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(John Griffith) (1876-1916) US novelist. He was a prolific author of naturalistic novels, adventure stories, and socialist reportage. His works, which are often based on his own life, typically concern the human struggle for survival against extreme natural forces, as dramatized in such novels as The Call of the Wild 1903, The Sea-Wolf 1904, and White Fang 1906. By 1906 he was the most widely read writer in the US and had been translated into 68 languages.
London was an adventurer himself, at various times a sailor, a hobo riding freight trains, and a gold prospector in the Klondike. His many short stories are collected in The Son of the Wolf 1900, The God of His Fathers 1901, Children of the Frost 1902, Love of Life 1907, and Smoke Bellew 1912. Among his other novels are The People of the Abyss 1903, The Road 1907, The Iron Heel 1907, and Martin Eden 1909.

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1. City in Arkansas (USA); zip code 72847.
2. City in Kentucky (USA).
3. City in Ohio (USA); zip code 43140.
4. The capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center; Also called: Greater London, British capital, capital of the United Kingdom.
5. Unincorporated community in California (USA).
(UK) Capital of England and the United Kingdom, on the river Thames; its metropolitan area, Greater London, has an area of 1,580 sq km/610 sq mi and est) of 6,933,000 (larger metropolitan area about 9 million). The City of London, known as the “square mile”, area 274 hectares/677 acres, is the financial and commercial center of the UK. Greater London (see London, Greater) from 1965 comprises the City of London and 32 boroughs. Popular tourist attractions include the Tower of London, St Paul’s Cathedral, Buckingham Palace, and Westminster Abbey.
history.
Roman Londinium was established soon after the Roman invasion AD 43; in the 2nd century London became a walled city; by the 11th century, it was the main city of England and gradually extended beyond the walls to link with the originally separate Westminster. Throughout the 19th century London was the largest city in the world (in population).
features.
The Tower of London, built by William the Conqueror on a Roman site, houses the crown jewels and the royal armories; 15th-century Guildhall; the Monument (a column designed by Christopher Wren) marks the site in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire of 1666 began; Mansion House (residence of the lord mayor); Barbican arts and conference center; Central Criminal Court (Old Bailey) and the Inner and Middle Temples; Covent Garden, once a vegetable market, is now a tourist shopping and entertainment area.
architecture.
London contains buildings in all styles of English architecture since the 11th century. Norman: the White Tower, Tower of London; St Bartholomew’s, Smithfield; the Temple Church. Gothic: Westminster Abbey; Westminster Hall; Lambeth Palace; Southwark Cathedral. Tudor: St James’s Palace; Staple Inn. 17th century: Banqueting Hall, Whitehall (Inigo Jones); St Paul’s, Kensington Palace; many City churches (Wren). 18th century: Somerset House (Chambers); St Martin-in-the-Fields; Buckingham Palace. 19th century: British Museum (Neo-Classical); Houses of Parliament; Law Courts (Neo-Gothic); Westminster Cathedral (Byzantine style). 20th century: Lloyd’s of London.
government.
There has since 1986 been no central authority for Greater London; responsibility is divided between individual boroughs and central government.
The City of London has been governed by a corporation from the 12th century. Its structure and the electoral procedures for its common councillors and aldermen are medievally complex, and it is headed by the lord mayor (who is, broadly speaking, nominated by the former and elected annually by the latter). After being sworn in at the Guildhall, he or she is presented the next day to the lord chief justice at the Royal Courts of Justice in Westminster, and the Lord Mayor’s Show is a ceremonial procession there in November.
commerce and industry.
From Saxon times the Port of London dominated the Thames from Tower Bridge to Tilbury; its activity is now centered outside the metropolitan area, and downstream Tilbury has been extended to cope with container traffic. The prime economic importance of modern London is as a financial center. There are various industries, mainly on the outskirts. There are also recording, broadcasting, television, and film studios; publishing companies; and the works and offices of the national press. Tourism is important.
Some of the docks in the East End of London, once the busiest in the world, have been sold to the Docklands Development Corporation, which has built offices, houses, factories, and a railroad. The world’s largest office development project is at Canary Wharf.
education and entertainment.
Museums: British, Victoria and Albert, Natural History, Science museums; galleries: National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Hayward Gallery, Wallace Collection, Courtauld Institute Galleries. London University is the largest in Britain, while the Inns of Court have been the training school for lawyers since the 13th century. London has been the center of English drama since its first theater was built by James Burbage 1576.(Canada) City in SW Ontario, Canada, on the river Thames, 160 km/100 mi SW of Toronto; The center of a farming district, it has tanneries, breweries, and factories making hosiery, radio and electrical equipment, leather, and shoes. It dates from 1826 and is the seat of the University of Western Ontario.

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