Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.^[3][4] Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity;^[5][6] however, countries in this region also share historical and cultural similarities.^[7][8]

Different views of Central Europe

Central Europe according to The World Factbook (2009),^[1] Encyclopædia Britannica, and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (1998). There are numerous other definitions and viewpoints.

The cultural-spatial borders of Europe according to the Standing Committee on Geographical Names, Germany. The map displays two different segment-bordering ways superimposed on each other.^[2]

Whilst the region is variously defined, it often includes Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. From the early 16th century^[9][10] until the early 18th century,^[11] parts of present-day Croatia and Hungary were under Ottoman rule. During the 17th century, the empire also occupied southern parts of present-day Slovakia.^[12][13] During the Early Modern period, the territories of Poland and Lithuania were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Meanwhile, the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Bohemia (Czechia), the Duchy of Carniola (part of present-day Slovenia), the various German Principalities and the Old Swiss Confederacy were within the Holy Roman Empire. By the end of the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy, a prominent power within the empire, came to reign over the territories of Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia, alongside parts of Serbia, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland.^[14]

The countries that make up Central Europe have historically been, and in some cases continue to be,^[15] divided into either Eastern or Western Europe.^[16][17] After World War II, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain^[18] into two parts, the capitalist Western Bloc and the communist Eastern Bloc, although Austria, Switzerland and Yugoslavia (encompassing the territories of present-day Croatia, Slovenia and various other Balkans nations) declared neutrality. The Berlin Wall was one of the most visible symbols of this division.^[19] Respectively, countries in Central Europe have historical, cultural and geopolitical ties with these wider regions of Europe.^{[20][21][22][23]}

Central Europe began a "strategic awakening" in the late 20th and early 21st century,^[24] with initiatives such as Central European Defence Cooperation, the Central European Initiative, Centrope, and the Visegrád Four Group. This awakening was accelerated by writers and other intellectuals, who recognized the societal paralysis of decaying dictatorships and felt compelled to speak up against Soviet oppression.^[25]