Hanunó'o (Mangyan Baybayin/Surat Mangyan) ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ | |
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Script type | |
Time period | c. 1300–present |
Direction | left-to-right, bottom-to-top |
Languages | Hanunó'o, Tagalog |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Proto-Sinaitic script [a]
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Sister systems | In the Philippines: Buhid (Mangyan Baybayin, Surat Mangyan) Contents
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ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Hano(371),Hanunoo (Hanunóo) |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Hanunoo |
U+1720–U+173F | |
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Hanunoo (IPA: [hanunuʔɔ] ), also rendered Hanunó'o, is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines and is used by the Mangyan peoples of southern Mindoro to write the Hanunó'o language. [1] [2]
It is an abugida descended from the Brahmic scripts, closely related to Sulat Tagalog, and is famous for being written vertical but written upward, rather than downward as nearly all other scripts (however, it is read horizontally left to right). It is usually written on bamboo by incising characters with a knife. [3] [4] Most known Hanunó'o inscriptions are relatively recent because of the perishable nature of bamboo. It is therefore difficult to trace the history of the script. [2]
Fifteen basic characters of the Hanunó'o script each represent one of the fifteen consonants /p//t//k//b//d//ɡ//m//n//ŋ//l//r//s//h//j//w/ followed by the inherent vowel /a/. [4] Other syllables are written by modifying each of these characters with one of two diacritics (kudlit) which change the vowel sound to /i/ or /u/. [3] The glyph for /la/ is the same as that for /ra/ but the glyphs for /li/ and /ri/ are distinct, as are those for /lu/ and /ru/. There are also three glyphs that represent vowels which stand alone (phonetically preceded by a glottal stop, transliterated as q). [5] Final consonants are not written, and so must be determined from context. [3] Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma, who went to the Philippines from the Netherlands in the 1950s, introduced the pamudpod sign ( ᜴ ) to indicate a syllable final consonant. [6] (The pamudpod functions as a virama.) The pamudpod virama is also used in modern Baybayin (used in Tagalog and others).
Hanunó'o vowels | |||||
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Initial | Dependent | ||||
transcription | a | i | u | i | u |
letter | ᜠ | ᜡ | ᜢ | ᜲ | ᜳ |
Hanunó'o pamudpod | |
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transcription | N/A |
sign | ᜴ |
Hanunó'o syllables [6] | |||||||||||||||
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transcription | k | g | ng | t | d | n | p | b | m | y | r | l | w | s | h |
consonant + a | ᜣ | ᜤ | ᜥ | ᜦ | ᜧ | ᜨ | ᜩ | ᜪ | ᜫ | ᜬ | ᜭ | ᜮ | ᜯ | ᜰ | ᜱ |
consonant + i | ᜣᜲ | ᜤᜲ | ᜥᜲ | ᜦᜲ | ᜧᜲ | ᜨᜲ | ᜩᜲ | ᜪᜲ | ᜫᜲ | ᜬᜲ | ᜭᜲ | ᜮᜲ | ᜯᜲ | ᜰᜲ | ᜱᜲ |
consonant + u | ᜣᜳ | ᜤᜳ | ᜥᜳ | ᜦᜳ | ᜧᜳ | ᜨᜳ | ᜩᜳ | ᜪᜳ | ᜫᜳ | ᜬᜳ | ᜭᜳ | ᜮᜳ | ᜯᜳ | ᜰᜳ | ᜱᜳ |
with pamudpod (vowel killer/inherent vowel remover) | ᜣ᜴ | ᜤ᜴ | ᜥ᜴ | ᜦ᜴ | ᜧ᜴ | ᜨ᜴ | ᜩ᜴ | ᜪ᜴ | ᜫ᜴ | ᜬ᜴ | ᜭ᜴ | ᜮ᜴ | ᜯ᜴ | ᜰ᜴ | ᜱ᜴ |
Note: With the proper rendering support, the Hanunó'o syllable ngu above (ᜥᜳ) should resemble an italic V joined with two short, parallel diagonal lines ( \\ ).
