Because his pioneering Latin rock band shared his surname, it's easy to conflate Carlos Santana with Santana, especially since the guitarist functioned as the group's leader and spokesperson. Nevertheless, Carlos ventured outside of the confines of his namesake band to pursue adventurous collaborations with jazz musicians -- his first non-band album, 1973's Love Devotion Surrender, was recorded with John McLaughlin and Mahavishnu Orchestra; his second was made with Alice Coltrane -- in addition to smoother material, like the kind showcased on 1983's Havana Moon and 1987's Grammy-winning Blues for Salvador. Throughout these solo excursions, as well as his work with his band, one thing remained constant: Carlos' exceptional lead guitar work, characterized by its warm, saturated tone and fluid, lyrical phrasing.

Carlos Santana was born in Autlan de Navarro, Mexico on July 20 1947, learning to play violin when he was five, then picking up guitar three years later. His family migrated from his hometown to Tijuana, then moved to San Francisco in the early '60s; he joined his family in California a little after they made the journey north. As a teenager, he played guitar in rock & roll cover bands, gravitating toward blues by the mid-'60s.

Carlos formed the Santana Blues Band with guitarist keyboardist/singer Gregg Rolie in 1966. During the group's early days, the lineup was volatile, with the membership settling to Carlos, Rolie, bassist David Brown, drummer Bob "Doc" Livingston, and percussionist Marcus Malone in 1967, around which time the group lost the "Blues Band" from their name. Promoter Bill Graham discovered the band and booked Santana to play his Fillmore West on June 16, 1968. The band soon landed a deal with Columbia Records, which enlisted producer David Rubinson to capture the band playing the Fillmore West in December; these tapes were shelved until Columbia/Legacy issued them in 1997 as Live at the Fillmore 1968.

Prior to recording their first album in early 1969, Santana swapped Livingston and Malone for Michael Shrieve and Mike Carabello, adding percussionist Jose Chepito Areas as well. This incarnation recorded the group's eponymous debut, then set out on tour, where they had a career-making appearance at the Woodstock festival in August 1969. That was the same month Santana appeared in the record stores, and it was a swift success, climbing its way to number four on Billboard's album charts during the course of its two-year run on the charts. The album was assisted by Santana's show-stealing performance in 1970's Woodstock documentary and the single "Evil Ways," which peaked at number nine on Billboard's Hot 100 in 1970. In September of that year, Santana released Abraxas, which bested its predecessor: it peaked at number one, stayed on the charts for a year-and-a-half, and generated two major hits with "Black Magic Woman," which reached number four on Billboard, and "Oye Como Va," which peaked at 13.

The ranks of Santana expanded on 1971's Santana (commonly called Santana III) with guitarist Neil Schon joining the fold and percussionist Coke Escovedo replacing an ailing Jose Chepito Areas. Santana III became the third successive smash for the band, peaking at number one and generating a big hit with "Everybody's Everything," which reached number 12 on Billboard's Hot 100.

Santana III marked the end of the classic lineup of the band. Upon the conclusion of its supporting tour, the band broke up, with Carlos retaining the rights to the band name. He'd soon assemble a different version of the band featuring Rolie, Schon, and Areas, debuting this lineup on Caravanserai, a 1972 album that found the guitarist pushing forward into jazz. Although the album peaked at eight on Billboard and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Instrumental Performance with Vocal Coloring, it slowed the band's commercial momentum, which did nothing to deter the guitarist's appetite for musical exploration. Soon, Carlos started dividing his time between his band and solo projects. First came Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles: Live!, an LP that captured performances from their joint tour of December 1971-April 1972. Next, he teamed with guitarist John McLaughlin and his fusion band the Mahavishnu Orchestra to record 1973's Love Devotion Surrender. This album was informed by Carlos' increased interest in spirituality. McLaughlin introduced him to his guru Sri Chinmoy and he soon became a disciple, adopting the name Devadip -- meaning "the lamp, light and eye of God" -- in the process. Along these lines, Carlos teamed with Alice Coltrane in 1974 for Illuminations, a jazz-fusion duet album. That same year, the Santana band released the triple-live album Lotus, recorded in Japan; over the years, its reputation grew, and it would eventually be reissued by Columbia/Legacy in a "complete edition" in 2017.

