Appendix in: Teacher Professionalism in the Global South

This short book aims to provide a decolonial critique of dominant global agendas concerning teacher professionalism and to propose new understanding based on the perspectives and experiences of a sample of teachers in Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Rwanda and Tanzania. The book opens by setting out dominant conceptions of teacher professionalism as they appear in the global literature. It then uses Ndlovu-Gatsheni’s three dimensions of coloniality (namely, the coloniality of power, of knowledge and of being) as a framework for considering the legacy of colonialism on teacher professionalism and setting out teachers’ ideas concerning the barriers to and affordances of their professionalism. The main arguments advanced in the book are that a decolonial lens is helpful for contextualizing the perspectives of teachers in the global South; the lived experiences and material conditions of these teachers are often neglected in dominant discourses; it is important to situate the perspectives of teachers in an understanding of local contexts and realities; and, in contrast to deficit discourses that predominate in the global literature, there is much that can be learned about teacher professionalism from teachers in the global South.

Table A.1:

Data collection in the country contexts

Country context Forms of data collection carried out
Colombia Focus group discussions with 12 primary and secondary schoolteachers from 11 different regions of the country. Six teach in rural schools, one in semi-rural and five in urban schools.

Interviews: (1) representative from the teacher union federation, Federación Colombiana de Trabajadores de la Educación (FECODE); (2) advisor from Institute for Educational Research and Pedagogical Development (Instituto para la Investigación Educativa y el Desarrollo Pedaagógico, IDEP); and (3) teacher from the Universidad Distrital, Bogotá, and advisor to the Ministry of Education.

Focus group discussion with two secondary school students.
Ethiopia Focus group discussions with ten teachers from Tigray region: five teachers from secondary schools in Mekelle; five teachers from rural and semi-rural areas (four primary, one secondary) who were internally displaced due to the conflict.

Interviews: (i) two representatives from the Teachers Association, (ii) one representative from university-based teacher education programme.
India Focus group discussion with nine teachers from state schools in Delhi.

Pedagogic artefacts: one from each of the nine teachers.

Anecdotes of practice: one from each of the nine teachers.
Additional data: all nine teachers collated data from a total of 28 additional teachers in state schools, largely through individual interviews and some via group discussions with two to three teachers.
Rwanda Focus group discussions with nine teachers and one teacher training college instructor. The group included four primary school teachers and five secondary school teachers. Those teachers provided additional data collected, including pedagogic artefacts from eight of their colleagues, including four primary teachers and four secondary school teachers.

Interviews: one official who has worked in the field of teacher professionalization and development.
Tanzania Focus group discussions or one-on-one interviews (due to connectivity issues) conducted online with nine teachers, with six from primary schools and six from secondary schools. Nine taught in rural settings and three taught in urban settings.

Interviews: (1) a teacher educator from a teacher training college; (2) a researcher from a large, influential education advocacy and policy-influencing organization.
  • Acevedo Terazona, A. (2013) ‘Traces, resonances and lessons of the pedagogical movement in Colombia’, Praxis and Saber, 4(8): 6385.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Adams, G., Estrada-Villalta, S. and Gómez Ordóñez, L. (2017) ‘The modernity/coloniality of being: hegemonic psychology as intercultural relations’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.06.006.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Adebayo, S.B. (2019) ‘Emerging perspectives of teacher agency in a post-conflict setting: the case of Liberia’, Teaching and Teacher Education, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102928.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Agegnehu, A. (2017) ‘The practice of decentralized education service delivery: an impact assessment – the case of Ganta-Afeshum Woreda – eastern zone of Tigray state’, Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences and Language Studies, 4(2): 81109.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ahmed, A.Y. and Mihiretie, D.M. (2015) ‘Primary school teachers and parents’ views on automatic promotion practices and its implications for education quality’, International Journal of Educational Development, 43: 9099.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aikman, S. (2011) ‘Educational and indigenous justice in Africa’, International Journal of Educational Development, 31(1): 1522.

  • Altbach, P. and Kelly, G. (1978) Education and Colonialism, New York: Longman.

  • Amin, S. (1997) Capitalism in the Age of Globalisation, London: Zed Books.

  • Annys, S. et al (2021) Tigray: Atlas of the Humanitarian Situation, Ghent: Ghent University .

  • Ashley, L.D. et al (2014) The Role and Impact of Private Schools in Developing Countries, London: DfID.

