The hippocampus is a small part of the brain located in the medial temporal lobes (MTL), under the cerebral cortex. The hippocampus is an essential part of the brain’s limbic system, a group of brain structures in the cerebral cortex responsible for behavioral and emotional responses.  Hippocampal function plays a critical role in learning, emotional responses, and memory formation and storage. The human brain contains two hippocampi, one on each side of the brain, located a few inches above each ear. The term “hippocampus”—derived from the Greek words *hippo* (meaning horse) and *kampos* (meaning monster)—translates to “seahorse,” a reference to its shape. 

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system that is closely related to memory. The integral functions of the hippocampus include: 

- __Influences memory formation__: The hippocampal formation influences new memory formation and memory consolidation. This section of the brain also influences our ability to encode and retrieve information—where a short-term memory is registered before being transferred to long-term memory storage. The axons of the entorhinal cortex load information into the hippocampus, which sends signals to pyramidal cell neurons on the opposite end. These neurons are divided into two pathways: the polysynaptic pathway, the part of the hippocampus responsible for learning and memorizing facts and concepts, and the direct pathway, which is important for event recollection and spatial recognition. 
- __Informs behavioral responses__: The hippocampus is connected to memory storage, and humans and other mammal brains draw from this stored information to influence our actions. Our previous experiences play a big part in how we form relationships and behave around others. 
- __Helps spatial cognition__: In the direct pathway, the hippocampus can express spatial memory, like remembering driving routes or processing information about our location. The pyramidal cells in the hippocampus activate when we enter a familiar area, providing us with spatial navigation—the ability to navigate a place we’ve been before. 
Damage, impairment, or underdevelopment of the human hippocampus can lead to many brain disorders, such as: 

1. __Alzheimer’s disease__: In people with Alzheimer’s, neurogenesis (creation of new neurons) is inhibited, and important cells and connections die off, leading to memory loss and impairment, and other mental dysfunctions. 
2. __Amnesia__: Damage to the hippocampus can impact a person’s ability to recall explicit memories such as names, dates, and events and affect their ability to imagine future experiences, also called anterograde amnesia. 
3. __Epilepsy__: Researchers discovered that between 50 and 75 percent of epileptic people who received autopsies post-mortem had damaged hippocampi. While advancements in neuroscience have led to important revelations regarding epilepsy, scientists are unsure whether epileptic seizures are the cause or effect of hippocampal damage. 
4. __Schizophrenia__: Abnormal structure, reduction in the size of the brain and hippocampal neurons, and decreased expression of essential genes and proteins have been observed in those with schizophrenia. 
5. __Depression__: People with depression are more likely to have a smaller sized hippocampus, along with a reduction in the size of the cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum, which are key subdivisions of the hippocampus structure. 
6. __Post-traumatic stress disorder__: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is closely related to a person’s memory and experience of a traumatic event. Individuals with PTSD may not recall certain traumatic moments of their past or find that their memories of trauma are ever-present. This constant stress triggers the release of cortisol—the “fight or flight” hormone that signals to the body that we are in danger. High levels of cortisol can adversely affect the hippocampus.

Stress has one of the most significant impacts on the hippocampus’s plasticity, making this brain region vulnerable to the effects of hormones that modulate the formation of synapses and dendrites, which can cause abnormal connections and alter behavior. When we are stressed, our bodies produce high cortisol levels, triggering the immune system to release inflammatory chemicals, causing lower serotonin production and higher glutamate production, which can cause brain cell degradation over time.

Find something comfortable to sit or lie on, grab a [MasterClass Annual Membership](https://www.masterclass.com), and dial into the present moment with Jon Kabat-Zinn, the father of the Western mindfulness movement. From formal meditation exercises to examinations of the science behind mindfulness, Jon will prepare you for the most important practice of them all: life itself. 
The human brain is a complex network of neural and synaptic connectivity. The hippocampus and other brain structure areas, like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus, work together to produce our feelings, thoughts, personality, and behavior, along with our other natural bodily functions. 


The human brain is a complex network of neural and synaptic connectivity. The hippocampus and other brain structure areas, like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus, work together to produce our feelings, thoughts, personality, and behavior, along with our other natural bodily functions. 


What Is the Hippocampus? The 3 Main Functions of our Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a small part of the brain located in the medial temporal lobes (MTL), under the cerebral cortex. The hippocampus is an essential part of the brain’s limbic system, a group of brain structures in the cerebral cortex responsible for behavioral and emotional responses. Hippocampal function plays a critical role in learning, emotional responses, and memory formation and storage. The human brain contains two hippocampi, one on each side of the brain, located a few inches above each ear. The term “hippocampus”—derived from the Greek words hippo (meaning horse) and kampos (meaning monster)—translates to “seahorse,” a reference to its shape.

What Is the Hippocampus?

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system that is closely related to memory. The integral functions of the hippocampus include: <ul class="mc-m-4 list-styled"><li class="">Influences memory formation: The hippocampal formation influences new memory formation and memory consolidation. This section of the brain also influences our ability to encode and retrieve information—where a short-term memory is registered before being transferred to long-term memory storage. The axons of the entorhinal cortex load information into the hippocampus, which sends signals to pyramidal cell neurons on the opposite end. These neurons are divided into two pathways: the polysynaptic pathway, the part of the hippocampus responsible for learning and memorizing facts and concepts, and the direct pathway, which is important for event recollection and spatial recognition. </li><li class="">Informs behavioral responses: The hippocampus is connected to memory storage, and humans and other mammal brains draw from this stored information to influence our actions. Our previous experiences play a big part in how we form relationships and behave around others. </li><li class="">Helps spatial cognition: In the direct pathway, the hippocampus can express spatial memory, like remembering driving routes or processing information about our location. The pyramidal cells in the hippocampus activate when we enter a familiar area, providing us with spatial navigation—the ability to navigate a place we’ve been before. </li></ul>

What Are the Functions of the Hippocampus?

