other things, Haydn shocked them with his use for the first time
震惊了观众
of Turkish percussion.
再来一个 再来一个 所有人都在喊
Encore, encore, encore, Resounded from every seat,
连矜持的女士们也不例外
the ladies themselves could not forbear.
战争的开展 将士的行军
It is the advance into battle and the march of men.
冲锋的呐喊 攻击的轰鸣
The sounding of the charge, the thundering of the onset.
兵器的碰撞 伤者的呻吟
The clash of arms, the groans of the wounded
以及战争那地狱般的咆哮声
and what may be called the hellish roar of war
一同将乐曲引向令人毛骨悚然的高潮
increases to a climax of horrid sublimity.
18世纪90年代的伦敦听众
Haydn writing for London audiences in the 1790s was very much aware
认为他们的社会是阳刚的 军事化的
that they saw themselves as a manly, military society
海顿捕捉到了这一点
and Haydn absolutely captured that.
海顿离开伦敦 返回奥地利的故乡途中
When Haydn left London to return home to Austria
顺路简短拜访了偏远的德国小镇波恩
he made a brief stop along the way in the provincial German town of Bonn.
在那里 他第一次见到了
Here he was to meet for the first time
那位将把交响乐带入新世纪的作曲家
the composer who would carry the symphony forward into the next century
路德维希·凡·贝多芬
Ludwig van Beethoven.
海顿时年60岁
Haydn was 60
而那位阴沉的年轻中提琴手
and the sullen young viola player
伯恩选民管弦乐队的成员 只有22岁
he was a member of the Elector Of Bonn's Orchestra
他已经表现出成为作曲家的某些天赋
He was already showing some promise as a composer.
他已经完成了两部值得注意的皇家清唱剧
He'd written two attention-grabbing Imperial Cantatas
海顿答应收他为徒
and Haydn agreed to take him on as a student.
这段关系并不轻松
It was never an easy relationship.
你将拥有史无前例的思想 海顿说
You will have thoughts that no
还遭受着耳聋的折磨
and tormented by my deafness,
我发现与别人一起只有痛苦
I find only suffering in the company of others.
他承认自己已经失聪
He's acknowledged to himself he's deaf
艺术的奇迹之处在于
and the great miracle of art is
从他承认自己失聪之时起
that the moment he's acknowledged it,
我们进入了所谓的英雄时代
we enter what's cornily called the heroic period.
欣赏到了极伟大的艺术作品
We get the great, great works of art,
因为他战胜了病魔
because he's overcome it.
要讲述下面的故事
To tell the next part of the story,
我们先要回到巴黎
we need to return to Paris
去瞻仰一位英雄的陵墓
and to a hero's grave.
正当贝多芬奠定了他在音乐界的地位时
Just as Beethoven defined his era in music,
拿破仑·波拿巴在政治领域开创了自己的时代
so Napoleon Bonaparte towered over his era in world politics
虽然他只是一个小个子男人
although, of course, he himself was quite a small man.
拿破仑这个名字强大有力
The name of Napoleon was so potent,
他领导的军事力量令人生畏
his military prowess was so fearsome,
在短短的十二年里他横扫了欧洲
that he dominated and terrorised Europe for over a dozen years.
1799年 他在成功政变后
After his successful coups d'etat in 1799,
任命自己为第一执政
he appointed himself First Consul,
他亲近法国民众
a man of the French people,
致力于恢复共和国
devoted to restoring the republican virtues of
自由 平等和博爱的美德
liberty, equality and fraternity
此前的十年 法国内政混乱
after a decade of gross mismanagement
恐怖蔓延
and institutionalised terror so widespread
断头台甚至获得了国民剃刀的别称
that the guillotine earned the nickname The national razor.
贝多芬以这个题材为基础
Beethoven had found the subject
创作了他的第三部 也是最激进的一部交响曲
for his third and most radical symphony yet.
