Journal Description
Children
Children
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on children’s health published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Pediatrics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.6 (2022)
Latest Articles
The Approach to a Child with Dysmorphic Features: What the Pediatrician Should Know
Children 2024, 11(5), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050578 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
►
Show Figures
The advancement of genetic knowledge and the discovery of an increasing number of genetic disorders has made the role of the geneticist progressively more complex and fundamental. However, most genetic disorders present during childhood; thus, their early recognition is a challenge for the
[...] Read more.
The advancement of genetic knowledge and the discovery of an increasing number of genetic disorders has made the role of the geneticist progressively more complex and fundamental. However, most genetic disorders present during childhood; thus, their early recognition is a challenge for the pediatrician, who will be also involved in the follow-up of these children, often establishing a close relationship with them and their families and becoming a referral figure. In this review, we aim to provide the pediatrician with a general knowledge of the approach to treating a child with a genetic syndrome associated with dysmorphic features. We will discuss the red flags, the most common manifestations, the analytic collection of the family and personal medical history, and the signs that should alert the pediatrician during the physical examination. We will offer an overview of the physical malformations most commonly associated with genetic defects and the way to describe dysmorphic facial features. We will provide hints about some tools that can support the pediatrician in clinical practice and that also represent a useful educational resource, either online or through apps downloaded on a smartphone. Eventually, we will offer an overview of genetic testing, the ethical considerations, the consequences of incidental findings, and the main indications and limitations of the principal technologies.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Development of a Predictive Model for Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately after Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study
by
María Antonia Díaz-Ogallar, Antonio Hernández-Martínez, Manuel Linares-Abad and Juan Miguel Martínez-Galiano
Children 2024, 11(5), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050577 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a predictive model for the establishment of skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the last trimester of 2022 and the first trimester of 2023 with women
[...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a predictive model for the establishment of skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the last trimester of 2022 and the first trimester of 2023 with women who had given birth in Spain. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health variables referring to the mother and the newborn, as well as the Bond and Attachment questionnaire (VAMF, for its name in Spanish) for the analysis of the mother–child bond and attachment, were administered. A multivariate analysis was performed, and areas under the ROC curve (AUC) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) and the predictive characteristics of these models were estimated. In total, 1077 women participated. The prevalence of early skin-to-skin contact after delivery was 50.2% (468) in the derivation cohort and 49.8% (464) in the validation cohort. Multivariate analysis showed that prematurity, type of delivery, and birth experience were statistically significant, so they were included in the model (p ≤ 0.05). The predictive ability (AUC ROC) was good in both the derivation cohort, yielding 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89–0.95), and in the validation cohort, yielding 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85–0.93). This study developed a predictive model identifying factors facilitating early skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
The Role of Parental Health Literacy in Establishing Health-Promoting Habits in Early Childhood
by
Melinda Csima, Judit Podráczky, Viktória Keresztes, Evelin Soós and Judit Fináncz
Children 2024, 11(5), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050576 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
In early childhood, children are extremely susceptible to the acquisition of habits and the establishment of health-promoting habits. Therefore, the patterns, routines, and rules transmitted and expected by the adults surrounding the child are of paramount importance and can correlate with the level
[...] Read more.
