APHGAgriculture Flashcards | Quizlet
 
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APHGAgriculture

Terms in this set (388)

value-added agriculture
process of increasing the economic value and consumer appeal of agricultural commodity (processing wheat into flour makes it more appealing to the consumer - bakers)
vegetative planting
reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
von Thunen's model
a model that explains the location of agricultural ativities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition puts various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market. Basically, it holds that extensive activities are farther from the urban area and intensive activities are closer to the urban area.
von Thunen's rings
another term for von Thunen's model. It is a pictoral model in which rings representing agricultural activity progress from a center circle representing an urban area. The rings farther from the city represent more extensive agricultural activities than the rings closer to the city, which represent more intensive agricultural activity.
wattle
framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence
wet (lowland) rice
Rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
winter wheat area, spring wheat area
In the United States, the two major types of wheat grown are spring wheat and winter wheat. Spring wheat is mainly grown in the northern Great Plains states such as North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Minnesota. Winter wheat is grown from the southern Great Plains states (Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma) through the Eastern United States (Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia). California has also become a winter wheat producing state.
soil erosion
the wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water
specialized agriculture
commercial farm focused on one type of product
specialization
the method of production where a business or area focuses on the production of a limited range of products
subsistence
almost complete self-sufficiency in order to sustain life
subsistence agriculture
self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade
sustainable yield
the volume or rate of use that will not impair a resource's ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivity
tertiary economic activity
economic activity associated with the provision of services, such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs
Secondary sector
sector of the economy that manages the manufacturing of finished goods
Seed agriculture
reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization.
Seed crops
plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds
Seed drill
sowing device that precisely positions seeds in the soil and then covers them
Shifting cultivation
subsistence farmers move from place to place in search of the best land
Slash & burn agriculture
vegetation is cut down and burnt to increase soil fertility
Soil erosion
the washing away of soil by the flow of water or some other natural cause
Tertiary sector
Consists of business and labor specializations that provide services to the primary and secondary sector. Ex: wholesale trade and retail.
Third agricultural revolution
Refers to the Increase in possibilities of agriculture due to genetic engineering and biotechnology.
Township-and range-system
a rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior
Tragedy of the commons
When land was owned by no single person, so it was misused and led to less total production.
Transhumance
When, a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
Truck farming
Intensive farming of fresh fruits and vegetables that go to market daily. Truck used to mean to barter.
Undernutrition
Not consuming enough essential nutrients or calories for normal body functions
Monoculture
the cultivation of a single crop
Neolithic revolution
First agricultural revolution; transfer from hunter-gatherers to farmers
Nomadic herding
the act of bringing together and maintaining a group of animals while moving
Nomadism
people who have no fixed home and move around based on the seasons
Nucleated settlement pattern
a settlement where buildings are clustered around a fixed point
Open-lot system
not sure yet
Organic agriculture
form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pesticides
pampas
the vast grassy plains of northern Argentina
pastoral nomadism
a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
pastoralism
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again
patriarchal system
system of societies in which men hold the power in the family, economy, and government
pesticide
a chemical used to kill pests (as rodents or insects)
plant domestication
genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
Plantation Agriculture
Large, extensive monoculture farms in tropical areas that grow specialized crops intended for domestic consumption and export. they rely on low wage labor and, in the US until 1865, slave labor.
Plantation Farming
an estate whose resident workers produce one or two specialized crops
Post-Industrial Societies
Countries where most people are no longer employed in industry, most people are in services and technology.
Primary
Economic Activity that deals with the extraction of resources.
Primary economic activity
when materials are extracted or harvested form the earth.
Primogeniture
A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The first son remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere.
Quaternary economic activity
Services done by white collar workers working in education, government, information processing, and research.
Quaternary Sector
The part of a region's economy devoted to informational and idea-generating activities (e.g., basic research, universities and colleges, and news media). (CONFIRM WITH SWENNYPOO)
Quinary Economic Activity
Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
Ranching
The practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle or sheep for meat or other products.
Rectangular Survey System
Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the U.S. Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.
Root Crops
Crops that are reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants. (CONFIRM WITH SWENNYPOO)
Second Agricultural Revolution
Happened at the same time as (and benefitted) the Industrial Revolution. It included improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.
Secondary Economic Activity
Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.
Genetic modification
direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology
GMO (genetically modified organism)
organism whose genomes have been genetically manipulated
Green Revolution
American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yields
Hamlets/villages
small settlements
Horticulture
industry of plant cultivation, including preparing the soil for seeds, etc.
Hunters and gatherers
existed before farmers; people who went out and killed/collected food for themselves and their families
industrial agriculture
a form of agriculture that is capital-intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs for human and animal labor
Industrial agriculture
a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops
intensive subsistence agriculture
agriculture that involves the cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre
intertillage
to cultivate between rows of a crop
irrigation
the watering of land by artificial means to foster plant growth
job specialization
the process of focusing one's occupational concentration on a specific area of expertise
Köppen climatic classification system
developed by Wladimir Köppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation
Labor intensive agriculture
Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.
land rent
The value of land. Differences in this are due to the differences in the potential use of the land. For example, ten acres of the desert may be worth near nothing, but ten acres of prime farm land could be worth a fortune.
large scale grain farm
Grain is often farmed on a large scale, meaning it takes a lot of heavy machinery and equipment, but comparatively little labor. Large scale farming can also lead to monoculture, as it is more efficient to only grow one type of crop.
livestock ranching
the raising of domesticated animals for the produciton of meat and byproducts (leather, wool)
location theory
A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.
long-lot survey system
A distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and texas where land is divided into narrow lots stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
Luxury Crops
non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.