此曲篇幅巨大 其第一乐章的长度
A work so massive, that its first movement alone
基本等同于海顿早期的整部交响曲
is as long as many of Haydn's early symphonies.
《英雄》 是英雄的交响曲
Eroica, the heroic symphony.
《英雄》所富有的革新精神
The Eroica is an extraordinary huge advance
是之前任何一部作品都无法比拟的
on anything anyone had done before.
他来源于大众 并为大众创作
He was a man of the people, creating art for the people
他觉得这也是拿破仑代表的精神
and he thought that was what Napoleon represented.
作曲家希望通过交响乐作达到一定的效果
The Eroica comes to stand or what symphonic composers
《英雄》则是这一方面的典范之作
want to achieve through their musical works.
《英雄》是一部颠覆传统的作品
The Eroica was a revolutionary piece of work.
贝多芬需要开发新的技巧
Beethoven needed new techniques
以便表现他对于拿破仑的想法
if he was to express adequately his thoughts about Napoleon,
这个男人对欧洲的影响迅速而彻底
a man who was affecting such rapid and sweeping changes across Europe
人们相信 他会给这片多灾多难的土地
a man who many believed would bring peace,
带来和平 安定和自由
security and liberty to a troubled continent.
欧洲永远无法重回
There was no way that Europe could possibly return
1789年之前的太平之日
to life as it was in the days before 1789
贝多芬也决不能重回前人之路
and there was no looking back to old models for Beethoven.
这部新作的激进无法避免
The new work just had to be radical,
它的首次亮相无比震撼
its first performance explosive,
这间屋子见证了这一时刻
and this is the room where it all happened.
贝多芬的朋友 费迪南德·里斯说道
Beethoven's friend, Ferdinand Ries,
这位作曲家的这部作品
said the composer wrote his symphony
是为拿破仑·波拿巴所作
with Napoleon Bonaparte in mind,
只为第一执政拿破仑而作
but Napoleon as First Consul.
贝多芬无比崇敬拿破仑
He held him in great esteem
并将其比作古罗马最伟大的执政官
and compared him to the greatest consuls of ancient Rome.
费迪南德·里斯亲眼见到
Ferdinand Ries himself saw
这部交响曲精美的手稿副本
a beautifully copied manuscript of the symphony
静静地躺在贝多芬的书桌上
lying on Beethoven's table and, on the front page,
封面的顶部 写着拿破仑的名字
were inscribed the names Napoleon At the top
下面写着贝多芬的名字
and Beethoven At the bottom.
但当贝多芬得知
But when Beethoven was told
拿破仑称帝时
that Napoleon had crowned himself Emperor
他暴跳如雷 并吼道
he flew into a rage and screamed,
他也不过是一介凡夫俗子
So now he is no more than a common mortal.
现在他也要践踏人权
Now he will tread on all the rights of man,
以逞其个人的野心了
Indulge only his ambition,
他将骑在众人头上
think himself superior to all men,
成为一个暴君了
Become a tyrant.
他说着走向桌子 拿起手稿
He went to the table, picked up the manuscript,
把封面撕成两半 扔到了地板上
ripped the front page in half and threw it on the floor.
拿破仑一世 法国皇帝
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French,
离他1821年病逝尚有十六年
still had 16 more years to live.
但对于贝多芬来说 他已经死了
But, for Beethoven, it was clear,
他的伟大在他加冕那天消亡殆尽
his greatness had died on the day of his coronation.
《英雄》的第二乐章是葬礼进行曲
The second movement of the Eroica is a funeral march,
也许是为英雄的逝去而悲号
perhaps mourning the loss of a hero.
当这部交响曲的乐谱于三年后出版时
When the symphony was published three years later
上面有一段铭文
it bore an inscription
纪念一位逝去的伟人
to celebrate the memory of a great man.
贝多芬在维也纳的35年中
Beethoven lived in more than 60 different places
曾在60多个地方生活过
during his 35 years in Vienna.