Damage, impairment, or underdevelopment of the human hippocampus can lead to many brain disorders, such as: <ol class="mc-m-4"><li class="mc-my-4"> 1. Alzheimer’s disease: In people with Alzheimer’s, neurogenesis (creation of new neurons) is inhibited, and important cells and connections die off, leading to memory loss and impairment, and other mental dysfunctions. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 2. Amnesia: Damage to the hippocampus can impact a person’s ability to recall explicit memories such as names, dates, and events and affect their ability to imagine future experiences, also called anterograde amnesia. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 3. Epilepsy: Researchers discovered that between 50 and 75 percent of epileptic people who received autopsies post-mortem had damaged hippocampi. While advancements in neuroscience have led to important revelations regarding epilepsy, scientists are unsure whether epileptic seizures are the cause or effect of hippocampal damage. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 4. Schizophrenia: Abnormal structure, reduction in the size of the brain and hippocampal neurons, and decreased expression of essential genes and proteins have been observed in those with schizophrenia. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 5. Depression: People with depression are more likely to have a smaller sized hippocampus, along with a reduction in the size of the cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum, which are key subdivisions of the hippocampus structure. </li><li class="mc-my-4"> 6. Post-traumatic stress disorder: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is closely related to a person’s memory and experience of a traumatic event. Individuals with PTSD may not recall certain traumatic moments of their past or find that their memories of trauma are ever-present. This constant stress triggers the release of cortisol—the “fight or flight” hormone that signals to the body that we are in danger. High levels of cortisol can adversely affect the hippocampus. </li></ol>

6 Disorders Associated With Hippocampal Dysfunction

Stress has one of the most significant impacts on the hippocampus’s plasticity, making this brain region vulnerable to the effects of hormones that modulate the formation of synapses and dendrites, which can cause abnormal connections and alter behavior. When we are stressed, our bodies produce high cortisol levels, triggering the immune system to release inflammatory chemicals, causing lower serotonin production and higher glutamate production, which can cause brain cell degradation over time.

How Stress Affects the Hippocampus

Find something comfortable to sit or lie on, grab a <a href='https://www.masterclass.com' target='_blank' class='mc-text--link' data-mc-segment-trigger='true' data-mc-segment-event-type='Article Page Click' data-event-obj='{"textTag":"p","href":"https://www.masterclass.com","linkCopy":"MasterClass Annual Membership","category":null}'>MasterClass Annual Membership</a>, and dial into the present moment with Jon Kabat-Zinn, the father of the Western mindfulness movement. From formal meditation exercises to examinations of the science behind mindfulness, Jon will prepare you for the most important practice of them all: life itself.

Want to Learn Even More About Cultivating a Mindfulness Practice?

The human brain is a complex network of neural and synaptic connectivity. The hippocampus and other brain structure areas, like the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus, work together to produce our feelings, thoughts, personality, and behavior, along with our other natural bodily functions.

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Master baker Joanne Chang invites you on an enlightening journey through the kitchen. She implores every aspiring baker to read the recipe from start to finish before diving in. Seems obvious, doesn’t it? Yet countless bakers have found themselves midway through a recipe, lost and without the right tools or knowledge of technique. Avoid that pitfall and ensure your baking endeavor sails smoothly from start to finish. Ever heard the saying, “Fall down seven times, get up eight?” That’s Joanne’s mantra for you. Don’t be disheartened by baking failures. They’re part of the journey. They still taste pretty good, and the lessons you learn from them are invaluable. So keep going, embrace the process, and become the best baker you can be.

Enjoy the journey. As you’re baking, think about what you’re doing. Learn from it. You’ll take every single lesson that you’re learning with every single recipe and use that to be a more successful baker.

Dive into the art of baking with insights from Joanne Chang. Embrace the process and cherish every lesson it brings. After all, even the best bakers faced their share of failures. Learn, improve, and persist—the perfect recipe is just around the corner.

Transform a regular loaf pan into a Pullman loaf pan using a baking sheet and a weight. Master the art of removing stubborn dough with the help of a bench scraper. Achieve a shiny crust on your loaf with a brush. Learn the magic a cocotte or Dutch oven can bring to your sourdough, mimicking the effect of a bakery oven. Prepare your loaf pans—they’re not just for baking brioche and pain de mie. With these tools of the trade, you’re ready to navigate the fascinating world of bread-making.

Embarking on the exciting journey of bread-making with Apollonia Poilâne? It all begins with the right tools. From a simple baking sheet to a more specialized cocotte, each tool plays a pivotal role in your baking experience. 

Engage with the carefully crafted technique behind his exceptional pie crust—a marriage of all-purpose flour and finely ground pastry flour, lard, sweet butter, and the unexpected addition of vinegar. Learn why keeping everything cold is crucial and why leaving pea-sized pieces of fat, while unusual, creates a flaky crust that’s the hallmark of a perfect pie. Chef Keller’s wisdom takes you beyond the steps of a recipe and invites you to understand the whys behind the hows. Discover the power of a perfect crust—its potential to elevate your pie and the importance of precision, care, and temperature in achieving it.

My grandmother had apple trees and cherry trees and she’d make pies for us in the summer and in the fall, and they were just great, in large part, because of the crust.

Discover the art and heart of pie-making with renowned chef Thomas Keller. The heart of a pie, as Keller shares, lies in the crust—a truly versatile component that can transform any pie recipe.

Joanne advises cracking eggs into a small bowl to prevent rogue shells in your dough. She emphasizes the importance of creaming your butter and sugar for a minimum of six to eight minutes to achieve the lightest, most heavenly cookies. Joanne also shows you how to incorporate mix-ins delicately to avoid toughening the dough and introduces the magic of balance—adding something crunchy, something soft, something salty, and something sweet for a harmonious flavor profile. Absorbing Joanne’s knowledge and applying her techniques will make you a more adept, confident baker. It’s about transforming your homemade cookies from merely good to genuinely unforgettable. It’s about embracing a journey of growth and self-improvement within the kitchen.

Joanne Chang’s cookie tips are like secret ingredients to a baking triumph. It’s not just about mixing; it’s about timing. Let the dough chill overnight. The difference will be in every delicious bite.

