Diagnostic Considerations

Studies indicate that as many as 50% of dengue cases may be misdiagnosed, as a result of inaccurate assessment of the signs and symptoms of disease presentation. This inaccuracy can lead to increased cost of treatment, such as unneeded hospitalizations, as well as possibly increased morbidity and mortality due to volume overload from overzealous use of intravenous fluids.^[67]

A Belgian study examined predictors of diagnosis in 1962 febrile travelers and expatriates returning from the tropics. After malaria was ruled out, the main predictors of dengue infection included skin rash, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia.^[68]

Dengue must be carefully differentiated from preeclampsia during pregnancy. An overlap of symptoms and signs, including thrombocytopenia, impaired liver function, capillary leak, ascites, and decreased urine output may make this clinically challenging. Definitive diagnosis is confirmed via serology.

Rare cases of vertical dengue transmission have been reported. If the mother acquires infection in the peripartum period, newborns should be evaluated for dengue with platelet counts and serologic studies.^{[69, 70]}

Differential Diagnoses

Arenaviruses
Chikungunya Virus
Ebola Virus Infection
Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) in Emergency Medicine
Influenza
Leptospirosis
Malaria
Mayaro Fever
Meningitis
Orbivirus
Rickettsial Infection
River Virus
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Roseola Infantum
Ross River Fever
Scarlet Fever
Sinbis Virus
Typhus
Viral Hepatitis
West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection and Encephalitis (WNE)
Yellow Fever
Zika Virus

Workup

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Media Gallery

Drawing of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Aedes albopictus. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Worldwide distribution of dengue in 2000. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Worldwide distribution of dengue in 2003. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Worldwide distribution of dengue in 2005. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Increasing rates of dengue infection by regions of the world. Courtesy of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Dengue transmission cycle. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Reinfestation by Aedes aegypti in the Americas after the 1970 (left) mosquito eradication program and most recent distribution as of 2002 (right). Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
A child with dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome may present severely hypotensive with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), as this severely ill pediatric ICU patient did. Crystalloid fluid resuscitation and standard DIC treatment are critical to the child's survival.
Delayed capillary refill may be the first sign of intravascular volume depletion. Hypotension usually is a late sign in children. This child's capillary refill at 6 seconds was delayed well beyond a normal duration of 2 seconds.
Signs of early coagulopathy may be as subtle as a guaiac test that is positive for occult blood in the stool. This test should be performed on all patients in whom dengue virus infection is suspected.
Aedes aegypti mosquito. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aedes_aegypti.jpg; author Muhammad Mahdi Karim).
Global map of dengue risk. Frequent or continuous risk = frequent outbreaks or ongoing transmission. Sporadic or uncertain risk = variable and unpredictable risk, country-level data are unavailable. Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/areaswithrisk/around-the-world.html).

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Author

Darvin Scott Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H, FIDSA Chief of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group

Darvin Scott Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society of Travel Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

David J Mariano, BS, MS MD Candidate, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Micah Lynne Trautwein, BS MD Candidate, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Suzanne Moore Shepherd, MD, MS, DTM&H, FACEP, FAAEM Professor of Emergency Medicine, Education Officer, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Director of Education and Research, PENN Travel Medicine; Medical Director, Fast Track, Department of Emergency Medicine

Suzanne Moore Shepherd, MD, MS, DTM&H, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, International Society of Travel Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Patrick B Hinfey, MD Emergency Medicine Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center; Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine

Patrick B Hinfey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William H Shoff, MD, DTM&H Former Director, PENN Travel Medicine; Former Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William H Shoff, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, International Society of Travel Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Joseph Domachowske, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Phi Beta Kappa