爱德华·蒙克

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挪威表现主义画家

展开2个同名词条

爱德华·蒙克（Edvard Munch，1863年12月12日—1944年1月23日），挪威表现主义画家、版画复制匠，现代表现主义绘画的先驱。

爱德华·蒙克绘画带有强烈的主观性和悲伤压抑的情调。他对心理苦闷的强烈的，呼唤式的处理手法对20世纪初德国表现主义的成长起了主要的影响，其主要作品有《呐喊》《生命之舞》《卡尔约翰街的夜晚》。1944年1月23日，爱德华·蒙克于艾可利逝世。

中文名: 爱德华·蒙克
外文名: Edvard Munch
国籍: 挪威
出生日期: 1863年12月12日
逝世日期: 1944年1月23日
毕业院校: 奥斯陆皇家艺术和设计学院

职业: 画家
主要成就: 挪威表现主义画家和版画复制匠。
伟大的挪威画家
现代表现主义绘画的先驱。
出生地: 挪威勒滕
信仰: 基督教
代表作品: 《呐喊》《生命之舞》《卡尔约翰街的夜晚》

人物生平

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早年经历

爱德华·蒙克沉思

1863年12月12日，爱德华·蒙克出生于挪威雷登在奥斯陆长大。爱德华·蒙克的父亲患有精神病，他向他的孩子们灌输了对地狱的根深蒂固的恐惧，他一再告诉他们，如果他们在任何情况下、以任何方式犯有罪孽，他们就会注定被投入地狱，没有任何宽恕的机会。1879年，爱德华·蒙克为成为一名工程师而进工学院念书，受印象主义画风的影响，然而，频繁的患病中断了他的学业。

1880年，爱德华·蒙克为了成为一名画家而离开工学院。

1881年，爱德华·蒙克考进了奥斯陆皇家艺术和设计学院，他的老师是雕刻家朱利厄斯·米德尔顿和自然主义画家克里斯蒂安·克罗格。

1885年，爱德华·蒙克前往巴黎。他的作品开始显示出法国画家的影响；一开始是印象派，接着是后印象派，然後是新艺术造型。爱德华·蒙克的绘画尽管风格上是后期印象派的，但在主题上却是象征派的，爱德华·蒙克的绘画内容在于刻画内心世界而不是外在现实。

中年经历

1889年改用传统的画法创作《病孩》和变体画《春》，从而获得奖学金去法国留学，从师L.博纳。在法国，他在研究印象主义画法的基础上，转而对后印象主义和纳比派发生兴趣。他发现线条和色彩有强烈的表现力，试图用它们画出活生生的人们，他们的呼吸、感觉、受苦受难并彼此的相爱。

1892年，爱德华·蒙克应邀参加柏林艺术家联盟在11月份举行的画展。爱德华·蒙克的绘画成了苦涩的争论对象，画展在一星期后结束。在柏林，爱德华·蒙克成了一个国际圈子里的一员，里面有作家、艺术家和评论家，包括挪威剧作家亨利·易卜生和瑞典戏剧家奥古斯特·史特林堡。爱德华·蒙克为易卜生的几个剧本设计了布景。

1893年12月，爱德华·蒙克在柏林著名的菩提树下大街开画展。和其它作品一起，爱德华·蒙克出展了题为“爱的研究系列”，由六幅画所组成。这是他此后命名为“生命的饰带以生命、爱情和死亡的诗”组画的起点。它包括深深地沉浸于大气的主题《风暴》《月光》和《星夜》。其它主题有揭示爱的阴暗面的，比如《玫瑰与阿美莉》和《吸血鬼》。《病室里的死亡》则以死亡为主题，基于爱德华·蒙克对姐姐苏菲之死的回忆。

1894年，“生命的饰带”加进了《焦躁》《灰烬》《圣母》和《女人三阶段》作品集。在世纪之交之际，爱德华·蒙克完成了他的“生命的饰带”组画系列。

晚年经历

1908年秋，他的焦虑变得深刻并在丹尼尔·贾可布逊博士的诊所住院接受治疗。医院里施行的休克疗法改变了他的个性。

1909年爱德华·蒙克回到挪威，更多地表现出对大自然的兴趣，他的作品变得更富于色彩，减少了悲观的成分。在纳粹统治期间，爱德华·蒙克的作品被贴上了“颓废艺术”的标签，从德国的各个美术馆撤了下来。反纳粹主义的爱德华·蒙克来说是很伤心的，因为他把德国看作为他的第二祖国。