It’s not simply a matter of the recipe, but also a question of texture. Chef Dominique knows the value of contrasting textures—the crunch of meringues against the softness of the cake. Each meringue piece, though tiny, holds significant weight in transforming a simple cake into a textured treat. This recipe is not for the impatient; it requires a few days to achieve the perfect texture and taste. Yet it yields a cake that’s not only visually impressive but also satisfying on the palate. The final flourish? A dusting of cocoa powder to enhance the meringue’s flavor profile. Let Chef Dominique’s nuanced approach to baking inspire you to embrace creativity and patience in your culinary journey.

So when you’re baking on your own, don’t forget to think of the textures.

Mastering meringue is an art, and who better to learn from than Dominique Ansel, the inventive pastry chef who brought the world the Cronut. The artistry and precision in baking come alive as he embeds miniature meringues into the glossy glaze of a cake, a twist and a push ensuring they are set just right. 

Ever had something frustrate you to the point of wishing for a better solution? Alexis Ohanian, cofounder of Reddit, has a unique take on this. A notepad full of problems, he suggests, could be your springboard to the next great business opportunity. It isn’t just about creating a successful business, but about inciting a mindset that is constantly seeking to improve, to innovate, to solve. What sets a founder apart, Alexis argues, is the ability to empathize with potential customers, to deeply understand the problem at hand and, crucially, to engineer a solution that is noticeably superior. Uncover how these nuggets of wisdom can be applied to your own life, be it personal or professional.

Chances are, if you’re upset by something, there is a good business opportunity there.

Alexis Ohanian invites you to see frustration as opportunity. Encounters with the inadequate can become springboards for innovation. Discontent can lead to breakthroughs. Discover how.

Step into Sir Richard Branson's world. Conquer fear of failure by visualizing success and grounding yourself in the present. His advice? Laugh off your failures and move on to the next challenge. Embrace risks—avoiding them can be the real danger. Reframe failure as a stepping stone, not a stumbling block. After all, it’s not the fall but the rise that defines us. Learn from Sir Richard how resilience can be your key to success. Remember, the brave may not live forever, but the cautious do not live at all.

Conquer your fear of failure with Richard Branson’s proactive mindset. Visualize success, stay present, and learn from any mishap. Remember, failing can lead to fresh insights and new opportunities.

Does every successful venture need a meticulously detailed business plan? Sara Blakely, the self-made billionaire and founder of Spanx, suggests otherwise. For Sara, it’s about bringing in funds to sustain and grow the business. It’s all too easy to get sidetracked by the minutiae and avoid the larger, perhaps more daunting, tasks. But the key, as she highlights, is to focus on what will generate income. It’s akin to life—amidst a lengthy to-do list, we often gravitate toward tasks we’re comfortable with, or those that require the least effort, sometimes overlooking the bigger picture. As an entrepreneur, the ability to identify what needs immediate attention and what can drive income becomes an invaluable skill.

Those were the aspects of the business that if I focused on would bring in the money that would help me continue to build the business.

Embarking on a new venture? Sara Blakely, self-made billionaire and founder of Spanx, advises: Focus on making your product, selling it, and building awareness. It’s the secret to her success, and it could be yours.

Embarking on the journey of building your team? Elaine Welteroth, former editor in chief of Teen Vogue, guides you through the labyrinth of hiring. Her key insight? Identify your blind spots and hire with intent to fill them. Are you an independent contractor needing assistance with scheduling or a small-business owner in search of help with taxes? Or perhaps you need a creative mind to bolster your branding and social media presence? Elaine’s flowchart provides clear, logical pathways to recognize what kind of support you may need. In the world of business, understanding your Zone of Genius is critical. If you’re content flying solo or confident with your current team, evaluating this aspect will help you utilize your strengths to their full potential.

Building a team is a strategic endeavor. Elaine Welteroth, former Teen Vogue editor in chief, offers a practical guide to hiring, from identifying blind spots to figuring out what support you need.

Bob takes you into the heart of the consumer’s mind, revealing how, amid a plethora of products to choose from, potent brands manage to stand out. These brands aren’t just identities; they are experiences, emotions, and trust encapsulated into a single name. The key lies in understanding what brands convey. They signify more than products; they promise value. A strong brand sparks an instantaneous connection, a chemical reaction that nudges you to invest your time and money. Bob’s insights are a profound exploration of the unspoken bond between you and the brands you love. He sets you on a path to decipher how effective brands are expert storytellers, managing to quickly capture your attention and resonate with your needs and desires amid a product-saturated world.

A strong brand is something that creates almost a chemical reaction in someone as soon as they hear that name or that brand name.

In a whirlwind of options, how do you make decisions swiftly? How do brands like Disney, Nike, or Apple rise above the noise, eliciting not just recognition but also a deep-seated emotional response? Bob Iger, a mastermind of brand storytelling, shares these answers.

Discover the art of precision with Gordon’s step-by-step guide to perfectly slicing a shallot. Learn the importance of stability, the three-finger rule, and the finesse in each slice. This crucial kitchen skill not only adds uniformity and beauty to your dishes, but also helps your cooking reach new heights by ensuring even cooking and balanced flavors. Perfect the technique at your own pace and watch as your confidence and speed grow naturally. This engaging lesson promises to sharpen your skills, inspire you with newfound knowledge, and change the way you approach your culinary creations. This is your chance to refine your chopping technique under the guidance of a Michelin-starred chef. Elevate your cooking journey and become your best in the kitchen.

The most important thing when slicing: You need to make sure that the ingredient is stable. Don’t slice on an edge. Don’t slice on a round. Never slice anything wobbly. Something too high, forget it.

Unlock the secrets to the three-finger rule with Gordon Ramsay and change the way you approach your kitchen knife. Embrace this essential skill—it’s not about the speed but the technique. Find the art in your everyday cooking, one slice at a time.

Experience the transformation of a humble potato into two delectable dishes, each one seasoned with an array of fragrant spices. Whether it’s the enticing aroma of cumin seeds or the fiery punch of red chilies, Madhur guides you through the exploration of distinct flavor profiles from north and south India.This tutorial is not just about cooking; it’s a voyage through the rich culinary tapestry of India, home to 28 different states with unique languages, cultures, and cuisines. Whether you’re experimenting with the basic cumin-infused potatoes or diving into the southern-inspired variant, this lesson brings the diversity and magic of Indian cuisine right into your kitchen.