The script makes use of single ( ᜵ ) and double ( ᜶ ) danda punctuation characters. [6]
The Hanunó'o script is conventionally written away from the body (from bottom to top) in columns which go from left to right. [3] Within the columns, characters may have any orientation but the orientation must be consistent for all characters in a text. The characters are typically vertical with the /i/ diacritic on the left and the /u/ on the right, or horizontal with the /i/ on the top and the /u/ on the bottom. [5] Left-handed people often write in mirror image, which reverses both the direction of writing (right to left instead of left to right) and the characters themselves. [4]
Young Hanunó'o men and women (called layqaw) [8] learn the script primarily in order to memorize love songs. The goal is to learn as many songs as possible, and using the script to write the songs facilitates this process. The script is also used to write letters, notifications, and other documents. The characters are not memorized in any particular order; learners typically begin by learning how to write their name. Literacy among the Hanunó'o people is high despite a lack of formal education in the script. [4]
The Hanunó'o people's poetry, Ambahan, consists of seven syllable lines inscribed onto bamboo segments, nodes, musical instruments or other materials using the tip of a knife. Charcoal and other black pigments are then used to make the characters stand out. The poems represent a Mangyan's personal thoughts, feelings or desires. It is recited during social occasions (without accompaniment), in courting ceremonies or when requested. [9]
Original Hanunó'o | Hanunó'o with pamudpod | Transliteration | English (from NCCA) | Tagalog |
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ᜰᜲ ᜠᜩᜳ ᜪ ᜢ ᜩ ᜧ ᜨᜳ ᜣ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲ ᜧ ᜫ ᜫ ᜢ ᜮ ᜫ ᜧᜲ ᜣ ᜨ ᜫ ᜦ ᜣᜲ ᜫ ᜧᜲ ᜣ ᜯ ᜨᜳ ᜣ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲ ᜧᜳ ᜫ ᜤ ᜰᜲ ᜬᜳ ᜧᜲ ᜰ ᜠ ᜥ ᜤ ᜩ ᜦ ᜧ ᜬᜳ ᜧ ᜫ ᜶ | ᜰᜲ ᜠᜬ᜴ᜩᜳᜧ᜴ ᜪᜬ᜴ ᜢ ᜥ ᜧᜨ᜴ ᜨᜳ ᜣᜥ᜴ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲᜨ᜴ᜧᜳ ᜫᜨ᜴ ᜫᜬ᜴ ᜦ ᜣᜲᜩ᜴ ᜫ ᜧᜲ ᜣᜬ᜴ ᜯᜨ᜴ ᜫᜳ ᜣᜥ᜴ ᜦᜲ ᜨ ᜤᜲᜨ᜴ ᜧᜳ ᜫᜨ᜴ ᜤ ᜰᜲ ᜬᜳᜨ᜴ ᜧᜲ ᜰ ᜠᜧ᜴ ᜥᜨ᜴ ᜤ ᜩᜤ᜴ ᜦᜥ᜴ᜧ ᜬᜳᜨ᜴ ᜧᜲ ᜫᜨ᜴᜶ | Si ay-pod bay u- pa- dan No kang ti- na gin-du- man May u- lang ma- di kag-nan May ta- kip ma di kay-wan Mo kang ti- na gin-du- man Ga si- yon di sa ad- ngan Ga pag- tang-da- yon di-man. | You my friend, dearest of all, thinking of you makes me sad; rivers deep are in between forests vast keep us apart But thinking of you with love; as if you are here nearby standing, sitting at my side. | Kaibigan kong mahal, lungkot ang isipin ka; hiniwalay ng ilog, gubat ay mapagbukod Ngunit ang ibigin ka; na parang nandito ka, katabi't kayakap ko. |
The Unicode range for Hanunó'o is U+1720–U+173F:
Hanunoo [1] [2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+172x | ᜠ | ᜡ | ᜢ | ᜣ | ᜤ | ᜥ | ᜦ | ᜧ | ᜨ | ᜩ | ᜪ | ᜫ | ᜬ | ᜭ | ᜮ | ᜯ |
U+173x | ᜰ | ᜱ | ᜲ | ᜳ | ᜴ | ᜵ | ᜶ | |||||||||
Notes |
An abugida, sometimes known as alphasyllabary, neosyllabary or pseudo-alphabet, is a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, like a diacritical mark. This contrasts with a full alphabet, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an abjad, in which vowel marking is absent, partial, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of script may be termed "alphabets". The terms also contrast them with a syllabary, in which a single symbol denotes the combination of one consonant and one vowel.
A diacritic is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός, from διακρίνω. The word diacritic is a noun, though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨á⟩, grave ⟨à⟩, and circumflex ⟨â⟩, are often called accents. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.
Malayalam script is a Brahmic script used commonly to write Malayalam, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 45 million people in the world. It is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry by the Malayali people. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala.
Baybayin is a Philippine script. The script is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. Geographically, it was widely used in Luzon and other parts of the Philippines prior to and during the 16th and 17th centuries before being replaced by the Latin alphabet during the period of Spanish colonization. It was used in the Tagalog language and, to a lesser extent, Kapampangan-speaking areas; its use spread to the Ilocanos in the early 17th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, baybayin survived and evolved into multiple forms—the Tagbanwa script of Palawan, and the Hanuno'o and Buhid scripts of Mindoro—and was used to create the constructed modern Kulitan script of the Kapampangan and the Ibalnan script of the Palawan people. Under the Unicode Standard and ISO 15924, the script is encoded as the Tagalog block.
