APUSH reading chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet
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APUSH reading chapter 12

Terms in this set (77)

disadvantages of the war of 1812
people were apathetic about the cause and divided; regular army was impotent/militia was worse; ranking generals were old people from Revolutionary days (lacked vigor and vision)
invasions of Canada of 1812 (Americans)
instead of capturing Montreal, the center or population and transportation, Americans tire themselves out with the three-pronged invasions of 1812 --> trio invading forces setting out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all beaten back shortly after they had crossed the Canadian border --> several more invasions fail in 1813 --> Americans turn to naval fighting
invasions of Canada of 1812 (British and Canadians)
much energy; early in the war, captured American fort of Michilimackinac, which commanded the upper Great Lakes and the Indian-inhabited area to the south and west; defenses led by British general Issac Brock
Oliver Hazard Perry
wanted control of the Great Lakes --> built a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Erie --> captures British fleet on Lake Erie --> reported to his superior "We have met the enemy and they are ours" --> vitalized the war cause among the American people --> retreating redcoats forced to withdraw from Detroit and Fort Malden --> overtaken by General Harrison's army and beaten at the Battle of Thames in October 1813
1814
Americans still losing war poorly --> Napoleon loses power (exiled to Mediterranean isle of Elba) --> United States forced to fight Britain without France's help
Thomas Macdonough
British prepared to attack New York in 1814 --> no roads meant that the British had to bring supplies over Lake Champlain --> Macdonough's weakened fleet fights the British and wins (takes place near Pittsburgh, on September 11, 1814) --> British forced to retreat --> Macdonough thus saved upper New York from conquest, New England from further disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution; also profoundly affected the concurrent negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe
British attack on Washington
British force land in Chesapeake Bay in August 1814 --> 6,000 militia men panic and disperse --> British set fire to most of the public buildings (President Madison and his aides chased into the surrounding hills)
British attack on Baltimore, nest for privateers
but was beaten off by defenders at Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key, detained American watching the bombardment at Baltimore from a British ship, comes up with the words for Star Spangled Banner --> sets it to the tune of a English tavern song)
British attack on New Orleans
threatened the entire Mississippi Valley --> Andrew Jackson, fresh from victory at Battle of Horseshoe Bend, put in charge --> defeats overconfident British, who made the mistake of launching a frontal attack (January 8, 1815) on the entrenched Americans --> most devastating defeat of the entire war for the British (this fight was useless because a peace treaty had already been signed in Europe two weeks earlier)
news reaching Washington
news about Jackson's victory reaches Washington in February 1815 --> news of the peace treaty reaches Washington two weeks later --> misconception that Jackson's victory caused the treaty to be signed so hastily
American navy vs. American army
navy did better; better craft; more driven men (wanted to avenge numerous indignities)
England's blockade
naval blockade along American coasts and landed raiding parties almost at will --> American economy suffers very much; customs revenues chocked off, and near the end of the war, the bankrupt Treasury was unable to meet its maturing obligations
Tsar Alexander I of Russia
against Napoleon and allied with Britain --> didn't want Britain to tire itself with America --> proposed mediation between Britain and America in 1812 --> this feeler eventually caused the five American peacemakers to meet in Belgian City of Ghent in 1814 (group headed by John Quincy Adams, deplored Henry Clay)
negotiations between Britain and America
because Britain was wining most of the battles, it demanded a neutralized Indian state in the Great Lakes region, control of the Great Lakes, and a substantial part of conquered Maine --> Americans reject these terms --> news of British defeats in New York and Baltimore reach Britain, war-weariness in Britain, preoccupation with redrawing the map of Europe and eyeing France at the Congress of Vienna --> London becomes more willing to compromise --> Treaty of Ghent signed on Christmas Eve, 1814
Treaty of Ghent
signed Christmas Eve, 1814; basically an armistice (both sides agree to stop fighting); no mention of those grievances for which America had ostensibly fought; "On to Canada" --> "Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost"
prosperity of New England during War of 1812
illicit trade with the enemy in Canada; absence of a British blockade until 1814
New England extremists
some propose secession from Union, or at least separate peace with England; rumors of "Blue Light" Federalists (New Englanders that flashed lanterns on shore so that blockading British ships would be alerted to the attempted escapes of American ships)
Hartford Convention
Late in 1814, capture of New Orleans seemed imminent --> Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at Hartford, Connecticut (Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island sent full delegations; New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation); December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815
resolutions of the Hartford Convention
although minority gave vent to wild talk about secession, convention's final report was quite moderate; demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade& constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared-except in case of invasion