  • Avalos, B.B. (2013) ‘Teacher professionalism and social justice’, in L.B. Tikly (ed) Education Quality and Social Justice in the South: Challenges for Policy, Practice and Research, London: Routledge, pp 3552.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bahru, Z. (2002) Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia, Athens: Ohio University Press.

  • Ball, S.J. (2003) ‘The teacher’s soul and the terrors of performativity’, Journal of Education Policy, 18(2): 215228, https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093022000043065

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ball, S.J. (2008) ‘New philanthropy, new networks and new governance in education’, Political Studies, 56(4): 747765.

  • Ball, S.J. (2015) ‘Education, governance and the tyranny of numbers’, Journal of Education Policy, 30(3): 299301.

  • Ball, S.J. and Youdell, D. (2008) Hidden Privatisation in Public Education, Geneva: Education International.

  • Barrett, A.M. (2008) ‘Capturing the différance: primary school teacher identity in Tanzania’, International Journal of Educational Development, 28(5): 496507.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Batra, P. (2014) ‘Problematising teacher education practice in India: developing a research agenda’, Education as Change, 18(sup1): S5S18.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Batra, P. (2020) ‘Echoes of “coloniality” in the episteme of Indian educational reforms’, On Education. Journal for Research and Debate, 3(7): 1–17.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bayley, S., Wole, D., Ramchandani, P., Rose, P., Woldehanna, T. and Yorke, L. (2021) ‘Socio-Emotional and Academic Learning before and after COVID-19 School Closures: Evidence from Ethiopia’, RISE Working Paper Series, 21/082, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2021/082.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bengtsson, S., Fitzpatrick, R., Hinz, K., MacEwen, L., Naylor, R., Riggall, A. et al (2020) Teacher Management in Refugee Settings, Ethiopia. Education Development Trust.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Benson, C. (2014) ‘Designing effective schooling in multi-lingual contexts: going beyond bilingual models’, in T. Skutnabb-Kangas et al (eds) Social Justice Through Multilingual Education, Toronto: Multilingual Matters, pp 6384.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Béteille, T. and Evans, D. (2021) Successful Teachers, Successful Students: Recruiting and Supporting Society’s Most Crucial Profession, Washington: World Bank.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boas, M. andMcNeill, D. (2004) Global Institutions and Development – Framing the World?, London: Routledge.

  • Bravo, A.M. (2015) ‘Fragmentos de la Historia del Conflicto Armado (1920–2010)’, Bogota: Espacio Critico.

  • Buchert, L. (1994) Education in the Development of Tanzania, Athens: Ohio University Press.

  • Buchert, L. (2002) ‘Education for all: an attainable dream?’, Prospects, XXXII(1): 2548.

  • Bullough, R.V. (2001) ‘Pedagogical content knowledge circa 1907 and 1987: a study in the history of an idea’, Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(6): 655666.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cameron, L.M. (2020) Looking Out’: Neoliberal Discourses and English Language Teacher Professionalism in Rwanda, University of Bristol, Bristol, London: Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) & the Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (ACPHA).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cameron, L.M. (2021) ‘No Education, No Protection: What School Closures under COVID-19 Mean for Children and Young People in Crisis-Affected Contexts’, London: Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) & the Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (ACPHA).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Castellanos, M.B. (2017) ‘Introduction: settler colonialism in Latin America’, American Quarterly, 69(4): 777781.

  • Castells, M. (2000) Information Technology and Global Development, Paris: Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.

  • Clegg, J. and Afitska, O. (2011) ‘Teaching and learning in two languages in African classrooms’, Comparative Education, 47(1): 6177.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clegg, J. and Simpson, J. (2016) ‘Improving the effectiveness of English as a medium of instruction in sub-Saharan Africa’, Comparative Education, 52(3): 359374.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Comoroff, J. and Comoroff, J. (2011) Theory from the South: Or, How Euro-America Is Evolving towards Africa, Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

  • Connelly, F.M. and Clandinin, D.J. (1990) ‘Stories of experience and narrative inquiry’, Educational Researcher, 19(5): 214.

