AMERICAN OCCUPATION TREATY OF PARIS *American and Spanish government officials signed the Treaty of Paris six months after Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite. *The treaty contained various provisions which were obviously in favor of American colonial interest in the Pacific Region: >>Spain was directed to withdraw their colonial power and sovereignty from Cuba. >>Spain was ordered to surrender its two colonial states (Guam and Puerto Rico) to the United States. >>the U.S. Congress had the sole power to grant the political and civil rights of the people living in the ceded territory. >>the U.S. Congress had the sole power to grant the political and civil rights of the people living in the ceded territory. >>The U.S. was ordered to pay 20 million dollars to Spain. >>the colonial status of the Philippines continued in the hands of the Americans when the Philippines was ceded to U.S. THE MALOLOS CONGRESS *Pres. Aguinaldo introduced the democratic principles in the Philippine political system. *Malolos Congress was convened on September 15, 1898 at the Barasoain Church. >>to tackle essential things and problems that may emerge during the formulation of the constitution. *according to Mabini, the main purpose of the establishment of Malolos Congress was to assist the President on decision making process. *the entire assembly ruled that the argument of Apolinario Mabini was out of order. *accomplishments of the Malolos Congress: >>issues with regard to political governance, finance, foreign affairs and education were finally defined and solved; >>ratification of the Philippine Declaration of Independence; >>enactment of applicable laws pertaining to proper disbursement and spending of government funds; >>establishment of public schools in the primary, secondary and tertiary levels; >>appropriation of funds; >>appointment of Filipino diplomats to empower the foreign policy of the Philippines. >>2 months after the convention of the Malolos Congress, the Malolos Constitution was finally drafted, ratified, and approved. >>the promulgated Constitution was drafted after the Constitution was drafted after the constitutions of European and Latin American countries >>major provisions of the Malolos Constitution: #free primary education #separation of Church and State; #protection of the three important human rights-right to life, right to liberty and right to property; #mandatory tax collection; #definition of judicial and executive powers; and #respect for individual rights. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC *the promulgation of the Constitution was made on January 21, 1899. *2 days after the promulgation of the charter, the First Philippine Republic was established *accomplishment of the defunct Revolutionary Government: >>the people were informed on the latest updates with regard to government policies and programs through El Heraldo dela Revolucion >>the government permitted its people to exercise the freedom of the press >>improvement of the Philippine education system THE FIL-AM WAR *the U.S. colonial policy to the Philippines: Benevolent Assimilation >>summary of American colonial policy in the Philippines #the U.S. Government will recognize the private and individual rights of the Filipino people; # the U.S. Government will recognize the submissive actions exerted by the Filipino people; #municipal laws will be enforced; #Filipinos who will aspire to occupy a public position shall take an oath of allegiance to the U.S. government; and #the cession of the whole archipelago will be tantamount to the control of all the public property. *reasons for the outbreak of Fil-Am War: >>the U.S. did not recognize Philippine independence >>the Filipinos were Not permitted to participate in the Treaty of Paris >>San Juan Bridge incident *Aguinaldo declared an all-out war against the U.S. *the Filipino-American War eventually reached Malolos, Bulacan, wherein the seat of the political power was located. *equipped with high-powered ammunitions, the American troops gradually defeated the Filipino troops of the First Philippine Republic. U.S. CONGRESS AND AMERICAN COLONIZATION *the American Senate was divided when the executive government decided to cede the Philippines #imperialists-pro American colonization #anti-imperialists-anti American colonization *approval of the peace treaty (Treaty of Paris) was delayed because of this issue *unpopular reasons of U.S. government to colonize the Philippines: >>economic interest >>military interest >>religious interest ESTABLISHMENT OF AMERICAN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT *American Military Government >>the military government in the Philippines lasted from August 1898 to July 1901 >>the first American military governor was General Wesley Meritt. #the last American military governor was General Arthur MacArthur >>Schurman Commission #was formed in order to examine the socio-political condition of the Philippines after the defeat of the Spaniards and before the American colonization #recommend that the U.S. government must continue to control (colonize) the Philippines. >>Taft Commission #headed by William Howard Taft #was formed by president McKinley on March 16, 1900 in order to introduce the civilian government into Philippine political system #marked the end of American military government in the Philippines #the commission was granted executive and legislative powers to be able to form civilian and municipal governments #it immediately carried out its mission to civilianize the Philippine government #Laws passed by the Taft Commission: (1)formation of the Benguet province; (2)establishment of local and municipal governments; (3)formation of Philippine Constabulary >>William Howard Taft became the first civil governor of the Philippines on July 4, 1901 “The Philippines is for the Filipinos” >>Taft’s administration was plagued by various kinds of problems which involved insufficiency of funds, uncontrollable speared of communicable diseases and socio-political instability >>eligible