Battle of Lexington, Facts, Summary, Significance, APUSH

The Battle of Lexington took place on the morning of April 19, 1775, in Lexington, Massachusetts. During the incident, British troops intentionally fired on colonial militia that had assembled on Lexington Common.

Battle of Lexington Summary

The Battle of Lexington was fought on April 19, 1775, in Lexington, Massachusetts. It was the first battle of the American Revolutionary War.

After more than a decade of unrest in the American Colonies, Thomas Gage, the Commander-in-Chief of British forces in North America, was given the authority to use force to find and destroy military supplies that could be used in an uprising.

On the night of the 18th, Gage issued orders for around 800 British Redcoats to march to Concord to destroy weapons and ammunition that were hidden there. The Patriot spy network in Boston learned about the march, and Joseph Warren ordered Paul Revere and William Dawes to ride to Concord and warn the countryside on their way, including Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were in Lexington.

Through the early hours of the 19th, Revere, Dawes, and another rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott, sounded the alarm through the towns. Upon hearing the alarms, the Minuteman companies gathered and waited for instructions.

By the time the British set out on their march to Concord, around 70 members of the local militia, under the command of Captain John Parker, were assembled on Lexington Green. As the sun rose, the British advance force, under the command of Major John Pitcairn, marched into Lexington.

Pitcairn ordered Parker and his men to disperse and leave their weapons. As the Americans fled, they took their guns with them. Within seconds, a shot was fired and then both sides opened fire.

By the time Pitcairn restored order, eight Americans had been killed, and 10 more were wounded. The British formed their ranks and continued the march to Concord, to complete their mission. However, the American Revolutionary War, and the fighting along the Battle Road for that fateful day, had only just begun.

Battle of Lexington, 1775, Doolittle, Plate 1 Detail, NYPL — This engraving by Amos Doolittle was made in 1775 and depicts the British firing on the Lexington Militia on Lexington Green. Image Source: New York Public Library Digital Collections.

5 Key Facts About the Battle of Lexington

Date Started: The fighting started on Wednesday, April 19, 1775.
Date Ended: The fighting ended on April 19, 1775.
Location: The battle was fought in Lexington, Massachusetts, a small village west of Boston.
Who Won: Britain won the Battle of Lexington.
American Revolutionary War Campaign: The battle was part of the Boston Campaign.

What Happened at the Battle of Lexington? — Important Events

British March to Concord

On the evening of April 18, 1775, British troops left Boston to advance on Concord with the objective of confiscating a cache of colonial arms and ammunition.
The British troops were under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith. The advance guard was under the command of Major John Pitcairn.

Warren Sends the Midnight Riders

American spies learned of the British plan and notified Joseph Warren, the head of the Committee of Safety.
Warren sent Paul Revere and William Dawes on horseback to warn the people between Boston and Concord about the British march.
Revere and Dawes both made it to Lexington, and they were joined by a third rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott.
Revere warned Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were at the home of Jonas Clarke.
Prescott rode to Concord and raised the alarm.
Revere and Dawes were confronted by a British patrol on the road.
Dawes escaped.
Revere was captured and held for a while. The British eventually released him but kept his horse. He walked back to Lexington.

Lexington Militia Assemble

The alarm was raised in Lexington and Captain John Parker went to the Common around 1:00 in the morning.
He was joined there by around 170 members of the militia.
They expected the British to arrive at any moment, but after waiting for a while, there were no troops in sight.
Parker told his men to disperse but to be ready at a moment’s notice.
When the British were sighted, the alarm was raised again, and around 70 men assembled with Parker on the Common.

British Arrive in Lexington

British troops arrived outside Lexington around 4:30 a.m. It was the advance force, led by Pitcairn.
They saw the militia assembled on the Common.
Parker told his men not to shoot unless the British shot first.
Around 5:00 a.m., Pitcairn ordered his men to move into Lexington and try to surround the militia.
Pitcairn ordered the militia to disperse and leave their weapons.
Parker ordered his men to leave but took their weapons with them, which caused confusion.
As the Americans started to disperse, a shot rang out.
Almost immediately, the British fired on the militia, even though Pitcairn had not given the order to fire.
Some of the militia fired back, and the British made a bayonet charge and routed them.
Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the shots and rode into Lexington where he restored order.
The fighting lasted for about 10 minutes.
Eight Americans were killed and 10 were wounded. One British soldier was wounded.
After order was restored, the British continued on their advance toward Concord where they fought with Massachusetts militia forces.

Lexington and Concord, 1775, Doolittle, Plate 4 Detail, NYPL — This engraving by Amos Doolittle was made in 1775 and depicts the British marching through Lexington on their return to Boston. Massachusetts militia forces are hiding behind the stone wall, firing on the British, who are joined by reinforcements, led by General Hugh Percy. Image Source: New York Public Library Digital Collections.