Discover the versatile charm of potatoes with Madhur Jaffrey.  Understanding the intricate blend of spices used, from cumin seeds to curry leaves, will open up a world of culinary possibilities. One potato, multiple transformations, endless learning.

Yotam’s enlightening lesson serves as a gentle reminder that the kitchen should be a space of comfort, not stress. Discover how the celebrated chef approaches the process of cooking—with the utmost tranquility and a mindset that prioritizes the joy of the journey over the final result. This engaging lesson serves as a sweet reminder that your friends will love you for the heart and effort you put into your dishes, rather than seeking novelty each time. Yotam urges you to drop the ambition of reinventing the wheel and instead focus on perfecting what you’re good at. You will learn to find confidence in your tried and tested recipes, leading to a contented meal shared amongst happy friends.

So the anxiety that is often associated with cooking for a dinner party or for a group of friends is normally associated with: You wanted to reinvent the wheel, and you really don't need to do that.

With Yotam Ottolenghi, you’ll understand that repeating dishes isn’t a culinary faux pas—it’s a celebration of flavors well loved. Remember, it’s not about reinventing the wheel but about sharing a meal that brings happiness.

This comprehensive guide unravels the mystique surrounding the world-renowned Wagyu beef and offers an insider’s perspective into the distinguishing features of grain-fed versus grass-fed beef. As ruminants, cows naturally graze on grass. However, many transition to a diet of grain and/or corn as they mature. Grain-fed beef is typically fattier with a more robust beef flavor, making it Aaron’s preference for longer cooks like brisket, while grass-fed beef is often chosen for quicker cooks like steak. With Aaron Franklin’s expert insights, elevate your understanding of beef cuts and learn to make informed choices that will vastly enhance your BBQ creations.

Dive into the world of Texas-style BBQ with Aaron Franklin. Understand the difference between grain-fed and grass-fed beef and how each impacts flavor and cooking time. Discover the secrets behind the renowned Wagyu beef and its grading system.

When Wolfgang first started cooking, there was only one type of salt and one type of pepper widely available. Today, however, the variety is astonishing—from smoked salts that add a touch of barbeque savoriness to your dishes to the different hues of Himalayan and Hawaiian salts. Wolfgang’s personal favorite? Sea salt or fleur de sel, both known for their rich flavor profile and absence of added iodine. Similarly, you can now find several different types of peppercorns available, from the common black peppercorns to green, white, or pink varieties. Wolfgang provides the insider tip of using white pepper for chicken and fish and black pepper for red meats such as lamb and beef. Wolfgang’s class will surely elevate the flavors of your culinary creations, guiding you further on your journey to becoming your best self in the kitchen.

Good salt really has a lot of flavor. You can see it doesn’t look plain white because it wasn’t processed. But you taste that.

Spice up your culinary world with Wolfgang Puck’s wisdom on the simple yet profound pairing of salt and pepper. Taste, feel, and see the differences—whether it’s a hint of crackling salt or the oil of freshly toasted pepper.

Strategic thinking isn’t just about projecting the company’s future, explains Indra Nooyi, an icon of business leadership. It’s also about understanding the world, the competition, and changing consumer needs. This isn’t a simple forward projection—it’s a future-back perspective, a critical shift in mindset that promotes sustainability and success in the long run. Why does this matter to you? It’s the difference between a business that merely survives and one that thrives. In a rapidly changing world, curiosity and creativity aren’t just desirable traits; they’re survival skills. They equip you to shape and navigate different scenarios, giving you the courage to chart your course and invest in your chosen direction. 

So don’t just project the company out. Start with "What’s the world going to look like over the next five or 10 years?" and then work backwards.

Unlock your strategic thinking by looking beyond the now. Indra Nooyi reveals the importance of a future-back perspective. Learn to navigate changes, be curious, and courageously choose your direction to ensure lasting success.

Transform your team’s performance by mastering the art of constructive feedback. With insights inspired by Geno Auriemma, learn to focus criticism on actions, not people, and offer concrete, specific feedback rather than vague comments. Eschew the sandwich method, as it often diminishes the impact of your critique. Incorporate sincerity and empathy into your tone and words, making sure to understand what your team member is experiencing. Encourage two-way conversation, allow for responses, and follow up with recommended solutions and a brief summary to ensure clear understanding. Propel your team toward success with effective communication.

Boost your team’s performance with effective feedback. Focus on the issue, not the person, and be clear and specific with your critiques. Ditch the sandwich method and deliver your insights with compassion. Allow for a response, suggest a solution, and wrap up with a summary.

What if the key to effective leadership wasn’t just about a high IQ, but also a refined emotional intelligence? This is the compelling premise shared by Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Doris Kearns Goodwin. Through her discerning lens, we understand that emotional intelligence—the ability to self-reflect, to listen, to empathize—is not just a tool, but an integral element of successful leadership. The importance of emotional intelligence is not only relevant for those in leadership roles. It’s a valuable life lesson for anyone striving to build meaningful relationships and foster effective communication. Every interaction, personal or professional, can benefit from an empathetic understanding of others’ perspectives.

Emotional intelligence as I understand it is the ability to be self-reflective, to have self-discipline, to listen to others, to read other people’s feelings and opinions. 

Doris Kearns Goodwin highlights the critical role of emotional intelligence in leadership. Learn how self-reflection, self-discipline, and empathy can outshine pure intellect, as demonstrated by leaders like FDR.

Discover the strength and nuance of your voice. Are you bold and assertive or perhaps more diplomatic and restrained? How do you connect best—with heartfelt emotions or intellectual rigor? Can you spin compelling narratives off the cuff, or do you excel with a well-laid plan? The route to persuasion isn’t one-size-fits-all: Facts and figures may resonate, or human stories may hold the power. Are you skilled at breaking down complex issues, or do you shine at problem-solving? Every leader, whether motivating masses or establishing trust, has a unique approach. Hillary Rodham Clinton guides you to find your natural style—be it as a Trustworthy Connector, a Convincing Expert, an Inspiring Motivator, or a Charismatic Intellectual. Uncover the leader within you, harness your inherent strengths, and prepare to captivate audiences.

