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UNIT 5 REVIEW

Terms in this set (54)

Define the term "imperialism"
practice of a larger country or government growing stronger by taking over poorer or weaker countries that have important resources.
Name 4 reasons the U.S. foreign policy moved to imperialism.
Economic factors - desire for raw materials and natural resources

Nationalistic factors - used ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify nationalism

Military factors - expand and protect their interests around the world imperialist nations built up their military strength

"Humanitarian" factors - Colonial officials, doctors, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread "blessings" of Western civilization
How did the publishers Pulitzer and Hearst stir up support for the Spanish-American War?
Yellow Journalism - newspapers used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories to promote readership
Why did the U.S. go to war with Spain over Cuba?
the American demand for Spain's peaceful resolution of the Cuban fight for independence was rejected

They WANT Cuban independence
What territories did the U.S. gain as a result of winning the Spanish-American War?
They gained Guam and Puerto Rico and also purchased the Philippines
Why did the anti-imperialists oppose the U.S. annexation of the Philippines?
The Anti-Imperialism League opposed annexation of the Philippines, arguing that it violated America's long-established commitment to the principles of self-government and anti-colonialism and that the location was too far away for U.S. influence. Other opponents of imperialism, such as Mark Twain, argued that it went against the ideas within the Declaration of Independence and contradicted American democracy.

They opposed imperialism because people in the Philippines wanted independence, not another country to take Spain's place in imperializing them
Describe the government set up in the Philippines & Puerto Rico by the U.S.
We set up a democracy in the Philippines and then they became independent.

Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory, they have to obey America's rules but they are not a part of our country
What did the Platt Amendment do?
Added to Cuban Constitution

Included restrictions on rights of Cubans

Granted the US the right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba (Imperialism)
What is Big Stick Diplomacy?
Creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America's goals. Asserted the right of the US to intervene in Latin American nations. US became an "International police force" (TR). Steps in when countries seem unstable. "Speak softly and carry a big stick"
Provide an example of Big Stick Diplomacy in action.
An example would be the Roosevelt Corollary and another example can be found in Panama, where Roosevelt used the military to support the Panamanians in their revolution against Columbia so that the U.S. would be able to lease land from Panama to build the Panama Canal. After Panama gained their independence in 1903, the U.S. began construction of the Panama Canal, which would be completed in 1913, significantly improving travel and trade times from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Basically said we would use our military to imperialize
Describe Taft's Dollar Diplomacy.
Not as aggressive as TR

Worked to maintain the open door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin America

Encouraged American investments abroad to maintain order

Pay off countries debts to Europe to remove European threats

Didn't always have the best results

Offered countries money to be imperialized
What was the Open-Door Policy?
an international agreement to keep China open to trade with all nations, to allow Chinese consumers to purchase AMERICAN products
How was Wilson's foreign policy different than Roosevelt and Taft's?
Wilson wanted defeated nations to be treated well, wanted to be friendly with other countries. Taft offered money to countries to imperialize, Roosevelt just wanted to imperialize using force
What were the 4 causes of World War I?
Militarism (Most nations had built massive armies and navies with the latest technology)

Alliances (Europe was made up of a system of alliances that kept the balance of power in Europe)

Imperialism (Russia and Japan competed from economic power in the 1800s. France and Germany competed for colonial gain in Africa)

Nationalism (Aggressive nationalism was the source of tension throughout Europe
What position did the U.S. take at the beginning of World War I?
Neutrality, we are isolationists
Describe Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
Germany began sinking allied ships in international waters who were trying to trade by using its U-Boats or Submarines
What 2 developments eventually drew the U.S. into World War I?
Lusitania - the Germans sunk the large ocean liner, and did not half unrestricted warfare (Americans on board)

Zimmerman Note - the British intercepted a message from Arthur Zimmerman, the German foreign minister, to an ambassador in Mexico. Zimmerman asked for Mexican support and promised that in return Germany would help Mexico conquer New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.
How did World War I affect African Americans?
opened up industrial employment opportunities for black men. thousands of blacks went north to take the jobs that soldiers once had.
Did the size of government increase or decrease in World War I? Give 2 examples for support.
The federal government increased in size during WWI. An example would be the Espionage Acts, which limited the basic freedoms of US citizens. Another example would be the Conscription Act, which forced men to participate in the war.
What was the purpose of the Espionage & Sedition Acts?
To control the publics opinions, they didn't want people talking badly about the war
What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide about free speech in Schenck v. United States?
The Court said that in times of war the government may place limitations on freedom of speech, taking away certain freedoms similar to a totalitarian state.
What international organization did Woodrow Wilson propose in his Fourteen Points speech?
League of Nations
What position did the U.S. Senate take on the Treaty of Versailles? For what reason?
They felt the Treaty was too harsh on Germany and Congress refused to approve it
What was the fate of the Treaty of Versailles in the U.S. Senate?
they signed separate treaty with Germany
Imperialism
General Causes of American Imperialism: the example of European imperialism in Africa; the emphasis of Social Darwinism on survival of the fittest & idea of American cultural superiority; the need for additional raw materials and markets to sell America's surplus manufactured goods; the idea of moral improvement by bringing the blessings of civilization to the less technologically advances people (similar to the "White Man's Burden," to take the gospel to the "heathens" of the world); the closing of the American frontier - there was no other place to expand to the U.S. began to look outside of its borders
Spanish-American War
Causes: Battleship Maine was sunk mysteriously in Havana harbor (Spain was blamed); a circulation battle between the "yellow journalism" newspapers of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Their sensational headlines and striking stories aroused public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish control and atrocities against the Cubans; American businesses had a lot of money invested in Cuba and wanted the government to protect their interests.

