美国的 foundation 和 endowment 基金有什么区别?

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我简单补充一下endowment和foundation在投资目标上的显著差异。endowment一般指捐赠基金,典型代表是西方高校的捐赠基金,foundation一般指基金会,比如支持某些特定项目的慈善基金会,两者都享有税收优惠,在表面上也有些相似之处。

首先,endowment通常是永续经营的,受托人需要在保持资产购买力和提供稳定的支出两个目标间进行权衡取舍,因此受托人要做的既包括决定资产组合的投资政策,也包括制定可持续的支出政策。Foundation则是可以随着基金会所支持的目标实现,而耗尽全部基金资产的,虽然多数基金会还是会选择持久存在。此外foundation通常有比如至少达到基金资产5%等最低支出限制,达不到的话将面临税收惩罚,即foundation在支出政策上的灵活性要远小于endowment。强制支出会导致foundation在资产保值增值的目标方面不及endowment,因为市场大幅下行的年份仍然按照较高比例进行支出,将对基金组合产生持久的伤害;endowment在支出政策方面更加灵活,固然也会很大程度考虑支出的稳定性,但支出政策也赋予基金组合的资产价值相当的权重,在市场大幅下行时期基金支出会适度降低,给予资产组合一定缓冲。endowment在支出稳定性之外更强调资产长期的保值和增值,很多国外高校的捐赠基金的风险偏好其实是更高的,通常高配权益和另类资产。在新增捐赠资产流入方面,以高校捐赠基金为代表的endowment,通常较各类foundation也更具优势,年复一年不断流入的新增捐赠资产和持续的再投资自然会导致资产组合规模持续增长。此外endownment分配的资金也只是高校的资金来源之一,在高校的预算里还有学费和拨款等其他诸多方式,而foundation的运营则几乎完全由投资收益来支撑,很多基金会支持的项目很依赖稳定的资金支持,再考虑到潜在的新增捐赠资产流入可能较少,foundation投资组合的风险偏好通常更低,而选择了低风险偏好投资组合的foundation在长期实现资产保值增值的难度会相应加大,自然也很难跑赢endowment的投资收益。

推荐看看Swensen写的Pioneering Portfolio Management: An Unconventional Approach to Institutional Investment,里面有比较详细的阐述。

An endowment fund is an

investment fund

set up by an institution in which regular

withdrawals

from the

invested capital

are used for ongoing operations or other specified purposes.

Endowment

funds are often used by nonprofits, universities, hospitals and churches. They are funded by donations, which are tax

deductible

for donors.

Foundation is a charitable organization that, while serving a good cause, does not qualify as a public charity by government standards. A foundation is a

nonprofit organization

which is usually created via a single primary donation from an individual or a business and whose funds and programs are managed by its own

trustees

or directors. As such, rather than funding its ongoing operations through periodic donations, a private foundation generates income by

investing

its initial donation, often disbursing the bulk of its

investment income

each year to desired charitable activities.

摘自investopedia

endowment是向大学、医院、教堂等公众资源捐款,而foundation则更小众化;foundation通常是由其设立者雇人来管理,其收入也是由它最开始的donation利滚利而来,然后在美国通常5%的利润被要求于用在慈善活动。