Understand literary nonfiction. Explore the literary nonfiction definition, literary nonfiction examples - including nonfiction essays - and other forms of this genre.
Updated: 11/21/2023
Literary Nonfiction | Definition, Examples & Essays
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Frequently Asked Questions
What are some examples of literary nonfiction?
Examples of literary nonfiction include:
- Biographies such as Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson
- Autobiographies such as Clapton The Autobiography by Eric Clapton
- Memoirs like I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou
- Science writing like The Body: A Guide for Occupants by Bill Bryson
What does literary nonfiction mean?
Literary nonfiction is writing based on facts or realistic events and presented using writing styles and techniques most commonly associated with fiction (such as plot, characterization, setting, and figurative language).
What are the elements of literary nonfiction?
Literary nonfiction is fact-based writing characterized by fictional writing techniques such as:
- plot
- characters
- setting
- descriptive imagery
- figurative language
- tone
Table of Contents
ShowWritten material can be divided into two basic categories: fiction, which is writing that reflects the author's inventions, and nonfiction, which is writing rooted in fact and real events. The field of nonfiction can be further broken down into two categories, informational and literary. Informational nonfiction is written to convey facts to readers, such as textbooks and instructional brochures. What is literary nonfiction? The literary nonfiction definition encompasses writing that is structured using literary styles and techniques while being rooted in reality, such as actual events, people, and facts. Creative nonfiction is another term that describes literary nonfiction.
Features of Literary Nonfiction
The literary nonfiction definition suggests that writing tactics more commonly associated with fictional storytelling are applied to true texts. The following table captures some features and story elements common to literary nonfiction.
| Feature | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Plot | The term plot refers to the shape of the story. A common plot structure is an introduction, conflict, rising action, climax, and falling action. Much literary nonfiction follows a classic plot structure. |
| Setting | The setting is where and when the story takes place. Literary nonfiction includes information and descriptions of the text's setting. |
| Characters | In literary nonfiction, characters play an important part in conveying the factual information and giving the text personality and relatability. |
| Descriptive Imagery | Descriptive imagery is used to paint a picture with words. Authors often rely on words that appeal to the five senses to create vivid word images. Descriptive imagery often adds depth and immediacy to literary nonfiction. |
| Figurative Language | Figurative language is any language that is not strictly literal, such as metaphor and symbolism. These techniques add flair and interest to literary nonfiction. |
| Tone | Rather than the factual, no-nonsense tone of informational nonfiction, literary nonfiction may employ a tone that is more creative or personal. |
The use of these writing features in literary nonfiction can make the text more appealing to a broader reader base.
Literary Nonfiction Examples
Literary nonfiction examples represent a wide variety of titles. Here are just a few texts that fit the literary nonfiction category.
- The Glorious American Essay: One Hundred Essays from Colonial Times to the Present by Phillip Lopate: This collection contains essays on a variety of topics from famous American figures. The essay format presents personal opinions and values.
- A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier by Ishmael Beah: In this memoir, the author recounts his personal experience as a child soldier. A memoir is a real event written in story format.
- The Body: A Guide for Occupants by Bill Bryson: This text takes a scientific topic, the human body, and explores factual information in a narrative format.
- Robin Williams: The Life of a Comedian, a Biography by Justin Kirby: In this biography, the author tells the life story of a well-known actor and comedian.
These examples represent the fields of memoir, biography, science writing, and essay, four branches of the literary nonfiction genre.
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There are several general types of literary nonfiction: Nonfiction essays, personal narratives, science writing, narrative journalism, and narrative history. Examples of these types can be found in both adult and children's literature.
Nonfiction Essay
A nonfiction essay is a short text dealing with a single topic. A classic essay format includes:
- An introductory paragraph, ending in a statement of thesis (that is, the purpose of the essay).
- Body paragraphs that provide proof, details, and development for the thesis.
- A conclusion paragraph that wraps up the essay's information and restates the thesis.
Nonfiction essays serve three basic purposes:
- Expository essays provide an explanation, such as of an idea or process. Expository essays are generally formal in tone and structure.
- Personal essays are used to give the author's viewpoint and feelings, and may tell personal stories or experiences. Personal essays may be informal and have a flexible structure.
- Persuasive essays argue a point with the intent to persuade the audience to adopt a position or action.
Because these essays deal with factual content, they are considered nonfiction. The inclusion of elements such as plot, figurative language, and descriptive imagery puts these essays into the category of literary nonfiction.