In early childhood, children are extremely susceptible to the acquisition of habits and the establishment of health-promoting habits. Therefore, the patterns, routines, and rules transmitted and expected by the adults surrounding the child are of paramount importance and can correlate with the level of their health literacy. Our cross-sectional, quantitative, exploratory study aimed to examine the relationships between parental health literacy and preschool children’s health-related habits, using simple, non-random sampling (n = 598). In addition to the sociodemographic characteristics, the measuring tool we compiled included the standardized European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16), as well as a set of questions containing 30 statements suitable for exploring children’s habit systems. The health literacy of the parents involved in our study proved to be more favorable than that of the general population. Regarding children’s habit systems, we found significant differences in several areas by age group (p < 0.05) and gender (p < 0.05). The levels of parental health literacy (0.003 ≤ p ≤ 0.048) and parents’ education (p < 0.05) show a correlation with the children’s health-related habit systems: the indicators of children with parents who have a higher level of health literacy and a higher level of education are more favorable in terms of established habits. In the long term, the formation of health-promoting habits may facilitate the internalization of favorable health behavior motives for the future, contributing to the establishment of positive physical, mental, and social health in adulthood.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Behaviour, Health Literacy and Mental Health in Children)
Open AccessArticle
Kidney Measurement and Glomerular Filtration Rate Evolution in Children with Polycystic Kidney Disease
by
Ramona Stroescu, Mihai Gafencu, Ruxandra Maria Steflea and Flavia Chisavu
Children 2024, 11(5), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050575 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by renal tubular cystic dilatations. The cysts can develop anywhere along the nephron, and over time the cystic dilatation leads to kidney enlargement. On the other hand, the cysts begin to reduce
[...] Read more.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by renal tubular cystic dilatations. The cysts can develop anywhere along the nephron, and over time the cystic dilatation leads to kidney enlargement. On the other hand, the cysts begin to reduce the number of functional nephrons as a consequence of cystic expansion that further contributes to the decline in renal function over the years. The pressure exerted by the dilated cysts leads to compensatory mechanisms that further contribute to the decline in renal function. These structural changes are responsible of glomerular hyperfiltration states, albuminuria, proteinuria, and hematuria. However, the presentation of ADPKD varies in children, from a completely asymptomatic child with incidental ultrasound detection of cysts to a rapidly progressive disease. There have been reports of early onset ADPKD in children younger than 2 years that showed a more rapid decline in renal function. ADPKD is caused by a mutation in PKD1 and PKD2 genes. Today, the PKD1 gene mutation seems to account for up to 85% of the cases worldwide, and it is associated with worse renal outcomes. Individuals with PKD2 gene mutation seem to present a milder form of the disease, with a more delayed onset of end-stage kidney disease. The cardinal sign of ADPKD is the presence of renal cysts during renal ultrasound. The current guidelines provide clinicians the recommendations for genetic testing in children with a positive family history. Given that the vast majority of children with ADPKD present with normal or supra-normal kidney function, we explored the glomerular filtration rates dynamics and the renal ultrasound-adjusted percentiles. In total, 14 out of 16 patients had kidney percentiles over 90%. The gene mutations were equally distributed among our cohort. In addition, we compared the modified Schwartz formula to the quadratic equation after adjusting the serum creatinine measurements. It seems that even though children with ADPKD have enlarged kidneys, the renal function is more likely normal or near normal when the quadratic estimation of glomerular filtration rate is used (qGFR tended to be lower, 111.95 ± 12.43 mL/min/1.73 m2 when compared to Schwartz eGFR 126.28 ± 33.07 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.14). Also, when the quadratic equation was employed, not even a single patient reached the glomerular hyperfiltration threshold. The quadratic formula showed that glomerular filtration rates are linear or slightly decreasing after 1 year of follow-up (quadratic ΔeGFR = −0.32 ± 5.78 mL/min/1.73 m2), as opposed to the Schwartz formula that can falsely classify children in a hyperfiltration state (ΔeGFR = 7.51 ± 19.46 mL/min/1.73 m2), p = 0.019.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiologic Diagnosis of Urinary Tract and Kidney in Children)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Treatment Outcomes of Pulpotomy in Primary Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by
Galvin Sim Siang Lin, Yu Jie Chin, Rob Son Choong, Sharifah Wade’ah Wafa Syed Saadun Tarek Wafa, Nabihah Dziaruddin, Fadzlinda Baharin and Ahmad Faisal Ismail
Children 2024, 11(5), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050574 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rates of pulpotomy treatment for irreversible pulpitis in primary teeth. Methods: This study was registered and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Relevant studies published
[...] Read more.
Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rates of pulpotomy treatment for irreversible pulpitis in primary teeth. Methods: This study was registered and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Relevant studies published between January 1980 and April 2023 were identified across eight online databases and two paediatric dentistry textbooks. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by multiple investigators independently. Data analysis involved single-arm and two-arm meta-analyses, leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and assessment of publication bias. The risks of bias were evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration’s assessment tools. The levels of evidence were determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) tool. Results: Five primary studies were included. The weighted mean overall success rates at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups were 97.2% and 94.4%, respectively. Two-arm meta-analysis revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and non-MTA bioceramic-based materials as pulpotomy medicaments. The sample size of each study did not affect the degree of data heterogeneity. Egger’s test revealed no significant publication bias. Conclusions: Pulpotomy may be regarded as an alternative modality for treating primary teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Nevertheless, future well-designed trials and extended follow-up periods are warranted.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Impact of Aerobic Dance Intervention on Postural Balance in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by
Ghada Jouira, Cristina Ioana Alexe, Khawla Zinelabidine, Haithem Rebai, George Danuț Mocanu, Adin Marian Cojocaru, Luciana Dragomir, Denis Čaušević and Sonia Sahli
Children 2024, 11(5), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050573 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of an 8-week aerobic dance intervention on postural balance in children. Forty-one children, aged 9 to 11, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic dance group (ADG) or a control group (CG) from a primary school.
