Database Examples, Schema & Types | What is a Database?
Table of Contents
- What is a Database?
- Database Management and Types of Database Management
- What Are Databases Used For?
- Lesson Summary
Modified True or False Exercise on Databases
Exercise
Check your knowledge of the lesson on the examples and types of databases by determining whether the following statements are true or false. For this activity, print or copy this page on a piece of paper. Write TRUE if the statement is valid and FALSE if otherwise on the blank space provided. If the statement is FALSE, write down the word or phrase that makes it wrong.
_____ 1. Desktop database programs are the most innovative structures for storing data as of today.
_____ 2. Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database by breaking up data into its smallest possible parts.
_____ 3. A library is an organized container of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.
_____ 4. Text databases are intended for a single user and provides the ability to store large amounts of data while keeping manageable system performance.
_____ 5. A number of schemas create a database and multiple databases can be created on a single server.
_____ 6. A database is typically represented by a cylindrical diagram.
_____ 7. An operational database provides support for transaction processing especially in managing, changing and storing data in real time.
_____ 8. Warehouse databases are designed for query and analysis of business performance and long-term changes.
_____ 9. NoSQL specifically attempts to simplify bookshelves by storing data in a normalized way.
_____ 10. Object-oriented databases are the most common database systems.
Answer Key
For False answers, the correct word or phrase is written in italic right next to the incorrect word for comparison.
1. FALSE, Desktop database programs, NoSQL and object-oriented databases
2. TRUE
3. FALSE, library, Databases
4. FALSE, Text databases, Desktop database programs
5. TRUE
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8.TRUE
9. FALSE, normalized, denormalized
10. FALSE, Object-oriented databases, Relational databases
Table of Contents
- What is a Database?
- Database Management and Types of Database Management
- What Are Databases Used For?
- Lesson Summary
To answer the question what is a database, it's important to understand the concept of data. Data are units of information, such as facts and statistics, that when analyzed in digital form, can provide insight for business purposes and scientific discovery. Therefore, a database is a computer structure that saves, organizes, protects, and delivers data.
Essentially, a database is an online container that houses data, just as a library houses books. Databases are commonly represented by a cylindrical diagram and are comprised of database schema which are objects such as tables and columns.
What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?
Structured query language, or SQL, is a programming language that is used in database management systems to edit, remove, and request information. SQL turns large amounts of data into usable information by inquiring, manipulating, and organizing the data sets and has become the standard for programming data management systems due to its easy user accessibility and efficiency.
Evolution of a Database
While the computers and database systems used today are highly advanced, database systems started on paper when people would write down important information and store it in hand-written columns and tables. As technology advanced, so did the concept of a database.
In the 18th century, punch cards were developed to originally help program machines. These physical pieces of paper held data according to holes placed on the card. Data was stored in specific patterns on the cards and presented information based on the presence or absence of a punch hole. IBM took this basic system and doubled the amount of data a card could hold. This technological advancement led the way for companies like UNIVAC to completely transfer data to computers and away from punch cards.
In the 21st century, almost all computer systems are beyond punch card technology, but punch cards are still used in events like political voting.
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A database management system, or DBMS, is a system that contains databases. This system allows a user to store, organize, and retrieve information from a computer. Some of these systems are designed as single-user systems and include:
- Text databases - the simplest type of database where data is organized in a text file by rows and columns and includes lists such as names, important dates, locations, etc.
- Desktop database programs - provide a container to house information and are more complex as they can manipulate data on a quicker and larger scale.
While most computer users are familiar with single-user systems, there are more complex databases that allow for multiple users and advanced security. See the list below for more types of database examples.
Relational Databases
Relational Database Management Systems, or RDBMS, are the most common database management systems and are characterized by the following:
- Multiple users can work on the same data at the same time
- Little to no system performance issues
- Advanced security for sensitive data to be stored safely
- Puts data into columns and rows which create tables through a process called normalization
Normalization organizes data by breaking it up into the smallest possible parts. For example, instead of putting someone's full name in one cell, normalization asks you to separate the name by first and last which will allow a user to sort and search that data in smaller sections.
Object-Oriented Databases
Object-oriented databases are the most innovative structures for storing data as they do not follow the table/row/column approach. Essentially, object-oriented databases build bookshelves of elements where a user can access the data on each shelf. The system will scan the bookshelves and search for specific books to find the data a user is seeking.
SQL Databases
SQL databases, such as NoSQL, work in the same way as object-oriented databases in that they do not follow the table/row/column approach. However, SQLs specifically store data in a denormalized way which means they store and group data in large chunks and point a user in the direction of the needed data. This type of data processing allows a user to access large quantities of data at a time.
