When Meg Whitman became CEO of Hewlett-Packard, in 2011, she was taking the reins of a badly damaged company. Whitman was the third top executive in just three years, and her immediate predecessors, Mark Hurd and Léo Apotheker, had both flamed out in disgrace. Once a paragon of innovation and success, HP had lost its way.

A version of this article appeared in the May 2016 issue (pp.94–101) of Harvard Business Review.