Ivan Marković imarkovi54@gmail.com Brief comparative grammar of Greek and Phrygian language Phonology Consonants Stops Palatals Indoeuropean palatals 1became plain guturals in Greek:ĸ became κ, ĝ became γ and ĝh became χ.In Phrygian voiceless and voiced palatals became κ but ĝh probably became ζ. For example: 1)voiceless palatal-indoeuropean *dekmt became δέκα in Greek.In Phrygian δεκμουταις(tenth) 2)voiced palatal-indoeuropean * ĝenesos became γένος in Greek, but κενος(generation) in Phrygian 3)ĝh -indoeuropean * ĝhem became χαμαί in Greek, but ζεμελος(human being,man) in Phrygian.Cf. Latin homo from *hemo(man, human being) lit.”from soil”.Cf.Thracian semela, Serbian-zemlja(soil, land). Labiovelars Indoeuropean labiovelars became in Greek2: 1)qw before a,o or consonants became π, before ε,η,ι become τ and before or after υ became κ 2)gw before a,o or consonants became β,before ε,η,ι become δ and before or after υ became γ 3)gwh before a,o or consonants became φ,before ε,η,ι become θ and before or after υ became χ In Phrygian: 1)qw became κ 2)gw became κ 3)gwh became γ For example: 1)qw indoeuropean *penqwe(number 5) became πέντε in Greek but πινκε in Phrygian 2)gw indoeuropean *gwena(woman) became γυνή in Greek(Aeolic βανά) but in Phrygian κναικα 3)gwh indoeuropean * gwherm became θερμός in Greek, but γερμε in Phrygian 1 Carl Darling Buck “Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin” Chicago and London 1933 2 Ibid. Dentals In both languages indoeuropean *t and *d remain same:τ and δ.Examples are below: 1)*t became τ in τάς(acc.plur.of ή) in Greek and τας(those) in Phrygian. 2)*d became δ in δική(justice) in both languages. 3)*dh in Greek became θ but in Phrygian there was δ, most probably.Cf. Phrygian δεFος, Greek θεός.But maybe *dh became τ in Phrygian before ι, cf. τιος, τιFεια Labials In both languages indoeuropean *p and *b remain same:π and β.Examples are below: 1)*pater became πατήρ in Greek and πατηρ in Phrygian 2)*b in βάρβαρος in Greek and βαλην(king) in Phrygian. *Bh in Greek became φ but in Phrygian became β.Examples: Indoeuropean *bheremi became φέρω in Greek but βερ- in Phrygian.Both words had same meaning(bear). Indoeuropean *bhrater became φράτηρ in Greek but βρατερε in Phrygian. Liquids and Nasals Liquids and nasals remain same in both languages.Examples are below: 1)indoeuropean *l became λ in both: λαFαγτ in Phrygian and ra-wa-ke-ta in Mycenean Greek; 2)indoeuropean *r became ρ in both: φέρω and βερ-; 3)indoeuropean *m became μ in both:μήτηρ(Greek) and ματαρ(Phrygian); 4)indoeuropean *n became ν in both:όνομα(Greek) and ονομαν (Phrygian); W, S and J Indoeuropean *w remains in Phrygian in all positions in words, but in Greek it was lost in Attic-Ionic in very early period(between Mycenean and Homeric period) and in Lesbian, but remained in all other dialects. Examples for Phrygian W:Fανακτ(king),FεναFτυν(himself),δεFος(gods),ιτυF(let him become).Examples for Greek W: wa-na-ka(Mycenean Greek) but άναξ in Homeric, ξένFος but ξέινος(Ionic) and ξένος(Attic) 3. Indoeuropean *s remained in Phrygian in all positions, but in Greek remained before or after a voiceless stop and in final position, but lost in initial position before vowel where became spiritus asper and lost between vowels except few examples.Examples for Phrygian: γισα(stone), εFετεσετεj(good birth).Examples for Greek:έπτά from *septam(Lat.septem, Sanskrit sapta, Serbian-sedam), ήδΰς from *swadus(Latin suavis, Sanskrit svadus).Indoeuropean *j(consonantal y) remains in all positions in Phrygian, except probably in initial position,but lost in all positions in Greek,becoming regularly spiritus asper in initial position, but in some words became ζ in same position.4Examples for Phrygian:ανεγερτοj(rebuild), ακραjο(high,elevated), κυρjανεjον(leader). Vowels and diphthongs All vowels and diphthongs from indoeuropean remain unchanged in Greek, except long 3 Ibid. pag.137 4 Ibid.pag.138,139 a.Looks like there is a similar situation in Phrygian.Considering this situation, we start with long a.In Greek long a remained long α in all Greek dialects except Ionic and Attic.In Ionic long α became η in all positions, in Attic in all positions except after ε, ρ and ι.For example: Doric τιμά, Ionic-Attic- τιμή, Doric ίσταμι,Ionic-Attic- ίστήμι, Doric and Attic χώρα,Ionic χώρη.In Phrygian we have example with δικη(inscription:Midas city 31) but we do not know is this word loanwoard from Greek