Talk:Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions

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Proposed additions in need of rewrite[edit]

I moved following addition by 86.67.188.170 (talk · contribs · WHOIS) from the article because it needs rewrite for English grammar and clarity. The text is incoherent and likely misleading in its current state. Please wait for other editors to assist with rewriting this before moving it back into the article. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 19:26, 16 April 2018 (UTC)Reply[reply]


==Crash effect==

=== Typical car crash===

Various kind of crash collision may exist. The more typical crash occurs when a car crashes in something in front of it.
In such a crash the vehicle might be stopped, but due to the inertia the car occupant speed does not decrease, which will make him meet/crash against the car structure, with the energy due to the Kinetic effect. 
However restraint technologies — such as seat belt applied to the [[pelvis]] and [[rib cage]] —  reduce the speed of the car occupant, which might avoid the car occupant crash against the vehicle structure, or reduce the speed and energy when the body impacts the vehicle<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/ersosynthesis2016-vehiclesafety15_en.pdf</ref>.

===Kinetic effect===

Death and injuries due to the road traffic are due to the limit of the human body to comply with kinetic forces<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/specialist/knowledge/pdf/vehicles.pdf</ref>. The energy of a crash is related to the square of the velocity, <ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/specialist/knowledge/pdf/vehicles.pdf</ref>, by [[Kinetic energy]] law.

For this car crash protection is sized for the average-sized male occupant, but with age it might become more vulnerable to injury<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/specialist/knowledge/pdf/vehicles.pdf</ref>.

Some studies shows pedestrians have a 90% chance of surviving a car impact at 30km/h , while this drop to 50% chance for a crash at 45 km/h<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/specialist/knowledge/pdf/vehicles.pdf</ref>.

The best-designed vehicle on the road protect car occupant wearing seat belts with speeds up to 70km/h in frontal impacts and up to 50 km/h in side impacts<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/specialist/knowledge/pdf/vehicles.pdf</ref>.

==Statistic accuracy ==
Statistic if injuries is error prone in every country, and statistic for death is not always correctly reported in some countries. InIran, a study in Iran on a cohort of 9100 people
found 119 traffic injury cases including 3 deaths which showed that  
the annual incidence (repeate dyearly) of all traffic injuries for 1000 population was between 10.8 and 15.6
and that of fatal traffic injuries was between 6.80 and 96.32 per 100 000 population. 
For motorcycles the yearly traffic injury 95 per 1000. This showed that official statistic may undereport road traffic issues<ref>https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-11-488</ref>.

While international harmonization of injuries statistic is not as easy as death statistics, modern crash statistics often focus on reportable injury crashes (which include deaths) rather than reporting on deaths alone. It is believed that serious crashes are often significantly under-reported, under-recorded and misclassified<ref name =trl173>{{cite book | title = Comparison of hospital and police casualty data: a national study | edition = TRL Report 173 | publisher = [[Transport Research Laboratory]] | last = Simpson | first = H F | quote = there may be 2.76 times as many seriously injured casualties than are recorded in the national casualty figures and 1.70 slight casualties }}</ref> and that the completeness of reporting may vary over time and between sources.<ref name=bmj>{{ cite web | publisher = [[British medical Journal]] | url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7558/73 | date = 23 June 2006 | title = Changes in safety on England's roads: analysis of hospital statistics | last = Gill, Goldacre, & Yeates}}</ref>

In developed countries, around   75%  of traffic  accidents   are   reported<ref>http://www.roneurosurgery.eu/atdoc/CiuchilanElena_Epidemiology_f.pdf</ref>.


===Deaths in Europe===

In Europe, death are mainly found by car occupants, pedestrians, Motorised  two-wheeler  users, cyclist and Minibus,bus  occupant  and  heavy  commercial  vehicle  users<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/ersosynthesis2016-vehiclesafety15_en.pdf</ref>.

The variety of road usage makes that a car driver can not only injury car occupants, but also other road users, including pedestrians.
In Europe, death apply to car occupants (more than 50%), pedestrians (20%), otorised  two-wheeler  users (17%), and cyclist (6%)<ref>https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/ersosynthesis2016-vehiclesafety15_en.pdf</ref>.

