Activated carbon

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area^[1][2] available for adsorption or chemical reactions^[3] that can be thought of as a microscopic "sponge" structure. (Adsorption, not to be confused with absorption, is a process where atoms or molecules adhere to a surface). Activation is analogous to making popcorn from dried corn kernels: popcorn is light, fluffy, and its kernels have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Activated is sometimes replaced by active.

Because it is so porous on a microscopic scale, one gram of activated carbon has a surface area of over 3,000 square metres (32,000 square feet),^[1][2][4] as determined by gas adsorption.^[1][2][5] For charcoal, the equivalent figure before activation is about 2–5 square metres.^[6][7] A useful activation level may be obtained solely from high surface area. Further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.

Activated carbon is usually derived from waste products such as coconut husks; waste from paper mills has been studied as a source.^[8] These bulk sources are converted into charcoal before being activated. When derived from coal,^[1][2] it is referred to as activated coal. Activated coke is derived from coke.