[...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the impact of an 8-week aerobic dance intervention on postural balance in children. Forty-one children, aged 9 to 11, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic dance group (ADG) or a control group (CG) from a primary school. Postural balance was assessed using center of pressure (CoP) excursions before and after the 8-week intervention period. Evaluations were conducted on both firm and foam surfaces in bipedal and unipedal stances under open-eyes (OE) and closed-eyes (CE) conditions, as well as on both medial–lateral (ML) and anterior–posterior (AP) surfaces in a bipedal stance under OE conditions. The ADG exhibited significantly decreased CoPVm values during firm bipedal CE, unipedal OE, foam bipedal OE and CE, and foam unipedal OE (p < 0.005). This study suggests that aerobic dance intervention improved postural balance in children, showcasing adaptability and improved stability under various conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence and Physical Activity in School Children)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessBrief Report
Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis—A Single-Center Experience
by
Mikiko Maeda, Hideki Shimomura, Sachi Tokunaga, Naoko Taniguchi, Tomoko Lee and Yasuhiro Takeshima
Children 2024, 11(5), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050572 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Juvenile myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular disease, often treated with anticholinesterases, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. However, optimal treatment durations remain unclear. This study investigated the clinical characteristics and treatment of juvenile MG, including medication duration. The administration period for all drugs,
[...] Read more.
Juvenile myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular disease, often treated with anticholinesterases, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. However, optimal treatment durations remain unclear. This study investigated the clinical characteristics and treatment of juvenile MG, including medication duration. The administration period for all drugs, immunosuppressants, and prednisolone at doses greater than 0.35 mg/kg daily was extracted retrospectively from medical records. Nineteen participants (8 boys, 11 girls) aged 8 months to 14 years (median, 2.5 years) at onset were identified. Fourteen patients (73.7%) had ocular MG and five (26.3%) had generalized MG. Drug treatment was conducted in 18 cases; however, 7 patients did not complete the treatment. Among the patients who completed drug treatment, the duration of treatment ranged from 11 to 100 months (median, 47 months). In the six patients treated with continuous administration of prednisolone or immunosuppressants, the treatment duration ranged from 33 to 99 months (median, 56 months). No severe adverse effects requiring hospitalization were reported. The patients treated with prednisolone or immunosuppressants required at least 33 months of treatment. These results will help develop protocols for juvenile MG treatment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Child Neurology)
Open AccessArticle
Delays in Newborn Screening for Phenylketonuria from Birth to Diagnosis and Factors Affecting This
by
Banu Kadıoğlu Yılmaz and Zafer Bağcı
Children 2024, 11(5), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050571 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the process of neonatal phenylketonuria (PKU) screening from birth to admission to the pediatric metabolism polyclinic, determining delays in the screening program and the factors influencing them. This study was conducted during 2021–2023. Blood collection dates, results, and
[...] Read more.
