Articles of Confederation | Background, Purpose & Summary
Table of Contents
- What are the Articles of Confederation?
- The Articles of Confederation Summary
- Problems with the Articles of Confederation.
- Lesson Summary
What happened to the Articles of Confederation document?
After adoption by the Second Continental Congress, the Articles of Confederation document was embossed and corrected. It currently is in the National Archives of the United States.
What is the main purpose of the Articles of Confederation?
The main purpose of the Articles of Confederation was to create a national government in order to deal with foreign powers. The writers of the Articles determined that the thirteen states had to speak with a united voice in the area of international relations.
What are the main points of the Articles of Confederation?
The main points of the Articles of Confederation are the
1. Creation of a weak national government
2. Emphasis on the sovereignty of each state.
3. Idea that a ''league of friendship'' among the states was sufficient to form a nation.
What are the Articles of Confederation and why are they important?
The Articles of Confederation are the first attempt of the thirteen former British colonies to form a nation, rather than a collection of separate states. They are important both for what they accomplished - the creation of the United States of America and for what the deficiencies they displayed compelling the new nation to write a new constitution.
Table of Contents
- What are the Articles of Confederation?
- The Articles of Confederation Summary
- Problems with the Articles of Confederation.
- Lesson Summary
What are the Articles of Confederation?
The Articles of Confederation were the first attempt by the colonies in the United States to form a national government. As the colonies were preparing to declare independence from Great Britain, they found it necessary to establish some kind of national government to represent them in international relations.
Background of the Articles of Confederation
By 1776, the British colonies in America were in open revolt against Parliamentary rules governing the colonies with respect to issues over taxes, military occupation, and several others. The battles at Lexington and Concord which ignited open warfare between the colonies and Great Britain had already occurred when the Second Continental Congress was convened in May 1775. The Second Continental Congress performed basically as a provisional national government. The Congress took such actions as:
- Appointing diplomats to other countries.
- Issuing currency.
- Raising a Continental Army.
- Appointing generals: George Washington was the first.
- Conducting strategy for the revolutionary struggle.
- Debating and publishing various declarations.
Of course, the most famous of those declarations was the Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776.
But the Declaration of Independence was only one part of what the Second Continental Congress did to establish the colonies as a legitimate sovereign nation. The process of declaring independence included constructing a national government. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were created for that purpose.
When did the Articles of Confederation Start?.
- On June 11, 1776, the Second Continental Congress formed a committee made up of delegates from all thirteen colonies. John Dickinson was appointed the committee chair. Benjamin Franklin had a year earlier presented a draft of the Articles. Congress directed the committee to produce a document outlining the functions of a national government.
- The committee's final draft, written by the committee chair John Dickinson of Delaware, was presented to Congress on July 12, 1776.
- British military successes forced the Congress to move several times delaying the adoption of the Articles.
- The committee's finished Articles of Confederation were finally adopted by Congress on November 15, 1777.
- The Articles were sent to the legislatures of the various colonies for ratification.
- All colonial legislatures ratified the Articles of Confederation by March 2, 1781.
- The new national government, called The United States in Congress Assembled, passed its first law on the same day.
What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?
The primary purpose of the Articles of Confederation was to establish a national government and to establish the United States as a sovereign nation. The Articles of Confederation were the founding constitution of the new nation.
Once no longer a part of Great Britain, the thirteen separate colonies had no way to function as a national entity. Some form of government had to be created that would act as a representative of the new states as a complete whole, without, however, diminishing the sovereign power of each state. The Articles of Confederation were designed to accomplish these purposes.
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- The Articles of Confederation created a weak federal government.
- The new government was defined as a ''league of friendship.'' for the purpose of common defense and welfare.
- The federal government had no power other than what was expressly granted to it by the states.
- All legislative, executive, and judicial powers of the national government were vested in the United States in Congress Assembled.
How many Articles of Confederation are there?
There are thirteen Articles of Confederation. Some are short: only a sentence or two. Some are voluminous, comprising several paragraphs. The longest Article is Article IX which outlines the powers of the United States in Congress Assembled, the new national government.
Article I.
The title of this confederacy will be The United States of America.
Article II.
Each state retains its ''sovereignty, freedom, and independence.''
Article III.
The states form a ''league of friendship'' for the express purpose of
- Common defense.
- Security of their liberties.
- Mutual and general welfare.
Article IV.
Allowed for the free travel of citizens among the various states, except for ''paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice.''
Article V.
Outlined the mechanism for annually sending delegates to the Congress. Although state delegations could number from two to seven delegates, all states had one vote in Congress. Set a limit to the number of years a delegate could serve.
Article VI
Outlined actons that were vested only in the federal government and that states could not undertake on their own or in some combination.
- No state could send ambassadors to foreign powers.
- No state could declare or conduct war.
- No state could enter into treaties on their own.
- No state could impose duties or tariffs to interfere with treaties made by the federal government.
- No state could maintain a navy.
