Think Tank reports on Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine
19.04.2024
The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)
Ukraine strategic futures
The policy paper examines three strategic futures for Ukraine and the European security:
NATO membership, which is by far the most reliable and least risky outcome for both Ukraine and the West, and alternative options – the “fortress Ukraine” and “Ukraine with assurances”.
Council on Foreign Relations
What it takes to fly the F-16: challenges for Ukraine
Ukraine is set to receive US -made F-16 fighter aircraft within months, an upgrade that Kyiv and its Western allies hope will help level the playing field with Russia’s formidable air force. But, as this brief explains, the F-16s will only have a meaningful impact on the war in Ukraine if Kyiv and its partners can build and maintain the extensive support and logistics infrastructure necessary to keep these world-class warplanes in the air.
Institut de relations internationales et stratégiques
Guerre en Ukraine: questions de crédibilité
No clearing in sight on the Ukrainian front. The article speaks of a relative status quo after the Russian failure to reach Kiev and the failure of the Ukrainian counter-offensive to reconquer the Donbass, to which are added concerns about Washington's long-term commitment, the absence of an alternative to Vladimir Putin to hope for in Moscow, and Europeans who nevertheless remain fairly united among themselves and in solidarity with Kyiv.
Friends of Europe
Revenge, implosion or reform - three scenarios for Russia after a defeat in Ukraine
The consolidation of power within the Kremlin, with or without Vladimir Putin, albeit undesirable, is the most likely scenario for Russia after a defeat in Ukraine. This is the conclusion of a recent report by Friends of Europe outlining three scenarios of what will happen to Russia after Ukraine’s victory.
Rytų Europos studijų centras (Eastern Europe Studies Centre)
The unchanging core: Russian military culture examined through the Ukrainian war
The time has arrived to delve into the depths of Russia’s reform and modernization endeavours. This unfolding narrative aims to unveil the essence of ‘Ivan’s war’ on Ukrainian soil. This inquiry poses compelling questions: can we truly decipher the unique contours of their military culture and, consequently, discern a distinct Russian way of war?
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Russia’s nuclear-capable missiles: a question of escalation control
Aspects of Moscow’s military strategy in Ukraine, including its deployment of dual-use missile systems, have offered some potential insights into its nuclear-weapons doctrine. According to the author, the examination of Russia’s ability to absorb military losses, its deliberate targeting of civilian infrastructure and the limitations of its conventionally armed land-attack missile arsenal – provides potential insights into Russia’s theatre nuclear doctrine, while also raising questions about Moscow’s ability to control escalation.
Observer Research Foundation
Ukraine's task for the year 2024: to maintain support and break the course of the war
The paper argues that Ukraine must convince its allies to continue military, financial and other support regardless of a change in power in their governments. Ukraine ended the second year of the war, facing a number of challenges that make the future unclear. Ukraine’s failed counteroffensive and the uncertainty around Western support for Kyiv has given President Vladimir Putin a confidence boost.
Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos
La prevalencia de la guerra defensiva, su estancamiento y su carácter limitado
As the author of this paper claims, the war in Ukraine has brought into play the development of new military technology. However, the Ukrainian battlefield looks more like a picture of World War I, with soldiers on foot sheltering in muddy trenches from intense shelling from classic artillery. The questions now are whether we are once again facing a prevalence of the defensive over the offensive; and what factors of the operational environment can shape this new form and manner of fighting.
Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
The Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant taken as military target: legal and technical global challenges
The writer discusses how for the first time in history a nuclear power plant (NPP) has become a military objective in the front line of a war. While previous military operations at the Iraqi Osirak reactor (1981), the Iranian Bushehr NPP (1987) and the Slovenian Krško NPP (1991) were somewhat ad hoc, the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant continues to be disputed as a military target in the frontline of the war in Ukraine, a new and unprecedented situation for which the international community was unprepared.
Istituto Affari Internazionali
Dirty warfare? The application of international law to attacks on nuclear power plants in the conduct of hostilities
Alongside verbal threats of using tactical nuclear weapons, Russia’s invasion plans have included attacks on nuclear power plants (NPPs), such as the shelling of the Zaporizhzhia complex in Ukraine. These actions raise critical questions about the application of international law to military operations involving NPPs and liability for resulting nuclear damage. This paper examines the scope of international law in such scenarios and concludes with implications from the perspective of strategic studies and NATO nuclear policy.