Maximum Sustainable Yield
describes the maximum amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater, or it describes what can be raised without too many expensive inputs that would make farming unprofitable.
Mediterranean Agriculture
a kind of specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails. Farmers in those areas grow a special combination of crops (grapes, olives, citrus fruits, figs, certain vegetables, dates, etc.). Mediterranean products (ex. many wines come from those areas) tend to be popular and expensive.
Mercantilism
accumulation of wealth through plunder, colonization and the protection of home industries and foreign markets.
Metes and Bounds
A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office Survey abandoned the technique and switched to the rectangular survey system.
Milkshed
The region (in terms of travel time and distance) around a city from which fresh milk is delivered without spoiling.
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Raising both crops and livestock
Agribusiness
businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry
Agricultural hearths
hearth of agricultural origin
Agriculture
deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber
Agro industry
agricultural activity of an area viewed as an industrial sector of the economy
Animal domestication
animals began to be kept as pets or ceremonial reasons. Began when people became more sedentary
Appellation
local or regional geographic name for the product (ex: Napa wine from California)
Aquaculture
fish farming; the breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, and canals
Arable land
used or suitable for growing crops
Biotechnology
use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production
Capital-intensive farm
form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods - a process requiring very little human labor
Cereal grains
grains such as rice and wheat produced for food
Climate regions
Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
commercial agriculture
term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operation s that employ vast land masses, large mechanical equipment, factory type labor forces, and the latest technology
Collectives
large farms leased from the state to groups of peasant farmers
crop rotation
When one crop is planted in one plot of land one year, and then moved to a different plot of land another year. this makes sure that the same type of plant isn't in the same soil every year, because it would use up all the nutrients and result in poor soil. Different plants use different nutrients, so the soil stays fertile.
dairying
An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.
debt-for-nature swaps
financial transactions in which a portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in conservation measures.
desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
dispersed settlement pattern
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
Domestication
the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
Enclosure
process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers
Enclosure Movement
18th century movement among wealthy British landed aristocrats to rationalize their farms. Using new farming technology and systems of crop rotation, they forced the agrarian poor off the old "village commons" that now became "enclosed" as private property. The jobless poor ended up constituting the proletariat working class in the upcoming Industrial Revolution.
Erosion
condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind
Ester Boserup
she made a theory of agricultural intensification (Boserup 1965). Hers is still the most general theory explaining how human populations can continue to grow despite apparent environmental limits. According to Boserup, as human populations increase, they adopt more productive technologies (eg. agriculture and other systems of ecosystem engineering), increasing the carrying capacity of human environments as needed.
Extensive Agriculture
an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area (there is minimal labor put in over a large area of land).
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre.
Famine
a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death
Fertilizer
any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile
First Agricultural Revolution
dating back 10,000 years, the first agricultural revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
How many Irish peasants relied on the potato?
8 million
How did the potato famine benefit the united states?
The refugees provided cheap labor in the us for mines, canals, and railroads, and helped build infrastructure in the US.
Economic Geography
the study of how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary by area, and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked.
T/F: The potato blight only affected Ireland.
False: The potato blight changed the economies of all the continents of the world.
What does the deindustrialization and depletion of natural resources in the us do?
It alters the relative wealth of other countries, changes trade patterns, domestic employment, income patterns and more.
What controls many production patterns?
The spatially variable patterns of the physical environment
What is another thing that affects economic or production patterns?
Cultural considerations- you aren't going to grow beef cattle in India if no one wants to eat cows.
What does technological development do for a country in terms of resources?
It makes them more able to recognize and exploit them.
What controls what and how much is produced in most economies?
Demand
-also politics, subsidies, tariffs, and restrictions
Primary activities
Harvesting/extracting from the earth
Secondary activities
Add value to raw materials
Tertiary activities
SERVICES to primary and secondary activities
Quaternary activities
Professionals and education
Quinary Activities
A branch on quaternary activities that include high level decision making (CEO)
What cuts across general activity patterns and unites them?
transportation and communication
In the 21st century, economies fall into these 3 systems:
Subsistence, commercial, and planned
-all are slightly mixed, no economy is completely one type
Chopping down trees is a _______ activity.
Turning logs into boards is a _____ activity.
primary, secondary
What is a subsistence economy?
Goods and services are created for the use of the producer and their family. (A family eats food from their own farm)
_______ is the most common type of economy.
Market economy
What is a market(commercial) economy?
Producers freely sell their goods, then use that money to buy their own goods.
What is a planned economy?
Government decides price and quantity of everything produced.
_____ and ______ are some of the only planned economies left.
Cuba, North Korea
How is the US part planned economy?
Government controls growing wheat of sugarcane, making alcohol, nuclear power plants, etc.
How is the US a market economy?
Supply and demand determine most of the prices for goods and services.
What does development imply?
full productive use of a country's natural and human resources
A dominant theory in the 60's described normal development as what?
progressions from the limitations of a traditional society of subsistence agriculture, low technology, and poorly developed commercial through takeoff stages of increasing investment in infrastructure and human capital, application of modern technology to resource exploitation, and a gradually expanding and maturing industrial base.