Interesting Facts About the Battle of Lexington

Revere and Dawes were joined by a third rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott, who crossed paths with them on the road.
Revere is noted for yelling his famous warning, “The regulars are coming!” as he rode on his mission. He most likely did not shout, “The British are coming.” The Redcoats were “regular” soldiers in the British Army and were typically referred to as such.
Paul Revere never made it to Concord. He was captured by British soldiers who were patrolling the roads. They held him for a while and then released him around 3:00 a.m., but kept his horse. Revere walked back to Lexington.
John Hancock and Samuel Adams spent the night of April 18 in Lexington at the home of Reverend Jonas Clarke. They left Lexington as the British advance force led by Pitcairn marched into Lexington.
Although the first shot of the American Revolutionary War was fired at Lexington on the morning of April 19, 1775, the “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” memorialized by Ralph Waldo Emerson took place at Concord later in the day.
Prince Estabrook, an African-American slave, stood with Parker as part of the militia and was one of the Americans wounded in the fighting.
Before the British left for Concord, the troops were allowed to shout three “huzzahs” to celebrate their victory.

Results of the Battle of Lexington

The outcome of the Battle of Lexington was a British victory.
Fighting continued throughout the day along the Battle Road, which runs from Concord to Boston.

Quotes About the Battle of Lexington

At the end of the day, Samuel Adams is said to have exclaimed to John Hancock, “What a glorious morning for America!”

Important Leaders and Casualties at the Battle of Lexington

Prominent American Military Leaders

John Parker

Prominent British Military Leaders

John Pitcairn
Francis Smith

Estimated Casualties

The total estimated casualties at the Battle of Lexington were around 19 killed, wounded, or missing.
The Americans suffered around 18 casualties.
The British suffered 1 injury.

First Americans Killed in the American Revolutionary War

The men who were killed by the British that morning at Lexington Common were:

John Brown
Samuel Hadley
Caleb Harrington
Jonathan Harrington
Robert Munroe
Isaac Muzzey
Asahel Porter
Jonas Parker

Battle of Lexington Significance

The Battle of Lexington is important because it was the opening battle of the American Revolutionary War. Although no one knows who fired the first shot, the British Redcoats did, in fact, fire intentionally at the Americans and then attack them. One American was even killed by a bayonet. Intense fighting continued throughout the day, and the Americans showed they were a match for the highly regarded British troops. By the end of the day, the British were trapped in Boston, surrounded by thousands of militia from Massachusetts.

Battle of Lexington Timeline

This list shows the main battles and events that took place before and after the Battle of Lexington, and how it fits into the chronological order of the Boston Campaign.

April 18–19, 1775 — Midnight Rides of Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott
April 19, 1775 — Battle of Lexington
April 19, 1775 — Battle of Concord
April 19, 1775 — Parker’s Revenge
April 19, 1775 — Battle of Menotomy
April 19, 1775 — Siege of Boston Started
April 23, 1775 — Artemas Ward was Placed in Command of the Massachusetts Militia Forces
May 10, 1775 — Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
May 10, 1775 — Second Continental Congress Started
May 25, 1775 — British Generals John Burgoyne, Henry Clinton, and William Howe arrived in Boston
May 27, 1775 — Battle of Chelsea Creek
June 14, 1775 — Continental Congress Organized the Army of Occupation into the Continental Army
June 15, 1775 — George Washington was Named Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army
June 17, 1775 — Battle of Bunker Hill
July 3, 1775 — George Washington Took Command of the Continental Army
October 10, 1775 — William Howe Replaced Thomas Gage
November 9, 1775 — Skirmish at Lechmere Point
November 17, 1775 — Knox Expedition Left Boston
January 25, 1776 — Knox Expedition Arrived in Framingham
March 3, 1776 — American Occupation of Dorchester Heights
March 7, 1776 — Howe Decided to Evacuate Boston
March 17, 1776 — Evacuation Day

Battle of Lexington APUSH, Review, Notes, Study Guide

Use the following links and videos to study the events of April 19, 1775, the Battle of Lexington, and the American Revolutionary War for the AP US History Exam. Also, be sure to look at our Guide to the AP US History Exam.

Battle of Lexington APUSH Definition

The Battle of Lexington, which took place on April 19, 1775, was the opening engagement of the American Revolutionary War. British troops, under orders to seize colonial munitions and arrest rebel leaders, clashed with militiamen in Lexington, Massachusetts. The brief skirmish resulted in several casualties and set the stage for further hostilities between the American colonies and British forces. The battle was also the first in a series of skirmishes that played out over the course of the day, ending in the Siege of Boston.

Battle of Lexington Video for APUSH Notes

This video from the American Battlefield Trust provides a quick overview of the Battle of Lexington.

Battle of Lexington Primary Documents

Military Orders

Letters and Journal Entries

Official Reports

Narrative of the Battles of Lexington and Concord — Massachusetts Provincial Congress

Depositions Taken by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress

Written by Randal Rust