three envoys from Massachusetts that carried those demands to Washington
arrived in Washington just in time to hear about the victory at New Orleans, followed by the news about the peace treaty --> envoys sank away and into obscurity
presidential election of 1816
Federalists nominated their last presidential candidate --> badly beaten by James Monroe (another Virginian)
diplomatic effects of the War of 1812
new respect given to America's fighting prowess (Naval officers like Perry and Macdonough were the most effective type of negotiators) --> War could be called the Second War for American Independence
national unity
sectionalism, now identified with New England, becomes something to look down on (War revealed the folly of sectional disunity)
War heroes
especially two Indian fighters, Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison --> both becomes president
Indians
abandoned by Britain --> forced to come to terms with Americans --> signs a series of treaties that ceded vast areas of forested land north of the Ohio River
Manufacturing
prospered; forced to spring up because of embargo then British blockade --> America becomes less dependent on Europe
bitterness toward England
the war revived hostilities toward England
Canadian patriotism and nationalism
many Canadians felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent (mad about the failure to secure an Indian buffer state or control of the Great Lakes) --> Canadians expected Yankees to return --> floating arms race between America and Canada on the Great Lakes --> 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement between Britain and US severely limited naval armament on the lakes --> better relations brought the last fortifications down in 1870s --> US and Canada came to share the world's longest unfortified boundary
Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo 1815
Europe goes back to conservatism, illiberalism, and reaction; America remains unaffected --> turns toward the West
most impressive product of War of 1812
increased nationalism; even though US didn't fight as one nation, emerged as one
how increased nationalism was portrayed
birth of distinctively national literature (Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper receive international recognition for using American scenes and themes); school textbooks, which used to be British, are now written by Americans for American; new magazines, such as North American Review (began publishing in 1815, same year as New Orleans victory); American painters celebrate their native landscapes
nationalism in finance
revived Bank of the United States voted by Congress in 1816; more handsome capital began to rise from the ashes; army expanded to 10,000 men; navy wins more victories in 1815 when it defeated pirates in North Africa (Stephen Decatur makes toast)
british competitors after war of 1812
after hostilities end in 1815, war-baby american factories are threatened by British competitors that provided contents of their bulging warehouses at very low prices --> Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 (first American Tariff for protection rather than revenue; 20-25% on dutiable imports) --> not high enough for adequate protection but beginning of strong protective trend
Henry Clay's proposals (known by 1824 as American System)
1) strong banking system (to provide easy and abundant credit)
2) protective tariff (for eastern manufacturing)
3) use revenues from the tariff to build network of roads and canals-especially in Ohio Valley (raw materials from South and West would flow through these roads/canals --> North and East --> in return, manufactured goods travel the opposite way --> knit country together economically and politically)
people who wanted the roads and canals
aware that Canada invasion failed partly because of poor or lack of roads; people irritated with having to dig wagons out of mud; mostly in road-poor west
people who didn't want transportation
some people thought it was unconstitutional; Congress voted in 1817 to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements --> President Madison vetoes because he thought it was unconstitutional for the federal government to give direct support for intrastate internal improvements --> individual states forced to construct on their own (i.e. New York's Erie Canal completed in 1825); New England opposed the roads because such outlets will drain away population and create rural states beyond the mountains
James Monroe
nominated for presidency in 1816 by Republicans; continued the Virginia dynasty; Federalists crushed; straddled two generations (age of Founding Fathers and age of nationalism); serene, not brilliant or great, fitting to the time though; took a goodwill tour in 1817, apparently to inspect military defenses; received warm welcomes, even in New England "the enemy's country"
Era of Good Feelings
named coined by Boston newspaper; refers to Monroe administration; tranquility and prosperity in the beginning, but there were still some troubles (issues over tariff, back, internal improvements, sale of public lands, sectionalism, arising conflict about slavery)
panic of 1819
deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, overcrowded pesthouses, known as debtor's prisons; mostly because of overspeculation in frontier lands (Bank of US, through its western branches, had become deeply involved in it); lasted several years; setback to nationalistic ardor; West especially hard hit; Bank of US forced speculative ("wildcat") western banks to the wall and foreclosed many farms --> legal but politically unwise because Bank became a devil in the eyes of western debtors; directed attention to inhumanity of imprisoning debtors --> amounting agitation
growing west
nine frontier states joins from 1791-1819 (joins alternately, free or slave, in order to keep North-South balance)
contribution to the growing west