Network Databases
A network database is where multiple pieces of data can connect to a single record and those overarching records, or parent records, can connect to other records. Think of this type of system like a tree with multiple branches or a spider's web with multiple intersectional points. With a network database, you can connect data through multiple relationships which means a user can access and organize the data in multiple ways.
Graph Databases
A graph database, sometimes known as a graph-oriented database, is used for large sets of distributed data and is typically used to analyze relationships between data sets. It's considered a non-relational database because it uses graphs instead of tables.
The graph database uses nodes and edges to store and organize data. Nodes are used to represent entities such as people, and edges are used to build the connections between the nodes.
Diagrams: How Different Databases Connect
While each database is different, a programmer can use UML (Unified Modeling Language) to connect databases and allow databases to speak to each other. This process synchronizes the information within different databases and analyzes relational data relevant to the project in question. In turn, the software will create diagrams to help a user better understand and analyze data sets.
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It's clear databases are used in business, but what are databases used for in everyday life? Since databases house information in various ways and can be used to edit, store, and organize any data a user wishes to collect, it seems programmers aren't the only people using databases on a daily basis. See the list below for common/everyday database uses.
- Medical Records
- Online Television Streaming
- Social Media
- Finances
- Online Shopping Platforms
- Photo/Document Storage
- Gaming
Differences Between Databases and Spreadsheets
While they might feel like the same concept, databases and spreadsheets are different. Spreadsheets are electronic forms or ledgers that aim to store data and make basic tables and calculations. Databases are able to complete the same tasks, but the way in which they house the data is the key difference.
Spreadsheets store the values in cells, whereas databases store values in tables. While they both contain data, databases can store a lot more data than spreadsheets, and they create more complex relationships between the data stored in the system.
For example, you could create a spreadsheet of patients at a hospital. This could include names, appointment dates, demographic information, etc. But say you wanted to house that information along with doctor's notes, test results, and upcoming appointments. A database would allow all of that information to be housed and edited in one spot and each aspect of the system would speak to the others. Think of a spreadsheet as a 2-D model, whereas a database is a 3-D interactive system.
Database Software
There are many types of database software. Here are the most commonly used DBMS on the web today:
- MySQL - High-speed commercial data processing system that uses C and C++ on Windows and Linux
- Microsoft SQL Server - Commercial database server that's compatible with Oracle and great for multi-user needs
- Microsoft Access - Affordable management system mainly used for e-commerce
- Oracle - The most popular commercial object-relational management software that runs on Windows, UNIX, and Linux
- IBM DB2 - Easy to install and use and can hold large quantities of data
- DbVisualizer - Universal database tool that can run on Windows, Linux, and macOS
- MongoDB - An open source tool that can process large amounts of data at a time
- Amazon RDS - Easy to install/run and features an automatic backup system for maximum protection
Using Database Software to Improve Business Performance
Since databases collect, store, and organize data, businesses can use these systems to improve productivity. Here are a few ways using databases effectively can improve business performance:
- Tracking inventory
- Managing customer data
- Streamlining HR information
- Budgeting and finance
- Predicting future trends
Database Challenges
While it's clear databases have made living easier when it comes to documenting and business strategy, databases are not perfect. Here are a few ways in which databases are failing to meet the mark:
- Security breaches, data safety, and privacy concerns
- Processing speeds
- Programming bias
- Keeping up with technology innovation
- Server failures
When choosing a database for business, it's important to consider these flaws and look at the reliability rates of the products available, especially when it comes to privacy and performance. No system is perfect, so ensuring you find the right system for your needs is imperative when it comes to business management.
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A database is a computer structure that saves, organizes, protects, and delivers data and is commonly represented by a cylindrical diagram. Text databases are the simplest type of database as they use rows and columns to organize data in a process called normalization as opposed to denormalization which stores data in large chunks. Using a database management system (DBMS), a user can house databases and create relationships between data sets to help businesses better understand customers, finances, and productivity.
Types of database management systems include:
- Relational (RDBMS)
- Object-Oriented
- SQL
- Network
- Graph
While databases may feel like a foreign concept, online television streaming, social media platforms, hospitals, and gaming platforms all use databases to run. There can be challenges when it comes to databases, such as privacy breaches, performance issues, and programmer bias, but overall, databases have made living easier and businesses run more efficiently.
So, what are the big takeaways?
- Database definition: databases save, organize, protect, and deliver data.
- Database management systems house data and create relationships between data sets.
- Relational database management systems (RDBMS) are the most common.