When were the UN proclaimed "development decades"? What actually happened?
the 1960's, 70's, and 80's
They actually turned out to be "decades of disappointment", and there was little economic growth.
What is the concept of the "Big Push"?
Underdeveloped economies could break out of poverty by coordinated investment in both basic industries and infrastructure.
What are 4 indicators of low economic development?
Large portion of GDP is from agriculture
Small portion of GDP is services
reliance on subsistence agriculture
low level services
What are 3 indicators of good economic development?
Small portion of GDP is from agriculture
Large portion of GDP is services
Knowledge based economies
________ are characterized by isolation from world and regional routeways.
Subsistence societies
What is humankind's basic economic concern?
Securing food sufficient to meet caloric requirements.
What is the UN's minimum daily caloric intake per person?
2350-if everything were even, we would have more than enough food.
______ and _____ were the universal forms of primary production before farming.
Hunting, Gathering
T/F: there are no longer any hunters/gatherers.
False: there are a few thousand that live in isolated pockets in low and high latitudes.
What is agriculture?
The growing of crops and tending of livestock.
Crop farming covers ___ million square km, __% of the earth's surface.
15, 10
___ of land in most developing countries is for agriculture.
2/3
____ economic system implies almost total self sufficiency.
Subsistence
____ Agriculture uses large amounts of land and little labor input.
Extensive
____ agriculture uses small amounts of land and heavy labor input.
intensive
What is the most extensive type of agriculture?
Nomadic herding
What is transhumance?
A special form of seasonal movement of livestock to exploit specific locally varying pasture conditions.
What are other names for shifting agriculture?
Slash and burn, swidden (most common)
also milpa in middle and south america, chitemene in Africa, and ladding in SE asia.
Less than __% of the world's people are in shifting agriculture, but it takes up __ of the earth's surface.
3, 1/7
T/F: the key to increased production is to use more land.
False. There is little land left to put more farms; the key is increased productivity of existing land.
What is the green revolution?
The shorthand reference to a complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture and designed to bring larger harvest from a given area of farmland.
What characterizes agriculture in developed countries?
Specialization, off farm sale, and interdependence of producers and buyers
What are agribusinesses?
the growing merging of older farm centered crop economy and the newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems.
What did von thünen do?
He created the concentric zone model that states that perishable goods are located near market area as well as heavy items, while crops that are able to be shipped long distances without spoiling were located farther away.
The basic point of the model was that the farther from the city you go, the cheaper land is but the more transportation costs are. The farther from the city you go, the more extensive the farming becomes.
Following ______, agriculture in the developed world's market economies turned increasingly to concentrated methods of production.
World War II
T/F: All modern agriculture is intensive, the only classification is "more intensive or "Less intensive"
True.
Truck farms are _____ agriculture. The english word "truck" meant _____.
intensive; to barter
What is livestock grain farming?
Growing grain to feed livestock on the same farm. Although these farmers work their land intensively, the price per unit is still less than trick farms.
What are livestock factory farms?
farms with thousands or tens of thousands of animals. began in 1920s.
What is the land of the amazon basin being destroyed for?
soybean farms.
Mediterranean agriculture
an agricultural system practiced in the mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes,, olives, oranges, figs, etc. comprise profitable agricultural operations.
Plantation
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
Gathering industries
based on harvesting renewable resources (wood, fishing)
extractive industries
removing nonrenewable metallic minerals, including mineral fuels, from the earth's crust.
maximum sustainable yield
Largest volume of a resource used that will not impair its ability to be renewed.
The annual fish supply comes from these three sources:
inland catch (ponds, lakes, and streams)
Fish farming
marine catch (Wild fish)
How can the tragedy of the commons be applied to fishing?
The oceans are viewed as common property, and this has lead to great overfishing and no one in charge of taking care of the oceans. this has led to a gradual decrease in fish catch each year.
aquaculture
fish farming; the breeding of fish in freshwater ponds, lakes, and canals or in fenced off costal bays and estuaries or enclosures.
_____ fish are only used for human food, but _____ fish are used for food as well as fish meal, oil, fertilizer, and animal food.
farmed, wild
_______ plays a major role in where low value minerals will be mined.
Transportation costs
T/F: Many spots with very pure ores are left unexploited because there is too little material for it to be profitable.
True
Benefication
waste material removal
T/F: the metals market is very stable.
False: it is very volatile and changes quickly.
What is the flow of commodities?
producers in developing countries sell raw materials to developed countries. Developed countries then sell processed goods back to developing countries for more.
What was the doha round of discussions?
meetings in doha, quatar, to begin negotiations on opening world market in agriculture, and in industrial goods and services. the goals were freer world trade flows, special consideration for the economic and developmental needs of poorer countries, and more fairness in trade. the discussions fell apart in 2008.
Agriculture is in which economic sector?
primary!
2 main classifications of agriculture?
intensive (lots of labor and/or small plot of land) and extensive (not much labor and/or lots of land)!
Whe earliest forms of agriculture emerged from _____and ______ societies in prehistoric times
hunting and gathering!
What is transhumance?
where groups move seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates, but to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants are in fruit!
____________ eventually led to the live capture and eventual domestication of cattle, horse, etc.
hunting of animals!