While he was expanding his musical and spiritual horizons, Carlos continued to keep his namesake band active; from this point forward, the membership was fluid, with musicians drifting in and out of the group on a regular basis. In 1973, a new lineup released Welcome, but its chart appearance illustrated how Caravanserai alienated some of the group's fans: it peaked at 25 on Billboard. Borboletta, released a year later, performed slightly better, reaching 20, but it was clear the band was in jeopardy of losing their audience, so Carlos decided to make 1976's Amigos a commercially minded project. Reuniting with producer David Rubinson, the man who'd helmed the band's initial hits, Santana sounded slick and direct on Amigos, and their gambit paid off: the album peaked at 10 on the Billboard charts. Rubinson and Santana swiftly delivered a sequel in the form of Festival, which performed respectably upon its January 1977 release. By the end of the year, the band issued Moonflower, which scattered studio cuts among live tracks; it peaked at ten, partially on the strength of a cover of the Zombies' "She's Not There," which peaked at 27 -- their best showing on the Hot 100 since 1971.

Another oldies cover -- "Stormy" by the Classics IV -- was featured on 1978's Inner Secrets, an album which just scraped the Top 30.

Carlos released his first official solo album Oneness: Silver Dreams Golden Reality in March 1979; the jazz-influenced album was billed to Devadip. Later that year, the Santana band returned with Marathon, a more commercial-oriented effort produced by Keith Olsen which featured the single "You Know That I Love You." Shortly afterward, Carlos released the solo album The Swing of Delight, a collaboration with Rubinson that was billed to Devadip Carlos Santana.

The band bounced back in 1981 with Zebop!, which peaked at number nine thanks to the hit single "Winning." "Hold On," the lead single from 1982's Shango, went to 15 on the Hot 100, taking its parent album to 22. A solo album, this time billed as "Carlos Santana" and called Havana Moon, appeared in 1983, peaking at 31.

Following this prolific decade and a half, Santana started to slow their studio output in the '80s. The band didn't return with a new album until 1985, when Beyond Appearances arrived in February of that year; its single "Say it Again" topped out at 45, five rungs higher than 50 that was the album's peak showing. Santana celebrated their 20th anniversary with a concert in 1986, but 1987's Freedom didn't make much of an impact on the charts, peaking at 95. Carlos went solo in 1987 with Blues for Salvador, an album that snagged him his first Grammy Award for its title track (Best Rock Instrumental Performance). A lavish box-set retrospective called Viva Santana! appeared in 1988 -- it'd be certified Gold -- and the Santana band returned in 1990 with Spirits Dancing in the Flesh, which turned out to be their last album for their longtime home Columbia Records.

Santana signed with Polydor for 1992's Milagro but the album failed to generate much attention, peaking at 1992. A year later, the group released Sacred Fire: Live in South America, which peaked at 181 on Billboard's Top 200. In 1994, Carlos teamed with his brother Jorge and his nephew, Carlos Hernandez, for the Santana Brothers album; it scraped the Top 200, reaching 191. While Carlos worked with his brother, Rolie, Areas, and Carabello formed a separate group called Abraxas Pool, releasing the Abraxas Pool album in 1994.

For the rest of the '90s, Santana drifted every closer to the oldies circuit, but their fortunes were revived when their old supporter Clive Davis signed the group to Arista in 1998. Davis designed a star-studded comeback for the band that took the form of Supernatural, a 1999 album that exceeded any possible expectations. Thanks to the single "Smooth," a song featuring Matchbox Twenty singer Rob Thomas (who also co-wrote the tune), Supernatural became an international blockbuster, topping the charts throughout the world, earning a coveted Diamond certification in the U.S. and winning eight Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year and Album of the Year. Supernatural produced another number one single in the form of "Maria Maria," which featured Wyclef Jean and the G&B Product, but it was "Smooth" that kept Supernatural on the top of the charts for 12 weeks. Santana delivered Shaman, their Supernatural sequel, in 2002. Thanks to the hit single "The Game of Love" -- a song co-written by Gregg Alexander of the New Radicals and sung by Michelle Branch that peaked at five and won the Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals -- the album was another cross-demographic hit, peaking at number one on Billboard and earning double platinum certification by the RIAA.

Arriving in 2005, All That I Am debuted at two on Billboard, but effectively brought Santana's revival as hitmakers to an end; its lead single, "I'm Feeling You" -- which one again featured Michelle Branch on vocals -- topped out at 55. Even though there were no hit singles forthcoming, Santana remained a fixture in pop and rock culture. In 2010, they released Guitar Heaven, a collection of classic rock covers featuring guest vocalists; debuting at five on Billboard, it turned out to be their last album for Arista.

