Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested for a petty crime, and because he couldn’t afford an attorney asked the court to assign him one. His request was denied. He was convicted and sentenced to five years in the Florida State Prison. End of story? Hardly. Using a pencil and prison letterhead, he appealed to the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. Arguing that the lower court had deprived him of his Sixth Amendment right to have an attorney for his defense and that he had been denied due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, Gideon told the Court that as a layman he was incapable of defending himself.
Gideon’s chance of finding a needle in a haystack was infinitely better than having his case heard by the Supreme Court. But—miracle of miracles— it was. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) changed the whole course of American legal history. Thus the reason for the TV movie, starring Henry Fonda as Clarence Earl Gideon. The story follows Gideon’s improbable journey, from the crime scene to a Florida courthouse to a Florida prison cell. Also included are scenes inside the U.S. Supreme Court and inside one of Washington D.C.’s most prestigious law firms. The lead attorney to argue Gideon’s case was Abe Fortas, played convincingly by Jose Ferrer, and actor John Houseman makes for a decidedly formidable chief justice Earl Warren. We know the outcome of the case, but that does not lesson the drama of the story and, of course, it’s a marvel to watch the brilliant Fonda play Clarence Gideon, a down-on-his luck auto mechanic who nonetheless was shrewd and persistent, caught a break, and changed legal history. Never again would the accused be deprived of legal representation. Only in America do such things happen.