continuation of the generations-old westward movement; siren song of cheap land "Ohio Fever" attracted European immigrants; people tired of war of boycotts and bullets; land exhaustion in older tobacco states; glib speculators accepted small down payments --> made it easier to buy new holdings; acute economic distress during embargo years; Indians pacified; building of highways improved land to Ohio Valley; steamboat in 1811 --> new era of upstream navigation
Cumberland Road
construction began in 1811; ran from Maryland to Illinois
power of western states
weak in population and influence; forced to ally with other sections --> thus strengthened, made demands and achieved its goals; Land Act of 1820 authorized buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; slowly got cheap transportation; demanded cheap money, issued by its own "wildcat" banks, and fought the powerful Bank of US
Missouri issue of 1819
Missouri attempts to join the Union in 1819 as a slave state --> House passes the Tallmadge amendment (no more slaves allowed to be brought to Missouri; provided for gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there) --> anger from slave-holding southerners, depression-cursed pioneers who favored unhampered expansion of the West, and northerners (especially die-hard Federalists who were eager to use to issue to break the back of the "Virginia dynasty")
what happened to the Tallmadge amendment
Southerners managed to defeat the amendment in the Senate
concern of the south
saw the amendment as a threat to sectional balance (when Constitution was adopted in 1788, North and South was balanced --> North becomes wealthier and more populous); afraid that the amendment would set a dangerous precedent for the rest of the Louisiana Territory area (Missouri was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Territory); afraid that if Congress might do the same thing to the older states of South
Missouri Compromise
led by Henry Clay of Kentucky; admit Missouri as an unrestricted slave state; admit Main (formerly a part of Massachusetts) as a free state; all future bondage prohibited in Louisiana Territory north of 36º 30' (except Missouri); not that offensive to the South because northern prairie land did not seem suited to slave labor. Even so, majority of southern congressmen voted against the compromise; compromise lasted 34 years, vital formative period of time in the life of young Republic --> but, slavery conflict becomes more hostile as time goes on
James Monroe's reelection
although the Missouri Compromise and the Panic of 1819 dampened the effect of the Era of Good Feeling, Monroe retained popularity; in presidential election of 1820, received every electoral vote except one (unanimity was reserved for Washington); Monroe becomes only president to be reelected after a term in which a major financial panic began
appeal of the Old Northwest
war of 1812; weakening of Indians; transportation boom of 1820 (steamboats on the Ohio, National Highways from Pennsylvania, Erie Canal)
first wave of newcomers (southern "Butternuts")
mainly from Kentucky, Tennessee, upland regions of Virginia and the Carolinas; mostly poor farmers that were pushed from good land to bad by expanding plantation economy; settled mostly in the southern portions of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois; dominated settlement in 1820's
Old Northwest for the Southerners
cheap land, escape from lowly social position; enacted black codes in their new territories to prevent blacks from following them to paradise; wanted their own democratic community; wanted to leave behind slave society
migration in 1830s
Yankees from the Northeast; land-starved as well; settled mostly in the northern parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois; eager to make the region a profitable breadbasket for the Atlantic seaboard; unlike Butternuts, northerners hoped to recreate the world they had left behind
Yankees vs. Southerners
different goals; Yankees wanted to establish public schools and build roads, canals, and railroads; advocated taxes to fund such progress --> southerners, who regarded the northerners as inhospitable, greedy, and excessively ambitious, opposed the reforms, especially public schooling because they regarded it as an attempt to northernize their children
clash of religion
Northerners (Congregationalist and Presbyterian) wanted their ministers to be educated in seminaries; Southerners (revivalist Baptist and Methodist denominations) preferred poor, humble preacher-farmers; views professional preachers as too distant from the Lord and the people
people who didn't fit into molds
Lincoln (from Kentucky) came to adopt more Yankee views; Lincoln's rival, Stephen Douglas from New England, came to adopt more Butternut views
1850s
contrast between north and south fades (region acquires its own character; northerners dominate numerically --> establish public schools, internal improvements) as new cleavages emerged, north and south allied together --> still some conflicts persisted (Civil War, Ku Klux Clan); Old Northwest became anchored economically to the Northeast, but vestiges of its early dual personality persisited
Supreme Court of post-Ghent years
still dominated by Chief Justice John Marshall; made decisions that bolstered the power of the federal government
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of US by imposing a tax on its notes --> Marshall declared that the bank was constitutional; denied Maryland the right to tax the bank--> strengthened power of federal government while weakening the power of state government; invoked Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers; this case gave the doctrine of "loose construction" its most famous formulation
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)
Cohens found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets by the Virginia courts --> appealed to higher court --> Virginia "won" the case but also lost because the case asserted the right of the Supreme court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