  • Cortez Ochoa, A.A., Tikly, L., Hutchinson, Y., Paulson, J., and Sriprakash, A. (2021) Synthesis Report on the Decolonising Education for Sustainable Futures (UNESCO Chair seminar series), Bristol Conversations in Education & UNESCO Chair Seminar Series.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crawfurd, L. and Hares, S. (2020) ‘There’s a global school sexual violence crisis and we don’t know enough about it’, Blog post, [online] 6 March. Available from: www.cgdev.org/blog/theres-global-school-sexual-violence-crisis-and-we-dont-know-enough-about-it [Accessed 6 January 2024].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crossley, M. (2019) ‘Policy transfer, sustainable development and the contexts of education’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 49(2): 175191.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Crossley, M., Vaka’uta, C., Lagi, R., McGrath, S., Thaman, K., and Waqailiti, L. (2017) ‘Quality education and the role of the teacher in Fiji: mobilising global and local values’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47(6): 872890.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dale, R. (1989) The State and Education Policy, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

  • Darder, A. (2017) Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love, London: Taylor and Francis.

  • Dixon, K. (2019) Searching for Mermaids: Access, Capital, and the Digital Divide in a Rural South African Primary School, London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Dunne, M. and Leach, F. (2005) Gendered School Experiences: The Impact of Retention and Achievement in Botswana and Ghana, London: DfID.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erling, E., Clegg, J., Rubagumya, C., and Reilly, C. (eds) (2021) Multilingual Learning and Language Supportive Pedagogies in Sub-Saharan Africa, London: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Escobar, A. (2004) ‘Development, violence and the new imperial order’, Development, 47(1): 1521.

  • Escobar, A. (2014) Encountering Development, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Etzoini, A. (1969) The Semi-Professions: Teachers, Nurses, Social Workers, New York: Free Press.

  • Evans, L. (2008) ‘Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals’, British Journal of Educational Studies, 56(1): 20–38.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) (2020) ‘The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets’, Rome: FAO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ferguson, J. (2006) Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

  • Frank, A. (1970) Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution, New York: Monthly Review Press.

  • Friere, P. (1970) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, London: Penguin.

  • Furlong, J., Barton, L., Miles, S., Whiting, C. and Whitty, G. (2000) Teacher Education in Transition, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gebre, A.H. and Hagos, B. (2023) ‘Education is a humanitarian imperative for children in Tigray, Ethiopia’, GPE (Global Partnership for Education), [online]. Available from: www.globalpartnership.org/blog/education-humanitarian-imperative-children-tigray-ethiopia [Accessed 27 November 2023].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gemeda, F. and Tynjälä, P. (2015) ‘Exploring teachers’ motivation for teaching and professional development in Ethiopia: voices from the field’, Journal of Studies in Education, 5: 169.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gesesew, H., Berhane, K., Siraj, E.S., Siraj, D., Gebregziabher, M., Gebre, Y.G. et al (2021) ‘The impact of war on the health system of the Tigray region in Ethiopia: an assessment’, BMJ Global Health, 6: e007328.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • GoI (1986) National Policy on Education, Delhi: Government of India.

  • GoI (2020) National Education Policy 2020, Delhi: Government of India.

  • Goodwin, A.L. (2020) ‘Teaching standards, globalisation, and conceptions of teacher professionalism’, European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1): 519.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Govender, L., Hoffman, N. and Sayed, Y. (2016) ‘Teacher Professionalism and Accountability’, Cape Town: Centre for International Teacher Education.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grace, G. (1987) ‘Teachers and the state in Britain: a changing relation’, in M. Lawn and G. Grace (eds) Teachers: The Culture and Politics of Work, Brighton: Falmer Press, pp 193228.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gray, K. and Murphy, C.N. (2013) ‘Introduction: rising powers and the future of global governance’, Third World Quarterly, 34(2): 183193.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hargreaves, A. (2000) ‘Four ages of professionalism and professional learning’, Teachers and Teaching, 6(2): 151182.

  • Harvey, D. (2003) The New Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Herbst, J. (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Hoogvelt, A. (1997) Globalisation and the Postcolonial World, London: Macmillan Press.

  • Horner, L. et al (2015) ‘Literature Review: The Role of Teachers in Peacebuilding’, Bristol: University of Bristol.