- No state could keep an army, except for what was needed to garrison forts.
- Every state shall keep a militia and maintain armories for the purpose of defense.
Article VII
When armies are required, the state shall appoint all officers of or under the rank of colonel.
Article VIII
All expenses incurred in war shall be apportioned to the various states in accordance with their size. The taxes to cover the war expense will be levied by the state legislatures.
Article IX
Outlined the powers and functions of the federal government. ''The United States in Congress Assembled shall have the sole and exclusive right and power''
- Determining peace and war.
- Sending and receiving foreign ambassadors.
- Entering into treaties and alliances.
- Establishing rules of the spoils of war.
- Appointing courts for the trial of pirates.
- Being the last resort on disputes between states.
- Fixing the standards of weights and measures for the United States.
- Regulating all trade and intercourse with Native American nations.
- Establishing post offices throughout the United States.
- Appointing all officers in the army above the regimental level.
- Appointing all naval officers.
- Establishing rules for the army and the navy.
- Electing a President from within the ranks of Congress to serve as presiding officer. Any delegate can only serve as President for one year out of their three-year term.
- Limiting the federal government's power to conduct war, to enter into treaties, to coin money, to apportion war expenses, to borrow money, to decide on the size of the navy or the army, to appoint a commander in chief, unless nine states give their assent.
- Establishing majority vote to pass any legislation.
Article X.
The committee of the states is authorized to act when Congress is not in session.
Article XI
Admits Canada into the United States, if Canada wishes to do so.
Article XII
Pledges that all expenses incurred or credit extended shall be honored.
Article XIII
Declares that the Articles of Confederation are perpetual and can only be changed by the United States in Congress Assembled with the ratification of any change by all the states.
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Almost immediately, several issues illuminated severe deficiencies in the government created by the Articles of Confederation.
- Since the United States in Congress Assembled could not levy taxes, it had to borrow money to fight the Revolutionary War.
- Since the United States in Congress Assembled could not compel any states to levy taxes, it could not pay its war debts.
- Competition among states for exports led to economic instability.
- Currency printed by the United States in Congress Assembled was not backed by gold leading to inflation.
- States issued their own money leading to economic confusion.
- No independent federal judiciary led to a lack of uniformity in the law, with states not abiding by laws of other states.
- Shay's rebellion and the British violations of the Treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary War demonstrated the terrible consequences of no military force independent of the acquiescence of all the states.
In sum, the weakness of the federal government, and its almost complete dependence upon the approval of nine of the thirteen states were the primary weaknesses of the government created by the Articles of Confederation.
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During the Revolutionary War against Great Britain, the Second Continental Congress acted as a provisional government in order to conduct the war. In addition, the Second Continental Congress established committees to draft two important documents that would demonstrate that the new country was independent and sovereign: the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.
Due to the necessity of avoiding the British military, the Second Continental Congress was unable to adopt the Articles of Confederation until November 15, 1777. The Articles were ratified by the states on March 2, 1781.
The Articles of Confederation created the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states. Article II stated that each state retained its ''sovereignty, freedom, and independence.''
The purposes of the national government was to conduct foreign political and commercial relationships, including the power to declare war. But the national government itself could not maintain an army or directly collect taxes from the states, it could only request for military volunteers from the states and ask for but not compel taxes from the states. The important functions of a national government had to be approved by all the states. Each state could send from two to seven delegates to the Congress, but each state had only one vote.
In practice, several weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation were exposed.
- There was no federal court system to mediate between states.
- The federal government could not organize or maintain an army without the unanimous approval of the states.
- The federal government couldn't levy taxes so it couldn't pay its war debts.
The reason for these weaknesses stemmed from the very purpose of the Articles of Confederation to guarantee state sovereignty and rights.
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Video Transcript
The Beginning
In 1776, the thirteen colonies declared their independence from Great Britain and became a new country, the United States of America. This declaration of independence was a long road with too much taxation, too many internal conflicts and battles, being declared a state of rebellion, and the invasion of the British Army. By the time that the United States was formed, the last thing the new country wanted was big government. There was a new fear of the government having too much power, and each state wanted to be responsible for itself. However, the country was at war, and something had to be done to be sure that there were a set of rules that the country followed, especially with foreign relationships.
With this in mind, the country drafted its first constitution, the Articles of Confederation. In June of 1776, the Continental Congress voted to form a committee to write a constitution for the new country. The Articles of Confederation established the United States as a confederation of sovereign states. However, the Articles of Confederation were far from perfect and actually established a weak central government.
Let's now look at the Articles of Confederation and the problems with the acts proposed.
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation contained thirteen different articles, all of which were very straightforward.
Article I established the name of the new country, stating, The title of this confederacy shall be the United States of America.
Article II reassured the new states that they would maintain their power, except for the powers given to the central government. It states, Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated. Remember that the new country was very worried about a large, powerful federal government. This act promised the states and country that the national government would not be bigger than the individual states.