Filipinos who were appointed in the executive department: *Gregorio Araneta *Cayetano Arellano *Jose Luriaga, Benito Legarda Sr., and Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902 *enabled the Filipinos to pursue their political involvement in Philippine civilian government *associated with the American Bill of Rights *appointed two American commissioners who were tasked to represent the Filipinos to the United States Congress *provided for the establishment of Philippine Assembly *conditions: >>nationwide census; >>two-year moratorium is conducted after the publication of census; and >>peace and order are fully restored. *inaugurated at the historical Old Manila Grand Opera House *party system was also introduced when Partido Nacionalista and Partido Nacional Progresista joined the position in the Assembly *nine years after the inauguration of Philippine Assembly, the new Philippine Legislature Assembly, the new Philippine Legislature was inaugurated on October 16, 1916 *Manuel Quezon was elected as the Majority Floor Leader while Sergio Osmeña of Nacionalista Party was elected as the Speaker of the House. *passage of important laws such as: >>foundation of the University of the Philippines; >>passage of the Gabaldon Act of 1907; >>establishment of the Philippine National Bank (an agricultural bank) *Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) >>prescribed for the exact date for the granting of Philippine independence and mandating the legislative branch of government to call for a constitutional convention for drafting the constitution >>the incorporation of provisions should be on accordance to the democratic principles of a republican government >>prescribed for the incorporation of a number of mandatory provisions in the constitution such as: #required acts of affecting currency, coinage, imports, exports and immigration to be approved by the United States President before they become fully legislated laws; #Philippine foreign relations should be under the direction, supervision and control of the U.S. #the U.S. government has the right to appoint an American High Commissioner who was responsible for ensuring the economic and political interests of the United States to the Philippines THE 1935 CONSTITUTION *the law passed to withdraw the sovereignty of the US over the Philippines after the ten-year transition period *the US government stated that this constitution should have a state policy setting the system of government into a republican form *sources of the 1935 Constitution: >>U.S. Constitution >>Organic laws that were implemented before the enactment of Tydings-Macduffie Law of 1934: #instruction of Pres. William McKinley to the Second Philippine Commission on April 7, 1900 #Philippine Bill of 1902 #Jones Law THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT *inaugurated under the leadership of President Manuel L. Quezon - Father of Social Justice *the inauguration was attended by American government officials *achievements of the Commonwealth Government >>communication and transportation >>Code of Ethics (of government officials) >>religion >>education >>national defense *difficulties of the Commonwealth Government >>uncertain security politics in order to protect national security; >>poverty; and >>increased level of crime rate JAPANESE OCCUPATION EVENTS BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II *WWII brought tremendous effects in social, political and economic aspects of the entire international community *the international community was divided into two powerful groups – the axis faction and the Allied faction: >>Axis Power-Germany, Japan, and Italy >>Allied Power-United States, France, Great Britain and Soviet Russia. *the emergence of high powered weapons was also invented during the outbreak of WWII >>nuclear bomb >>remote controlled rockets filled with bombs >>dive bombers and flying fortress (sophisticated types of air planes) *Causes of WWII >>unsolved issues during the First World War came back to bring damaging effects in the entire international community #Treaty of Versailles >>emergence of the two most popular political ideologies-democracy and totalitarianism >>Allied and Axis Powers #the international conflict started when Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler admitted that it was their political ambition to bring substantial social and political reforms in the international political arena *political ambitions of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini to dominate the entire international politics (masters of the world) *hostilities of Nazi Germany, Militarist Japan and Fascist Italy *inability of the League of Nations to solve the political conflict between the democratic and totalitarian states. JAPAN AND WWII *the American-Japanese relations ended when Japan decided to join the Axis group *General Hideki Tojo sent a diplomatic envoy to have a negotiation on the existing hostility between the U.S. and Japan *the entry of Japanese forces in the Philippines >>the Philippines was only dragged to the battlefields because of its friend until the end relation with the United States PEARL HARBOR BOMBING AND ADVENT OF JAPANESE INVASION *The Japanese forces made a surprised attack and bombarded the American Pearl Harbor >>the bombing was happened while Saboru Kurusu was still negotiating with the representatives of the United States in Washington D.C. *Pearl Harbor Bombing-resulted to the death of 2,897 American soldiers *it provoked President Franklin Roosevelt to declare a defensive war against the Japanese *The Japanese deployed its aerial and naval forces to attack the U.S. Pacific fleet >>the purpose of the attack was to sequester the ownership and territories of Dutch and British properties in South East Asia *surprise aerial attacks were launched shortly after midnight of December 8, 1941 upon the directive of general Masaharu Homma *December 10, 1941-Capt. Jesus Villamor bravely fought the Japanese air strike in the grounds of Nichols Field >>the defensive move coincided