  • HRW (2021) ‘Ethiopia: Tigray Schools Occupied, Looted’, Human Rights Watch, [online] 28 May. Available from: www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/28/ethiopia-tigray-schools-occupied-looted [Accessed 17 January 2023].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • HRW and AI (2022) ‘“We Will Erase You from This Land”: Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia’s Western Tigray Zone’, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, [online] June. Retrieved from: www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/06/ethiopia0422_web_0.pdf [Accessed 17 January 2023].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hutchinson, Y., Ochoa, A., Paulson, J. and Tikly, L. (eds) (2023) Decolonizing Education for Sustainable Futures, Bristol: Bristol University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • ILO (International Labour Organisation) (1996) ‘Impact of Structural Adjustment on the Employment and Training of Teachers: Report for Discussion at the Joint Meeting on the Impact of Structural Adjustment on Educational Personnel’, Geneva: ILO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • ILO/UNESCO (1966) ‘Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers’, Geneva: ILO.

  • Jean, V. (2020) ‘International aid to education: power dynamics in an era of partnership’, International Review of Education, 66(2–3): 431433.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Johnson, S., Monk, M. and Hodges, M. (2000) ‘Teacher development and change in South Africa: a critique of the appropriateness of transfer of northern/western practice’, Compare, 30(2): 179192.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jones, N., Abebe, W., Emirie, G., Gebeyehu, Y., Gezahegne, K., Kassahun Tilahun, K., et al (2022) ‘Disrupted educational pathways: the effects of conflict on adolescent educational access and learning in war-torn Ethiopia’, Frontiers in Education, 7: 963415.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kahler, M. (2013) ‘Rising powers and global governance: negotiating change in a resilient status quo’, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944), 89(3): 711729, www.jstor.org/ stable/23473851

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kasuga, W. (2019) Teaching profession in Tanzania: unequal profession among the equal professions, International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 3(4): 86106.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • King-Hill, S. (2021) ‘How totackle “rape culture” in schools’, Times Educational Supplement, 25 June.

  • Komba, S.C. and Mwakabenga, R.J. (2020) ‘Teacher professional development in Tanzania: challenges and opportunities’, in Educational Leadership, IntechOpen, pp 112.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lavia, J. (2006) ‘The practice of postcoloniality: a pedagogy of hope’, Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 14(3): 279293.

  • Lewin, K.M. (2007) ‘Diversity in convergence: access to education for all’, Compare, 37(5): 577599.

  • Lopes Cardozo, M.T.A. (2012) ‘Decolonising Bolivian education: ideology versus reality’, in T.G. Griffiths and Z. Millei (eds) Logics of Socialist Education: Engaging with Crisis, Insecurity and Uncertainty, Zurich: Springer, pp 2135.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007) ‘On coloniality of being: contributions to the development of a concept’, Cultural Studies, 21(2–2): 240270.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mamdani, M. (1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mbembe, A. (2016) ‘Decolonizing the university: new directions’, Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 15(1): 2945.

  • Mbembe, A. and Posel, D. (2005) ‘A critical humanism’, Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 7(3): 283286.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mignolo, W.D. (2011) ‘Geopolitics of sensing and knowing: on (de)coloniality, border thinking and epistemic disobedience’, Postcolonial Studies, 14(3): 273283.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mignolo, W.D. and Walsh, C. (2018) On Decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, Praxis, New York: Duke University Press.

  • Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (2018) ‘Education Sector Development Plan (ESDP) 2016/17–2020/21’, Dar es Salaam: MoEVT.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mitchell, R. (2017) ‘An ethnographic case study of the agendas, participation and influence of stakeholders at an urban government primary school in Tigray, Ethiopia’, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mohan, G. (2013) ‘Beyond the enclave: towards a critical political economy of China in Africa’, Development and Change, 44(6): 12551272.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Moon, B. (2012) Teacher Education and the Challenge of Development, London: Routledge.

  • Morrell, E. and Rowsell, J. (2019) Stories from Inequity to Justice in Literacy Education, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Mulkeen, A. (2005) ‘Teachers for rural schools: a challenge for Africa’, in Ministerial Seminar on Education for Rural People in Africa: Policy Lessons, Options and Priorities, 21 July 2005, Addis Ababa: FAO, UNESCO IIEP, ADEA.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mulkeen, A. (2010) Teachers in Anglophone Africa: Issues in Teacher Supply, Training, and Management, Washington, DC: World Bank.