Are you bold and confident or diplomatic and reserved? Do you connect better emotionally or intellectually? Facts or stories, simplifying issues or solving problems, inspiring crowds or building trust—discover where your strengths lie and own them.

As an entrepreneur, the path to success can seem as unpredictable as a wild roller coaster ride. Yet, according to Sara Blakely, the founder of Spanx and a self-made billionaire, understanding your purpose can help guide you through these challenges. In the fluctuating world of entrepreneurship, the “why” behind your journey can be a steady, anchoring force. This purpose fuels your resilience and endurance through the highs and lows, wins and losses. It also enriches your journey, making the ride even more enjoyable. It’s about identifying what brings you joy, what you’re good at, and how you wish to serve the world. By exploring these facets, you can reveal a purpose that not only navigates you through your entrepreneurial voyage but also enhances your personal fulfillment.

But if you have a purpose, and it’s bigger than yourself, and you’re connected to the why, you’ll survive the ups and downs. And you’ll also enjoy it more.

Embark on the roller coaster of entrepreneurship powered by purpose. Discover the crucial anchor of “why” that helps you navigate through the highs and lows, fosters a deep connection with customers, and ultimately fuels your success.

Stress is a part of life, emanating from both external and internal events, leaving our bodies in a state of duress. However, the manner in which we respond to this stress makes a world of difference in our recovery and resilience. A stress reaction engages your hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands, thrusting you into a state of acute hyperarousal—also known as the fight or flight mode. Over time, if these reactions are suppressed or internalized, they can lead to dysregulation manifesting in chronic hyperarousal, high blood pressure, sleep disorders, anxiety, and more. Understanding your stress response is key to unlocking healthier ways to manage it. Jon Kabat-Zinn illuminates these complexities with clarity, empowering you to respond to stress more thoughtfully.

Stress is an inevitable part of life, but it’s our response that dictates its impact. Join Jon Kabat-Zinn as he breaks down the intricate relationship between stress and our bodies.

Reinvention is more than just a pivot; it’s a holistic reassessment of your life, requiring three crucial audits: spiritual, financial, and physical. Much like a phoenix rising, Robin transitioned from law to wellness, defying conventional paths. It began with a financial audit—saving every penny, living below her means, all to muster the courage for her impending leap of faith. Physical vitality was nonnegotiable too. You can’t fuel an empire with an empty tank, as Robin asserts. And spirituality? While not a must for everyone, it can add an extra dimension to your transformative quest. All in all, the art of reinvention isn’t a journey you embark on lightly. You need to identify your weak points then tirelessly work on them until they transform into your strengths.

And where you...see deficiencies, that’s where you hone in on. You work on your weaknesses until they become your strengths.

Take the bold leap from status quo to extraordinary with Robin Arzón’s insightful approach to reinvention. Understanding your deficiencies and honing them until they become your strengths is the ultimate secret to standing tall with your own unique swagger.

Dive into the realm of restful nights with Matthew Walker’s insightful tips, a blueprint for embracing a healthy sleep lifestyle. In today’s hyperconnected world, electronic devices are ubiquitous, but your bedroom should remain a sanctuary, reminiscent of a quiet, gadget-free cave. Your evening rituals can play a pivotal role too. Toning down on the pre-bedtime alcohol can salvage your REM sleep, the phase that supports memory, learning, and mood regulation. Likewise, adjusting your workout schedule can aid in a peaceful night’s sleep. Fostering a relaxing pre-bed routine, be it through reading, music, or light stretching, helps you unwind. Sink into a hot bath and, paradoxically, feel your body temperature drop, leading to a sleepier, relaxed state. After all, restorative sleep isn’t a luxury—it’s a nonnegotiable cornerstone of wellness.

Recharge your sleep routine with Matthew Walker’s holistic tips. From soaking up morning sunlight to fostering gadget-free sanctuaries, each recommendation is a ticket to better sleep. Remember, every step toward improved sleep is a step toward unlocking your true potential.

Seeking to feel healthier, inspired, or simply better? Welcome to a space where self-improvement is within reach. Meet Joe Holder, a renowned wellness expert who champions the power of baby steps in the pursuit of your personal fitness and nutrition goals. The mantra is simple: Be better than yesterday. Regardless of your starting point, every step, no matter how small, propels you forward. Perhaps it’s investing in a water bottle to stay hydrated or dedicating 10 minutes every morning to stretching. Every day, jot down the small positive actions you take. Witness the magic of these incremental successes stacking up, painting a picture of progress. Focus on where you are now and trust that these small steps will eventually lead you to your destination.

Focus on where you are now, and those small steps forward will get you to where you want to go.

 Emphasizing that improvement is not a marathon but a step-by-step process, wellness expert Joe Holder urges the importance of celebrating the smallest of victories—like choosing water over soda or dedicating a few minutes to stretching every day. Remember, the only race you’re running is your own.

Finding your yoga practice can feel like venturing into a vast forest of options—it’s a deeply personal journey that reflects your needs, aspirations, and comfort level. Donna Farhi, a leading yoga teacher, offers a guiding light to navigate these diverse paths. Your preferences can lead you to Ashtanga or Vinyasa Yoga, where strength and movement take center stage. Kundalini or Hatha Yoga can connect you to the spiritual dimensions. Or perhaps the tranquility of Yin, Restorative Yoga, or Meditation aligns with your pursuit of relaxation and focus. Donna’s expertise will guide you in identifying your unique yoga practice, setting you on a path of self-discovery, balance, and personal growth.

Each yoga path is as unique as the individual, and navigating the vast variety can be daunting. Whether you’re recovering from injury, seeking gentle movements, or an avid exerciser, your ideal yoga style awaits discovery.

Jimmy unravels his preferred camera modes for different scenarios, emphasizing the significance of controlling your shutter speed in capturing high-speed action shots. Be it a thrilling ski jump or an intense snowboarding flip, Jimmy’s method ensures crisp, blur-free photos every time. The right camera settings enable you to seize these fleeting moments in stunning detail, fueling your growth at your own pace. With Jimmy Chin’s insights, you’ll gain the confidence to explore new perspectives and adopt transformative ways of seeing. Don’t just observe the world—capture it in all its glorious dynamism.

