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Branches of Government and their Responsibilities
Course: Readings in Philippine History (GE 6)
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University: Western Philippines University
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The Philippine Government
The Philippine government takes place in an organized framework of a
presidential, representative, and democratic republic whereby the president is
both the head of state and the head of government. This system revolves
around three separate and sovereign yet interdependent branches: the
legislative branch (the law-making body), the executive branch (the
law-enforcing body), and the judicial branch (the law-interpreting body).
Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the
president. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the
two-chamber congress—the Senate (the upper chamber) and the House of
Representatives (the lower chamber). Judicial power is vested in the courts
with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.
Executive Branch
The executive branch is headed by the President who functions as both the
head of state and the head of government. The president is also the
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The president is
elected by popular vote to a term of six years. The president, then, appoints
(and may dismiss) his/her cabinet members whom he/she presides over. The
executive seat of government is administered officially from Malacañang
Palace—also the official residence of the president—in Manila. The President
may no longer run for re-election, unless he/she becomes president through
constitutional succession and has served for no more than four years as
president.
The second highest official, the vice-president is first in line to succession
should the president resign, be impeached or die in office. The vice-president
usually, though not always, may be a member of the president's cabinet. If
there is a vacancy in the position of Vice President, the President will appoint
any member of Congress (usually a party member) as new Vice President.
The appointment will be validated by a three-fourths vote of Congress voting
separately.
Legislative Branch
The remainder of the House seats are designated for sectoral representatives
elected at large through a complex "party list" system, hinging on the party
receiving at least 2% to 6% of the national vote total. The upper house is
located in Pasay City, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. The
district and sectoral representatives are elected with a term of three years.
They can be reelected but they are no longer eligible to run for a fourth
consecutive term. The senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be
reelected but they are no longer eligible to run for a third consecutive term. The
House of Representatives may opt to pass a resolution for a vacancy of a
legislative seat that will pave way for a special election. The winner of the
special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district
representative; this will be considered as one elective term. The same rule
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