Territorial Acquisitions: As a result of the Spanish-American War and Treaty of Paris in 1898, Spain gave up Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States; by establishing Cuba as a protectorate of the U.S. with the Platt Amendment, the U.S. began implementing an imperialist foreign policy; the U.S. set up the military base of Guantanamo Bay on the east coast of Cuba.

After the Spanish-American War, America moved away from an isolationist foreign policy and began seeking to gain new territories through an imperialist foreign policy.
Anti-Imperialism & Debate over Philippines
The Anti-Imperialism League opposed annexation of the Philippines, arguing that it violated America's long-established commitment to the principles of self-government and anti-colonialism and that the location was too far away for U.S. influence. Other opponents of imperialism, such as Mark Twain, argued that it went against the ideas within the Declaration of Independence and contradicted American democracy.
Supporters of annexation argued that America had a moral responsibility to "civilize" the islands. They also pointed out that the Philippines could become a valuable trading partner.
Governing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Cuba
Following the Spanish-American War, the U.S. set up a civil government in Puerto Rico & the Philippines. The U.S. President would appoint a governor to these two territories, who would then appoint the upper house of the legislature. The people of the Philippines and Puerto Rico would be able to elect the members of their lower house. In 1917, Congress granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship & the right to elect both houses of their legislature. The Philippines would remain under the control of the U.S. until after World War II

In Cuba, a constitution was drafted that made Cuba an independent country. Despite this, the U.S. persuaded Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to the Cuban constitution that would prevent any other foreign country from intervening in Cuba and allow the U.S. to intervene and set up naval and refueling stations on the island. The Platt Amendment also made Cuba a protectorate of the U.S.
Teddy Roosevelt & Big Stick Diplomacy
Following President McKinley's assassination in 1901, Teddy Roosevelt assumed the role of the presidency and began a much more aggress foreign policy than his predecessor. Roosevelt's foreign policy earned the nickname "Big Stick diplomacy" because he sought to use the U.S. military and the Navy's Great White Fleet to protect U.S. business interests and extend America's influence abroad.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904
Teddy Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine, which had warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere; the Roosevelt Corollary said America had a responsibility to preserve order in Western Hemisphere countries and would assume the role of "an international policeman" to protect these countries.
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft believed the U.S. should create stability and order in Latin America and Asia in order to create financial opportunities for American businesses and promote America's commercial interests.
The Open Door Policy
U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay, was determined to protect American missionaries and commercial interests. China offered a vast potential market for America's surplus manufactured goods. In 1899, Hay sent the European nations with spheres of influence in China a note calling for open access to China for America investment and commercial interests. The Open Door policy emphasized America's commitment to free trade.
Wilson's Moral Diplomacy
President Woodrow Wilson rejected both Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy and Taft's Dollar Diplomacy. Wilson favored a more diplomatic and friendlier foreign policy with Latin American countries. Wilson's foreign policy, known as "Moral Diplomacy" was based on spreading American democracy abroad and protecting nations that were threatened by totalitarian regimes.
M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI
Militarism - arms race between European countries; race to build bigger & bigger armies

Alliances - web of alliances where countries pledged to come to each other's defense in case of an attack *Imperialism - European competition for territory in Africa & Asia

Imperialism - European competition for territory in Africa & Asia

Nationalism - ethnic movements within countries & competition for supremacy throughout Europe
World War I
Rivalries among European nations and "entangling alliances" led to the outbreak of war in 1914; the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the SPARK that started the war.
Events Test America's Neutrality
President Wilson wanted to distance America from World War I by issuing a proclamation of neutrality; Wilson insisted that all belligerents respect American neutral rights on the high seas.

Germany launched a campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare - any ship within German submarine range would be sunk without warning. The Lusitania (with Americans onboard) was sunk by the Germans in May 1915.