What is pastoralism?
agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again (also nomadic herding)!
______ _______ to different plant habitats revealed fruits and grains that could be harvested from wild plants and trees.
seasonal migration!
The ___________ approach was more secure than single-crop __________; if one crop failed or was damaged, another would provide a backup
multi-cropping/monoculture!
Monoculture became common in the era of early political civilization and empires, when farms produced a ____ ____ in large order to feed whole societies
staple crop!
What is mixed farming?
(also general farming) both growing crops and raising livestock!
What is subsistence agriculture?
the process of only producing enough food/goods to provide for one's family!
What is extensive subsistence agriculture?
low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land! (more likely to occur in less populated regions such as south america or less habitable areas where pastoralism is common such as Siberia)
Today, most subsistence agriculture is usually very (extensive/intensive) and done on (large/small) plots of land.
intensive/small!
____ people have to be fed off of much ____ land in the third world.
more/less!
Subsistence farmers must be able to ______ food.
preserve!
The opposite of intensive subsistence farming is __-______ to sell farm goods at market
cash-cropping!
What are commercial crops?
crops that are harvested in exchange for currency, goods, or credit!
What is plantation agriculture, and where is it found?
large, extensive, monoculture farms that are reliant upon low-wage labor, found in tropical and sub-tropical regions!
Tropical plantation export crops are still found in the world, mainly in ________ locations
third world!
What are some examples of plantation crops?
bananas, cane sugar, coffee, tea, rubber, chocolate!
As a form of monoculture, plantation production can prove to be a _____ financial investment for many countries.
risky! (monoculture- can fluctuate from profitable to non-profitable)
In the united states, _____ and _______ were southern plantation crops that sold domestically and for export.
Cotton/tobacco!
Throughout most of human history, _____ _____ and _______ owned most of the arable land.
wealthy landlords/aristocrats! (only 5% of the population; 90+% farmed the land they didn't own)
The prescribed solution [revolting peasants in europe in the late 1800s] under the Marxist-Socialist political economy was the ________ of farms and the ________ of privately owned land.
collectivization/elimination!
Communes were assigned _____ by the government that detailed exactly how much each farm should produce each year.
quotas!
The result [communist system, assigned quotas] was a system that had no _____ food and not much variety.
surplus!
What is human ecology?
human interactions with nature!
____ _______ occurs when one crop is planted on a plot of land and then switched to another plot in subsequent years.
crop rotation!
____-______ involves the planting of more than one crop on the same plot of land.
multi-cropping! (double-cropping= 2 a year, triple= 3)
The general rule of thumb is to plant in ____, grow in _____, and harvest in _____.
spring/summer/fall!
What is spring wheat?
planted in spring, harvested in summer!
What is winter wheat?
planted in fall, dormant in winter, grows in spring, harvested in summer!
______ ______ describes the amount of crops or animals that can be raised without endangering local resources such as soil, irrigation, or groundwater.
sustainable yield!
Not all agriculture is done to create human food; a number of crops are raised for ______ use, ______, or _______.
industrial/textiles/animal feed!
Corn has been used to make ______, an alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner.
ethanol!
Biodiesel from _______ and ______ oils has become an alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel for trucking.
soybeans and vegetable oils!
Traditionally, slash-and-burn agriculture has occured in _____ ______ regions
tropical rainforest!
What is fallowing?
land is left to recover!
Rainforest soils are very _____
poor! :(
What is desertification?
any human process that turns a vegetated environment into a desert-esque landscape!
One of the risks of farming in dryland and desert regions is that the evaporation of water can trap ______ _____ on the surface soil layer, which poison crops
mineral salts!
Describe the First Agricultural Revolution!
After thousands of years of humans hunting, gathering, and fishing for food, people transitioned to an organized form of farming! Included the domestication of plants and animals!
What is seed agriculture?
the fertilized seed grains and fruits of plants are collected and replanted together!
What is horticulture?
plant varieties that thrive in different soil or climate conditions are cultivated!
The most productive of these [animal domestication] were purposely interbred or hybridized to be reproduced through ______ ______.
animal husbandry!
Early farms were produced at a _____ scale and were mainly for the ______ of the family or local community.
small/subsistence!
A number of domesticated New World crops made their way to the rest of the world through _______ _______
relocation diffusion!
Describe the Second Agricultural Revolution!
Began at the same time as the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s when more technological advancements were made to agriculture! Also included the development of specialized hybrids, chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides, and mechanization (tractors, etc.)
What are dwarf varieties?
Special hybrid innovations of plants; less energy is spent growing a stalk, resulting in more grains on each head!
Ammonium nitrate was first mass-produced as fertilizer in 1909 to replace lost ______ in soils.
nitrogen!
These technological innovations led to _____ farms and _____ farmers.
larger/fewer!
Describe the Green Revolution!
1800s-early 1900s tropical plant and animal hybrids and chemical fertilizers and pesticides began to be used!
Mechanization has been much _____ to diffuse, mainly due to the high cost of large-scale farm equipment
slower!
The technology transfer from First to Third World has _______ food production
expanded!
What's special about the Brahman cattle?
they produce much more meat than regular cattle, and can thrive in higher temperatures and humidity!
In addition to new technologies, _____ ______ has further increased the possibilities and productivity of global agriculture.
genetic engineering!