- Databases can help businesses run more efficiently and effectively.
- Databases aren't perfect; security and performance issues happen.
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Video Transcript
Defining Databases
Databases are basically containers for data. Because a public library stores books, we could also say that a library is a database of books. But strictly defined, databases are computer structures that save, organize, protect, and deliver data. A system that contains databases is called a database management system, or DBMS. The typical diagram representation for a database is a cylinder:
In its most general sense, a database is used to organize data. It allows you to quickly add, change, and update data.
Types of Databases
The simplest form of databases is a text database. When data is organized in a text file in rows and columns, it can be used to store, organize, protect, and retrieve data. Saving a list of names in a file, starting with first name and followed by last name, would be a simple database. Each row of the file represents a record. You can update records by changing specific names, you can remove rows by deleting lines, and you can add new rows by adding new lines.
Desktop database programs are another type of database that's more complex than a text database but intended for a single user. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet or Microsoft Access are good examples of desktop database programs. These programs allow users to enter data, store it, protect it, and retrieve it when needed. The benefit of desktop database programs over text databases is the speed of changing data, and the ability to store large amounts of data while keeping performance of the system manageable.
Relational databases are the most common database systems. They include databases like SQL Server, Oracle Database, Sybase, Informix, and MySQL. The relational database management systems (RDMS) feature much better performance for managing data over desktop database programs. For example, they allow multiple users (even thousands!) to work with the data at the same time, creating advanced security for access to the data. RDBMS systems store data in columns and rows, which in turn make up tables. A table in RDBMS is like a spreadsheet. A set of tables makes up a schema. A number of schemas create a database. Many databases can be created on a single server.
The most innovative structures for storing data today are NoSQL and object-oriented databases. These do not follow the table/row/column approach of RDBMS. Instead, they build bookshelves of elements and allow access per bookshelf. So, instead of tracking individual words in books, NoSQL and object-oriented databases narrow down the data you are looking for by pointing you to the bookshelf, then a mechanical assistant works with the books to identify the exact word you are looking for. NoSQL specifically attempts to simplify bookshelves by storing data in a denormalized way; this means storing it in large chunks.
Normalization is a database business process to break up data into the smallest possible parts. Instead of storing first and last name in one bucket, or field, normalization requires that you store the first name separately from the last name. This is helpful if you want to sort the data by last name or by first name. RDBMS systems require that data is normalized.
Databases Categorized by Local Design
Depending on how databases are designed, they can be divided into operational databases and database warehouses. When databases store everyday data with fast updates, they're transactional or operational. These are most common. For example, inventory databases and product databases are all operational. Such databases require high speed of writing and high speed of reading. This makes them special and very sensitive to performance.
A key feature of operational databases is support for transactions. When a user purchases a TV online, it's important to remove money from his credit card first, and only ship the TV if the part is successful. The transaction feature would lock the inventory table, lock the order table, and commit all changes only once the entire transaction was successful.
Database warehouses are intended to store many versions of the same data. Operational databases are often copied into warehouses on regular bases. This makes warehouses very large. An operational database may store a person's current last name. If the name changes, perhaps through marriage, the new last name will replace the old one.
A warehouse database provides an advantage by remembering the old last name and tracking when the change took place. The reason for warehouses is to track business performance trends and long-term changes. This allows business executives to see the trends and make strategic, long-term decisions. This area of computer science is called business intelligence.
Example: Text Database
Here is an example of a text database used commonly in today's Linux systems. It's saved on the computer in an /etc/passwd file.
nobody:*:-2:-2:Unprivileged User:/var/empty:/usr/bin/false root:*:0:0:System Administrator:/var/root:/bin/sh daemon:*:1:1:System Services:/var/root:/usr/bin/false
This database has a specific list of columns, and each row in the file has the same type of information. We start with the user name, followed by '*' which replaces password, then the number of a user, then the number of a group, then the comment field, including the name of the user, followed by the home directory of the user, followed by the shell of the user. A shell is the main program the user executes. Even if the contents of each row don't mean much to you, the idea is that specific data is stored on each row.
Lesson Summary
Let's review. Databases are computer structures that save, organize, protect, and deliver data. A system that contains databases is called a database management system, or DBM.
We discussed four main types of databases: text databases, desktop database programs, relational database management systems (RDMS), and NoSQL and object-oriented databases. We also talked about two ways to categorize databases based on their logical design: operational databases and database warehouses.
Learning Outcomes
Once you are finished, you should be able to:
- Recall what a database is and what it is used for
- Identify and describe different types of databases
- Discuss the two ways of categorizing a database
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