Center for European Policy Analysis
Behind the lines: Ukraine warns Russia’s neighbours to prepare for resistance
The article elaborates on the Ukrainian people’s resistance to Russia, arguing that it was planned long before tanks crossed the border. It warns other Europeans to be ready to repel Moscow’s aggression.
Center for European Policy Analysis
Resilience, reconstruction, recovery: the path ahead for Ukraine
To the question "How can the world achieve sustainable Ukrainian resilience, reconstruction, and recovery in the face of conflict?", the report analyses four key pillars of recovery and reconstruction: economics and finance, Ukrainian reform, Western political will, and the postwar security architecture. Each of these pillars is vital to the stability of the edifice as a whole, and each must be addressed in parallel.
Rahvusvaheline Kaitseuuringute Keskus (International Centre for Defence and Security)
Russia’s War in Ukraine: mobilisation in wartime
In the first brief of the series, the author examines Ukraine’s need to mobilise, prepare and train half a million men to relieve those who have fought since the start of the full-scale war. This will not only challenge the military but will also have profound economic effects.
Rahvusvaheline Kaitseuuringute Keskus (International Centre for Defence and Security)
Putin’s henchmen: the Russian National Guard in the invasion of Ukraine
This paper aims to highlight the role that the National Guard has played in Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the war’s impact on the service. Willing to be a key instrument to advance Putin’s priority objectives, most notably internal stability and the war against Ukraine, the National Guard has at least momentarily strengthened its standing within Russia. In this sense, the case of the National Guard is illustrative of the general dynamics characterising Russian security agencies, constantly engaged in a struggle for resources, influence, or even mere survival.
Ulkopoliittinen instituutti (Finnish Institute of International Affairs)
EU support for Ukraine: the paradox of insufficient assistance
Although the EU’s response to Russia’s full-scale invasion has been more successful than expected considering its limited capabilities and some past failures of international security assistance, the West is failing to equip Ukraine to win the war. According to the author, despite the EU’s declaration to support Ukraine “for as long as it takes”, the current extent of military support is an indication that the Union is not in practice committed to Ukraine’s victory.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (German Council on Foreign Relations)
Return and reconstruction: how the EU should invest in Ukrainian refugees
While preparing for a longer war, Ukraine and its allies are already planning for reconstruction. Human capital will be the linchpin of this effort. The author argues that, already before the war, Ukraine was lacking people in its administration and crucial sectors, and that European countries should more strategically address the prospective return of Ukrainians who fled, by enhancing their potential to help reconstruction.
Forum for research on Eastern Europe and Emerging Economies (FREE Network)
Can farmland market liberalization help Ukraine in its reconstruction and recovery?
The Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine has inflicted massive damages and losses on Ukraine, already amounting to more than 2.5 times Ukraine’s 2023 GDP. Despite substantial and continuing international political and financial support to help Ukraine in its recovery and reconstruction, it is becoming increasingly clear that it will need to mobilize its own resources and private financing as well. This policy brief argues that farmland market liberalization is one of the key reforms in this respect.
The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM)
Two years after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, lessons learnt can strengthen EU sanctions policy
The article analyses the impact of the EU sanctions on Russia’s economy, the fight against their circumvention as well as Russia’s disinformation activities on sanctions. It offers recommendations how to further reduce Russia’s ability to finance the war in Ukraine.
European Policy Center
Cost of aggression: EU sanctions against Russia two years on
Russia’s escalation at the frontline, along with the death of Alexey Navalny, should compel the West to be more active in supporting Ukraine and further increasing pressure on the aggressor, including via sanctions policy. According to the brief, strengthening sanctions enforcement and preventing circumvention must remain the priority in 2024.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Why Russia has been so resilient to Western export controls
The article presents the reasons why Russia has proved exceptionally resilient to the technology export controls imposed by the West and was able to maintain its military capability despite these measures.