But in some circumstances, if you’re in kind of a mobile situation where you have to kind of pull your camera out and pop off a few shots without having much time, that’s the time when you’re looking to use these modes.

Ever missed a great shot because you didn’t know your camera well? Jimmy Chin shares his expertise on maximizing camera modes to ensure that no moment slips away.

The duration your camera’s shutter stays open is integral to capturing a perfect shot. In low-light environments, a slower shutter speed is your ally, giving the camera ample time to soak up any available light. But keep in mind that the slower the shutter speed, the longer it takes to capture movement, leading to potential blur. Why is mastering shutter speed so crucial? It equips you with the ability to adapt to different lighting situations and capture images with different visual effects, expanding your creative repertoire. It helps you manipulate time, stop motion, or introduce an artistic blur—crafting visually compelling narratives with each shot.

Unveil the secrets of shutter speed with Petra Collins. Control light and motion in your shots to perfection. From freezing action in high-speed photography to capturing the play of light in low-light situations, the power lies in your hands.

In this lesson, Tyler explores two images from a photoshoot featuring Jess in a striking red outfit. His love for the stark contrast between her clothes, the environment, and the way her pose exudes an elegant stature reveals the instincts he relies upon to select a great shot. Venture further into his editing process as he emphasizes the importance of variety, the balance between close-ups and full-body shots, and the seamless blend of colors and elements. For Tyler, each image needs to encapsulate the spirit of the day’s shoot and echo a narrative that he’s captivated by. Find inspiration in Tyler’s approach to capture a variety of poses, to narrate a story with your pictures, and to craft a series that encapsulates the essence of the moment. It’s not just about the number of images, but the substance each one holds.

What I would recommend when you’re editing pictures is, again, to look for the decisive moment that you feel sums up or encapsulates what you were trying to capture that day.

Join Tyler Mitchell on a deep dive into the art of portrait photography. Understand the nuances of contrast, poses, and how to create harmony between the subject and the environment. Every shot is a story waiting to be told.

The exposure triangle—shutter speed, aperture, and ISO—is another critical aspect of photography that Tyler demystifies. Each variable contributes to controlling the amount of light reaching the sensor, ultimately affecting the quality and mood of your images. Mastering the harmony of these settings allows you to manipulate motion, play with depth of field, and adjust light sensitivity. However, remember that a higher ISO increases digital noise in your images, so it’s best to keep it as low as possible. When you understand your tools, you can focus more on the creative process, ensuring every shot you take resonates with your vision. Join Tyler as he guides you through these fundamental elements, enabling you to capture powerful images that narrate compelling stories.

Expand your photographic vocabulary with Tyler Mitchell. Decipher the language of lenses, focal lengths, and the secrets of a perfect shot. Knowing your equipment brings you one step closer to capturing the world as you see it.

In this lesson, you’ll explore Jimmy's journey in perfecting the art of capturing climbing shots. From big, expansive views of climbers dominating immense walls to intricate close-ups highlighting the intensity of each move and grip, each image carries its own story. Yet, Jimmy insists, a great shot isn’t merely about capturing an action; it’s about portraying the underlying culture and lifestyle. He encourages you to pay attention to the details that the images unveil and the emotional response they invoke. Discover the magic behind every snapshot and imbue your work with the captivating essence of storytelling. After all, to truly excel in photography, it’s crucial to think beyond the frame.

You go back out, you shoot, and you start to take that feedback, and I think that that feedback is always very helpful because they look at it and you learn to look at your work through that lens.

Venture into the world of photography with Jimmy Chin. Explore the power of diverse shots, the impact of emotions, and the importance of narratives in your images. It’s more than just a shot: It’s a conversation between the viewer and the image.

Fortune 500 CEO Rosalind Brewer knows how to transform the way you manage your time, empowering yourself to reach new heights of success. Identify your peak moments, what gives you energy, and what challenges you. This self-awareness will help you prioritize tasks that put you in a state of peak performance. Say no to tasks that don’t contribute to your work. Ensure that activities that provide you with energy are given importance in your calendar. By prioritizing these moments, you can fuel your productivity and overall well-being. Consider how your energy fluctuates throughout the day and align tasks accordingly to optimize your performance.

As we have busy jobs, and busy lives, and increasing responsibilities as we become leaders, it is really important for us to be constructive and be deliberate about managing our time.

Discover the art of effective time management. Learn to identify your top moments, harness your energy, and prioritize tasks for peak performance.

Former U.S. secretary of state and U.S. senator Hillary Clinton believes preparation is the key to success in any endeavor. By organizing your thoughts and materials, you inspire confidence in yourself and others. Take the time to structure your ideas before any important meeting or event. Avoid the last-minute scramble and ensure everything is easily accessible.

People who take preparation seriously and organize their thoughts, organize their materials, inspire both more confidence but also are more likely to end up in control of whatever the situation might be.

Become the person others rely on and want on their team. Learn from the world’s best on how organization and thoughtful planning inspire confidence and elevate your performance.

Discover the vital importance of carving out quiet time amidst the chaos. Disney CEO Bob Iger understands the importance of setting aside moments in your day where you can think without external distractions like email, television, or other tasks. This intentional focus allows you to concentrate on your goals and plans effectively. Keep a mental inventory of tasks and responsibilities you need to accomplish. This mental checklist helps you stay organized and aware of what needs attention, even if it’s a lengthy list. Occasionally consider writing down a few key items on paper for extra clarity.

In every day you need to have quiet time to think, where you’re not being bombarded by external forces.... You’re not doing email, you’re just enabling yourself to concentrate on whatever it is you might be anticipating or what you are planning to do.

Discover the power of focused thinking to use your time more effectively. Embrace the clarity and productivity that come from aligning your thoughts with your goals.