Veterinary science and _______ research have developed vaccines, antibiotics, and growth hormones that have reduced farm animal morality and increased the yields of animal by-products.
biotechnology!
Factory farming is also known as
industrial agriculture!
BT corn:
produces toxins deadly to certain insects and fungi!
"My Cow's on 'Roids, Dude!"
rBGH are synthetic hormones that mimic the real growth-stimulating hormones produced by a cow's pituitary glands! The result is bigger cows with more milk!
In Anglo-America today, agriculture is moving toward _____ ______ of ______ _____, namely corn, soybeans, and wheat.
extensive monoculture of staple crops!
_____ _______ of farms is the norm, whereas the family-owned farm is becoming a thing of the past.
corporate ownership!
The high-cost technical developments of the Third Agricultural Revolution have combined with low ______ prices of crops and animals to push small-scale farms out of business.
commodity
What is corporate agriculture?
(also agribusiness) large-scale extensive farms of several thousands of acres or several thousand animals are controlled by a single regional business!
One of the few ways to continue farming low-price staple crops is to ______ smaller farms under one company to spread costs and create profitability through _______.
consolidate/volume!
Agriculture produces _% of US & Canadian GDP, manufacturing produces _%, and services _%
3%, 17%, and 80%!
To keep costs down, agribusinesses have become increasingly dependent on ______ _____.
factory farms!
________ cattle are beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead.
downer cattle!
Keep going! You're almost there!
:) You can do this.
Low crop prices and profitability, increasing fuel costs, and competition from big agribusiness firms have made farming very _____ for the traditional small-scale farm.
dificíl!
For those who wanted to survive the farm crisis in rural areas, there were a few options: start farming as a contractor for agribusiness, buy out other farmers and go into agribusiness for yourself, or stick with your current farm and get into _______ _____ ______.
specialized farm products!
In the US & Canada, this [non-GMO] can bring a _______ ______ from natural foods processors and consumers looking for the non-GMO label.
premium price!
What are "organic" crops and animals?
must not be grown using genetic engineering, must be free of pesticides, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones, must not use artificial fertilizers, and must feed on completely organic crops!
note
There is no evidence that GMOs cause harm to humans!
_____ _____ and _____ ______ cattle have also brought significantly higher prices to gourmet consumers who seek the more natural-tasting beef.
free range and grass-fed!
What is value added agriculture?
food is processed on the farm and significantly increases in value and more money goes to the farmer! (ex- wine, cheese, olive oil)
What is an appellation?
local or regional geographic name for the product- names give them value!
What is aquaculture?
fish farming!!!
Specialized crops play an important role in the ______ of foods.
diversity!
What is a truck farm?
grows specialty crops during the summer and are important sources of earnings! "Truck" comes from the old term for agricultural exchange of goods!
What is a suitcase farmer?
farmers who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas!
Areas that surround the Mediterranean Sea have a ____, _____ climate with short periods of rain in winter and spring.
warm, dry!
A major concern with milk is _______
spoilage :O
With the development of _______ in the 1860s, milk that was briefly heated to kill potentially harmful bacteria had an increased shelf life from a couple of days to up to 2 weeks!
pasteurization!
The region around a city from which fresh milk is delivered without spoiling is known as the _____.
milkshed!
Describe UHT pasteurization!
milk is flash-pasteurized at very high temperatures and under pressure to keep the water from turning to steam. It is then sealed up, and can be kept fresh for up to a year!
Johann Heinrich von Thünen wrote the book:
The Isolated State!
The key to understanding von Thünen's model is that land use is determined by how _____ _______ the type of farming is.
LABOR INTENSIVE!
Ring 1:
Intensive: vegetables, dairying, market gardens!
Ring 2:
woods! provides lumber for community!
Ring 3:
Extensive: grain crops, hay fields!
Ring 4:
grazing land, meadows!
von Thünen's model is considered a type of _____-_____ model
central-place!
From an economic perspective, you can say that von Thünen's model explains the ____-____-______ relationship in agricultural land use
cost-to-distance! Inverse relationship between the value of labor and the distance from the center of the model; the higher the total labor costs, the closer it is to the center!
The combined lines [representing cost-to-distance relationship for each ring] create a cost surface upon which you can draw the _____-_____ curve, a mathematical function that shows the changes in rent prices across the model
land-rent curve!
Rents for grazing and grain farming are relatively low, and rent prices jump ________ as you move towards the center.
exponentially!
YAY!!!!!!
YOU MADE IT THROUGH!!!! GOOD FOR YOU!!!! I hope you found these helpful, good luck, and happy studying!!!
People consume ___ (fraction) of all staple food staple grains grown in U.S.
One half.
Other half is used as feed.
How do you understand the generation of wealth across the globe (core ways of agriculture vs. periphery ways)?
a. What is produced
b. How it's produced
b. How it's produced
(examining the proportion of people in a particular sector of the economy - primary, secondary, etc - gives a basic idea of how the good is produced.)
Compare and contrast the economies of Guatemala and Canada using the sectors.
In Guatemala, the agriculture sector = 27% of GDP, yet 50% of labor force is employed is agriculture (shows agriculture is labor-dependent and not mechanized). Canada: agriculture sector = 2.3% of of GDP and only 3% of labor force is employed in agriculture. Tertiary sector of Guatemala = 57.9% of of GDP and 35% of labor force. Tetiary sector of Canada = 71% of GDP and 75% of labor force.