This study aims to evaluate the process of neonatal phenylketonuria (PKU) screening from birth to admission to the pediatric metabolism polyclinic, determining delays in the screening program and the factors influencing them. This study was conducted during 2021–2023. Blood collection dates, results, and probable parameters causing delays in the screening program were recorded. This study included 118 infants. Admission time to the polyclinic was (mean ± SD) 25.2 ± 12.6 days (min–max: 3.4–78.9 days). Admission time was significantly high for refugees, those whose parents were consanguineous, and those who had more heel-prick blood samples taken (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively). The first heel-prick blood phenylalanine (phe) level was significantly negatively correlated with the admission time (p < 0.001). Patients’ admission time whose first blood phe level < 240 μmol/L was statistically significantly higher than in those with ≥240 μmol/L (p < 0.001). We determined that there were delays in PKU screening from birth to admission to the polyclinic. Being a refugee, the presence of consanguineous marriages, the increase in the number of heel-prick tests, and blood phe levels at a range of 120–240 μmol/L were the factors that played a role in this delay. Taking steps to reduce the impact of these parameters can prevent delays in newborn PKU screening and increase the success of the screening program.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Screening: Recent and Future Developments)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Is Collaborative Care the Future of Medicine? Lessons Learned from the Care of Children with Colorectal Conditions
by
Julie M. Choueiki, Stephen Sales, Susan Callicott, David Ashman, Katherine Worst, Andrea Badillo, Briony K. Varda, Allison Mayhew, Thomas O. Xu and Marc A. Levitt
Children 2024, 11(5), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050570 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The treatment of patients with colorectal disorders requires care from a wide variety of medical and surgical specialties over the course of their lifetime. This is ideally handled by a collaborative center which facilitates the assessment and development of patient care among multiple
[...] Read more.
The treatment of patients with colorectal disorders requires care from a wide variety of medical and surgical specialties over the course of their lifetime. This is ideally handled by a collaborative center which facilitates the assessment and development of patient care among multiple specialties which can enhance the quality and implementation of treatment plans, improve communication among different specialties, decrease morbidity, and improve patient satisfaction and outcomes. This collaborative approach can serve as a model for other parts of medicine requiring a similar multi-disciplinary and integrated method of care delivery. We describe the process, as well as the lessons learned in developing such a program.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pediatric Colorectal Surgery)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Optimal Cut-Off Point of Physical Activity for the Prevention of Childhood Overweight and Obesity
by
Shuxian Wu, Yu Huang, Lei Wang, Xiang Zhao, Qiaohong Lv and Qingqing Wu
Children 2024, 11(5), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050569 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Childhood obesity might threaten children’s current and adulthood health outcomes. Previous studies have illustrated the positive effects of physical activity on weight control; however, there is a lack of evidence on the optimal dose of physical activity. Therefore, we aimed to explore the
[...] Read more.
Childhood obesity might threaten children’s current and adulthood health outcomes. Previous studies have illustrated the positive effects of physical activity on weight control; however, there is a lack of evidence on the optimal dose of physical activity. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between physical activity and overweight and obesity, as well as the optimal threshold for physical activity. The median (interquartile range) and number (proportion) were used to describe the statistics. The Mann–Whitney U test and chi-square test were used for an univariable analysis. The generalized additive model with a smooth function was used to depict the preliminary relationship between physical activity and overweight and obesity. The cut-off level of physical activity was identified using AddFor algorithms, and a logistic regression model was applied to explore the multivariable relationship between physical activity and overweight and obesity after adjusting for control variables. According to the statistical analyses, 24.3% of 842 children and adolescents had overweight and obesity. The average number of days that the participants engaged in more than one hour of physical activity was three days a week. The optimal cut-off level of physical activity for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity was 4 times a week. The participants who exercised more than four times a week (AOR(95% CI) = 0.56(0.38, 0.83), p = 0.004) were less likely to be overweight and obese. In the context of the general lack of physical activity among children and adolescents, we recommend that children and adolescents engage in 60 min of physical activity more than four times a week for a healthy weight.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Daytime Sleepiness from Preschool Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives: Is There a Difference?
by
Eugenija Marušić, Linda Lušić Kalcina, Ivana Pavlinac Dodig, Zoran Đogaš, Maja Valić and Renata Pecotić
Children 2024, 11(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050568 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the level of daytime sleepiness and sleep-related behaviors in preschool children and compared their self-evaluations with the evaluations of their parents. It was conducted in Split-Dalmatian County, Croatia, among 196 preschool children aged 6–7 years seen at regular medical
[...] Read more.