Forum for research on Eastern Europe and Emerging Economies (FREE Network)
Sanctions on Russia: getting the facts right
The important strategic role that sanctions play in the efforts to constrain Russia’s geopolitical ambitions and end its brutal war on Ukraine is often questioned and diminished in the public debate. This policy brief shares insights on the complexities surrounding the use of sanctions against Russia, in light of its illegal aggression towards Ukraine. The aim is to facilitate a public discussion based on facts and reduce the risk that the debate falls prey to the information war.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (German Council on Foreign Relations)
The impact and limits of sanctions on Russia's telecoms industry
This article covers the impact of telecommunications sanctions on Russia. The author argues that such sanctions are inefficient and, not only because the industry does not suffer enough from them to affect the Russian economy, but also due to side effects in the form of state propaganda gaining a stronger grip. The analysis concludes that the EU should focus less on weakening Russia’s civilian tech infrastructure and more on strengthening resistance to the Kremlin’s information hegemony on the Runet.
European Council on Foreign Relations
Energising Eastern Europe: how the EU can enhance energy sovereignty through cooperation with Ukraine and Moldova
The brief analyses the progress that the EU and its eastern neighbours have made towards strengthening each other’s energy sovereignty so far and sets out the next steps that they should take. It finds that, to date, the EU and its member states have played an important role in strengthening the energy sovereignty of its eastern neighbours by increasing their energy independence, but that Ukraine and Moldova still underperform when it comes to cleanness and efficiency.
Vox Ukraine
What may an ethical investor do with profits from fossil fuels due to the war on Ukraine?
The article argues that oil companies have clearly benefited from the rise in oil prices caused by Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Some of them recognized this and donated part of their profits to Ukrainians immediately in 2022. Investors in fossil fuel companies benefited as well, among them universities’ endowments.
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Ships, trains, and trucks: unlocking Ukraine’s vital trade potential
Due to constant and indiscriminate Russian missile attacks, Ukraine suffered massive destruction of its transport and logistics infrastructure, with air cargo totally suspended and port activity severely interrupted. This paper analyses how Ukraine has been adapting its trade routes and related infrastructure in wartime and provides recommendations to sustain trade and economic activity now and in the future.
Bruegel
Emerging countries have replaced most of Russia’s lost trade with advanced economies
Russian trade overall seems to have suffered little from sanctions; meanwhile, medicine and food trade continues with sanctioning countries. Russia’s trading relationships have changed hugely since its full-scale invasion of Ukraine two years ago. Most advanced countries now restrict exports to and imports from Russia, while several companies headquartered in advanced countries reduced their activities in, and trade with, Russia. However, many emerging countries, most notably China, have deepened their economic ties with Russia. The report elaborates on the question of the net impact of these diverging trends.
Atlantic Council
Putin is on an historic mission and will not stop until he is finally defeated
Ultimately, it is impossible to predict exactly what Putin will do if he wins in Ukraine. As the brief notes, he may initially choose to pursue low-hanging geopolitical fruit by seizing small neighbourhood countries like Moldova or Georgia. Alternatively, he might seek to press home his advantage against a weakened West by embarking on far bolder military gambits targeting the Baltic states or the Suwałki Gap. Of the many possible post-Ukraine scenarios for Russia, the author argues that the least likely of all is the idea that an emboldened and victorious Putin would simply stop.
Council on Foreign Relations
Campaign roundup: Joe Biden makes the case for Ukraine aid
Supporters of US military aid for Ukraine have been urging President Joe Biden for weeks to make the case to the American public. The author analyses the State of the Union speech in which Biden pressed Congress to pass the much-delayed Ukrainian aid bill.
Brookings Institution
NATO cannot take Russia’s weakness in the Baltic theater for granted
The end of Sweden’s drawn-out accession to NATO signifies the completion of the Baltic region’s political transformation and strategic reconfiguration. Both processes were accelerated by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has recently crossed the two-year mark, and in both transitions, Russia loses. The author argues that the question of the real military threat that Russia poses to its neighbours, and its potential timeline, deserves more scrutiny.