1944年1月23日，爱德华·蒙克于奥斯陆附近的艾可利与世长辞。他向奥斯陆捐赠了1000幅油画，15400张版画，4500件素描和水彩画，还有6件雕刻作品。后来为纪念爱德华·蒙克，建造了爱德华·蒙克美术馆。^[1]

人物生活

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爱德华·蒙克是画家雅各布·爱德华·蒙克和历史学家彼得·安德烈·爱德华·蒙克的亲戚。母亲劳拉在1868年死于肺结核，母亲死后小爱德华·蒙克由父亲克里斯蒂安·爱德华·蒙克单独抚养。父亲是位医生，笃信基督教。幼年丧母，姐姐被肺病夺去生命，妹妹患精神病，童年时代的不幸对其一生的创作有深刻的影响。^[1]

人物影响

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历史发展

在当时哲学和美学思潮影响下，他努力发掘人类心灵中的各种状况，表现疾病、死亡、绝望、情爱等主题。因此，他的创作有“心灵的现实主义”的称号。由于受到保守势力的攻击，很快被封闭，但对德国青年画家以很大的刺激，推动了表现主义运动的产生。^[1]

思想传播

爱德华·蒙克通过主题来表现他切身经历的对生存和死亡的感受。每一幅画都无与伦比地强烈地传达着画家的感觉和情绪，被描绘的具体对象的细节被简化，而情绪则被夸张，对象本身成为一种所要表现的情绪的载体，虽然它们依然还是具象的。这些画具有永恒的震慑心灵的力量。在这一切的背後，我们还可以看见那个“世纪末”的景象，那种迷途的欲望深渊和无法逃脱的死亡阴影的怪圈，生命的焦躁和无奈交织在一起。爱德华·蒙克作品的惊人表现力量来自于对艺术家内心世界的不加掩饰的忠实表达，爱德华·蒙克的画是用整个心灵来创作的。

