What is aphasia, disorder Bruce Willis was diagnosed with, and how is it treated?

Bruce Willis will be “stepping away” from his acting career after he was diagnosed with aphasia, his family has announced.

According to the actor’s wife, Emma Heming Willis, who shared the news on Instagram, alongside a number of Willis’ other family members, on Wednesday, the diagnosis came after the Red star had been “experiencing some health issues,” with her post noting the disorder has been “impacting his cognitive abilities”.

“This is a really challenging time for our family and we are so appreciative of your continued love, compassion and support,” the post reads.

What is aphasia and what causes it?

Aphasia is a condition that leaves an individual unable to communicate, as it can impact the ability to “speak, write and understand language, both verbal and written,” according to the Mayo Clinic.

The health resource notes that aphasia typically “occurs suddenly” after an individual has experienced brain damage as a result of a stroke or a head injury, but that it can also come on gradually if the person has a “slow-growing brain tumour” or a degenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease. Sometimes temporary episodes of aphasia can occur as a result of migraines, seizures, or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, the disorder can also “co-occur” with speech disorders, such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which the outlet notes also result from damage to the brain.

The NIH also states that there are two broad categories of aphasia, fluent and nonfluent, and that these are dependent on the location of the brain damage. For example, a person who has damage to the temporal lobe may develop Wernicke’s aphasia, which the NIH notes is the most common type of fluent aphasia, and which often affects the way a person speaks, as well as their ability to understand speech.

“People with Wernicke’s aphasia may speak in long, complete sentences that have no meaning, adding unnecessary words and even creating made-up words,” the NIH explains.

Broca’s aphasia refers to the most common type of nonfluent aphasia, and typically occurs as a result of damage to the frontal lobe of the brain, according to the NIH. While people with this type of aphasia may understand and know what they want to say, the NIH notes that it can be difficult for them to speak, and this results in short sentences that are often produced with “great effort”. This type of aphasia can also cause “right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg,” according to the NIH, as the “frontal lobe is also important for motor movements”.

The NIH also notes that an individual can develop global aphasia, which results from “damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain”. According to the NIH, this type of aphasia can leave an individual with “severe communication difficulties” as it can make it hard for them to speak or comprehend language.

Other types of aphasia affect an individual’s ability to repeat words and sentences, or lead to difficulty naming objects, even though they may know what the object is and what it is used for.

How is aphasia diagnosed?

According to the NIH, aphasia is typically recognised by a physician after a brain injury. Individuals who have experienced a brain injury will typically undergo an MRI or CT scan, which will help doctors identify the location of the injury.

In addition to brain scans, the individual will also likely be asked a series of questions that can help a physician determine their ability to “understand and produce language”.

From there, a physician may recommend an individual see a speech-language pathologist.

How is aphasia treated?

Individuals who have experienced brain injuries that resulted in the disorder may see improvements within the first few months, even without treatment, the NIH notes.

However, according to the Mayo Clinic, once the cause of the disorder has been addressed, the main treatment for aphasia consists of speech and language therapy, which entails relearning and practicing language skills and other ways to communicate.

What other celebrities have suffered from brain-damage related injuries or disorders?

Emilia Clarke previously revealed that she was unable to remember her own name after suffering from a subarachnoid hemorrhage, a stroke caused by bleeding on the brain.

The Game of Thrones star reflected on the injury in a 2019 essay for The New Yorker, in which she recalled suffering from a bad headache while working out with her trainer.

“Then my trainer had me get into the plank position, and I immediately felt as though an elastic band were squeezing my brain. I tried to ignore the pain and push through it, but I just couldn’t,” she wrote. “At some level, I knew what was happening: my brain was damaged.”

After undergoing brain surgery, Clarke recalled being unable to remember her name and instead speaking “nonsense words”.

“My full name is Emilia Isobel Euphemia Rose Clarke. But now I couldn’t remember it. Instead, nonsense words tumbled out of my mouth and I went into a blind panic,” she recalled. “I’d never experienced fear like that—a sense of doom closing in. I could see my life ahead, and it wasn’t worth living. I am an actor; I need to remember my lines. Now I couldn’t recall my name.”

Sharon Stone also temporarily lost her speech ability, her vision and feeling in her left leg after she suffered a stroke in 2001.

She opened up about her recovery process in a 2015 interview with Harper’s Bazaar, in which she described feeling like her “entire DNA changed”.

“My brain isn’t sitting where it used to, my body type changed, and even my food allergies are different,” she said, adding that it took months for feeling to return to her left leg and years for her vision to return to normal, and that she also “fought to eliminate a persistent stutter”.

However, according to the actor, the side effects weren’t all negative, as she noted that she “became more emotionally intelligent”.

“I chose to work very hard to open up other parts of my mind. Now I’m stronger. And I can be abrasively direct. That scares people, but I think that’s not my problem,” she said. “It’s like, I have brain damage; you’ll just have to deal with it.”