This cross-sectional study investigated the level of daytime sleepiness and sleep-related behaviors in preschool children and compared their self-evaluations with the evaluations of their parents. It was conducted in Split-Dalmatian County, Croatia, among 196 preschool children aged 6–7 years seen at regular medical examinations, accompanied by their parents, using the Epworth sleepiness scale for children and parents/caregivers. Compared to their child’s reports, parents tended to underestimate their child’s sleepiness while sitting in a classroom at school (p = 0.001) and overestimate their child’s sleepiness when lying down to rest or nap in the afternoon (p < 0.001). Boys were sleepier while sitting in a classroom at school during the morning than girls (p = 0.032). As much as 48.2% of preschool children had their own cellphones/tablets. Boys used video games (p < 0.001) and cellphones/tablets more than girls did (p = 0.064). Parental estimation of children playing video games at bedtime was lower than the child’s report (p < 0.001). Children who had a TV in their bedroom reported more daytime sleepiness (p = 0.049), and those who played video games at bedtime went to sleep later during the weekend (p = 0.024). Also, children owning cellphone/tablets had longer sleep latency during the weekend compared to children not owning a cellphone (p = 0.015). This study confirmed that parents tend to underestimate children’s habits of playing video games at bedtime and children’s sleepiness during morning classes. Preschool children who use electronic devices at bedtime more frequently have prolonged sleep latency. These findings provide further evidence of the effects of electronic media devices on preschoolers’ sleep patterns and daytime sleepiness.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Congenital Vascular Malformations in Children: From Historical Perspective to a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Modern Era—A Comprehensive Review
by
Frédérique C. M. Bouwman, Bas H. Verhoeven, Willemijn M. Klein, Leo J. Schultze Kool and Ivo de Blaauw
Children 2024, 11(5), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050567 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are the result of an aberrant development during embryogenesis. Although these lesions are present at birth, they are not always visible yet. Once symptomatic, patients suffer from pain, bleeding, ulcers, infections or lymphatic leakage, depending on the subtype of
[...] Read more.
Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are the result of an aberrant development during embryogenesis. Although these lesions are present at birth, they are not always visible yet. Once symptomatic, patients suffer from pain, bleeding, ulcers, infections or lymphatic leakage, depending on the subtype of vessels involved. Treatment includes conservative management, surgery, sclerotherapy, embolization and pharmacological therapy. The clinical presentation varies widely and treatment can be challenging due to the rarity of the disease and potential difficulties of treatment. This review gives an overview of the historical developments in diagnosis and classification and exposes the key elements of innovations in the past decades on the identification of genetic mutations and personalized treatment. These advances in the field and a multidisciplinary approach are highly valuable in the optimization of clinical care aimed at both curing or stabilizing the CVM and pursuing physical and psychosocial wellbeing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)
Open AccessArticle
Trends in Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography in the Smallest Preterm Neonates
by
Kristina Štuikienė, Elke Griesmaier, Ilona Aldakauskienė, Regina Vidmantė, Kastytis Šmigelskas and Rasa Tamelienė
Children 2024, 11(5), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050566 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Background. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography is increasingly used for the neuromonitoring of premature infants. However, it is still not clear how bioelectrical activity changes in the smallest gestational age newborns. The aim of our study was to evaluate the bioelectrical activity of amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms in
[...] Read more.
Background. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography is increasingly used for the neuromonitoring of premature infants. However, it is still not clear how bioelectrical activity changes in the smallest gestational age newborns. The aim of our study was to evaluate the bioelectrical activity of amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms in premature newborns of different gestational age to assess how gestational age and postnatal age influence patterns of amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms and to test the hypothesis of whether the bioelectrical activity of the brain matures faster after the birth of premature newborns than in utero. Methods. We prospectively included infants born before 32 weeks of gestational age between June 2020 and July 2022. Serial recordings of amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms were performed at three time points of age (days 1–3, 13–15, and 27–29). Recordings were analyzed for background patterns, the onset and appearance of cyclicity, and lower amplitude border and bandwidth, which were used to derive a composite Burdjalov score. Results. In total, 140 premature neonates were included in the study, and 112 of them completed the study. The median gestational age of the newborns enrolled in the study was 29 (27–30) weeks, and the mean weight was 1206 (350) g. Burdjalov scores increased with increasing gestational age. Higher scores were observed in every dimension of the amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms for newborns of lower gestational age when compared to newborns of higher gestational age of the same postmenstrual age. There was a significant correlation between gestational age and parameters of amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms at all time points. Conclusions. A higher gestational age has a positive effect on the bioelectrical activity of amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms. Increasing postnatal age affected amplitude-integrated electroencephalograms more than gestational age. Our hypothesis that the bioelectrical activity of the brain matures faster for premature newborns after birth than in the womb was confirmed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthcare for Neonates Volume II)
Open AccessEditorial
Shedding Light on Pediatric Fractures: Bridging the Knowledge Gap
by
Christiaan J. A. van Bergen and Joost W. Colaris
Children 2024, 11(5), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050565 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
After the great success of the printed edition of the Special Issue “Pediatric Fractures—Volume I”, which was published in 2023 containing 24 high-quality papers [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Fractures—Volume II)
Open AccessSystematic Review
Clinical Features and Management of Skull Base Fractures in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review
by
Geena Jung, Jorden Xavier, Hailey Reisert, Matthew Goynatsky, Margaret Keymakh, Emery Buckner-Wolfson, Timothy Kim, Ryan Fatemi, Seyed Ahmad Naseri Alavi, Andres Pasuizaca, Pushti Shah, Genesis Liriano and Andrew J. Kobets
Children 2024, 11(5), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050564 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Pediatric basilar skull fractures (BSFs) are a rare type of traumatic head injury that can cause debilitating complications without prompt treatment. Here, we sought to review the literature and characterize the clinical features, management, and outcomes of pediatric BSFs. We identified 21 relevant
[...] Read more.