Zimmerman Telegram - In late 1917, the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a secret telegram to the German minister in Mexico. Intercepted by British intelligence, the telegram asked Mexico to join a military alliance AGAINST the United States. In return, the Germans promised to help Mexico recover territories it had lost following the Mexican War in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
U.S. Enters the War
Wilson's War Message: Wilson accused the Germans of violating freedom of the seas, killing innocent Americans, and interfering with Mexico with the Zimmermann Telegram. Wilson called on American to launch a crusade "to make the world safe for democracy," and America entered WWI in 1917. New changes in military technology (tanks, airplanes, mobile machine guns, poison gas), and strategies (trench warfare) made WWI a new and deadlier kind of war.
The Great Migration
The wartime demand for labor attracted many African Americans to cities in the North and West; many were happy to escape discrimination & Jim Crow laws in the South.
Increase in Government Size & Scope
The Committee on Public Information: Headed by George Creel, it used propaganda (posters, movies) to arouse public support for the war and stifle dissent; Americans were persuaded to buy war bonds (Liberty Bonds) to help finance the war.

National War Labor Board: Acted as mediator between labor unions & companies to prevent strikes that could hurt the war effort; also advocated for better working conditions, 8 hour workdays, and higher pay.

War Industries Board: increased government regulation in the economy. Set production quotas, price controls, and distribution of raw materials
Restrictions on Civil Liberties
Espionage & Sedition Acts: Established fines & jail sentences for those found guilty of aiding the enemy, inciting military rebellion, speaking out against the war, or publicly criticizing the U.S. government.

Schenck v. United States: The Supreme Court concluded that there are limits to free speech during wartime. The court established that speech that posed a "clear and present danger" (ex. yelling "fire" in a crowded theater) could be limited.
Wilson's Fourteen Points
In a speech to Congress in 1918, President Wilson's laid out his plan for peace after the war. His most important points called for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, and creation of a League of Nations to preserve the peace and security of its members. Wilson hoped these points would achieve his desired "peace without victory" and used them as the basis for negotiating a peace settlement at the end of the war.
Treaty of Versailles - June 1919
Developed by "The Big Four"—Britain, France, Italy, and the U.S.—the Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I, but its term were particularly punitive toward Germany. Germany's military was limited, their foreign colonies confiscated, they were forced to pay $33 billion in reparation payments, and Germany had to accept sole blame for starting the war. In addition, the treaty created the League of Nations, an international organization—originally proposed by President Wilson—designed to promote international cooperation and prevent a future conflict through collective security.
What were the reasons the United States did not join the League of Nations
The Senate (and many Americans in general) was afraid the League would lead to further involvement in foreign wars; Senator Henry Cabot Lodge was a popular enemy of President Wilson and was against the League; Wilson suffered a stroke on his campaign across the country to drum up support for the League and was forced to abandon his campaign. Wilson refused to amend the Treaty & the Senate voted against it, preventing the U.S. from ever joining the League of Nations.
What were the effects of imperialism?
It brought about industrialization, caused political feud, led to discrimination and exploitation, and....
What was Alfred T. Mahan's goal?
To build a modern naval fleet
What was the Conscription act?
Law that enabled the draft
Describe Russia during WWI
Russia prior to WWI has been going through MANY wars since its existence. Mongols conquered Russian empire, had control for a lot of time, then the death of Genghis Kahn made Russia divide into 4 parts. Russian empire defeats 1 of the 4 parts, then they began to spread and conquer what we know Russia is today, since that time Russia has been at war with neighboring countries.

98% of Russia is poor going into WWI, main crop is grain, they don't have a lot to offer because they didn't have ports to trade. People were tired of fighting and began to rebel against their government, communism is adopted by individuals of the 98%. People were relatively equal. Early communism was created in Germany by Karl Marx and Frederic Engels who wrote "Communist Manifesto". Russia didn't do very well in the battlefield but there were so many people that it didn't matter.
Explain why the Balkan region was a 'powder keg'
A region of very culturally diverse individuals (eventually becoming multiple countries), there were so many cultures, languages, religions etc but they were being controlled by one empire so they started to rebel. It was a powder keg because you had one group controlling many cultures and ethnicities. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (by the Serbians) was was the spark that caused the powder keg to essentially blow up.
WWI Allies
Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy
WWI Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
What was the Teller Amendment?
stated that the US had no intention of annexing Cuba
How did the US imperialize Panama?
Roosevelt used the military to support the Panamanians in their revolution against Columbia so that the U.S. would be able to lease land from Panama to build the Panama Canal. After Panama gained their independence in 1903, the U.S. began construction of the Panama Canal, which would be completed in 1913, significantly improving travel and trade times from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
What was Yellow Journalism?
newspapers used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories to promote readership
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