  • Mulkeen, A., Chapman, D., DeJaeghere, J. and Leu, E. (2007) Recruiting, Retaining, and Retraining Secondary School Teachers and Principals in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank Working Papers, pp 196.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mulugeta, A. and Gebregziabher, M. (2022) ‘Saving children from man-made acute malnutrition in Tigray, Ethiopia: a call to action’, The Lancet Global Health, 10(4): e469e470.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Musisi, S. and Kinyanda, E. (2020) ‘Long-term impact of war, civil war, and persecution in civilian populations – conflict and post-traumatic stress in African communities’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11: 20.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mwoma, T. and Pillay, J. (2015) ‘Psychosocial support for orphans and vulnerable children in public primary schools: challenges and intervention strategies’, South African Journal of Education, 35(3), https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v35n3a1092.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nchimbi, A. (2018) ‘The trade unions performance in Tanzania: the perceptions of school teachers union in Singida Municipality’, Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4): 242254.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2013) Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization, Senegal: CODESRIA.

  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2015) ‘Decoloniality as the future of Africa’, History Compass, 13(10): 485496.

  • Nias, J. (1989) ‘Subjectively speaking: English primary teachers’ careers’, International Journal of Educational Research, 13(4): 391402.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nkrumah, K. (1966) Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.

  • Novelli, M. (2010) ‘Education, conflict and social (in)justice: insights from Colombia’, Educational Review, 62(3): 271285.

  • Novelli, M. and Sayed, Y. (2016) ‘Teachers as agents of sustainable peace, social cohesion and development: theory, practice and evidence’, Education as Change, 20: 1537.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Novelli, M. and Higgins, S. (2017) ‘The violence of peace and the role of education: insights from Sierra Leone’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47(1): 3245.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Novelli, M., Lopes Cardozo, M. and Smith, A. (2019) ‘The “4 Rs” as a tool for critical policy analysis of the education sector in conflict affected states’, Education and Conflict Review, 2: 7075.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nussbaum, M. (2000) Women and Development: The Capabilities Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Nussbaum, M.C. (2011) Creating Capabilities, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Nyerere, J. (1967) Education for Self-Reliance, [online]. Available from: www.jstor.org/stable/24457417 [Accessed 20 December 2023].

  • Oumer, J. (2009) The Challenges of Free Primary Education in Ethiopia, Paris: UNESCO, IIEP (International Institute for Educational Planning).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Parkes, J. (2015) ‘Gender Based Violence in Education’, Brighton: University of Sussex.

  • Paulson, J., Abiti, N., Osorio, J., Hernández, C., Keo, D., Manning, P. et al (2020) ‘Education as site of memory: developing a research agenda’, International Studies in Sociology of Education, 29(4): 429451.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pearson, P. (2013) ‘Policy without a plan: English as a medium of instruction in Rwanda’, Current Issues in Language Planning, 15: 3956.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Peñuela Contreras, D.M. and Rodríguez Murcia, V.M. (2006) ‘Pedagogical movement: other forms of educational resistance’, Folios, (23): 314. Available at: https://revistas.pedagogica.edu.co/index.php/RF/article/view/10185 [Accessed 19 January 2024].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Perry, K. (2020a) ‘The new “Bond-Age”, climate crisis and the case for climate reparations: unpicking old/new colonialities of finance for development within the SDGs’, SSRN Electronic Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.3739103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Perry, K. (2020b) ‘Structuralism and human development: a seamless marriage? An assessment of poverty, production and environmental challenges in CARICOM countries’, International Journal of Political Economy, 49(3): 222242.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pesambili, J.C., Sayed, Y. and Stambach, A. (2022) ‘The World Bank’s construction of teachers and their work: a critical analysis’, International Journal of Educational Development, 92: 102609.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pritchett, L. (2013) The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Ain’t Learning, Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development.

  • Probyn, M. (2015) ‘Pedagogical translanguaging: bridging discourses in South African science classrooms’, Language and Education, 29(3): 218234.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Pryor, J., Akyeampong, K., Westbrook, J. and Lussier, K. (2012) ‘Rethinking teacher preparation and professional development in Africa: an analysis of the curriculum of teacher education in the teaching of early reading and mathematics’, The Curriculum Journal, 23(4): 409502.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Quijano, A. (2000) ‘Coloniality of power and Eurocentrism in Latin America’, International Sociology, 15(2): 215232.

  • Quijano, A. (2007) ‘Coloniality and modernity/rationality’, Cultural Studies, 21(2–3): 168178.

  • Robertson, S.L. (2012) ‘Placing teachers in global governance agendas’, Comparative Education Review, 56(4): 584607.