In the U.S., less than __% of workforce is involved in agricultural production.
2%
However, thousands of others work in the tertiary sector (research scientists, seed companies, chemical producers, sell and repair farm implements, etc.) supporting agricultural production.
In 1950 in the U.S., one farmer produced enough to feed __ people. Now, one farmer produces enough to feed __ people. Why is this so?
1950: 27 people
Now: 135 people
difference due too core processes; mechanization and efficiencies created by new technologies (GMOs, pesticides, etc.) have put total agricultural production at an all time high and the proportion of the labor force in agriculture at an all time low.
Farms with highest total production have at least $500,000 (in 2002 dollars). These high-producing farms accounted for __% of agricultural goods produced in 2002, compared with __% in 1989.
43.9% in 2002
28.9% in 1989
The average size of farms in the U.S. is growing (because farmers want to gain economic efficiency).
Before agriculture: hunting, gathering, and fishing occured ______________________. What people hunted/gathered depended on the _______________.
anywhere in the world where people lived.
region they lived in.
Example: Oak forests of parts of N.America provided nuts, sometimes enough to last the entire year (or more) so Native Americans living there collected and stored them. Other Native Americans living near the ocean learned salmon fishing. Other Native Americans living near the bison herds of the Great Plains, or others near caribou herds in northerly regions, used them for food and other things. The Aleut (coastal people from Alaska -> Russia) learned how to fish and hunt sea mammals.
Hunting and gathering communities in areas of abundance could support _______ populations.
Give an example
larger populations.
Example: those living in margins of the forest could hunt when possible and gather food in the forest when hunting was poor.
Before developing agriculture, hunter-gatherers worked on ______________, ____________, and ________________________________ in order to make hunting and gathering more effective.
perfecting tools, controlling fires, and adapting the environment to their needs.
First tools used in hunting were ________.
simple clubs.
Later use of bone, stone, development of spears, hand axes, handle axes, made hunting more effective and enabled hunters to cut and skin their prey and to cut trees and build better shelters and tools.
The first opportunities to control fire were offered by _______ ___________ such as _______ or __________________________.
natural circumstances such as LiGhTNinG or SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION of surface-heated coal. (I just drank some coffee - as you can tell by the FuN with CApiTAl LETteRS :D)
Later they learned how to make fire, which was cool for them because they could cook foods and scare animals into traps or over cliffs.
Human communities altered their environments, Through _____ and ____, human communities altered their environments and established more reliable food supplies by combining hunting and fishing with some gathering and by making use of the migration cycles of fish and animal life
tools and FIRE
like, prehistoric peoples caught salmon as they swam up rivers. http://despair.com/ambition.html
Agriculture came out of areas with ______ of food supply. What does geographer Carl Sauer believe about why this is so?
plenty
Geographer Carl Sauer believed that only in a place of plenty could people afford to experiment with settling in one place and raising plants/taking the time to capture animals and domesticate them.
Where did plant domestication begin?
Geographer Carl Sauer suggests that Southeast and South Asia is where plant domestication began, more than 14,000 years ago, because the combination of human settlements, forest margins, and fresh water streams may have given rise to the earliest planned cultivation of root crops (reproduced by cultivating the roots or cutting from the plants). A similar but later development may have taken place in northwestern South America.
Which is more complex: cultivation of seed crops or root crops?
Seed crops because it involves seed selection, sowing, watering, and well-timed harvesting.
First domestication of seed plants may have occurred in the ______________, but the majority view is that it developed in the __________. This maked the beginning of the ____________________.
Nile River Valley in North Africa,
Fertile Crescent.
First Agricultural Revolution
Changes in Southwest Asia because of plant domestication include that the domesticated plants got _________.
Bigger.
people cultivated seeds from the largest, heartiest plants, so domesticated plants grew bigger over time than the wild variety.
What we now think os as centers of production of particular crops are not necessarily where those crops were _________ ________.
Originally domesticated.
Example: the corn we associate with the American Corn Belt diffused from Central America and Southern Mexico into North America. Later, the Portugese brought it across the Atlantic, and corn became a staple in much of Africa. The banana associated with Central America came from Southeast Asia, as did a variety of yams.
Diffusion of crops and seeds was greatly accelerated by _______________ and ___________ ________________ established with ______________ and ________________.
worldwide trade and communications networks established with mercantilism and colonialism.
We're not sure when animal domestication began. Some believe it started before plant domestication, some believe it started as recently as ____ years ago.
8000 years ago.
The process of animal domestication began when people became more _________.
sedentary.
Animals might have attached themselves to human settlements as __________ or for protection against ____________. They may have been kept as _____ or for ___________ reasons.
scavengers
predators
pets
ceremonial
Goats were domesticated in the Zagros Mountains (Fertile Crescent) as long as ______ years ago, sheep some _____ years ago in Anatolia (Turkey), and pigs and cattle shortly thereafter.
10,000
9500
Rapid diffusion of animal domestication may have come from
the advantages of animal domestication (beasts of burden, source of milk and meat, further security of sedentary farmers)
When animals are kept in pens, they undergo physical changes because
they are safe from predators
Bones getting __________ shows archaelogists when animals were first domesticated
smaller (because early domesticators chose smaller, more docile animas to breed because they wanted protection from them)
Some species of animals, such as the water buffalo, may have been domesticated almost __________ in defferent places.