RAND Europe
Help Ukraine win—or risk kicking off a U.S. losing streak
More than two years into Russia's war in Ukraine, the once solid wall of U.S. public support for aid to Ukraine has become less vocal, the brief notes. Because of this decrease in discourse supporting Ukraine, a small number of loud detractors is seeking to sway public opinion by asserting that supporting Ukraine isn't in the United States' interest.
20.03.2024
The Polish Institute of International Affairs
Russia's armed forces two years after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine
Despite the losses suffered in Ukraine, Russia has consistently pursued plans to increase the capacity of its armed forces. The article examines the “Shoigu reform” of Russia’s military, the challenges for its defence industry as well as the ideological factors in the militarisation of the state.
Real Instituto Elcano (Elcano Royal Institute)
La guerra en Ucrania tras dos años: ¿cómo ayudar a Ucrania para que no la pierda?
The author is of the view that Russia seeks to weaken Ukraine by waging a war of attrition. However, Ukraine might win, provided it keeps receiving military support from Western allies and adopts a defensive stance against Russian aggression.
Institut Montaigne
Guerre en Ukraine, deux ans après
According to this article, at the Munich Security Conference in February Europeans felt more than ever the urgency to react, while the 60 billion dollars in American aid are blocked in Congress. The brief asks: what are the driving forces behind current Putinian rhetoric? How are military positions and the state of public opinion evolving? From awareness to gradually accepting risk, how should Europe adapt its strategy?
Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
The author claims that when the full-scale Russian offensive began on 24 February 2022, few observers believed it possible that, two years later, one of the world’s largest armies would still be bogged down in Ukraine. The country has resisted but it must have more military and political support. Ukraine needs to advance towards EU and NATO membership, albeit progressively, as is being discussed in Brussels.
Centre for Eastern Studies (Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich)
On the threshold of a third year of war: Ukraine’s mobilisation crisis
The article examines the problems faced by the Ukrainian army in terms of manpower shortage, the constraints of the mobilisation process, the high average age of its soldiers, etc. The new mobilisation law might be a necessary step to improve the situation.
Clingendael Institute
Steun aan Oekraïne: geen tijd om te verliezen
The article argues that 2024 will be a crucial year for Ukraine and for European security. Two years after the large-scale invasion and ten years after the annexation of Crimea, the end of this war is not in sight.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (German Council on Foreign Relations)
Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine
Based on the notion that the Russian leadership lacks a master plan for the war against Ukraine and is primarily reacting to developments on the battlefield and to Western action and inaction, this article considers that the West, and in particular the EU and NATO, needs to invest in supporting Ukraine and its own security in the long term. Only through negotiations with security guarantees can Ukraine achieve lasting peace, and only with these western investments can it be made clear to Putin’s regime that it cannot win the war.
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Making attrition work: a viable theory of victory for Ukraine
According to this analysis, there are no conditions for another Ukrainian ground offensive in 2024. Therefore, to maximise its chances of victory, high levels of attrition should be privileged over mobility and direct attack. Western countries should help Ukraine ramp up industrial production of capabilities which provide the greatest advantages in an attritional war.
Brookings Institution
Does the West’s Ukraine policy need a reality check? A Brookings debate
Six Brookings scholars debate the questions that Ukraine and its supporters now face. Is Russia winning its war against Ukraine? Should the US and its allies push Ukraine to negotiate with Russia? How can the US and its allies best ensure security and stability in Ukraine and Europe? Should NATO take further steps toward Ukrainian membership at its 75th-anniversary summit in Washington in July? What concrete steps should the US and Europe take in 2024 to prevent a Ukrainian defeat? What would the consequences of a Russian victory be for the trans-Atlantic alliance?
Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos
Rusia, Ucrania y el campo de batalla “transparente”
The brief deals with the profusion of intelligence assets on the Ukrainian battlefield which brings us closer to the situation of a "transparent" battlefield, in the sense that practically all the elements present in the theatre of operations can be detected and located in a very short time. This "transparent" condition of the battlefield has doctrinal and strategic consequences, which explain many of the dynamics that can be observed today on the Ukrainian battlefield.
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Deter and divide: Russia's nuclear rhetoric and escalation risks in Ukraine
This analysis focuses on three critical questions: to what end(s) has Russia used nuclear threats and what impact have they had? Have Western efforts to prevent nuclear use been effective? Would Putin consider using nuclear weapons if Russia were losing in Ukraine?