No matter your profession, you spend about 40 percent of your time selling, persuading, and influencing. Whether you’re a physician, teacher, or manager, you’re constantly advocating for change, progress, or new ways of thinking. Daniel Pink reassures us that everyone has the potential to excel in this significant aspect of their work, debunking the myth that only certain personalities are fit for the art of persuasion. Despite how daunting it may seem, selling is an integral part of your daily job—consuming nearly 24 minutes of every hour. Embrace this notion and you could uncover skills you didn’t know you had. Dive into the science of persuasion, let go of the misconceptions around sales, and you might find yourself better at it than you’d ever anticipated.

If you look at what people actually do all day on the job, no matter what their job title is, they are selling.

Think selling isn’t part of your job? You might be surprised. According to data, we spend nearly half our working hours in sales-related activities. Daniel Pink’s revelations will inspire you to harness these hidden skills, boosting your influence and performance regardless of your field.

Focus on the problem you’re solving, not the product you’re selling. Understanding your customers and their needs, and presenting tailored solutions, are key to an effective pitch. Sara shares her approach: start with the problem, offer the solution, describe the product, explain why it’s the best solution, and anticipate possible objections. To demonstrate, she outlines her pitch for her very first invention—footless pantyhose. Her pitch involves understanding what the customer might be thinking and providing solutions to those anticipations. Moreover, she emphasizes the use of humor and vulnerability to relax the situation and connect with your audience. The effectiveness of your pitch? It’s measured by its success. Did you get the order? Are they showing up at your door? If not, iterate and refine until it works.

It’s really critical to sell the problem that you’re solving, not the product. People are far more emotional about their problems and you being able to offer a solution than they ever will be about your product.

Join Sara Blakely as she demystifies selling. It’s not about rattling off product features—it’s about solving problems, understanding the customer, and anticipating their objections. See how humor can lighten the situation and make your pitch irresistible.

Indra Nooyi, the former CEO of PepsiCo, guides us through the intricate realm of nonverbal communication in the workplace. These silent cues can reveal more than words, whether it’s an employee’s level of comfort, interest, or anxiety. Every interaction is unique, so understanding these cues is a nuanced art rather than an exact science. Watch the class to grasp how to read and respond to nonverbal communication effectively. Mastering this could elevate your interpersonal skills and foster more meaningful, productive interactions at work.

Interpreting nonverbal cues is an essential skill in the workplace. Learn from Indra Nooyi as she guides you through common nonverbal indicators, from eye contact to posture.

Renowned therapist and communication expert Esther Perel guides us on the journey to effective listening, emphasizing the crucial difference between debate and dialogue. A debate is argumentative and seeks to win, often being more about speaking than listening. On the other hand, a dialogue is about exchange. It’s not about winning; it’s about understanding. In a dialogue, you listen, then respond based on what you’ve heard, rather than what you brought with you to the conversation. It creates an atmosphere of mutual interest, where new possibilities can be disccovered together. Explore this transformative perspective and find out how changing your approach to listening can shape the dynamics of your relationships. Deepen your communication skills and step into a world where everyone is heard, understood, and valued.

You are more likely to win somebody over, if at all, in a dialogue. In dialogue, we are looking for new options together, and we’re looking for the commonalities in our arguments.

Step into the world of effective listening with Esther Perel. Learn the striking difference between dialogue and debate. Where one seeks to win, the other seeks understanding. Tune in, refine your listening skills, and transform your communication.

Former President Bill Clinton uncovers the often overlooked elements of impactful communication. As he points out, effective speaking goes far beyond the literal words of a speech—academic research even estimates that only about 20 percent of communication involves the spoken words. The power of your voice, the look in your eyes, your body language, the use of your hands—these nonverbal cues play a vital role in expressing the deeper meanings of your message. President Clinton stresses the importance of understanding this intricate dance of communication, advising against being “imprisoned by the words.” Dive into these potent insights and learn how to not just speak, but to truly communicate. Embrace the nuances of nonverbal cues and become a more engaging speaker, capable of delivering compelling messages that resonate with your listeners.

Even if you forget—let’s say you give a 12-page speech. You know, if you forget 10 percent of it but you get the big message right and you deliver it in the right way so it’s compelling and people want to listen, they’ll find the other 10 percent if they care about it.

Understand that it’s not just the words you speak but the tone, body language, and authenticity that truly impact your audience. Be more than just your words, and let your true message shine through.

Ron Finley encourages us to redefine waste, to see potential in everything around us and repurpose it to foster growth. Imagine a succulent flourishing from your old shoe or kale growing in an unused teapot. By embracing this unique approach, you’re not only creating an eco-friendly garden but also nurturing a sustainable mindset. With every sprouting seed, you’re reminded of the endless possibilities that lie in unexpected places. With Ron’s guidance, your journey into gardening becomes a path to personal growth.

Don’t look at what it is. Look at what it has the possibility to be. That’s how we need to do all our so-called waste.

Unlock potential in ordinary objects with a fresh perspective. Ron Finley shows how anything, even an old boot, can become a flourishing garden. Learn to redefine waste, tap into creativity, and breathe life into unlikely places.

Dive into the world of barbecuing with Aaron Franklin, where every slice is a revelation. Aaron guides you through the nuances of the cooking process, showing you how to detect signs of an optimal barbecue. From rendering the seam fat between muscles to achieve a juicy, perfectly marbled slice to avoiding a crunchy backside—these are the details that distinguish the good barbecue from the great. Aaron emphasizes the significance of adjusting temperatures at the right time—a subtle increase of a few degrees when you’re three hours in can give you that desirable fat render. It’s all about the journey from the grill to the plate; each step is a careful calibration of heat and timing, all aimed toward crafting a mouthwatering slice of meat. Understanding this process equips you not only to make delicious barbecue but also to appreciate the art behind it.

If you rendered this seam fat that’s between these two muscles, you’re probably kind of on the right track if you’ve got good bark out of that.

Learn the art of barbecuing with Aaron Franklin. Discover the subtle signs of a well-cooked piece, from rendered seam fat to juicy marbling. Gain insights into temperature control and fat rendering, key to achieving beautiful, succulent slices.