Article III defines exactly what the new country would be. It would not be a nation, but rather individual states that enter into a ...firm league of friendship with each other. The states would work together for protection of liberties, defense, and would assist each other ...against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them.
At this point, you are probably thinking that the Articles of Confederation established isolation. The writers just wrote two articles promising state powers and just a friendship status. However, in Article IV, they do emphasize the idea that the United States is a country. The article promises that people could move freely between the states. All people were allowed to travel, no matter their social status. This article also promised that if a criminal fled from one state to another, the new state would return the guilty person.
Article V gives one vote in the Congress of the Confederation to each state.
In Article VI, the focus of these Articles changes to what the federal government will be responsible for. This article states that only central government can ...conduct foreign political or commercial relations. In addition, only the central government can declare war. The states were not allowed to accept foreign gifts, declare any nobility, or form sub-nationality groups. Although no state could engage in war by itself, they were required to keep a well-regulated militia. This would include trained individuals and equipment.
Article VII gives the power to name the officers in the army to state legislatures.
Article VIII discusses how expenses would be paid by the United States. Funds would be collected by state legislations and the federal government would give to the states as needed.
Article IX establishes the role of Congress. Congress would be responsible for federal relationships, including determining war, entering into treaties, making money, and serving as court between states.
Article X, though, resumes the idea of making sure the states know that their power will not be taken from them. In this article, the writers give the power of Congress back to the states if Congress is not in session.
The last three Articles do not focus on federal or state power, but rather some last rules of the new country. First, if the Province of Quebec wanted to join the new country, it could. Second, the war debt that was incurred before the writing of the Articles would be considered the country's war debt. Finally, the Articles of Confederation were final and would only be changed by Congress.
The Problems
The Articles of Confederation only lasted eight years. Why? Why did these articles not last? There are a number of reasons that the Articles of Confederation failed.
First, there was a lack of central leadership. In fact, the Articles worked against national government. The Articles were written to guarantee state powers. Each state was looked at as independently as possible. Because of this, the national government was rather weak. Its only responsibility was to monitor common defense, securing liberties, and general welfare. There was not a court system that was put in place. As a result, states often overturned national acts. Although the Articles granted Congress the right to declare war or peace, there was no power to establish an army. The United States was dependent on state armies, which was very confusing and left them open to threats. Finally, there was no one in charge of foreign relationships. In fact, there was no president. Because of this, America lacked any real diplomacy.
Second, there were economic concerns. The government had no power to regulate trade. Each state entered their own trade agreements, which led to confusion. Next there was no consistent currency. Each state began to print its own money, so there was no economic stability. This made it even more difficult to trade between states and other countries because there was not a uniform currency. Finally, the national government had no power of taxation. Not only did states often argue among themselves but they often refused to financially support the national government and little could be done to make this happen. When the states did not help support the new country, America had to rely on loans from other countries, putting the new country into debt.
Third, the Articles of Confederation were legislatively weak. Each state was given one representative, regardless of the state size. While the founding fathers may have thought that one vote for each state would make passing laws easier, it actually made it more difficult. Remember, there were 13 states, which meant that it took nine votes for a law to pass. Oftentimes, new laws were blocked just by numbers.
Lesson Summary
In 1776, the United States of America declared themselves free from Great Britain. After years of conflict with Great Britain, the United States was very wary of federal government. With this in mind, they developed their first constitution, the Articles of Confederation. This document established the United States as a confederation of sovereign states.
The Articles of Confederation introduced thirteen different articles that granted powers to the states and to the federal government. This included:
1. The new country would be named the United States of America.
2. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated.
3. The new country would be made up of individual states with a 'friendship' towards each other.
4. People were allowed to move freely between states.
5. Each state was given one vote in Congress.
6. The federal government would be in charge of foreign relationships and declaring war. However, each state should keep its own well-regulated militia.
7. Officers of the army were named by the state legislatures.
8. Funds for the national government would be collected by state legislatures.
9. Congress would determine peace or war, enter into treaties, and make money.
10. If Congress is not in session, the states would be given its power.
11. The Province of Quebec could join the United States.
12. War debt would belong to the country.
13. The Articles of Confederation were final.
The Articles of Confederation did very little to establish a strong national government. There are many problems with it. First, there was a lack of central leadership. The national government was really only established to monitor defense, liberties, and general welfare. Each state was seen as independent and they would often overturn rules set by the federal government.
Second, there were economic inconsistencies. There was no universal currency. Each state would print its own money, leading to confusion in trade. The states would refuse to support the federal government and there was little that could be done about this.
Finally, the Articles of Confederation were legislatively weak. Each state was only given one representative regardless of size. Voting was often stalled because of this.
Learning Outcomes
When you've thoroughly studied this lesson on the Articles of Confederation, try to:
- Specify the purpose of the Articles of Confederation
- Recite the original thirteen articles
- Determine why the articles did not last even a decade
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