Shape Shifter, the band's 2012 album, was their first not to feature guests since Milagro. Released on their Sony-distributed imprint Starfaith, the largely instrumental album peaked at 16 upon its release. Santana returned to duets for 2014's Corazon, an album the spotlighted Latin music and featured appearances by Pitbull, Gloria Estefan, Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, and Juanes.

Carlos reunited most of the Santana III lineup featuring Rolie, Schon, Shrieve, and Carabello for Santana IV, an album released in April 2016. The next year, the band released Power of Peace, a collaborative album with the Isley Brothers. It was Santana's last album for Sony.

Santana signed with Concord in 2018. The first release in the contract was the Narada Michael Walden-produced EP In Search of the Mona Lisa, which appeared in January 2019. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine

Alice Coltrane Turiyasangitananda ("Turiya") was an American jazz pianist, organist, harpist, composer, vocalist, and swamini. After establishing herself as a canny bop and hard bop pianist on the fertile Detroit scene of the late 1950s, she studied with Bud Powell in Paris during the early '60s. She met saxophonist John Coltrane in 1963, and they were married two years later. Alice was his primary musical collaborator during his final period. After his death in 1967, she issued her solo debut, A Monastic Trio, for Impulse! in 1968, playing both piano and harp. Coltrane released seven albums for Impulse! between 1968 and 1972. Among them are Ptah, The El Daoud, Journey in Satchidananda, and the landmark Universal Consciousness and World Galaxy, employing chamber and orchestral strings from various disciplines in addition to jazz musicians. In 1972, she abandoned secular life, moved to California, and studied with Hindu gurus Swami Satchidananda and Sathya Sai Baba. She established The Vedantic Center in Los Angeles in 1975, and signed with Warner Bros., releasing three studio albums with the label including that year's Eternity and the live double album Transfiguration in 1978. Coltrane changed her name to Turiyasangitananda (nicknamed Turiya) and was appointed swamini of Sai Anantam Ashram. She only recorded one more album, 1995's Translinear Light for Verve, produced by son Ravi Coltrane. She died in 2007.

She was born Alice McLeod in Detroit to Solon and Annie McLeod, the fifth of six children. Her mother was a pianist and sang in the church choir. Alice began studying piano with a neighbor at age seven. Two years later, she was playing organ during services at Mount Olive Baptist church. Her piano and organ playing inspired the congregation to sponsor her music education at a community school. McLeod attended Detroit's prestigious Cass Technical High School, where she studied classical music and played percussion in the marching band. Thanks to the encouragement of her father and her half brother, saxophonist-turned-bassist Ernie Farrow, she began studying jazz along with two notable classmates, pianist Hugh Lawson and drummer Earl Williams. She started leading her own group called the Premiers, performing gospel, jazz, and rhythm & blues standards; members included trombonist George Bohanon, bassist Anthony Jackson, and drummer Oliver Jackson. She also got work on the Motor City's vibrant jazz scene with Yusef Lateef, Kenny Burrell, and others.

The reason McLeod stood out, even on a scene that boasted world-class talent such as Barry Harris and Teddy Wilson, was her playing style. Dense with arpeggios and expansive clustered chords, her piano playing suggested the harp. She was deeply influenced by harpist Dorothy Ashby, the first person to employ the instrument in bebop. Ashby's harp playing not only informed Alice's pianism but influenced her to take up the harp later on. In 1959, she moved to Paris briefly, where she studied informally with Bud Powell and served as intermission pianist at the Blue Note club. While serving in that capacity, she appeared on French television in the company of Lucky Thompson, Pierre Michelot, and Kenny Clarke. She met jazz singer Kenneth "Poncho" Hagood in Paris. They married, had a daughter (Michelle), and moved to New York in 1960. However, the marriage was short-lived due to Hagood's growing dependency on heroin.

Alice and Michelle returned to Detroit, where Alice continued playing jazz with her own trio and in a duo with vibraphonist Terry Pollard. In 1962 to 1963, she returned to New York as a member of Terry Gibbs' quartet playing vibraphone and piano. (They issued the co-billed 1963 album El Nutto for Mercury.) During that time, she met John Coltrane, and they connected instantly. The pair began living and traveling together, and in 1964 they had settled on Long Island. They married in 1965 in Juárez, Mexico, after Coltrane's divorce from first wife, Naima Grubbs.