Every adventure begins with careful preparation, and when it comes to packing your gear, Jessie Krebs is here to steer you right. Forget prepackaged survival kits—Jessie encourages you to customize your own kit to match your destination, weather conditions, and personal proficiency. Creating your wilderness gear kit is an art, and the canvas is as diverse as the terrains you will explore. Whether it’s the neon rain shell to keep you dry and visible, insulating layers for cold climates, or woolen socks over the usual cotton, each item in your kit is a strategic decision. Personalize your gear, understand the reasoning behind each item, and get ready to embrace the wilderness with confidence and style.

Embrace the great outdoors with confidence, guided by Jessie Krebs. Learn how to tailor your survival kit based on the specifics of your trip and your skill set. Get insights into the must-haves for any wilderness outing, from rain shells to sturdy shoes.

Experience the art of crafting the perfect Mojito with mixologist Ryan Chetiyawardana and you’ll never look at this island favorite the same way again. Often mishandled, the Mojito is a symphony of flavors that, when done right, can transport you to white sandy beaches with every refreshing sip. Ryan reveals that a great Mojito isn’t about aggression—it’s about finesse. Mint, the hero of the Mojito, shouldn’t be brutalized, but gently coaxed to release its vibrant notes. This simple herb carries flavor capsules within its delicate leaves, ready to deliver a cooling aroma with just a brush of your fingers. There’s no need for torn leaves, bitterness, or unwanted green notes.

So mint’s a kind of fascinating herb. You know, it’s got all these little capsules of flavor locked into these leaves. And you don’t need to tear it to be able to release those flavors.

Reinvent your cocktail game with Ryan Chetiyawardana as he redefines the art of making a Mojito. Learn to preserve the true essence of mint, an ingredient that can make or break your drink. Harness the delicate balance between zestiness and bitterness, crafting a beverage that feels fresh and uplifting.

Climbing, like life, is all about balance, technique, and strength. Alex Honnold, one of the world’s best climbers, unveils how the holds in a climbing gym, seemingly surreal, mirror the actualities of the great outdoors. It’s about holding on, but not just in any way—it’s the art and science of hand and arm techniques that separate novice climbers from experts. Your legs propel you upward, but it’s your hands and arms that maintain balance, stability, and poise—elements crucial to making your ascent successful. The technique of straight arms that Alex shares is a testament to this. This technique engages your skeleton, economizing muscle effort and allowing you to scale heights without exhausting your strength prematurely.

Your legs should always be what’s driving you upward, but your hands and your arms are what keeps you balanced over your legs. And so the different types of grips and the different types of holds matter, and how you hold them matters.

Learn to master the art of using your hands and arms to balance your body, while leveraging the power of your legs to ascend. Delve into different types of grips, discovering the secrets behind their efficient use.

Embrace the transformative technique of breaking your writing down into discrete parts. David Baldacci, a New York Times–bestselling author, understands the power of mini outlines in bringing control and clarity to the writing process. Writer’s block comes when people get overwhelmed because they can’t manage all of the information they are working with. Breaking the problem down into discrete parts, like a surgeon on the operating table, will make it much easier to tackle the components of your writing. That’s when a mini outline becomes a helpful tool. They can aid you in developing characters and establishing thematic building blocks. Don’t miss the opportunity to revolutionize your approach to writing and become the best version of yourself as a writer by watching the rest of his class.

I like dealing in miniature. If you get too broad of an expanse in your mind, nobody can really control those details. And that’s when you get the writer’s block. That’s when people get overwhelmed.

Don’t let the breadth of a novel intimidate you. Overcome writer’s block by taking it step-by-step, and watch your masterpiece unfold.

Writing is rewriting. David Sedaris, a New York Times–bestselling author, writes an essay 12 to 18 times before giving it to an editor. Don’t be afraid of breaking up your piece—often all of the ingredients of a good story are there and revision may mean less rewriting and more reordering, digging deeper, slowing down here, speeding up there, and giving the reader the guts and odors on top of the skeleton and shadow.

Nine times out of 10, my only comment is you need to rewrite this 60 times. And most people, they don’t even want to hear you need to rewrite it one time. But that’s what writing is, it’s rewriting.

In the world of writing, rewriting is key. Fuel your growth as a writer at your own pace, one draft at a time.

Unleash the power of character development with bestselling sci-fi and fantasy writer N. K. Jemisin. Start with fundamental details such as demographics, age, race, and gender. These simple traits provide a foundation for understanding your characters’ background and context. Then think about visual cues and behavior that’ll provide insights into a person’s outer life. Clothing, presentation, and accents can hint at their social class, background, or role. The inner life of a character encompasses their goals, wishes, fears, and weaknesses. These aspects make them multidimensional and relatable. Combine the insights from outer life and inner life to create well-rounded characters who feel real. Balancing external influences with internal struggles will add depth and authenticity to your storytelling.

Become a master of character-driven narratives by diving into Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and understanding the motivations that shape a person’s life.

The short story is an ideal format for risk-taking. Neil Gaiman sees short stories as a way to learn things about an idea you want to explore or a skill you want to master. With just a few thousand words, you can bring your ideas to life, test different tones, and set your creativity free. Watch the rest of his class to become the author of your own narrative. 

A short story is lovely. It’s 3,000 words, 4,000 words, 2,000 words, 5,000 words. You can do that in a day, or a weekend, or a week, or two weeks. You can have an idea for something. You can take it out, and you can succeed, or you can fail, or you can learn things.

Short stories are also an excellent place to take risks, to create things that interest you but may not work in a whole novel.

In this lesson, James Patterson sheds light on his writing journey, the peaks and valleys he navigates, the moments of dazzling inspiration, and the phases of stagnation. What’s noteworthy is his approach toward these so-called blocks. Instead of wallowing in despair, James places a simple “TBD” on the page, confident in the knowledge that he’ll return with fresh perspectives in the next draft. A testament to his success, this strategy isn’t just about writing—it’s about life, and about facing obstacles without getting disheartened.

Do not torture yourself, just go, “I’ll get it.” And be confident that you’ll get it.

Even seasoned writers struggle on the page. If you’re stuck in a particular section, James encourages you to write “TBD,” move on, and come back to it later.