"steamboat case"; New York attempted to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey --> Marshall reminds New York that the Constitution granted on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce --> again weakened state powers while strengthening federal powers
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)
Georgia Legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to private speculators --> next legislature, yielding to angry public outcry, canceled the transaction --> Supreme Court decreed that the grant was a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws "impairing contracts"; protected property rights against popular pressure; asserted federal right to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution
Dartmouth vs. Woodward (1819)
college granted a charter by King George III in 1769 --> democratic New Hampshire legislature try to change it --> Dartmouth appealed the case, employing Daniel Webster as counsel --> Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand since it is a contract --> protected business enterprises from domination by the state governments; created a precedent that enabled chartered corporations, in later years, to escape the handcuffs of needed public control
John Marshall
Molding Father of the Constitution
Daniel Webster
Expounding Father; time and again, left his seat in the senate and went to the Supreme Court to expound his Federalistic and nationalistic philosophy before the supreme bench
shaping of foreign policy after the War of 1812
nationalistic President Monroe team up with John Quincy Adams (his nationalistic secretary of state)
Treaty of 1818
permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canadians; fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana along the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods (Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains; ten-year joint occupation of Oregon country, without a surrender of the rights or claims of either America or Britain
Spanish Florida
many Americans believe that Florida is destined to become a part of America; Americans already claimed West Florida, where settlers tore down Spanish flag in 1810 --> congress ratified this claim in 1812; during War of 1812, small American army seized the Mobile region
revolutions in South America
Argentina (1816), Venezuela (1817), Chile (1818) --> Spain forced to denude Florida of troops to fight the rebels --> Bands of Indians, runaway slaves, and white outcasts pour into American territory --> General Andrew Jackson commissioned to punish the Florida outlaws and pursue them into Spanish territory (But, he was to respect all posts under Spanish flag) --> Early in 1818 Jackson swept across the Florida border (exceeding his instructions from Washington-hanged 2 Indian chiefs, executed 2 British subjects for assisting Indians, seized 2 most important Spanish posts St. Marks and Pensacola) --> President Monroe consult his cabinet --> members for disavowing or disciplining Jackson, but John Quincy Adams was the only one demanded huge concessions from Spain --> Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
Spain ceded Florida, as well as shadowy claims to Oregon; America gives up shadowy claims to Texas, soon to become part of independent Mexico
aftermath of Napoleonic nightmare
autocrats rethroned in Europe --> banded together in monarchial protective association --> undertook to destroy democracy --> crushed rebellion in Italy (1821) and Spain (1823)
rumors
monarchs were gazing across Atlantic; Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France, acting in partnership, would send forced to the revolted colonies of Spanish America and there restore autocratic Spanish kings
southward push of Russian bear
from Alaska; 1821, tsar issued a decree extending Russian jurisdiction over 100 miles of the open sea down to the line of 51º --> Americans fear that Russians will cut Republic off from California, its prospective window on the Pacific
Great Britain
recoiled from joining hands with European powers because they found trade with revolted colonies very profitable --> August 1823, George Canning, British foreign secretary, approached the American minister in London with proposition --> asked US to join Britain in a declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and warning European despots to keep their hands off the Latin American republics --> minister refer to superiors in Washington
John Quincy Adam's doubts
why would Britain, with its mighty navy, need America as an ally? America lacked naval and military strength --> realized the reason: Britain feared that the Yankees would seize Spanish territory in the Americas (perhaps Cuba) which would jeopardize England's possessions in the Caribbean --> If Canning seduced America into the joining, America's own hands would be morally tied
Adam's thoughts on the joint declaration
the alliance would not only hamper American expansion, but it was also unnecessary because Europe had not hatched any definite plans for invading Americas; British fleets would prevent approach of hostile fleets --> safe for US to blow a defiant, nationalistic blast at all Europe --> Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine of 1823
president, in his regular annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823, incorporated a stern warning to European powers 1) noncolonization 2) nonintervention (first directed to the lumbering Russian bear in the Northwest) --> demanded that the monarchs keep the monarchial system out of this hemisphere. For its part, US would not intervene in the war that the Greeks were then fighting against the Turks for their independence
Monroe Doctrine's effect
Monarchs of Europe were offended; very little effect since America wasn't a powerful country, but European powers were still unable to invade because of British navy; Even before the Doctrine, tsar had decided to retreat. He did this formally in the American Treaty og 1824, which fixed his southernmost limits at the line of 54º 40' present southern tip of Alaska panhandle
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