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Personal Narrative Nonfiction
A large sub-genre of literary nonfiction is that of personal narrative. Personal narratives relate true experiences and thoughts of the author or subject. Included in personal narrative nonfiction are:
- Autobiographies: In an autobiography, the author relates the story of their own life in narrative format. Autobiographies are generally meant to cover a large portion of a person's life. One example is Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela by Nelson Mandela.
- Memoirs: A memoir is the author's recount of an important event or segment of their life. Memoirs differ from autobiographies in that the focus is on a theme or message and the life story is not comprehensive. A memoir example is Riding the Bus With My Sister by Rachel Simon.
- Diaries: Diaries are daily personal records of thoughts and feelings. Often not meant to be shared with the public, diaries represent snapshots of the author's personal impressions rather than a focused attempt to convey a message to an audience. The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank is an example of a diary that was found and published.
- Journals: Personal journals are daily accounts of a person's activities, experiences, and observations. Personal journals may be published to inform readers about an event, mission, experiment, or journey. Journals may also be kept for only an individual or a few friends or colleagues. A published journal example is My Arctic Journal: A Year among Ice-Fields and Eskimos by Josephine Peary.
- Letters: Letters are a personal narrative written by one person to another. Letters reflect the thoughts, opinions, or needs of the author, but are usually not intended to be shared broadly. Sometimes letters are recovered and used in historical research, and a few may be published for a wider audience. An example of published letters is Posterity: Letters of Great Americans to Their Children collected by Dorie McCullough Lawson.
Each of these personal narrative examples are autobiographical in style; that is, the author is telling their own story, opinions, or experiences. Biography, the story of someone's life told by another author, is also included under the general umbrella of personal narrative nonfiction. For example, George Washington: A Biography written by Washington Irving.
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Science Writing
Imaginative science writing is crafted to convey scientific principles and knowledge through creative, relatable writing with an emphasis on non-technical language. The target audience for science writing is not trained scientists, but people with an average education who may or may not have a prior interest in the topic of the text. For example, in The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer, author Siddhartha Mukherjee relays the history of cancer using both scientific fact and detail and storytelling tactics, such as compelling characters.
Children's literature produces a variety of science writing in a creative style. In The Magic Schoolbus series, a teacher and her class take their school bus on unlikely field trips to learn factual science in a child-friendly fashion. Judy Allen's series of bug books, such as Are You a Spider?, contain true facts about insects presented in a conversational narrative format with bright illustrations on every page. These are just two of many examples available.
Narrative Journalism
Narrative journalism is the reporting of news and other current events using well-researched data and narrative techniques (such as plot, characterization, setting, etc.). Narrative journalism generally requires the reporter to use a less formal or less omniscient tone. Popular topics for narrative journalism include travel, food, and sports; however, narrative journalism can be used for other events as well.
Narrative History
In narrative history the author relates historical facts without invention, but in a story-telling style. Narrative history differs in style from analytical history writing, which seeks to determine the causes of and relationships between events. Narrative history also differs from expositional history writing, which adopts a more formal and factual tone.
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Literary nonfiction, also called creative nonfiction, is writing rooted in fact but adopting writing tactics commonly associated with fiction such as plot, setting, characters, descriptive imagery, figurative language, and tone. Types of literary nonfiction include:
- Nonfiction essays: includes expository (explaining a topic), personal (sharing experiences or feelings), and persuasive (convincing the reader of a point); usually a brief text addressing a single topic
- Personal narrative nonfiction: written about an author's experiences; includes autobiographies (the author's life story), memoirs (highlights one theme/era/experience), diaries (daily record of personal thoughts/feelings not intended for publication), journals (daily record of experiences), letters (messages to a specific person), biographies (the only personal narrative written by a third party)
- Science writing: conveying scientific facts and principles through creative narrative writing
- Narrative journalism: factual data on current events, travel, sports, or food written using informal tone and narrative techniques
- Narrative history: factual historical events presented in story-telling style.
Literary nonfiction examples are found in both adult's and children's literature.
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Video Transcript
What Is Literary Nonfiction?
Nonfiction, which includes any writing based on real life events, encompasses a vast variety of writing. Two subcategories for nonfiction are informational and literary. Informational nonfiction includes writing with the purpose to describe or express facts. Literary nonfiction also contains facts, but is meant to entertain the reader. In this way, literary nonfiction reads like fiction and has story elements, like character, setting and plot.