Pediatric basilar skull fractures (BSFs) are a rare type of traumatic head injury that can cause debilitating complications without prompt treatment. Here, we sought to review the literature and characterize the clinical features, management, and outcomes of pediatric BSFs. We identified 21 relevant studies, excluding reviews, meta-analyses, and non-English articles. The incidence of pediatric BSFs ranged from 0.0001% to 7.3%, with falls from multi-level heights and traffic accidents being the primary causes (9/21). The median presentation age ranged from 3.2 to 12.8 years, and the mean age of patients across all studies was 8.68 years. Up to 55% of pediatric BSFs presented with intracranial hematoma/hemorrhage, along with pneumocephalus and edema. Cranial nerve palsies were a common complication (9/21), with the facial nerve injured most frequently (7/21). While delayed cranial nerve palsy was reported in a few studies (4/21), most resolved within three months post-admission. Other complications included CSF leaks (10/21) and meningitis (4/21). Management included IV fluids, antiemetics, and surgery (8/21) to treat the fracture directly, address a CSF leak, or achieve cranial nerve compression. Despite their rarity, pediatric skull base fractures are associated with clinical complications, including CSF leaks and cranial nerve palsies. Given that some of these complications may be delayed, patient education is critical.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Management of Cranial Injury in Children)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Prevalence of Obesity and Dental Caries in High School Adolescents during the First Decade of Saudi Vision 2030: A Cross-Sectional Study
by
Deema J. Farsi, Nada J. Farsi, Heba M. Elkhodary, Logain K. Alattas, Ali B. Alshaikh and Najat M. Farsi
Children 2024, 11(5), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050563 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Saudi Vision 2030 was launched in 2016. Obesity and dental caries are both highly prevalent in Saudi adolescents and have been targeted by the Vision’s health initiatives. The aim is to assess their prevalence in adolescents during the first decade since the launch
[...] Read more.
Saudi Vision 2030 was launched in 2016. Obesity and dental caries are both highly prevalent in Saudi adolescents and have been targeted by the Vision’s health initiatives. The aim is to assess their prevalence in adolescents during the first decade since the launch of the Vision. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using a stratified sample of 571 high school students, with an average age of 16.7 (0.6). Their height and weight were measured, and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The decayed, missed, and filled scores (DMFTs) were recorded after an oral examination. Non-parametric tests were used to assess the associations of DMFT with BMI, sex, and school type; and its predictors were assessed. One-third of males were overweight/obese compared with 22% of females. Males exhibited higher DMFTs than females. DMFTs were higher among public school students than among their private school counterparts. No significant association was observed between DMFT and BMI. Sex and school type were significant predictors of DMFT. The prevalence of obesity has slowly decreased in adolescents, but the prevalence of dental caries has not. There was no significant relationship between these conditions. Saudi Vision 2030’s current preventive/educational initiatives may be more effective in combating obesity than dental caries.
