Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev^{[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]} (19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982)^[4] was a Soviet politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1977 to 1982. His 18-year term as General Secretary was second only to Joseph Stalin's in duration. To this day, the value of Brezhnev's tenure as General Secretary remains debated by historians.

Quick Facts General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Preceded by ...

Leonid Brezhnev
Леонид Брежнев
Official portrait, 1972
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union[lower-alpha 1]
In office 14 October 1964 – 10 November 1982
Preceded by	Nikita Khrushchev (as First Secretary)
Succeeded by	Yuri Andropov
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
In office 16 June 1977 – 10 November 1982
Deputy	Vasily Kuznetsov
Preceded by	Nikolai Podgorny
Succeeded by	Vasily Kuznetsov (acting) Yuri Andropov
In office 7 May 1960 – 15 July 1964
Preceded by	Kliment Voroshilov
Succeeded by	Anastas Mikoyan
Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
In office 15 July 1964 – 14 October 1964
Preceded by	Frol Kozlov
Succeeded by	Nikolai Podgorny
Additional positions First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan In office 8 May 1955 – 6 March 1956 Preceded by Panteleimon Ponomarenko Succeeded by Ivan Yakovlev First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moldavia In office 3 November 1950 – 16 April 1952 Preceded by Nicolae Coval Succeeded by Dimitri Gladki
Personal details
Born	(1906-12-19)19 December 1906 Kamenskoye, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kamianske, Ukraine)
Died	10 November 1982(1982-11-10) (aged 75) Zarechye, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Cause of death	Heart attack
Resting place	Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow
Political party	CPSU (1929–1982)
Spouse	Viktoria Denisova ​ (m. 1928)​
Children	Galina Brezhneva (daughter) Yuri Brezhnev (son)
Residence(s)	Zarechye, Moscow
Profession	Metallurgical engineer civil servant
Awards	Hero of the Soviet Union (4) Hero of Socialist Labour Full list of awards and decorations
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Soviet Union
Branch/service	Red Army Soviet Army
Years of service	1941–1982
Rank	Marshal of the Soviet Union (1976–1982)
Commands	Soviet Armed Forces
Battles/wars	World War II Cold War Korean War Sino-Soviet War Albanian–Soviet split Vietnam War Soviet–Afghan War
Central institution membership 1957–1982: Full member, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th Politburo 1956–1982: Member, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th Secretariat 1956–1957: Candidate member, 20th Presidium 1952–1953: Candidate member, 19th Presidium 1952–1982: Full member, 19th, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th Central Committee Other political offices held 1964–1982: Chairman, Defense Council 1964–1966: Chairman, Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian SFSR Jan–Mar 1958: Deputy chairman, Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian SFSR 1947–1950: First Secretary, Dnipropetrovsk Regional Committee 1946–1947: First Secretary, Zaporizhzhia Regional Committee 1940–1941: Head, Defense Industry Department of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Committee 1938–1939: Head, Trade Department of the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Committee 1937–1938: Deputy chairman, Dnipropetrovsk City Council 1936–1937: Director, Dnipropetrovsk Regional Committee Military offices held 1953–1954: Deputy Head, Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy 1953: Head, Political Department of the Ministry of the Navy 1945–1946: Head, Political Directorate of the Carpathian Military District May–Jul 1945: Head, Political Directorate of the Fourth Ukrainian Front 1944–1945: Deputy Head, Political Directorate of the Fourth Ukrainian Front 1943–1944: Head, Political Department of the 18th Army of the North Caucasian Front 1942–1943: Deputy Head, Political Department of the Black Sea Group of the Transcaucasian Front 1941–1942: Deputy Head, Political Department of the Southern Front Leader of the Soviet Union ← Khrushchev Andropov →

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Brezhnev was born to a working-class family in Kamenskoye (now Kamianske, Ukraine) within the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of the Russian Empire. After the results of the October Revolution were finalized with the creation of the Soviet Union, Brezhnev joined the Communist party's youth league in 1923 before becoming an official party member in 1929. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, he joined the Red Army as a commissar and rose rapidly through the ranks to become a major general during World War II. Following the war's end, Brezhnev was promoted to the party's Central Committee in 1952 and rose to become a full member of the Politburo by 1957. In 1964, he garnered enough power to replace Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the CPSU, the most powerful position in the country.

During his tenure, Brezhnev's governance improved the Soviet Union's international standing while stabilizing the position of its ruling party at home. Whereas Khrushchev often enacted policies without consulting the rest of the Politburo, Brezhnev was careful to minimize dissent among the party elite by reaching decisions through consensus thereby restoring collective leadership in the Kremlin. Additionally, while pushing for détente between the two Cold War superpowers, he achieved nuclear parity with the United States and strengthened the Soviet Union's dominion over Central and Eastern Europe. By the mid 1970s, numerous observers argued the Soviet Union had surpassed the United States to become the world's strongest military power. Furthermore, the massive arms buildup and widespread military interventionism under Brezhnev's leadership substantially expanded the Soviet Union's influence abroad (particularly in the Middle East and Africa). However, these endeavors, particularly the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, proved to be highly costly and badly strained the Soviet economy in later years following Brezhnev's death.

Conversely, Brezhnev's disregard for political reform ushered in an era of societal decline known as the Brezhnev Stagnation. In addition to pervasive corruption and falling economic growth, this period was characterized by an increasing technological gap between the Soviet Union and the United States. Upon coming to power in 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev denounced Brezhnev's government for its inefficiency and inflexibility before implementing policies to liberalise the Soviet Union. However, Brezhnev has received consistently high approval ratings in the public polls.^{[citation needed]}

After 1975, Brezhnev's health rapidly deteriorated and he increasingly withdrew from international affairs, while keeping his hold on power. He died on 10 November 1982 and was succeeded as general secretary by Yuri Andropov.