  • Robertson, S.L., Novelli, M., Dale, R., Tikly, L., Dachi, H. and Ndibalema, A. (2007) Globalisation, Education and Development: Ideas, Actors and Dynamics, London: Department for International Development.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robeyns, I. (2017) Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice: The Capability Approach Re-Examined, Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.

  • Rodney, W. (1973) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, London: Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications.

  • Rwanda (Institute of Policy Analysis and Research) (2014) ‘Evaluation of Results Based Aid in Rwandan Education: 2013 Evaluation Report’, London: DfID.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sachs, J. (2001) ‘Teacher professional identity: competing discourses, competing outcomes’, Journal of Education Policy, 16(2): 149161.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Santos, De Sousa (2012) ‘The Public Sphere and Epistemologies of the South’, African Development, XXXVI(1): 4368.

  • Sayed, Y. et al (2018) ‘The Role of Teachers in Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion in Rwanda and South Africa’, ESRC/DFID Research Report, University of Sussex, UK.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schon, D.A. (1991) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action, Abingdon: Routledge.

  • Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Sen, A. (2011) The Idea of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Shahjahan, R.A., Estera, A.L., Surla, K.L. and Edwards, K.T. (2021) ‘“Decolonizing” curriculum and pedagogy: a comparative review across disciplines and global higher education contexts’, Review of Educational Research, https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211042423.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shulman, L. (2011) ‘Knowledge and teaching: foundations of the new reform’, Harvard Educational Review, 57(1): 123.

  • Speed, S. (2017) ‘Structures of settler capitalism in Abya Yala’, American Quarterly, 69(4): 783790.

  • Stephen, M.D. (2014) ‘Rising powers, global capitalism and liberal global governance: a historical materialist account of the BRICs challenge’, European Journal of International Relations, 20(4): 912938.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Taddese, E.T. and Rao, C. (2021) ‘Teachers’ professional learning practices in the workplace: experiences of primary school teachers in Ethiopia’, Education, 313, https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.1973531.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Takayama, K., Sriprakash, A. and Connell, R. (2015) ‘Rethinking knowledge production and circulation in comparative and international education: southern theory, postcolonial perspectives, and alternative epistemologies’, Comparative Education Review, 59(1), https://doi.org/10.1086/679660.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tao, S. (2014) ‘Using the capability approach to improve female teacher deployment to rural schools in Nigeria’, International Journal of Educational Development, 39: 9299.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Teka, E. (2021) ‘Progress of the war’, in H. Hagos and K. Tronvoll (eds) The Tigray War and Regional Implications, Eritrea Focus: Oslo Analytica.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Thiong’o, N. (1986) Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, London: James Currey.

  • Tigray Education Bureau (2021) Summary Report of Human and Material Damage on Tigray’s Education, Mekelle-Ethiopia.

  • Tikly, L. (2004) ‘Education and the new imperialism’, Comparative Education, 40(2): 173198.

  • Tikly, L. (2013) ‘Reconceptualizing TVET and development: a human capability and social justice approach’, Revisiting Global Trends in TVET: Reflections on Theory, Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tikly, L. (2017) ‘The future of Education for All as a global regime of educational governance’, Comparative Education Review, 61(1): 2257.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tikly, L. (2020) Education for Sustainable Development in the Postcolonial World: Towards a Transformative Agenda for Africa, Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tikly, L. and Barrett, A. (2011) ‘Social justice, capabilities and the quality of education in low income countries’, International Journal of Educational Development, 31(1): 314.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tikly, L. and Barrett, A. (2013) Education Quality and Social Justice in the Global South: Challenges for Policy, Practice and Research, Abingdon: Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tikly, L., Barrett, A., Batra, P., Bernal, A., Cameron, L., Coles, A. et al (2023) Decolonising Teacher Professionalism: Foregrounding the Perspectives of Teachers in the Global South. Background paper prepared for the UNESCO Futures of Teaching Initiative. Paris: UNESCO, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7097105.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tiruneh, D., Sabates, R. and Woldehanna, T. (2021) ‘Disadvantaged schools and students in Ethiopia: why is the GEQIP-E reform necessary?’, 2021/026, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-RI_2021/026.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tolon, C. (2014) Teacher Experiences during the Shift in Medium of Instruction in Rwanda: Voices from Kigali Public Schools, Brighton: University of Sussex.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Triulzi, A. (1982) ‘Italian colonialism and Ethiopia’, Journal of African History, 23(2): 237243.