主要作品

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作品名	年份
Øvre Foss	1880
Small Lake with Boat	1880
Horse and Wagon in front of Farm Buildings	1880
Autumn Work in the Field	1880
Landscape with Woman Walking by a Lake	1880
Landscape with Trees and Water	1880
Autumn in the Forest	1880
Horse and Cart on a Country Road	1880
Still Life with Pipe and Bibles	1880
View from Fossveien	1880-81
View from Fossveien	1881
Winter Landscape with House and Red Sky	1881
Potted Plant on the Window-Sill	1881-82
Potted Plant	1881-82
The Living-Room of the Misses Munch in Pilestredet 61	1881
From Vestre Aker	1881
Hakloa in Maridalen	1881
Maridalsveien in Nydalen	1881
Houses in Maridalen	1881
From Maridalen	1881
Akerselva	1881
Landscape with Woman and Child	1881
Landscape with a Small House and Two People	1881
Landscape with Lake and Forest	1881
From Bunnefjorden	1881
From Sandvika	1881
Man Rowing towards Land	1881
Bay with Boat and House	1881
Man and Woman in Boat	1881
Fisherman by the Water	1881
Christian Munch on the Couch	1881
Christian Munch on the Couch	1881
Study of a Landscape	1881
View of Grüner's Garden	1881
Gamle Aker Church	1881-82
Gamle Aker Church	1881
Gamle Aker Church	1881
Gamle Aker Church	1881
View from Fossveien 7 towards Bergfjerdingen	1881
People on the Road in Wet Snow	1881
Goblin with Christmas Porridge	1881
Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut	1881
Øvre Foss in Winter	1881-82
Boy in Snow	1881-82
View of the City on a Winter's Day	1882
Self-Portrait	1882
Laura Munch	1882
Laura Munch	1882
Olaf Rye's Square towards South East	1882
View across Olaf Rye's Square	1882
Olaf Rye's Square towards South East	1882
Landscape with Waterfall and House	1882
Evening Atmosphere at Sea	1882
Landscape with a Small Waterfall	1882
Spring Landscape	1882
Stream in Spring	1882
Karen Bjølstad	1882-83
Man's Head with Beard	1882-83
The Errand Boy	1882-84
Garden with Red House	1882
Garden with Red House	1882
By the Garden Table	1882
Akerselva by Slåmotgangen	1882
Inger by the Window	1882
Akerselva by Nedre Foss	1882
Akerselva	1882
Birch Trees with Woman Walking	1882
Birch Trees in the Autumn	1882
From Vestre Aker	1882
Birch Trees and Man Carrying Twigs	1882
Autumn in Vestre Aker	1882
Woman on a Country Lane	1882
Two Boys on a Country Lane	1882
Thorvald Torgersen	1882
Thorvald Torgersen	1882
Head of a Boy	1882
Andreas Reading	1882
Andreas Reading	1882
Andreas Reading	1882
Self-Portrait	1882
Drive at Vaterland	1882
From Saxegårdsgate	1882
Laura Munch	1883
Otto Linthoe	1883
Study of a Man's Head	1883
Study of an Old Man's Head	1883
Head of an Old Man with Beard	1883
Study of an Old Man's Head	1883
Afternoon at Olaf Rye's Square	1883
Street Corner on Karl Johan, Grand Café	1883
Christian Munch on the Couch	1883
Landscape from Asker	1883
Autumn in Asker	1883
Andreas by the Window	1883
Andreas Reading	1883
The Dome of Trinity Church	1883
Study of a Head	1883
Early in the Morning	1883
Andreas Singdahlsen	1883
Hjalmar Borgstrøm	1883
Portrait of a Woman	1883
Karen Bjølstad in the Rocking Chair	1883
Around the Paraffin Lamp	1883
At the Coffee Table	1883
At Supper	1883
The Infirmary at Helgelandsmoen	1884
Fence in the Forest	1884
Two People on the Way to the Forest	1884
Morning	1884
Christian Munch	1884
Portrait Studies	1884
Inger Munch in Black	1884
Street in Winter	1885
Ball	1885
Tête-à-tête	1885
Karl Johan	1885
Girl's Head	1885
Dagny Konow	1885
Study of an Old Man's Head	1885
Fredrik Lidemark	1885
Karl Jensen-Hjell	1885
Klemens Stang	1885
Christian Munch with Pipe	1885
Karen Bjølstad	1885
Jørgen Sørensen	1885
Andreas Munch	1885
Cabaret	1885
The Sickroom	1885
The Sick Child	1885
Red-Haired Girl with White Rat	1886
Girl at the Piano	1886
Self-Portrait	1886
Andreas Munch Studying Anatomy	1886
Afternoon Nap	1886
Boat with Three Boys	1886
Man on the Veranda	1886
From Hisøya near Arendal	1886
Woman and Children in Arendal	1886
Thorvald Torgersen	1886
Puberty	1886
The Day After	1886
Seated Young Girl	1887
Betzy Nilsen	1887
Halvard Stub Holmboe	1887
Jacob Torkildsen	1887
Forest Landscape with Small Lake	1887
Veierland near Tønsberg	1887
Two Men by the Window	1887
Law	1887
Kristiania Bohemians	1887
Self-Portrait	1888
Marius Selmer	1888
Bendix Lange	1888
Beach	1888
The Tønsberg Fjord	1888
On the Pier	1888
Man Binding Fishnet	1888
Karen Bjølstad	1888
Evening	1888
Summer Day on the Pier	1888
Laura and Inger in the Summer Sun	1888
Evening	1888
Inger in Sunshine	1888
At the General Store in Vrengen	1888
Andreas Bjølstad	1888
Aasta Carlsen	1888
Man Standing in the Doorway	1889
Karl Dørnberger	1889
Charlotte Dørnberger	1889
Georg Stang	1889
John Hazeland on his Deathbed	1889
Spring	1889
Hans Jæger	1889
From Karl Johan	1889
Music on Karl Johan	1889
Beach Landscape fromÅsgårdstrand	1889
Beach	1889
From Åsgårdstrand	1889
Beach Landscape	1889
Shore	1889
Summer Night. Inger on the Beach	1889
Summer Evening	1889
Summer	1889
Summer in Åsgårdstrand	1889
Morten Damme's House near Åsgardstrand	1889
Standing Female Nude	1889
A French Tavern (Two Men and a Woman)	1890
The Canal near Paris (with a Small Streamboat)	1890
A Woman (in Half-figure) with Landscape (Returned from Victoria terrasse)	1890
A Small Beach Study	1890
Night in Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud	1890
At the Wine Merchant's	1890
In the Bar	1890
In the Café	1890
Norwegian Spring Landscape	1890
Landscape	1890
The Streamboat Arrives	1890
Beach	1890
Spring Day on Karl Johan	1890
Sunny Day in Åsgårdstrand	1890
Garden Path	1890
Woman in Evening Landscape	1890
Landscape	1890
View from Hauketo	1890
View from Hauketo	1890
Landscape	1890
The Absinth Drinkers	1890
Two Children	1890
Under the Palm Trees in Nice	1891
Afternoon on the Promenade des Anglais	1891
Morning on the Promenade des Anglais	1891
Sunny Day in Nice	1891
Rooftops in Nice	1891
Night in Nice	1891
Fisherboy from Nice	1891
Boy's Head	1891
Young Woman in Blue	1891
Young Woman in Blue	1891
Model Scratching her Arm	1891
Rue Lafayette	1891
Rue de Rivoli	1891
Sunday in Åsgardstrand	1891
Young Blond Girl	1891
Summer Evening in Åsgardstrand	1891
In Open Air	1891
Summer	1891
Eroticism on a Summer Evening	1891
Karl Johan in the Rain	1891
Evening. Melancholy	1891
Woman in Blue against Blue Water	1891
Old Fisherman	1891
Pine Forest	1891
Summer Day in the Forest	1891
Forest Landscape	1891
From Nordstrand	1891
Landscape in Moonlight	1891
Woman by the Balustrade	1891
Inger in a White Blouse	1891
no:Jappe Nilssen	1891
Arve Arvesen	1891
Gunnar Heiberg	1891
Helge Rode	1891
Olga Buhre	1891
Alexandra Thaulow	1891
Kiss by the Window	1891
The Day After	1891

Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway	1892
Childhood Memory	1892
Gamblers in Monte Carlo	1892
Gamblers in Monte Carlo	1892
At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo	1892
Sick Mood at Sunset. Despair	1892
Cypress in Moonlight	1892
Kiss by the Window	1892
The Kiss	1892
The Girl by the Window	1892
Woman Combing her Hair	1892
Woman Looking in the Mirror	1892
After the Bath	1892
From the Riviera	1892
From the Riviera	1892
Moonlight by the Mediterranean	1892
A Pine	1892
Trees by the Mediterranean	1892
From the Riviera	1892
Men Flocking round Women in Light Clothing	1892
Forest	1892
Moonlight on the Beach	1892
Mystery on the Shore	1892
Mystery on the Shore	1892
Two Human Beings. The Lonely Ones	1892
Melancholy	1892
Night in Saint-Cloud	1892
Night in Saint-Cloud	1892-93
Night in Saint-Cloud	1892
Vision	1892
The Water Lillies	1892-93
Evening on Karl Johan	1892
From Nordstrand	1892
On the Veranda	1892
Inger by the Window	1892
Inger in Black and Violet	1892
Seated Young Woman	1892
Autumn Rain	1892
Jakob Bratland	1892
Ludvig Meyer	1892
Thor Lütken	1892
Ragnhild andDagny Juel	1892-93
August Strindberg	1892
Night in Saint-Cloud	1893
The Girl by the Window	1893
Study of a Model	1893
Separation	1893
Woman with Red Hat	1893-94
Symbolic Study	1893-94
Portrait of a Man	1893-94
Woman's head against a red Background	1893-94
Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman	1893
Seated Nude and Grotesque Masque	1893
Sunrise in the Harbour	1893-94
Rosa and Amelie	1893
Sunrise in Åsgårdstrand	1893-94
Summer Night	1893
Melancholy	1893
Death at the Helm	1893
Summer Night. Mermaid	1893
Summer Night's Dream. The Voice	1893
Starry Night	1893
Starry Night	1893
Moonlight	1893
House in Moonlight	1893-95
The Storm	1893
Death and Spring	1893
The Angel of Death	1893
By the Deathbed. Fever	1893
Death in the Sickroom	1893
Death in the Sickroom	1893
Death in the Sickroom	1893
Vampire	1893
The Scream	1893
The Scream	1893
Vampire	1893
Vampire	1893
The Hands	1893-94
Dagny Juel Przybyszewska	1893
Helge Bäckström	1893
Minchen Torkildsen	1893
Ragnhild Bäkström	1894
Botho Graf Schwerin	1894
Ebehard von Bodenhausen	1894
Julius Meier-Graefe	1894
Separation	1894
Death and Life	1894
Puberty	1894
Puberty	1894-95
The Day After	1894
Vampire	1894
Selma Fontheim	1894
Selma Fontheim	1894
Nora Mengelberg	1894
Ludvig Meyer's Children	1894
Stanislaw Przybyszewski	1894
Inger in a Red Dress	1894
Bathing Women	1894
Bathers	1894
Bathing Boys	1894
Melancholy	1894
Melancholy	1894-96
Woman. Sphinx	1894
Woman	1894
Anxiety	1894
Despair	1894
Madonna	1894
Madonna	1894-95
Madonna	1895
Madonna	1895-97
Madonna	1895-97
Berlin Model	1895
Cabaret	1895
The Scream	1895
Vampire	1895
The Smell of Death	1895
The Smell of Death	1895
At the Deathbed	1895
Vampire	1895
Ashes	1895
Jealousy	1895
Beach in Åsgårdstrand	1895
Moonlight	1895
Self-Portrait with Cigarette	1895
Stanislaw Przybyszewski	1895
Oscar and Ingeborg Heiberg	1895-96
Half-Nude in a Black Skirt	1896
Study of a Nude	1896
Young Woman Washing herself	1896
Seated Nude against a Red Background	1896
Seated Nude with her Back Turned	1896
The Mermaid	1896
Summer Landscape	1896
The Sick Child	1896
Separation	1896
Summer Night. The Voice	1896
The Girl by the Window	1896-97
Bathing Woman	1896-97
The Kiss	1896-97
Women in a Swimming Pool	1896-97
Paul Herrmann and Paul Contard	1897
The Kiss	1897
The Kiss	1897
Inheritance	1897-99
Women in Hospital	1897
Mother and Daughter	1897-99
Two Women in a Landscape	1897-99
Old Man with a Beard	1897-99
Brothel Scene	1897-99
Hospital Ward	1897-99
Bathing Boys	1897-98
Bathing Boys	1897-99
Bathing Girls	1897-99
Bathing Children	1897-99
Bathing Boys	1897-99
Autumn	1897-98
Marie Helene Holmboe	1898
Female Portrait	1898-99
Dark-Haired Man and Red-Haired Woman	1898-99
Holger Drachmann	1898
Henrik Ibsenat theGrand Café	1898
Study of a Model	1898
Half-Nude in a Blue Skirt	1898
Nude	1898
Nude	1898
Two Women. Symbolic Study	1898
Sitting Nude by the Beach	1898
Man and Woman	1898
Nude in Profile towards the Right	1898
Metabolism	1898-99
Tulla Larsen	1898-99
Tulla Larsen	1898-99
Father and Son	1898
Seated Nude and Three Male Heads	1898-99
Tragedy	1898
Jealousy in the Bath	1898
Beach	1898
The Rainbow	1898
Woman by the Sea in Åsgardstrand	1898
House with Red Virginia Creeper	1898-99
House with Red Virginia Creeper	1898-99
Red Virginia Creeper	1898-1900
The Son	1904
The Coffin is Carried Out	1898-1900
Boulevard in Paris	1898-1900
Winter	1899-1900
Winter in the Woods, Nordstrand	1899
Death and the Child	1899
Death and the Child	1899
Landscape	1899
The Garden	1899
Munch's House and Studio in Åsgardstrand	1899
Munch's House in Åsgårdstrand	1899
Dark Spruce Forest	1899