The Batak script is a writing system used to write the Austronesian Batak languages spoken by several million people on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The script may be derived from the Kawi and Pallava script, ultimately derived from the Brahmi script of India, or from the hypothetical Proto-Sumatran script influenced by Pallava.
Khmer script is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language, the official language of Cambodia. It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.
Surat Buhid is an abugida used to write the Buhid language. As a Brahmic script indigenous to the Philippines, it closely related to Baybayin and Hanunó'o. It is still used today by the Mangyans, found mainly on island of Mindoro, to write their language, Buhid, together with the Filipino latin script.
Tagbanwa is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines, used by the Tagbanwa and the Palawan people as their ethnic writing system.
Old Javanese is a supposedly Brahmic-based writing system traditionally used to write the Old Javanese, and was spread across Java and much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century. The script is an abugida meaning that characters are read with an inherent vowel. Diacritics are used, either to suppress the vowel and represent a pure consonant, or to represent other vowels.
Virama is a Sanskrit phonological concept to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter, commonly used as a generic term for a codepoint in Unicode, representing either
Mandombe or Mandombé is a script proposed in 1978 in Mbanza-Ngungu in the Bas-Congo province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by Wabeladio Payi, who related that it was revealed to him in a dream by Simon Kimbangu, the prophet of the Kimbanguist Church. Mandombe is based on the sacred shapes and , and intended for writing African languages such as Kikongo, as well as the four national languages of the Congo, Kikongo ya leta, Lingala, Tshiluba and Swahili, though it does not have enough vowels to write Lingala fully. It is taught in Kimbanguist church schools in Angola, the Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also promoted by the Kimbanguist Centre de l’Écriture Négro-Africaine (CENA). The Mandombe Academy at CENA is currently working on transcribing other African languages in the script. It has been classified as the third most viable indigenous script of recent indigenous west African scripts, behind only the Vai syllabary and the N'Ko alphabet.
New Tai Lue script, also known as Xishuangbanna Dai and Simplified Tai Lue, is an abugida used to write the Tai Lü language. Developed in China in the 1950s, New Tai Lue is based on the traditional Tai Tham alphabet developed c. 1200. The government of China promoted the alphabet for use as a replacement for the older script; teaching the script was not mandatory, however, and as a result many are illiterate in New Tai Lue. In addition, communities in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam still use the Tai Tham alphabet.
The Lepcha script, or Róng script, is an abugida used by the Lepcha people to write the Lepcha language. Unusually for an abugida, syllable-final consonants are written as diacritics.
The Lontara script, also known as the Bugis script, Bugis-Makassar script, or Urupu Sulapa’ Eppa’ "four-cornered letters", is one of Indonesia's traditional scripts developed in the South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi region. The script is primarily used to write the Buginese language, followed by Makassarese and Mandar. Closely related variants of Lontara are also used to write several languages outside of Sulawesi such as Bima, Ende, and Sumbawa. The script was actively used by several South Sulawesi societies for day-to-day and literary texts from at least mid-15th Century CE until the mid-20th Century CE, before its function was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today the script is taught in South Sulawesi Province as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited usage in everyday life.
Carrier or Déné syllabics is a script created by Adrien-Gabriel Morice for the Carrier language. It was inspired by Cree syllabics and is one of the writing systems in the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics Unicode range.
Pahawh Hmong is an indigenous semi-syllabic script, invented in 1959 by Shong Lue Yang, to write two Hmong languages, Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb White Miao) and Hmong Njua AKA Hmong Leng (Moob Leeg Green Miao).
The Bamum scripts are an evolutionary series of six scripts created for the Bamum language by Ibrahim Njoya, King of Bamum. They are notable for evolving from a pictographic system to a semi-syllabary in the space of fourteen years, from 1896 to 1910. Bamum type was cast in 1918, but the script fell into disuse around 1931. A project began around 2007 to revive the Bamum script.
Kulitan, also known as súlat Kapampángan and pamagkulit, is one of the various indigenous suyat writing systems in the Philippines. It was used for writing Kapampangan, a language mainly spoken in Central Luzon, until it was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet.
Ambahan is a traditional form of poetry by the Hanunó'o Mangyan people of Mindoro, Philippines.
Suyat is the modern collective name of the indigenous scripts of various ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century up to the independence era in the 21st century. The scripts are highly varied; nonetheless, the term was suggested and used by cultural organizations in the Philippines to denote a unified neutral terminology for Philippine indigenous scripts.
báyi (1): a hunting bow, usually of bamboo; frequently extended to mean bow and arrows collectively. báyi (2): the bamboo part of a gitgit (violin) bow
layqaw refers to a category of 'marriageable but unmarried youth'