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Terms in this set (28)
Encoding
refers to the process whereby people notice and pay attention to information in their environment, transforming sensory data into some sort of mental representation.
Storage
the process by which people maintain in memory this new information they have encoded
Retrieval
the process by which people recall information stored in their memories
Under what conditions do crimes usually occur?
Quickly, unexpectedly, under poor viewing conditions (e.g., at night), and under stress.
The more stress people are under, the __________ their memory of the details of a crime or the people involved.
worse
What influences the information witnesses notice?
- Their expectations
- Focus on weapon rather than a culprits features
- Focus on weapon rather than a culprits features
When might we not remember a person or event very well even if we notice it?
When we're unfamiliar with it
What is own-race bias (the cross-race effect)? Why does it occur?
People are more accurate in identifying members of their own race; people have more contact with members of their own race
What features are people drawn to when examining different-race faces?
features that distinguish that face from their own race, rather than individuating feature
What is reconstructive memory?
the distortion of memories of an event by information encountered after the event occurred
What does research on reconstructive memory report?
information we obtain after witnessing an event can change our memories of the event.
What were the results of the Elizabeth Loftus and colleagues (1978) study?
Most people (75%) who were asked about the sign they had actually seen chose the correct picture. However, of those who had received the misleading question, only 41% chose the correct photograph. That is power of leading questions asked after an incident to influence people's actual memory for the event itself
Why might police officers have led witnesses by asking questions that implicated Adams and not Harris?
At the time of the murder, Harris was a juvenile and could not receive the death penalty for killing a police officer; Adams was in his thirties and was eligible for the death penalty, allowing them to pursue the most severe of penalties for someone who they believed had killed one of their colleagues.)
What is source monitoring?
the process people use to try to identify the basis for their memories
How do eyewitnesses who view a photo array or live lineup often complete the task of choosing a perpetrator?
process of elimination