Full article
Open AccessReview
Metabolomics in Children Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy: Possible Contribution from a System Biology Approach?
by
Alice Bosco, Veronica Altea, Paola Beretta, Roberto Cacace, Vassilios Fanos and Angelica Dessì
Children 2024, 11(5), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050562 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
One of the most frequent triggers of food anaphylaxis in pediatric age but also among the most common, early, and complex causes of childhood food allergy is cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The diagnostic course and management of this allergy is defined in
[...] Read more.
One of the most frequent triggers of food anaphylaxis in pediatric age but also among the most common, early, and complex causes of childhood food allergy is cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The diagnostic course and management of this allergy is defined in a complex clinical picture due to several factors. First of all, the epidemiological data are not uniform, mainly as a consequence of the diagnostic methodology used in the various studies and the different age ranges covered. In addition, there is the complexity of terminology, since although CMPA traditionally refers to immune-mediated reactions to cow’s milk, it is a term encompassing numerous clinical features with different symptoms and the requirement for specific treatments. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other very frequent diseases, especially in the first year of life, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease or colic, is still complex. This can result in misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment, with harmful health consequences and significant economic repercussions. In this context, the combination of several omics sciences together, which have already proved useful in clarifying the allergenicity of cow’s milk proteins with greater precision, could improve the diagnostic tests currently in use through the identification of new, more specific, and precise biomarkers that make it possible to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict the patient’s response to the various available treatments for the recovery of tolerance.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessBrief Report
Association between Gross Motor Competence and Physical Fitness in Chilean Children Aged 4 to 6 Years
by
Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf, Paola Fuentes-Merino, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Daniel Duclos-Bastías, José Bruneau-Chávez, Diego Vergara-Ampuero and Eugenio Merellano-Navarro
Children 2024, 11(5), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050561 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The preschool period is considered critical for the development of motor competence, but as far as we know, no studies have investigated the association between motor competence and physical fitness in Chilean children. The aim of this study was to analyse the association
[...] Read more.
The preschool period is considered critical for the development of motor competence, but as far as we know, no studies have investigated the association between motor competence and physical fitness in Chilean children. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between gross motor competence and physical fitness, controlling for possible confounding factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 144 preschool children (56.25% girls) with an average age of 5.3 years (4 to 6 years) from the Araucanía region, Chile. Motor competence was measured using the Children’s Movement Assessment Battery, 2nd Edition (MABC-2). Regarding physical fitness, the components of cardiorespiratory fitness, lower body muscle strength and speed/agility were evaluated using the Battery to Assess FITness in PREschool (PREFIT). Partial correlation models and analysis of variance (ANCOVA) were used to assess differences in physical fitness between motor competence categories, controlling for age and body mass index. The mean fitness scores for cardiorespiratory fitness, lower body muscle strength and speed/agility components were significantly higher in children with higher gross motor competence. In terms of effect size, large values were found for the lower body strength component in model 1 for boys and in model 2 for the total samples of girls and boys. The results of this study suggest that good levels of gross motor competence are associated with better physical fitness levels.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence and Physical Activity in School Children)
Open AccessArticle
Factor Structure of the Experiences in Close Relationships—Relationship Structures Scale (ECR-RS) in Siblings of Children with Chronic Disorders
by
Krister W. Fjermestad, Stian Orm, Trude Fredriksen, Yngvild B. Haukeland and Torun M. Vatne
Children 2024, 11(5), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050560 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Our objective was to examine the factor structure of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationships Structures (ECR-RS), an attachment-theory based relationship measure, in at-risk sample comprising siblings of children with chronic disorders. Psychometric studies with general populations have demonstrated that the ECR-RS comprises two
[...] Read more.