For international or intra-region comparison various metrics might be used:
* Death is a reliable metric but does not take into account some factors such as the size of population, or the traveled distance
* Death per million population allows comparing areas with different size, but does not take into account the traveled distance
* Death per vehicle traveled distance is not always available, as this data is only available at state level, and only in 19 out of 27 EU states.
* Death per passenger traveled distance is not always available.
* Europe performed some statistics wit MAIS 3 injuries recently.

==Injuries==

For [[facial  trauma]], the  four  most  common  sources of injuries are Motor  Vehicle  Collision,  assault,  sports  and  falls  <ref>Lim  1993;  Muraoka  1995;  Jayamanne,  Gillie  
1996; Shaprio 2001; Gassner 2003</ref>{{,}}<ref>http://www.brconline.com/files/consultants/107/article_13.pdf</ref>.
Nonetheless,  usage of airbag   and   seatbelt   as the capacity to reduce  facial  fracture  <ref>http://www.brconline.com/files/consultants/107/article_13.pdf</ref><ref>Murphy 2000; Shaprio 2001</ref>.
But the increase of ΔV   (differential speed) might increase the figure<ref>http://www.brconline.com/files/consultants/107/article_13.pdf</ref>{{,}}<ref>Murphy 2000; Shaprio 2001</ref>.

suggestions for Crash effect / Typical car crash[edit]

I believe the section related to crash should be increased by those points:

G-force

should add some link to G-force as G-force might be involved in deceleration as explained in two sources:

timing

should add some word to document in which time frame this happen. I assume this might be quantified; for instance a 3,6 km/h speed should be close to 1 meter par second, and 36 km/h speed should be close to 1 meter per 100 milliseconds, even if I also assume that with other factors the exact timing might be more complex.

At least, this source deals with tenth of a second. It also provide another source that I cannot access.

According to Crash_test_dummy (but wikipedia is not an acceptable source) a typical crash last 100–150 millisecond.

class of users

I believe some words should be provided for each class of road users:

pedestrian, because even if only 20% of fatalities in Europe are pedestrian, this rate is 40% in Ghana https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276901604_EPIDEMIOLOGY_OF_ROAD_TRAFFIC_ACCIDENTS_IN_GHANA
car occupants, because even if only 10% of fatalities are caused to car occupant in Gnhana, this is about half of fatalities in Europe.

risk by class of users

I assume some words should be given for various kind of road users. For instance some British data provides data in trips, kilometers and hours; see https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/specialist/knowledge/pdf/pedestrians.pdf

Injuries[edit]

crash with vulnerable users ( pedestrian and two wheels )

It looks like many cyclist are injured to Upper limb according to https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/to3.pdf
It looks like many pedestrians are injured in the head (by a motor vehicle) or in lower limb; same source: https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/to3.pdf

Other source seam to confirm that point:

for pedestrian injuries: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/injuries_study_2016.pdf
for cyclist injuries (same source)

The same source provide data for motorcycle injuries.

The article should also say that serious injuries might be counted by 24 hours period in hospital or by MAIS3+ (according to https://www.vias.be/publications/Hoe%20ernstig%20zijn%20de%20verwondingen%20van%20verkeersslachtoffers/How%20severe%20are%20the%20injuries%20of%20victims%20of%20road%20traffic%20accidents.pdf ).

And according to the WHO, 50 million people have non-fatal road traffic injuries each year (source WHO).

I believe some words should be added in the injuries section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.67.188.170 (talk) 21:39, 16 April 2018 (UTC)Reply[reply]

Source of '60 million deaths during the 20th century' statistic[edit]

This figure comes from an assumption that the proportion of all deaths caused by vehicle collisions was half of its 2001 value for the entire 20th century (according to the source spreadsheet), which seems unlikely to me. Is a more reliable source available? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.5.213.20 (talk) 20:08, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Reply[reply]

I've remove the claim as it seems dubious and I don't think the source provided is sufficient for such a statement. Elli (talk | contribs) 23:27, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Reply[reply]