Simultaneously
(Water buffalo probably domesticated in both SE and S Asia in same time period.)
____ and _____ attached themselves to human settlements very early, and in widely seperated regions, and may have been the first animals to be domesticated
dogs and cats
Throughout the world only __ species of higher animals have been domesticated, and most of these were domesticated long ago. Africa's trying to domesticate the eland and gazelles.
40
The five domesticated animals important throughout the world are (according to Jared Diamond, author of Guns, Germs, and Steel):
cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse.
The first place that successfully integrated domesticated plants and animals was
the Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent was in
Southwest Asia
The state wants hunter-gatherers today to become sedentary because
the cyclic migration of hunter-gatherers does not mesh well with bounded, territorial states.
How many farmers are involved in subsistence agriculture?
Hundreds of Millions.
Why might farm families living at the subsistence level sometimes sell a small quantity of produce?
To pay taxes
Subsistence farmers often hold land ___ (a. individually; b. in common); surpluses are ___ (a. shared by all members of the community; b. hoarded by the individual); accumulation of personal wealth is ____ (a. restricted; b. frequent); and individual advancement at the cost of the group as a whole is ____ (a. limited; b. usual)
b. in common
a. shared by all members of the community
a. restricted
a. limited
As A.H. Bunting's ideas ( he wrote a boook called "Change in Agriculture" in1970):
Subsistence societies must be _____; the chiefs may be _____ richer than others; mutual dependence is reinforced by _______ _____________; community is enclosed socially and may even be isolated culturally; no landlords/feudal systems; cultivators are ____ but ____.
cohesive
little
genetic relationships
poor
free
Shifting cultivation found primarily in
tropical and subtropical zones, where farmers had to abandon plots of land after the soil became infertile.
Between ___ million and ___ million people still sustain themselves through shifting cultivation in
Africa, Middle America, tropical South America, and parts of Southeast Asia. The system of cultivation has changed (much/little) through thousands of years
150
200
little
Today, shifting cultivation is a way of life for (many more/many less) people than hunting and gathering.
Many more
Shifting cultivation occurs only in areas where population densities are (high/low)
low
Slash and burn agriculture is also called
milpa agriculture and patch agriculture
Shifting cultivation (conserves/depletes) both forest and soil; its harvests are (miniscule/substantial) given the environmental limitations; it requires (more organization than one might assume/very little organization); it requires (substantially more/substantially less) energy than modern techniqes of farming.
conserves
substantial
more organization than one might assume
substantially less
During colonialism (1500 to 1950) European powers sought to "modernize" the economies of the colonies by
ending subsistence and integrating farmers into colonial systems of production and exchange.
Why would colonizing powers demand that farmers pay taxes?
to force subsistence farmers to begin selling some of their produce to raise necessary cash and end the subsistence economy.
Why would colonizing powers compel subsistence farmers to devote some land to a cash crop such as cotton?
To bring them into a commercial economy. Colonial powers sought profit, which didn't really exist in a subsistence economy.
What happened when subsistence farmers were forced to grow some cash crops?
Oftentimes, they had to devote land that was usually used for staple grains to cash crops; this caused sever famines and disruption of local economies.
What happens nowadays when people try to "help" subsistence farmers by pushing them away from their traditional modes of livelihood and parcel land that was once held by communities out to individuals?
The system that ensured an equitable distribution of resources is breaking down and the distribution of wealth is stratified, with poor people way at the bottom and rich landowners at the top.
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution impact the Industrial Revolution?
It generated surpluses that allowed people working in factories to be fed.
How did early trade with the Americas affect European agriculture?
New crops came into Europe (ex. corn and potatoes) that were well suited for the climate and soils of Western Europe, bringing previously marginal lands into cultivation.
Great Britain's Enclosure Act
encouraged consolidation of fields into large, single-owner holdings. Farmers increased the size of their fams, pieced together more contiguous parcels of land, fenced in their land, and instituted field rotation. Methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved.
how the seed drill improved production
less wasted seeds, and plants in rows (makes it easier to distinguish plants from weeds)
How did the Industrial Revolution benefit the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Innovations in machinery helped sustain the Second Agricultural Revolution.
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
Made von Thunen's model, which you should go study yourself because it will probably be on the free response.
Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agricultural production in one Chinese province, and found that
Farmers put decades of intensive care into the lands near them, cultivating them but also keeping them fertile. They cared less about the land farther from them, using more chemical fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicids, and fewer conservation tactics, so the land degraded.
What are flowers grown in the Caribbean and sold in New York examples of?
Von Thunen's model - it's less expensive to grow the flowers in the Caribbean and then ship them to New York.
Another name for the Third Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution
When did the Green Revolution begin?
1930s when scientists in the American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yields
Green Revolution 1940s:
American philanthropists funded research on maize production in Mexico. A hybrid seed that grew better was found, and by 1960 Mexico was no longer importing corn.
Green Revolution 1960s:
Focal point of GR in India, when scientists at a research institution in the Philippines crossed a dwarf Chinese variety of rice with an Indonesian variety and produced IR8 (bigger head of grain, stronger step, better yields). Researchers continued working, produced IR36 (13 parents, was resistant to 15 pests, growing cycle of 110 days) in 1982, in ten years it was the most widely grown crop on earth.
