Ad astra有其典故吗?

拉丁文格言 Per aspera, ad astra. （循此苦旅，以达星辰）大抵表示通过不懈努力以达到成功的意思。

尽管许多人认为这个短语的其源于塞内卡的《Hercules furens》（疯狂的赫拉克勒斯）的第二幕，441行^[1]，但是必须指出这个短语实际上是在不知名的时代被简写和发明的：

塞内卡的原文写作Non est ad astra mollis e terris via（这并非星辰与大地之间的捷径/容易的道路），这和这句名言的表达差距很大。

另一些人则坚持这句名言出自于维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》第九卷的641行。^[2]

但是'macte nova virtute, puer, sic itur ad astra（勇敢的年轻人，少年啊，去追寻星辰吧！）的意味确实有那么一点相似，但是仍然没有办法明确的作为这句格言来源的证据。

另外还有人认为这句话可能来自Gaio Sallustio Crispo或者贺拉斯，他们的句子也和上述大同小异，只是提及了格言中的部分词汇，或者表达的含义相似，并不足以证明是这个拉丁格言的源头。

但是无论如何，有确切证据的使用可能要追溯到梅克伦堡-施韦林公国（Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin）的徽章上。

徽章格言上明确的写着“Per aspera, ad astra.”这句格言。由于这个徽章的使用最早追溯到1701年^[3]，那么事实上有据可查的格言来源也只能到此为止了。

但是这句流传广泛却不明出处的拉丁文格言却被相当广泛的使用，比如上百所大学或高中用这句话作为学校格言。^[4]这却是拉丁文仍然保持生命力的象征。

参考

1. ^Cantera Ortiz de Urbina, Jesús (2005). Diccionario Akal del Refranero Latino. Madrid: Akal. p. 173. ISBN 978-84-460-1296-2. «Per aspera, ad astra (Séneca, Hercules furens, 437 [...])».
2. ^Si tratta di una frase relativamente recente in questa forma, anche se frasi simili si possono trovare nei classici: Seneca (Hercules furens, atto II, 437-441); Virgilio (Eneide IX, 641); Gaio Sallustio Crispo; e Orazio. https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_aspera_ad_astra
3. ^Heinrich von Kleist erwähnt in seinem Drama Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin diesen Spruch auf der Standarte des schwedischen Heeres, die in der Schlacht bei Fehrbellin am 28. Juni 1675 durch Friedrich II. von Hessen-Homburg erobert wurde. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_aspera_ad_astra
4. ^ Queenwood School for Girls, Mosman NSW Woodville High School, Adelaide Albury High School, Albury, New South Wales[14] Girton Grammar School, Bendigo, Victoria Austria Universität Klagenfurt Botswana St. Joseph's College, Kgale Ecuador Instituto Nacional Mejía,Quito, Ecuador Estonia Keila-Joa Boarding School, Türisalu[15] Jakob Westholm Secondary School, Tallinn[16] Honduras Escuela Nacional de Música, Tegucigalpa Instituto Salesiano San Miguel, Tegucigalpa India Clarence High School, Bangalore, Karnataka, India - Motto of Redwood House (Ad Astra) St. Augustine's High School, kalimpong, District:Darjeeling, India Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India The Frank Anthony Public School,Kolkata,India The Frank Anthony Public School, Delhi, India - Motto of Ranger House St Joseph's High School, Dharwad, Karnataka, India Antonio D'souza High School, Mumbai, India Technology Research and Incubation Centre, Dimapur, Nagaland Jamaica Immaculate Conception High School, St. Andrew Mount Alvernia High School, Montego Bay Japan St. Francis Church, Tokyo, West-Hachioji, Gnosis Essene (HP) Macau SAR, China Postgraduate Association of University of Macau, Macau, China Maldives MNDF Fire and Rescue Services Training School, K.Viligili New Zealand Rotorua Boys' High School, Rotorua Nigeria Ilupeju College, Ilupeju, Lagos Lagos Secondary Commercial Academy, LASCA Kalabari National College, Buguma, Rivers State Oriwu Model College, Igbogbo, Ikorodu Norway Stavanger Cathedral School, Stavanger Sortland videregående skole, Nordland Lillehammer videregående skole NTNU Pakistan St Patrick's High School, Karachi St. Patrick's College, Karachi Paraguay Universidad Autónoma de Asunción Philippines Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, Quezon City St. John Paul II College of Davao, Davao City Rosevale School, Cagayan de Oro City Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School, Gapan City Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City Romania Mihai Eminescu High School,[17] Suceava Colegiul National "Andrei Saguna" Brasov[18] Colegiul National "Doamna Stanca" Fagaras[19] Alexandru Papiu Ilarian High School,[20] Targu-Mures Andrei Mureşanu High School,[21] Bistrița Márton Áron Főgimnázium [ro], Csíkszereda (Liceul Teoretic "Márton Áron", Miercurea-Ciuc) Ovidius High School,[22] Constanta Military Technical Academy,[23] Bucharest Russia School #1259, Moscow Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent Grammar School, Kingstown Slovakia Faculty of Informatics and Information Technologies of Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Slovak Organisation for Space Activities Slovenia Prva gimnazija Maribor, Maribor Gimnazija Jesenice, Jesenice Gimnazija Škofja Loka, Škofja Loka South Africa Pietersburg Hoërskool[24] Tembisa Secondary School South African Air Force[25][circular reference] Ribane-Laka Secondary School Chistlehurst Academics and Arts School Sri Lanka St. Paul's Girls' School, Milagiriya, Colombo District, Western Province Sweden Västmanland Air Force Wing[26] Tajikistan Gymnasium #1 after V. Chkalov, Buston, Khujand, Sugd region Ukraine Space Museum dedicated to Korolyov in Zhytomyr Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Bucha Ukrainian gymnasium United Kingdom The Royal School, Haslemere, Surrey Colfe's School, Greenwich, London Mayfield Grammar School, Gravesend, Kent Dr. Challoner's Grammar School, Amersham, Buckinghamshire British Lawn Mower Racing Association United States California State University East Bay, Hayward, California[27] Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina[28] Cornelia Strong College, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Coventry High School, Coventry, Rhode Island East Hampton High School, East Hampton, Connecticut Greenhill School, Dallas, Texas[29] Irvington Union Free School District, Irvington, New York Saint Joseph Academy, Brownsville, Texas Lake View High School, Chicago, Illinois Lyndon Institute, Lyndon Center, Vermont Macopin Middle School, West Milford, New Jersey Miami Central High School, Miami, Florida Midwood High School, Brooklyn, New York Mirman School, Los Angeles, California Morristown-Beard School, Morristown, New Jersey Mount Saint Michael Academy, Bronx, New York Satellite High School, Satellite Beach, Florida Seven Lakes High School, Katy, Texas Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey[30] Trinity Prep, Winter Park, Florida[31] Townsend Harris High School, Queens, New York University High School, Fresno, California University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee Oak Harbor Academy Private School, Lemoore, California https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_aspera_ad_astra#Military_and_government