United States Institute of Peace
In search of a formula for lasting peace in Ukraine
The article summarizes Ukraine’s and Western countries’ efforts to ensure a formula for a lasting peace. The key elements are investments in a security structure and institutions that will serve as a disincentive to further Russian aggression.
Real Instituto Elcano (Elcano Royal Institute)
Ucrania, dos trágicos años sin luz al final del túnel
The article takes the view that Ukraine is dependent on what others decide about its future, which does not appear to be bright, considering Putin’s efforts to place Ukraine under his zone of influence and the increasing fatigue among Western countries in terms of delivering aid.
Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier (Danish Institute of International Studies)
Humanitarian principles are under fire in Ukraine
Based on insights from field research conducted in Ukraine including interviews with humanitarian staff, this brief outlines the ways in which neutrality and impartiality among humanitarian actors in Ukraine are challenged and in some cases compromised. Following this, the brief also looks at the implications for future humanitarian work in Ukraine and other conflict zones.
Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (Heinrich Böll Foundation)
Ukraine: wie eine Gesellschaft sich neu erfindet
The article explains how the world admires Ukraine's resilience. In addition to its military strength, Ukraine's resilience is based on its high degree of social self-organization. What is its motivation; how has this experience changed Ukraine; how deeply rooted is this movement in Ukrainian history and the culture of self-organization and the pursuit of freedom, are some of the questions the brief tries to answer.
Institut für Weltwirtschaft Kiel (Kiel Institute for the World Economy)
Europe has a long way to go to replace US aid – large gap between commitments and allocations
The team of the Ukraine support tracker introduces a new measure to track foreign government aid to Ukraine – government “allocations”. The data show that total European aid has long overtaken US aid, but also that the gap between EU commitments and allocations remains very large. To fully replace US military assistance in 2024, Europe would have to double its current level and pace of arms assistance.
Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies)/IFW Kiel/ IFO Institute/ Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung
Russia’s economy on the eve of the second anniversary of the war
Nearly two years after the start of the war in Ukraine, the report gives an overview of the current state of the Russian economy, with a focus on the fiscal situation, external balances, and the effects of Western sanctions on Russia’s trade with the EU and selected third countries.
Council on Foreign Relations
Two years of war in Ukraine: are sanctions against Russia making a difference?
The United States and its allies have imposed broad economic penalties on Russia over its war in Ukraine. As the conflict continues, this paper debates whether the sanctions are working.
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Friedrich Ebert Foundation)
Build back better for everyone
This policy brief evaluates the approach adopted by the Ukrainian government and international partners, which primarily emphasises reconstruction through economic liberalisation and which has been shaped without the meaningful inclusion of important stakeholders, first and foremost feminist civil society. It argues for an inclusive and transparent process to reconstruct Ukrainian society, with a specific focus on addressing the inequalities exacerbated by the war.
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Institute for European Studies
Arming Ukraine: can Europe’s bilateral defence agreements make the difference?
At a time when assessments of the war’s trajectory are increasingly bleak, a number of questions arise about the promises and pitfalls of these newfound bilateral security agreements. Who is signing what, and why? What do these NATO and EU members seek to achieve, especially in terms of capability delivery and defence-industrial support? And perhaps most importantly, are they going to make a difference in Ukraine’s armament effort? This brief seeks to address these questions.
Institut Delors
La puissance européenne, serpent de mer ou phénix ?
This article asks if, faced with a large-scale and high-intensity conflict in its geographical area of direct interest, the EU has exercised hard power commensurate with its economic weight; if the war in Ukraine has led to the emergence of a European power, ready for a long-term balance of power, including military power; and if the sea serpent is a phoenix in the making.
European Council on Foreign Relations
Wars and elections: how European leaders can maintain public support for Ukraine
This paper takes stock of the current state of European public opinion on the war in Ukraine. It draws on the results of a poll ECFR commissioned in January 2024 in 12 European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Sweden). Given the mixed picture this analysis reveals, it then puts forward a strategy for how leaders can best make the case to continue European support for Kyiv.