By then, Alice had joined John's "New Thing" quintet with drummer Rashied Ali, saxophonist Pharoah Sanders, and bassist Jimmy Garrison, and released Live at the Village Vanguard Again! in 1966 and Concert in Japan from the same tour. Alice's playing is characterized by rhythmically fluid arpeggios and a pulsing, sometimes droning modal textural facility. The set proved controversial with (primarily white, male) jazz critics, who tended to dislike change. She also played on subsequent studio sessions released posthumously as Expression and Stellar Regions.

Though Alice had always been a deeply spiritual person, John introduced her to Eastern philosophy and religions, which became her life's primary focus shortly thereafter. Before his death, he assisted her in signing a solo contract with Impulse! After her husband's death from liver cancer in 1967, Coltrane took a vow of celibacy.

With four young children to feed, she wasted no time getting back to work. In January 1968, while preparing to release her debut album for Impulse!, she revisited the unissued San Francisco sessions and added two tracks recorded by her own group, "Lord, Help Me to Be" and "The Sun," featuring Garrison and drummer Ben Riley, with Sanders appearing on tenor sax and flute. The set was initially issued by Coltrane Records in September as Cosmic Music. Alice's debut, A Monastic Trio with Riley and Garrison was released in December, less than two months after Cosmic Music appeared -- it was re-released by Impulse! the following year, a few months after Coltrane issued her second album, Huntington Ashram Monastery, another trio offering with Ron Carter on bass and Rashied Ali on drums.

In January 1970, she recorded four compositions in her home studio with Riley, Carter, saxophonist Joe Henderson, and Sanders playing bass clarinet. The album, titled Ptah, the El Daoud, was released that September. That same year, she played harp on the sessions for Laura Nyro's Christmas and the Beads of Sweat. Coltrane also met Swami Satchidananda and began studying with him. His impact on her life was profound. She recorded Journey in Satchidananda in November as a reflection of his inspiration. Released in February 1971 with accompaniment by Sanders, Ali, and alternating bassists Charlie Haden, Cecil McBee and Vishnu Wood, it garnered consistently positive reviews.

That year also found Coltrane playing harp alongside Carter and flutist Hubert Laws on the track "Little Dove" from the Rascals' Peaceful World. She rediscovered the organ in 1970 while desiring to create a meditative music whose pulse and phrasing would not be interrupted by pauses for breath. Between April and June 1971, Coltrane and her sidemen recorded the sessions that would become Universal Consciousness. Released in September, it showcased Coltrane performing only on the harp and Wurlitzer organ. More than this, however, it showcased her consummate skills as an arranger. She added a string quartet that included Leroy Jenkins to the proceedings, which she composed and arranged alongside a studio trio that included Garrison on bass, and Jack DeJohnette, Clifford Jarvis, and Ali alternating on drums. Ornette Coleman provided string transcriptions for three tracks. Coltrane seamlessly wove together the various strains of her musical thinking that included modal jazz, gospel hymns, blues, Hindi devotional music, and 20th century classical sonorities.

She followed with the even more ambitious World Galaxy in May 1972. In addition to a studio sextet that included saxophonist Frank Lowe, bassist Reggie Workman, Riley on drums, Elayne Jones on timpani, and Jenkins as a soloist, she composed and arranged for a 15-piece orchestral string section directed by concertmaster David Sackson. The album included three original compositions as well as readings of "My Favorite Things" and "A Love Supreme." Some critics took issue with her covers, foolishly questioning their worth in jazz terms. Like Universal Consciousness, World Galaxy is now regarded as a classic, full of brave, new musical thinking.

1972 also saw Coltrane transplant her family to Los Angeles from New York to be closer to her spiritual teachers and their organizations. The Impulse! release of Infinity caused Coltrane to endure extreme vitriol from jazz critics. Its original sessions were recorded at different times. Two tunes --"Living Space" and "Joy" -- were cut in 1965 with the classic quartet of John Coltrane, McCoy Tyner, Elvin Jones, and Garrison. Onto these performances she overdubbed strings and tambouras. The 1966 bookend cuts "Peace on Earth" and "Leo" were performed by the New Thing quintet with Alice on piano, organ, and vibraphone, Ali, Sanders, and percussionist Ray Appleton. In addition to strings, she replaced Garrison's bass parts with newly recorded ones by Charlie Haden, and added new solos of her own playing. Critics and fans howled their displeasure, but Coltrane's response was direct in an interview: "Were you there? Did you hear [John's] commentary and what he had to say?... We had a conversation about every detail; [John] was showing me how the piece could include other sounds, blends, tonalities, and resonances such as strings. He talked about cosmic sounds, higher dimensions, astral levels and other worlds, and realms of music and sound that I could feel."