  • UIS (2006) Teachers and Educational Quality: Monitoring Global Needs for 2015, Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.

  • UIS (2012) ‘UIS Information Bulletin No.9: School and Teaching Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa, Analysis of the 2011 UIS Regional Data Collection on Education’, Toronto: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UN (2022) ‘Ethiopia: civilians again mired in intractable and deadly war, Human Rights Council hears’, UN News, [online] September. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127481 [Accessed 17 January 2023].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO (2004) ‘Education for All – The Quality Imperative’, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2014) ‘EFA Global Monitoring Report – 2013–2014 – Teaching and Learning Achieving Quality for All, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2015) ‘Education for All 2000–2015: Achievements and Challenges’, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2017) ‘Global Education Monitoring Report: Accountability in Education: Meeting Our Commitments’, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2019) ‘Behind the Numbers: Ending School Violence and Bullying’, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO (2020) ‘Significant Efforts by Colombia Ensure That Nearly 200,000 Venezuelan Children and Youth Have Access to the Educational System’, Paris: UNESCO.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNESCO/EI (2019) ‘Global Framework of Professional Teaching Standards’, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO/UIS (2019) ‘New Methodology Shows That 258 Million Children, Adolescents and Youth Are Out of School’, Paris: UNESCO.

  • UNESCO/UIS (2021) ‘Pandemic-Related Disruptions to Schooling and Impacts on Learning Proficiency Indicators: A Focus on the Early Grades’, New York: UNICEF.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • UNICEF (2015) ‘Corporal Punishment in Schools’, New York: UNICEF.

  • UNICEF (2020) ‘COVID-19 and Child Labour: A Time of Crisis, a Time to Act’, New York: UNICEF.

  • UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of African Affairs) (2021) Ethiopia – Tigray Region Update, [online]. Available from https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/ethiopia/ [Accessed 26 August 2023].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Verger, A., Fontdevila, C. and Zancajo, A. (2016) The Privatization of Education: A Political Economy of Global Education Reform, New York: Teachers College Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Voce, A., Leylan, C. and Michael, C. (2021) ‘“Cultural genocide”: the shameful history of Canada’s residential schools – mapped’, The Guardian, 6 September.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Walker, M. and Unterhalter, E. (2007) Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Walsh, C. (2007) ‘Shifting the geopolitics of critical knowledge’, Cultural Studies, 21(2–3): 224239.

  • Walsh, C.E. (2015) ‘Decolonial pedagogies walking and asking. Notes to Paulo Freire from AbyaYala’, International Journal of Lifelong Education, 34(1): 921.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Weigele, A. and Brandt, C.O. (2022) ‘“Just keep silent”. Teaching under the control of authoritarian governments: a qualitative study of government schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, International Journal of Educational Development, 88: 102497.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Welmond, M. (2002) ‘Globalization viewed from the periphery: the dynamics of teacher identity in the Republic of Benin’, Comparative Education Review, 46(1): 3765.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Westbrook, J., Brown, N., Orr, D., Pryor, J. and Salvi, J. (2013) ‘Pedagogy, Curriculum, Teaching Practices and Teacher Education in Developing Countries’, London: DfID.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Whitty, G. (2008) ‘Changing modes of teacher professionalism: traditional, managerial, collaborative and democratic’, in B. Cunningham (ed) Exploring Professionalism, London: Institute of Education, University of London, pp 2849.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Woods, P. and Jeffrey, B. (2002) ‘The reconstruction of primary teachers’ identities’, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23(1): 89106.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • World Bank (2022) ‘World Bank supports Ethiopia’s conflict-affected communities, targets over five million people’, Press Release, [online] 12 April. Available from: www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/04/12/world-bank-supports-ethiopia-s-conflict-affected-communities-targets-over-five-million-people [Accessed 6 January 2024].

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • World Vision (2020) ‘COVID-19 Aftershocks: A Perfect Storm: Millions More Children at Risk of Violence under Lockdown and into the “New Normal”’, London: World Vision.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zanotti, L. (2021) Exploring Agency and Resistance in the Context of Global Entanglements, Abingdon: Routledge.

Content Metrics

May 2022 onwards Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 0 0 0
Full Text Views 0 0 0
PDF Downloads 0 0 0

Altmetrics