The German Marshall Fund of the United States
What’s at stake in the EU elections: Ukraine aid
The European Parliament elections in 2024 will shape the political direction of the EU over the next five years and, therefore, constitute a defining moment. The author examines the impact the elections will have on EU policy in relation to support for Ukraine.
The Polish Institute of International Affairs
Bilateral security agreements with Ukraine: present opportunities and challenges
Bilateral agreements signed recently by some NATO members (the UK, France and Germany) with Ukraine raise the pressure to maintain support for the country. The article presents short-term benefits of the agreements, arguing that they will serve as a point of reference for other countries, such as Poland.
Istituto Affari Internazionali
EU policy towards Ukraine: entering geopolitical competition over European order
Since 2004, competition between the EU and Russia over the European political, economic and security order intensified sporadically, with a focal point in Ukraine. The EU’s main mitigation tactic in response to this competition used to be denial, but in 2022, following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, this approach became untenable.
Real Instituto Elcano (Elcano Royal Institute)
Ukraine as a mirror: should we pay an insurance premium?
According to the paper, Ukraine has become a mirror that reflects a number of images: the breakdown of Europe’s security and defence architecture; Russia’s revisionist and revanchist policies; the heroism of the Ukrainian people; Ukraine’s dependency on western and, in particular, US aid; the unity of the 27 EU member states in supporting its neighbour; and the differing perceptions of citizens in Europe and across the world of the nature of the threat the conflict represents.
New America Foundation
Targeting the Wagner group: how the U.S. can strengthen sanctions against Russia
An analysis of the sanctioning of Prigozhin’s corporate holdings, assets, and entities associated with the Wagner Group’s operations over the past decade offers lessons for how to sharpen the bite of diplomatic and financial tools and contain the destabilizing effects of Russia’s irregular forces. To shed light on how the US government has utilized sanctions to curtail the capabilities of Russian irregular groups and how these measures have evolved over time.
Atlantic Council
Undermining Ukraine: how Russia widened its global information war in 2023
The article discusses how in the lead-up to the February 2022 invasion, Russia employed disinformation in the form of narrative warfare to justify military action, mask its planning, and deny any responsibility for the war. It explores how Russia further entrenched these efforts throughout 2023, developing new messages and techniques while recommitting to ones that continue to prove effective.
Rytų Europos studijų centras (Eastern Europe Studies Centre)
The unchanging core: Russian military culture examined through the Ukrainian war
The brief argues that time has arrived to delve into the depths of Russia’s reform and modernization endeavours. It aims to unveil the essence of ‘Ivan’s war’ on Ukrainian soil. This inquiry poses compelling questions: can we truly decipher the unique contours of their military culture and, consequently, discern a distinct Russian way of war?
Forum for research on Eastern Europe and Emerging Economies (FREE Network)
Trending? Social media attention on Russia’s war in Ukraine
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is one of the most important geopolitical events of the 21st century. For almost two years, international news outlets have been covering the war, often providing daily or even hourly updates. But what is the level of public interest and public engagement in countries around the world? When does the war capture an international audience’s attention and what are the events that supplant it? This brief addresses the above questions.
Istituto Affari Internazionali
Russia-Ukraine war’s strategic implications
This study offers a holistic analysis of the conflict and its implications for the armed forces of European countries, as well as for NATO, EU defence, aerospace and defence industry in the Euro-Atlantic area.
Istituto Affari Internazionali
The Russia-Ukraine war and implications for the European defence industry
Two years after the Russian attack on Ukraine, it is clear to the author that the European defence technological and industrial basis was ill-equipped to face the consequences of a large-scale, high-intensity conflict on the old continent. The war changed three decades of procurement policies, production and technological trends that had previously shaped (not only) Europe’s approach to defence hardware.
Istituto Affari Internazionali
Six takeaways from two years of Russia-Ukraine war
This paper deals with six takeaways that can be gained for the armed forces of European countries, NATO and EU defence initiatives, with a view to deterring Moscow from further aggression and if necessary defending Europe from them.
This post does not necessarily represent the positions, policies, or opinions of the Council of the European Union or the European Council.
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