with the first landing of the Japanese Forces in Aparri and Ilocos *the attack produce a number of casualties and destructions and other public and private properties *December 25, 1941-President Manuel L. Quezon transferred to Corregidor to be in an isolated place away from the Imperialists *December 30, 1941-with the aim of saving Manila from the axis forces’ massive bombings, President Manuel Quezon declared Manila as an Open City] FALL OF BATAAN *the Japanese Imperial Army led by General Homma continuously bombarded Bataan *the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) defended Bataan until the last drop of their blood >>the USAFFE soldiers believed that they will be supplied with additional forces coming from the U.S. *due to lack of necessary supplies in the battlefield, the number of soldiers who were included in USAFFE continued to decrease *the head of the USAFFE, General Edward King, decided to surrender to the aggressive Japanese forces DEATH MARCH *from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga *the prisoners of war (POW) were also wounded, starving, and sick *there were also reports that those who were unable to join the march were beaten and killed along the way *the survivors of this brutal historical event were taken by train to the prisoner’s camp in Capas, Tarlac. JAPANESE MILITARY GOVERNMENT *upon seizing the political and sovereign control of the Philippines from the American (or Allied) forces, General Homma declared that the Japanese Imperial Army was willing to direct and supervise the abandoned Philippine government *General Homma issued an order to imprison those who participated in the recently concluded war (Fort Santiago) *areas of confinement were turned into areas of death, in which many were persecuted *American and British soldiers were also locked up in a twenty two hectare prison camp (Sto. Tomas Confinement Camp) *some of the existing laws were adopted by General Homma *Jorge Vargas, the former mayor of Manila, was tasked by Quezon to coordinate with the Japanese officials >>Mayor Vargas was appointed by General Homma to be the Executive Commissioner of the Central Administrative Organization of the Occupied Philippines *curfew hours were imposed in the Philippines *the Kempetai (military police) committed various kinds of crimes such as murder, rape, seize property, etc. *the Japanese word kura meant two things depending on the movement of the hand. >>if the hand swayed inward, the word means come here >>if the hand swayed outward, the word means dismiss *the streetcar was still operational; Many people rode dokars or carriages pulled by horses *Taliba, La Vangurdia, Tribune and Liwayway were allowed to continue publication but under the rigid censorship by the government. THE SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC *October 14, 1943-Claro M. Recto and Japanese Ambassador Shozi Murata, signed the Treaty of Alliance between the Philippines and Japan *October 18, 1943-President Laurel completed the list of his cabinet members with the following: >>Jose Yulo-Chief Justice of the Supreme Court >>QuintinParedes-Minister of Agriculture and Commerce >>Teofilo Sison-Minister of Justice and Commerce >>Antonio de las Alas-Minster of Finance >>Claro M. Recto-Minister of Foreign Affairs >>Jose Villa-Acting Executive Secretary GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE *The ranking minister in the order of precedence established by law could assume presidency in the event of a permanent disability of the President *the legislative function was vested in the Unicameral National Assembly *the judicial power was vested on the Philippine Supreme Court *the Civil Administration was incompetent of fulfilling its legally mandated responsibilities *Laurel created the following flagship programs/agencies: >>National Education Board #study the reforms to be integrated in the Philippine education curriculum #develop a comprehensive and suitable educational program for the Philippines >>sent five students to study in selected Japanese schools >>censorship in the media which suppressed the rights to free expression and privacy *the Kabataang Pangarap ni Rizal and Revive True Filipinism were also organized to support the pro-Filipino programs of Laurel Administration RETURN OF MACARTHUR *I shall return *news about Gen. MacArthur’s Pacific Forces nearing the country through the newspaper, The Tribune and short wave radio broadcasts made the Japanese fiercer and more distrustful *The U.S. forces went back to the Philippines when they bombed the Japanese bases in Davao (August 9, 1944) *Gen. MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña and other American soldiers landed in Leyte to fulfill his promise of going back to liberate the Philippines (October 20, 1944) CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS *December 21, 1944 >>Pres. Laurel transferred his government to Baguio >>His Japanese allies proceeded to the Yamashita Line which was located at the jungles of Sierra Madre *January 9, 1945 >>the American forces landed in Lingayen Gulf *February 3, 1945 >>the American troops started to conduct a series of rescue operations in Grace Park, Manila *March 3, 1945 >>the Americans successfully recovered Manila from the Japanese forces >>the Japanese troops made their last stand in Intramuros *October 1945 >>General Yamashita and his military aids were captured by the U.S. forces and brought them to the National Bilibid Prisons in Manila *December 7, 1945 >>Gen. Yamashita was convicted by the United States War Commission *February 23, 1946 >>Gen. Yamashita was hanged on a tree on top of a hill overlooking the U.P. College of Agriculture in Los Baños, Laguna. *September 2, 1945 >>Japan officially accepted defeat as they signed a treaty onboard USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay >>Osmeña was given the power to govern all territories freed by the American forces *March 8, 1946 >>the new members of the Cabinet were sworn to into office under the leadership of President Osmeña