or original Phrygian word. Except this obscurity, we have change from Fανακτ in old Phrygian to ουανακταν in Neophrygian.In similar situations in Greek we have complete loss of w as in άναξ and in AtticIonic dialect.But in most number of situations there was similar development vowels in both languages. Conclusion We can see that Phrygian had more archaic phonological features than post-mycenaean Greek.Voice F(digama or wau) remained inPhrygian as well as inMycenaean Greek.Voices s and j(consonantal y) remained in Phrygian and it means that Phrygian had pure indoeuropeans voices as in κυρjανεjον from indoeuropean *koiran.Considering palatals, voiceless palatal became voiceless k as vell as in Greek but and voiced palatal became voiceless velar as well as in Macedonian.This can be explained by fact that Phrygian were neighbours to Macedonians .When we talk about labiovelars, Phrygian development was identical as Thracian and Macedonian what can be explained as above.Indoeuropean *bh developed identicaly in Phrygian,Macedonian, Thracian, German and Slavonic languages and differently from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit.Last we can see that nasals and liquids developed identicaly in Phrygian and Greek but and in most other indoeuropean languages.Well, although Phrygian was relative of Greek considering vocabulary and morphology, it had different development in phonology. Morphology In Phrygian morphology we do not have clear situation as in phonology, mostly thanks to absence of written evidence in Phrygian inscriptions and second sources such as different notes in classical books.We need to make reconstruction wherever it is possible.Phrygian had all features as well as most part of indoeuropean languages.It means that Phrygian had declension of nouns, three genders, two voices, minimum two moods(indicative and imperative and most probably optative) and tenses.But when we consider personal endings of verbs or case endings of nouns thinks become more complicated because we have not enough written materials not only in original Phrygian inscriptions, but also in Greek or Roman literature.In considering of this questions we need to be carefull, mostly in trying to reconstruct case and personal endings. Nouns As we know, in indoeuropean languages there are six basic stems:a-, o-, u-, i-, consonant and diphthongal stem.In Phrygian we do not have unique written word with all possible case endings and we must use different words of same stem with different endings in reconstruction declension of nouns.We can start with a- stem. A stem Singular case Greek Phrygian Nom. χώρα-Dor.etc. χώρη-Ion. Gen. χώρας Dat. τιFεια χώρης χώρα(with iota subscriptum) χώρη (with iota subscriptum) Acc. χώραν χώρην Voc. χώρα χώρη μανκαν Abl.Loc.Ins. O stem Singular case Greek Phrygian Nom. λύκος κακος Gen. λύκου -Ion-Att, -οιοThess,Homeric κου(relative pronoun) Dat. λύκω(with iota subscriptum) κακυιοι Acc. λύκον τοπον Voc. λύκε O stem Plural case Greek Nom. λύκοι Gen. λύκων Dat. λύκοις λύκοιςι -Ion,Lesb,early Attic Phrygian FερκτεFοjς Acc. λύκους Τευτους? λύκοι Consonant stems Case Gutural stems singular Greek Nom. φύλαξ Gen. φύλακος Dat. φύλακι Acc. φύλακα Voc. φύλαξ Phrygian Fανακτει Dental stems case Nom. Greek Phrygian πούς-Ion-Attic πώς-Dor. Gen. ποδός Dat. ποδί Acc. πόδα Voc. πούς ποδας(acc.plur) Liquid stems singular case Greek Phrygian Nom. πατήρ Ματαρ Gen. πατρός ματερεζ Dat. πατρί ματερεj βρατερε Acc. πατέρα Voc. πάτερ ματεραν Liquid stems Plural case Greek Nom. πατέρες Gen. πατέρων Dat. πατράσι Acc. πατέρας Voc. πάτερες Phrygian πατερης πατριυιοις Nasal stems case Greek Nom. ποιμήν Gen . ποιμένος Dat. ποιμένι Acc. ποιμένα Voc. ποιμήν Phrygian αναρ κυνας(acc.plur) Σ stems case Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. Greek γένος γένεος-Homeric γένους-Attic γένει γένος γένος Verbs Tenses Phrygian κενος Fετει Present tense Phrygian-οποροκιτι(3rd sigular present tense) cf. Greek πρός-κειται.We can see that in Phrygian remained indoeuropean ending for 3rd pers.singular present tense -ti(cf.*bhereti) but in Greek thematic form has ending -ει.Most probably,this ending came from -εις(2nd pers.singular present tense)5by analogy.But -ti appears only in unthematic forms as for example in εστί.But in Phrygian we have ending -s for 3rd sigular present tense in εγδαες.Probably this -s became in process similar to process in Greek: Dor.τίθητι>Att.