Types of Smokeless Tobacco and Health Risks

Smokeless tobacco, sometimes called chewing tobacco or dip tobacco, poses significant health risks including addiction. It is not a safer alternative to smoking cigarettes.

While smoking tobacco is dangerous, using tobacco in other ways, like chewing it, also raises your risk of some types of cancer and other health conditions. This is a notable concern for younger people because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports that every day, 840 people under age 18 try smokeless tobacco for the first time.  

This article looks at some of the reasons for why people use smokeless tobacco products. It explains the serious health risks associated with chewing tobacco and offers tips on how to quit.

Smokeless Tobacco and Nicotine

When you chew tobacco, nicotine is absorbed orally. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance. According to one study from 2014, nicotine blood levels tend to peak within about a half-hour of ingestion.

Smokeless tobacco products, regardless of the flavor or brand, are formulated to ensure nicotine absorption. Traditional smokeless tobacco products evaluated in a 2022 study of 25 different types, including modern alternatives, found the nicotine content to range from 6.9 milligrams (mg) to 12 mg in a one-gram portion, depending on the brand and style.

By comparison, cigarettes deliver 0.1 to 3 mg for each one smoked, depending on the type, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data released in 2020.

What Is Smokeless Tobacco?

Smokeless tobacco is made from different dried parts of the tobacco plant. The different types of smokeless tobacco include:

• Chewing tobacco
• Snuff or snus
• Dissolvable tobacco 

To use chewing tobacco, you typically place it between your cheek and gums or teeth. You can spit or swallow the juices. Some forms of dip tobacco are spitless.

When you put chewing tobacco in your mouth, the tissues in your oral cavity absorb the nicotine. Your blood’s nicotine concentration slowly increases. Nicotine tends to make its way to and concentrate in certain organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. It also makes its way to the brain.

Why do people use chewing tobacco? Here are a few possible reasons:

• Some use it to help quit smoking, though there’s no evidence that it’s useful for this purpose.
• Some people like the taste.
• Like cigarettes, smokeless tobacco products are highly addictive. People may return to chewing tobacco because they are addicted.
• Flavored smokeless tobacco products may be more appealing and may attract new users.

Carcinogens in Smokeless Tobacco

All tobacco products contain harmful ingredients. Some of the carcinogens in chewing tobacco include:

• Nitrosamines 
• Aldehydes 
• Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 
• Polonium-210 and other heavy metals 

Chewing tobacco and other tobacco products may cause the following types of cancer:

• Oral (mouth, cheek, tongue, gum, and tongue) cancers
• Esophageal cancer
• Pancreatic cancer

Health Risks of Smokeless Tobacco

Chewing tobacco carries a host of health risks. While many people are aware of the oral cancer risk, they may not know about other health impacts.

Cancer

There’s strong evidence that smokeless tobacco products, including chewing tobacco, have serious health risks. Notably, they contain a host of cancer-causing ingredients. 

According to the American Lung Association, these products have links to several cancers, including oral cancers, pancreatic cancer, and esophageal cancer.

Cardiovascular 

Using chewing tobacco can also have impacts on your heart and circulatory system. According to the American Cancer Society, smokeless tobacco products can increase heart disease and stroke risk.

Oral Health

Using chewing tobacco can increase your risk of developing oral cancers, and it can wreak havoc on your oral health. It can cause leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and gum disease. It can also permanently stain your teeth. 

Leukoplakia is a condition where white spots or patches crop up inside your mouth. These lesions are sometimes precancerous. Erythroplakia is a similar condition characterized by red patches in the mouth. You can also develop both simultaneously. This condition is called erythroleukoplakia.

Pregnancy

Chewing tobacco while pregnant carries a risk of stillbirth and premature birth.

Poisoning 

Some chewing tobacco products look a lot like candy. Children may mistake them for treats, which can lead to nicotine poisoning.

According to one study, there were over 120,000 reports of child-related nicotine poisoning between 2001 and 2016. The research also suggests that these numbers are likely low due to underreporting.

Prevention

The only way to prevent adverse health effects caused by chewing tobacco is to quit altogether. Unfortunately, quitting can be difficult because of the highly addictive qualities of nicotine. 

Here are a few strategies to help you tackle quitting this habit:

• Expect withdrawal symptoms and try to find a replacement for chewing tobacco. Gum is a good substitute.
• Enlist the help of friends and family.
• Consult a professional for help and ask about medications that might help you quit.

A Word From Verywell

You might think that chewing tobacco is less harmful than smoking. However, evidence suggests that using smokeless tobacco products can have a similar adverse effect to inhaling cigarette smoke. It’s true that your lungs won’t be affected in the same way, but chewing tobacco increases your risk for oral and other cancers. 

If you’re thinking of using chewing tobacco as a way to quit smoking, think again. Chewing tobacco contains nicotine, too, and can be just as addictive. Seek professional help if you’re struggling with quitting any kind of tobacco product.