我与音乐学家
I joined musicologist
约翰·德斯里奇教授一同参观了这里
professor John Deathridge to visit this one
这里空间狭窄 地处偏僻
which is typically cramped and out of the way.
但是不管这位作曲家在哪里落脚
But wherever the composer lodged,
这个地方总要有两样东西
there were always two inevitable objects
一架钢琴和一副珍贵的肖像
a piano and a treasured portrait.
贝多芬的这幅肖像
This is a picture of Beethoven
大约画于他创作《第三交响乐英雄》之时
at about the time he wrote his third symphony, the Eroica.
对吗
Is that right?
没错
That's correct.
这画出自他的一个朋友
Painted by a friend of his called
韦力伯德·马勒之手
Willibrord Mahler,
他向这位朋友演奏了第四乐章
he played the last movement to the painter
之后又即兴表演了两个小时
and then he continued on improvising for two hours.
让马勒感兴趣的是
What Mahler was interested in
他捕捉到了
was capturing something
《英雄》这部作品的神话元素
of the mythological side of the Eroica.
很尴尬的姿势
是的
有点像《蒙娜丽莎》
A little bit like the Mona Lisa,
背景是乡村景色
in a sort of country landscape.
目光斜视
And the eyes are looking askance.
我一直觉得这只手
I often think that this hand here,
是非常有力的一只手
it's a very strong hand,
一定是贝多芬在演奏《英雄》第四乐章时
has something to do with his impression of Beethoven
给画者留下的印象
playing the last movement of the Eroica.
很明显这幅画对贝多芬来说非常重要
It was clearly a very important painting for Beethoven
因为他走到哪儿都带着它
because he took it with him everywhere.
为什么他这么喜欢这幅画
Why did he like it?
我觉得可能是虚荣心
I'm tempted to say vanity.
因为这幅画中的他十分帅气
He looks rather good in this.
我觉得 这幅画体现了
It represents for him, I think,
他作为交响乐作曲家的特质
something very important about his role as a symphonic composer.
我以一名作曲家的身份 活于世上
I am here in the world as a composer
我的交响曲应该是这样的
and this is what my symphonies are going to be.
我感觉《第三交响曲》
I feel that the third symphony
像是另一个时代的开端
is like on the threshold of another age.
他写这部作品 是为了表现
It's written because he wanted to answer
他印象中 拿破仑的辉煌成就
what he felt was the scale of Napoleon's achievements
而一般的交响曲达不到这种目的
and the normal symphony wouldn't have been enough.
你觉得他把自己也当作英雄吗
Do you think he saw himself as a hero?
这个问题不好回答
That's a very difficult question to answer.
我觉得 他知道自己有这种能力
I feel sure that he knew he had the capacity in him
其他作曲家少有的能力
that was given to very few other creators
他要凭借一己之力
and that he owed it to himself
去发掘自己的天赋
to find the extent of the depth of his talent,
这也使他不断地突破极限
which is why he kept pushing the boundaries further and further
创作出了更有真情实感的作品
to create more emotional truth.
我认为他意识到自己
I think he felt that he had
拥有英雄般的创造力
an heroic capacity as a creator
能带领音乐进入一个
to take music to a place
前人认为无法达到的高度
that nobody thought it could ever go.
他并没有止步于此
And he would not stop here.
而是又创作了六部交响曲
There were six more symphonies still to come.
他听力的衰退
His encroaching deafness
更彰显了他英雄般的毅力
would strengthen his almost heroic willpower
也为其音乐注入了深刻而广泛的怜悯之情
and give his music a sense of profound, universal compassion.
《英雄》之后 一切皆有可能
After the Eroica, anything was possible.
交响乐也成为了
And the symphony took its place
最深刻也最具表现力的音乐形式
as music's most expressive and articulate form.
想要进一步了解交响乐
To go deeper into the music
并解开其中的奥秘
and unravel the secrets of the symphony,
这篇影评有剧透