Some examples of literary nonfiction include personal journals, diaries, memoirs, letters, and essays. Let's look at the characteristics of each of these.
Autobiographical Nonfiction
Much of literary nonfiction can be described as autobiographical, which is writing from the author's perspective. This type of writing is usually in first person point of view, which means the narrator is a character in the story. Since the author is the narrator, this means the author is the main character in the story. Most autobiographies are novel-length since they cover the subject's entire life. However, there are many shorter works that are still considered autobiographical.
The first such work is a personal journal, which is a daily written record of personal experiences and observations. This usually consists of short pieces of writing each day. For example, if you were assigned to design an experiment for a science project, you might keep a journal to describe what you did for that experiment every day until the project was due. A journal could be kept for a few weeks or even several years but always has a factual account of experiences of the author.
Another related autobiographical work is the diary. Similar to journals, diaries contain a daily account of experiences. The difference is diaries include personal thoughts and feelings. While a journal is more based on facts, a diary can have a person's deepest secrets and desires; as such, it is usually not meant to be shared with anyone. A great example is the book The Diary of Anne Frank. Anne Frank was a real Jewish girl who kept a diary while hiding from the Germans during World War II. She wrote about her personal thoughts and feelings about what was happening to her family. Years later, her diary was found and published by Anne's descendants to showcase the terrors of Nazi Germany.
A third type of autobiographical work is the memoir. Memoirs are extremely similar to journals and diaries in that memoirs relate the author's personal experiences. Like diaries, memoirs can also reveal the narrator's personal feelings. Memoirs are different because they are not written daily, are meant to be published and shared, and usually focus on one specific event or theme. A well-known memoir is Tuesdays with Morrie. In this book, the author, Mitch Albom, recounts his time spent with his aging sociology professor who is dying from ALS. This memoir is limited to that period of Albom's life. Other events of his life are not shown.
A final example of an autobiographical work of literary nonfiction is a letter. A letter is a written message addressed to a person or organization. Letters often contain personal thoughts and opinions, but they are directed at just one person. Letters are never really meant to be published and are usually discarded once the message is received. Emails can be considered a more advanced type of letter.
The Essay
Journals, diaries, memoirs and letters are all examples of autobiographical nonfiction. One type of literary nonfiction that is not autobiographical is the essay. An essay is a short work of nonfiction that deals with a single subject. Essays can describe, inform, persuade, express or accomplish a number of other purposes. The key idea is to keep to one area of focus.
There are three types of essays. The first is an expository essay, which includes formal writing with a strict structure. Expository essays usually aim to explain information or an idea. The topics are serious subjects with an impersonal tone. An essay explaining the definition of global warming is an example of an expository essay.
The second type is the personal essay. These essays are informal and have a looser structure. The purpose is to express the thoughts, feelings and observations of the writer. You would be writing a personal essay if your essay expressed your thoughts on the existence of global warming.
The last type of essay is persuasive. These essays develop arguments and try to convince the reader to adopt a certain viewpoint. If your essay urges others to recycle in order to cut down on global warming, then you are trying to persuade.
Lesson Summary
Overall, nonfiction includes a wide variety of writing. Two subcategories are informational and literary nonfiction. Literary nonfiction is related to fiction in that it includes story elements.
Personal journals, diaries, memoirs and letters are all examples of autobiographical literary nonfiction. These are told in first person point of view, which means the author is the main character. Journals and diaries are both daily written accounts of personal experiences. Diaries, however, are not meant to be shared, since they contain very personal thoughts. On the other hand, memoirs are intended to be published and have one specific theme. Finally, letters are written messages meant to convey information. These may contain personal thoughts and opinions, but are discarded once the message is received.
A final example of literary nonfiction is the essay. An essay is a short written work on a single subject. There are three types of essays. Expository essays are formal and focus on providing information. Personal essays are informal and express thoughts, feelings or observations. Persuasive essays develop an argument and try to convince the reader to believe a certain idea. All of these types of literary nonfiction can help you to accomplish a variety of goals in your writing.
Learning Outcomes
After you have reviewed this lesson you should be able to:
- Name two subcategories of nonfiction
- Compare the different types of autobiographical nonfiction
- Discuss the three types of essays
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Literary Nonfiction | Definition, Examples & Essays
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