SECESSION TIPS CULLED FROM WIKIPEDIA FOR OUR SOUTH EAST BROTHERS;
Secession
Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio) is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity (a country), but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals.
Secession theory
Theories of secession relate to a fundamental question of political philosophy: the basis of the state's authority.
In his 1991 book Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, philosophy professor Allen Buchanan outlined limited rights to secession under certain circumstances, mostly related to oppression by people of other ethnic or racial groups, and especially those previously conquered by other peoples.
In the fall of 1994 the Journal of Libertarian Studies published Robert W. McGee's article "Secession Reconsidered". He writes from a libertarian perspective, but holds that secession is justified only if secessionists can create a viable, if minimal, state on contiguous territory.
In April 1995 the Ludwig Von Mises Institute sponsored a secession conference. Papers from the conference were later published in the book Secession, State and Liberty by David Gordon. Among articles included were: "The Secession Tradition in America" by Donald Livingston; "The Ethics of Secession" by Scott Boykin; "Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State" by Murray Rothbard; "Yankee Confederates: New England Secession Movements Prior to the War Between the States" by Thomas DiLorenzo; "Was the Union Army's Invasion of the Confederate States a Lawful Act?" by James Ostrowski.
In July 1998 the Rutgers University journal "Society" published papers from a "Symposium on Secession and Nationalism at the Millennium" including the articles "The Western State as Paradigm" by Hans-Herman Hoppe, "Profit Motives in Secession" by Sabrina P. Ramet, "Rights of Secession" by Daniel Kofman, "The Very Idea of Secession" by Donald Livingston and "Secession, Autonomy, & Modernity" by Edward A. Tiryakian. In 2007 the University of South Carolina sponsored a conference called "Secession As an International Phenomenon" which produced a number of papers on the topic.
Justifications for secession
Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason ("Choice Theory" while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices ("Just Cause Theory". Some theories do both. A list of justifications may be presented supporting the right to secede, as described by Allen Buchanan, Robert McGee, Anthony Birch, Walter Williams, Jane Jacobs, Frances Kendall and Leon Louw,Leopold Kohr, Kirkpatrick Sale,and various authors in David Gordon's "Secession, State and Liberty", includes:
United States President James Buchanan, Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union December 3, 1860: "The fact is that our Union rests upon public opinion, and can never be cemented by the blood of its citizens shed in civil war. If it can not live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force."
Former President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to William H. Crawford, Secretary of War under President James Madison, on June 20, 1816: "In your letter to Fisk, you have fairly stated the alternatives between which we are to choose :
1, licentious commerce and gambling speculations for a few, with eternal war for the many ; or, 2, restricted commerce, peace, and steady occupations for all. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, 'let us separate'. I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, and confederate with those alone which are for peace and agriculture."
Economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory.
The right to liberty, freedom of association and private property
Consent as important democratic principle; will of majority to secede should be recognized.
Making it easier for states to join with others in an experimental union.
Dissolving such union when goals for which it was constituted are not achieved
Self-defense when larger group presents lethal threat to minority or the government cannot adequately defend an area.
Self-determination of peoples
Preserving culture, language, etc. from assimilation or destruction by a larger or more powerful group
Furthering diversity by allowing diverse cultures to keep their identity
Rectifying past injustices, especially past conquest by a larger power
Escaping "discriminatory redistribution", i.e., tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, etc. that distribute resources away to another area, especially in an undemocratic fashion
Enhanced efficiency when the state or empire becomes too large to administer efficiently
Preserving "liberal purity" (or "conservative purity" by allowing less (or more) liberal regions to secede
Providing superior constitutional systems which allow flexibility of secession
Keeping political entities small and human scale through right to secession
Aleksandar Pavkovic, associate professor at the Department of Politics and International Studies at Macquarie University in Australia and the author of several books on secession describes five justifications for a general right of secession within liberal political theory.
Anarcho-Capitalism: individual liberty to form political associations and private property rights together justify right to secede and to create a "viable political order" with like-minded individuals.
Democratic Secessionism: the right of secession, as a variant of the right of self-determination, is vested in a "territorial community" which wishes to secede from "their existing political community"; the group wishing to secede then proceeds to delimit "its" territory by the majority.
Communitarian Secessionism: any group with a particular "participation-enhancing" identity, concentrated in a particular territory, which desires to improve its members' political participation has a prima facie right to secede.
Cultural Secessionism: any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state.
The Secessionism of Threatened Cultures: if a minority culture is threatened within a state that has a majority culture, the minority needs a right to form a state of its own which would protect its culture.
TYPES OF SECESSION
Secession theorists have described a number of ways in which a political entity (city, county, canton, state) can secede from the larger or original state:
Secession from federation or confederation (political entities with substantial reserved powers which have agreed to join together) versus secession from a unitary state (a state governed as a single unit with few powers reserved to sub-units).
Colonial aka "wars of independence" from a "mother country" or imperial state
National (seceding entirely from the national state) versus local (seceding from one entity of the national state into another entity of the same state).
Central or enclave (seceding entity is completely surrounded by the original state) versus peripheral (along a border of the original state).
Secession by contiguous units versus secession by non-contiguous units (exclaves)
Separation or partition (although an entity secedes, the rest of the state retains its structure) versus dissolution (all political entities dissolve their ties and create several new states).
Irredentism where secession is sought in order to annex the territory to another state because of common ethnicity or prior historical links.
Minority (a minority of the population or territory secedes) versus majority (a majority of the population or territory secedes)
Secession of better off regions versus secession of worse off regions.
The threat of Secession sometimes is used as a strategy to gain greater autonomy within the original state
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As long as the reason for Igbo secession plan is because of the oil in my state of Rivers state and region, the Niger Delta, the Igbo's are going nowhere. We are One Nigeria. One Nigeria we will remain except the Igbos want Biafra to be in the 5 Igbo speaking states of IMO, Anambra, Ebonyi, Abia and Enugu states alone. |
The Ibos dominate the economy in the nw, ne, nc, sw and ss 'cos they are always present there and mix well with the indegenes. Yet none of the indegenes of all these zones mentioned are free in the se. The ibos want to be President of Nigeria, Governors of Lagos, kano, jos, kaduna, sokoto, maiduguri and Dangotes of all the zones of Nigeria and yet want to secede and run away with the ss? What a greed? What a selfishness? What a husbandry they want for the rest of us? Even their sheep, goat and tiger people they theorize, they know not that they are actually an elephant, lion and goat people and they are the goat. The ibos tricked Gej to dance their music and when the Yorubas, Hausa, Fulanis and the others got this, they replied Gej accordingly. Let us all be reasonable, love one another and start living peacefully together in one country, one nation under one God. God bless Hausa/Fulani, Yorubas, Ibos, Ijaws, Tivs, Ibibios, Idomas etc in Nigeria. The Ibos are Nigerians, but bokoharam is not. Let us join to chase bokoharam out of our father and mother land now.. |