Our objective was to examine the factor structure of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationships Structures (ECR-RS), an attachment-theory based relationship measure, in at-risk sample comprising siblings of children with chronic disorders. Psychometric studies with general populations have demonstrated that the ECR-RS comprises two factors, representing anxiety and avoidance in close relationships. The sample comprised 103 siblings (M age = 11.5 years, SD = 2.2, range 8 to 16 years) of children with chronic disorders and their parents. The siblings completed a 9-item version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationships Structures (ECR-RS) about their relations with mothers and fathers that was analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis. We examined construct validity using correlations between sibling social functioning, measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and parent mental health, measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The ECR-RS comprised two factors, anxiety and avoidance, in line with previous studies. Both factors demonstrated significant overlap with sibling social functioning, but not with parental mental health. We conclude that the ECR-RS comprises two factors, anxiety and avoidance, that are related to siblings’ social functioning. The ECR-RS can be used as a psychometrically sound measure of relationship anxiety and avoidance in families of children with chronic disorders.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Higher Adherence to the ALINFA Nutritional Intervention Is Effective for Improving Dietary Patterns in Children
by
Natalia Vázquez-Bolea, Naroa Andueza, Marta Cuervo and Santiago Navas-Carretero
Children 2024, 11(5), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050559 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Food patterns are deteriorating and, consequently, not meeting nutritional recommendations. Learning about the adherence to a diet is crucial for understanding children’s dietary habits. The objective of the present analysis was to assess the degree of compliance with the ALINFA nutritional intervention and
[...] Read more.
Food patterns are deteriorating and, consequently, not meeting nutritional recommendations. Learning about the adherence to a diet is crucial for understanding children’s dietary habits. The objective of the present analysis was to assess the degree of compliance with the ALINFA nutritional intervention and the effectiveness of adherence groups, and to evaluate potential baseline factors predicting a higher adherence to the intervention. A total of 44 children aged 6 to 12 years-old participated in the eight-week intervention. A two-week dietary plan was specifically designed, providing participants with food products, ready-to-eat dishes, and recipes. An intake of 75% of calories of the prescribed diet was defined to divide the participants into high- and low-adherence groups (HA/LA, respectively). From the 44 participants, 24 showed a LA to the intervention, whereas 20 of them were in the HA group. Diet quality improved in both groups (p < 0.001), mainly by increasing cereals and nuts, and reducing pastries. A decrease in BMI z-score was observed (LA: p < 0.001; HA: p = 0.021). Fat mass (p = 0.002), LDL-c (p = 0.036), and CRP (p = 0.023) reductions were only achieved in the HA group, whereas leptin decreased only in the LA group (p = 0.046). All participants ameliorated their dietary habits, but those with better diet quality at baseline experienced greater enhancements in their nutritional status.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition to Improve Child and Adolescent Health)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Children Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Behavioral Sciences, Children, Healthcare, IJERPH, Nutrients
Economics of Public Health: Assessment of Health Interventions
Topic Editors: Ce Shang, Amanda J. Quisenberry, Yingning WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Cancers, Children, Diseases, Healthcare, JCM
Children’s Diseases, Family Management, and Quality of Life
Topic Editors: Robert Śmigiel, Anna RozensztrauchDeadline: 19 December 2024
Topic in
Behavioral Sciences, Brain Sciences, Children, Geriatrics, Healthcare
Personality, Health and Well-Being among Different Age Groups
Topic Editors: Hajime Iwasa, Yuko YoshidaDeadline: 31 December 2024
Topic in
Children, Education Sciences, Sustainability
Artificial Intelligence in Early Childhood Education
Topic Editors: Philip Hui Li, Weipeng Yang, Ibrahim H. Yeter, Wenwei LuoDeadline: 1 April 2025
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Children
Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases in Children
Guest Editor: Corina PienarDeadline: 10 May 2024
Special Issue in
Children
Cardiometabolic Health in Children: Correlates, Determinants, Methodology, and Policy
Guest Editors: Lee Stoner, Paula Skidmore, Simon HigginsDeadline: 25 May 2024
Special Issue in
Children
Increasing Knowledge on Learning and Behavioral Difficulties in Children
Guest Editors: Pietro Muratori, Chiara PeciniDeadline: 5 June 2024
Special Issue in
Children
Risk and Resilience Factors Associated with Peer Victimization in Children and Adolescents
Guest Editors: Lauri Jensen-Campbell, Priya Iyer-EimerbrinkDeadline: 10 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Children
Novel Treatments, Approaches, Prevention Strategies and Insights in Pediatric, Adolescent, and Gynecological Endocrinology
Collection Editors: Dimitrios Papadimitriou, Nicoletta Iacovidou, Nikos F. Vlahos, George Mastorakos
Topical Collection in
Children
Pediatric Palliative Care Update
Collection Editor: Regina Okhuysen-Cawley
Topical Collection in
Children
Pediatric Nursing in a Post-pandemic World
Collection Editor: Linda Franck