τίθησι.In Phrygian present tense we have attested not only indicative but also optative: απνεκροιυν (3rd plural optative present tense).If this form is really optative, we can see -oi as well as in Greek optative -οι.That means Greek and Phrygian had indoeuropean optative form -oi unchanged.There is passive voice in Phrygian-ιρτερ(cf. Lat. ending -tor) which is unknown not only in Greek but also in most of indoeuropean languages6, but is common in Italic and Celtic and also is attested in Tocharian and Hittite.Origin of this ending is obscure.Diferrent forms of imperative are well attested in Phrygian thanks to fact that most Phrygian inscriptions are damnation formulae and often contain forms like “let him be..., let them be..., be”.For example, ιτυF(let him become), ειτου(same meaning, 3rd pers.singular active), καρατυ(let him sacrifice).In Greek common ending is -τω for 3rd pers. sing.act.present tense.Origin of this -τω as well as Lat.-to is in the ablative singular of the pronominal stem *to used adverbially and attached to the verb stem in imperative use.We can see this ending in Phrygian as -tu, tuv. Past tense Past tenses in Phrygian are well attested and Phrygian had minimum two: some kind of aorist and perfect.Before we start to exhibit these tenses we have to consider aspects of actions and their connections with verbal stems.We know from Greek that there are three verbal stems connected with some aspect of actions.First stem,present, reflects continuing, continuous actions.Aorist stem reflects momentary action, action in beginning or end of actions.Perfect stem reflects completed action.Greek inherited this situation from indoeuropean parent speech, where tenses primarily denoted differences in aspect of actions and scarcely incidentally implied differences in time. For example:pres. φεύγω-I running away, aor.έφυγον-I ran and perfect stem πέφευγα- I finished my running.We can suppose that similar situation was in Phrygian because Phrygian had archaic morphological structure, but we can not know for lack of evidence.We have few forms what looks like Greek aorist with augment, for exampleεδαες(3rd pers. indicative aorist active), εσταες(same form as εδαες).There was some form of perfect attested in few words, for instance:γεγρειμενο(apparently midle participle of perfect) cf.Greek γεγραμμένος. We can conclude- Phrygian aorist had augment and Phrygian perfect had reduplication as well as Greek aorist and perfect. Future 5 Ibid. pag.245 6 Ibid. pag.251 Phrygian had most probably the future, attested in form εγεσετι(3rd pers.singular ind.future active).There was σ-future same as in Greek, but in Phrygian remained indoeuropean ending -ti. Pronouns, adjectives etc. We have in Phrygian attested relative pronoun:κος(nom. sing.), κου(gen.sing.), κιν(acc.sing.). Κος cf. Indoeuropean *quis, Lat.quis, Myc.qi-, Hitt. quiš, Serbian ko, Eng. who.We see that Phrygian pronoun belong to o-stems as well as Greek ός.Phrygian had form ιος or yος, too.We have Phrygian αFτος(nom.), αFταy(dat.), αFτυν(acc.) cf. Greek αυτός, αυτόν.When we talk about adjectives, there was more attested adjectives than pronouns.Most of them belong to ostems, for instance:βαγαyος, βαλαιον, κακον... . Morphological conclusion Endings in Phrygian nouns and verbs indicate that Phrygian had more arhaic morphological features than Greek.Phrygian conserved indoeuropean dative ending -ei in consonantal stems and -oi in o stems in singular.When we talk about verbs, we can see that Phrygian have indoeuropean ending -ti for III person singular active in present Conclusion As we can see, Greek and Phrygian was most closed relatives,in vocabulary as well as for example Serbian and Bulgarian or German and Dutch and in morphological structure even more than Serbian and Bulgarian.We thing that Greek and Phrygian was belonging group of languages relatives same as Serbian and Bulgarian are belonging to Slavic group or English and German to Germanic group of languages.We should name this group “paleohellenic”.We do not know which was other members of this group.Thracian or Paionic most likely was not, but Misian, if it was language different from Phrygian, was member of this group. Bibliography Carl Darling Buck,1933 -Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, the University of Chikago press Fred C. Woudhuizen-Phrygian and Greek,http://www.scribd.com/doc/98867834/Phrygianand-Greek-Lang http://www.palaeolexicon.com