Most famines today result from
political instability rather than failure in production.
Geographic impact of Green Revolution is (consistent throughout geographic regions/variable)
highly variable.
Focused mostly on rice, wheat, anc corn, so it didn't really help AFrica.
Does everyone support genetically engineered foods?
No.
Many people question whether it could create health risks and produce environmental hazards, like creating super-pests.
What does Vandana Shiva believe about the Green Revolution?
She opposes it, saying that it led to reduced genetic diversity, increased vulnerability to pests, soil erosion, water shortages, reduced soil fertility, micronutrient deficiencies, soil contamination, reduced availability of nutritious food crops for the local population, the displacement of vast numbers of small farmers from their land, rural impoverishment and increased tensions and conflicts, and the beneficiaries have been corporations, not people.
GMO's are found in __% of processed foods in America.
75%
True/False:
The U.S. leads the world in production of genetically engineered crops.
True.
38% of corn acres and 80% of soybean acres in the U.S. are sown with genetically engineered seeds.
Two resistances to GMOs
Richer people rebel against GMOs because of health/taste
Poor people rebel because seeds are a cultural thing, they don't want new, genetically engineered ones.
How did international development assistance of Gambia (converting wetlands to irrigated farmlands so rice could be produced year-round) affect Gambia?
Negatively - lands women traditionally used for family subsistence became commercial plots. And when rice farming became a year-round occupation, women had less time for other crucial activities.
In Subsaharan Africa over 85% of al women in the labor force work in
agriculture
cadastral system:
the method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined.
Where is the rectangular survey system evident?
Canada (Prairie Provinces) and U.S.
Where is the metes and bounds survey system evident?
eastern seaboard
where is the long-lot survey system evident?
Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Lousiana, and Texas
In areas where land is divided among heirs, considerable fragmentation can occur over time, which is the Norm throughout much of
Asia, Africa, and S. Europe, and most of the allotted Indian reservations in the United States (like Ms. Lassiter's piece of land!)
The most prevalent rural residential pattern in agricultural areas is
nucleated settlement.
Modern rural settlements may be arranged on a grid pattern, but that's not particular to the twentieth century. Centuries ago, ________ powers did the same thing.
colonial
ex. Spanish invaders of Middle America, colonial powers in Africa
one ____ (fraction) of the world's people still reside in villages and rural areas. In China, __% of the more than 1.3 billion people inhabit villages and hamlets. In India, __% of the over 1 billion people inhabit nonurban areas.
half
60
70
The range in size and quality of houses, representing their owners' wealth and standing in the community, reflects __________ ______________
social stratification
__________ farming has come to dominate in the world's economic core, as well as some of the places in the semiperiphery and periphery.
Commercial
The roots of modern commercial agriculture can be traced to the vast colonial empires established by
European powers in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
The beef industry of Argentina secured a world market when the invention of __________ _____ made it possible to transport a highly peroshable commodity over long distances.
refrigerated ships
One major impact of colonial agriculture was the establishment of ___________. __________ became known for certain crops, and _____________ began to rely on them for those crops. Give an example.
Monoculture.
Colonies
colonizers
Examples: Ghanaians still raise cacoa; Mocambiquans still grow cotton; and Sri Lankans still produce tea.
The production of cash crops by poorer countries is often perpetuated by ____ and ___ ______________ from lending countries, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.
loan and aid requirements
Koppen climate classification system
Wladimir Koppen, classifies world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.
(A) Climates
Hot/very warm, generally humid - Humid Equatorial Climate. Af, Am, and Aw
Af
no dry season - equatorial rainforest regions
Am
short dry season - monsoon climate
Aw
savanna
B
Dry Climate
BS
Semiarid, steppe
BW
arid, desert
C
Humid temperate climate
Cf
no dry season, humid temperate, SE U.S.
Cw
Dry winter
Cs
dry summer
Mediterranean
D
Humid Cold Climates
dominate in U.S. upper Midwest and Canada
Da
milder. warm summer
found in some parts of Eurasia
Dfb and Dfc
long, frigid winters
polar climates
ice and tundra prevail
Drier lands rely on ___________ __________ where moister climates are marked with _____ production
livestock ranching
grain
Poor countries often have one or two cash crops that they rely on.... however, they can't dictate the price of them, which is bad because they don't get very much. Sometimes they consider forming a ______, but...
cartel,
but that could be bad if wealthy countries just start buying from countries not in the cartel, or producing the crop themselves (U.S., Europe, and Russia produce sugar from sugar beets)
Many of the most productive plantations in poorer countries are owned by __________ or _________ individuals or corporations.
European or American
Give an example of a multinational corporation protecting its economic interests in plantations.
United Fruit Company helped to topple Guatemala's gov't when it was going to rent unused land from foreign corporations to landless citizens at a low appraised value, a situation which would have been bad for the United Fruit Company.
Cotton cultivation expanded greatly during the nineteenth century because of the
Industrial Revolution
The largest areas of commercial agriculture lie
outside the tropics
In 2008, UN reported that __% of the world's opium production took place in Afghanistan
92%
Commercial agriculture creates significant environmental _______. An example is:
change
overfishing
Cities that were established amid productive farmlands are expanding and _______________ (effect on land)
taking up valuable arable land.
Second homes area also being established in commercial agricultural areas and ___________________ (effect on land)
taking up valuable arable land.
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