Coltrane issued her final album for Impulse!, Lord of Lords, in 1972; it capped her orchestral trilogy. Produced by Ed Michel, it showcased the artist playing harp, piano, organ, tympani, and vibes, backed by Haden and Riley above a 20-piece string section that she composed for, arranged, and conducted. In 1974, she was a co-billed featured guest on Joe Henderson's seminal album The Elements, and recorded the one-off Illuminations with Devadip Carlos Santana and saxophonist Jules Broussard.

In 1975, Coltrane founded the Vedanta Center in Los Angeles and signed a recording contract with Warner Bros. The music she issued for the label revealed a deepening of her spiritual resolve and the sole desire to create music that reflected it. Eternity, issued in 1976, offered six tracks, ranging from the harp solo "Wisdom Eye" to "Om Supreme" for electric piano and six singers. Elsewhere, such as on "Spiritual Eternal," her trio with Riley and Haden were joined by reeds, winds, brass, and strings. She also delivered a radical re-envisioning of sections from Igor Stravinsky's Rite of Spring.

Later that year, she released Radha-Krsna Nama Sankirtana. Forgoing jazz altogether, it offered Hindu devotional songs. Three tracks were chants, with Coltrane's organ and electric piano backing a vocal chorus, while the other two featured her interpretations accompanied by tambora or drums. For decades it was the most misunderstood record in her catalog. 1977's Transcendence followed suit. Coltrane alternately played harp, organ, and Rhodes piano as well as tambora. She was accompanied on half the album by a string quartet and the other half by a large vocal chorus.

Her final date for Warner Bros. was 1978's double-live opus Transfiguration. Recorded in performance at UCLA's Schoenberg Hall in a trio with drummer Roy Haynes and Workman on bass, it offered Coltrane at full intensity playing piano and Wurlitzer organ. The track "Prema" included a nine-piece string section that was overdubbed later in the studio. With the album's release came Coltrane's retreat from public life. She did appear on Marian McPartland's syndicated Piano Jazz program in 1981. She also changed her name to Swami Turiyasangitananda and taught at the Vedantic Center -- and later the Shanti Anantam Ashram (later renamed Sai Anantam Ashram) on 50 acres near Malibu, California. She only recorded devotional Sanskrit hymns (or bhajans) for her congregation. Coltrane self-released a small batch of cassettes including 1982's Turiya Sings, 1987's Divine Songs, 1990's Infinite Chants, and 1995's Glorious Chants. In 1998, she appeared with her sons Ravi and Oran at a John Coltrane tribute concert at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City and again at Joe's Pub in 2002.

She began recording again in 2000 and eventually issued the stellar Translinear Light on the Verve label in 2004. Produced by Ravi, it featured Coltrane on piano, organ, and synthesizer, in a host of playing situations with luminary collaborators that included not only her sons but also Charlie Haden, Jack DeJohnette, Jeff "Tain" Watts, and James Genus. After the release of Translinear Light, she played some selective dates in Paris in 2005, and a three-date tour in the fall of 2006 with Ravi in Ann Arbor, New York, and San Francisco. On January 12, 2007, Coltrane died of respiratory failure at Los Angeles' West Hills Hospital and Medical Center. Her catalog was selectively remastered and reissued in the United States and Japan.

A decade later, Luaka Bop sought out the original masters of Coltrane's worship cassettes, assisted by her children. Enlisting original engineer Baker Bigsby, the label assembled a compilation from the four tapes. Entitled World Spirituality Classics 1: The Ecstatic Music of Alice Coltrane Turiyasangitananda, it was released in May 2017 to commemorate her 80th birthday and the tenth anniversary of her passing. The package included a lengthy liner essay by jazz historian Ashley Khan, Mark "Frosty" McNeil's master's thesis, and interviews with family, ashram members, and colleagues. It also included a remembrance by Surya Botofasina in conversation with Andy Beta. In 2018, Real Gone released Spiritual Eternal: The Complete Warner Bros. Studio Recordings.

In July 2021, Coltrane returned to Impulse! with Kirtan: Turiya Sings. The set reframed her 1982 cassette with a mix that Ravi had only heard for the first time in 2020; he gave his blessing for its release. The original marked the only time Coltrane's singing voice had ever been heard solo on an album, accompanied by synths, organs, and synthesized strings. The 2021 mix offered only her voice accompanied by an organ. ~ Thom Jurek