风格特点

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爱德华·蒙克的画作(4张)

爱德华·蒙克多以生命、死亡、恋爱、恐怖和寂寞等为题材，用对比强烈的线条、色块、简洁概括夸张的造型，抒发自己的感受和情绪；他的画风是德国和中欧的表现主义形成的前奏。

爱德华·蒙克的早期油画《病孩》、《在灵床旁》、《母亲之死》，多是童年和少年时代生活的回忆。1890年的油画《圣克卢之夜》和1892年的油画《卡尔.约翰街的夜晚》标志着他风格的转折，显示出他表现主义画家的特质。90年代最有代表性的作品是《春情》和《呐喊》，前者描绘人对幽闭的恐惧，后者刻画人对孤独与死亡的恐怖感。他于1894年开始从事版画创作，在木刻、石版、铜版画方面，都有独特的创造。他的版画题材多取自于油画，其中以《生命》组画最为出色，被他自己称为生命、爱和死的诗歌。

在爱德华·蒙克的画家生涯中，他多次曾改变艺术风格。在1880年代，爱德华·蒙克是自然派和半印象派。1892年，爱德华·蒙克树立了具个人特色的综合派原始画风，在此色彩成为一种象征，亦是种具有承载功能的元素。1890年代，爱德华·蒙克倾向选择景深较浅的作画空间，他经常把画中的人物安置在前台。

爱德华·蒙克一直想表现人物的内心的心理状态，出现在他画中的人物呈现了最能表现这种状态的姿势，这种安排让爱德华·蒙克的画带来一种好像人物、空气、记忆、动作和时间在一霎刹那间凝固的感觉，那也许正是人物内心活动达到顶峰的一瞬间。

爱德华·蒙克所画的人物，犹如舞台剧的各个角色，很可能每种特定的姿势就代表一种特定情绪，类似于某种身体语言。由于爱德华·蒙克所画的人物都承担着表现一种特定心理状态的使命，所以他创造的男人和女人不是现实的。爱德华·蒙克坚称，印象派并不适合于自己的艺术。他对描写现实的任意一个断面也不感兴趣，他要描写的是那种充满了情绪内涵的，且具有巨大的传神力的状态。为了达到这个目的，爱德华·蒙克殚精竭虑地构思，他的作品创造了紧张气氛。^[2]