鉛的同位素
天然鉛樣品中,同位素的豐度有很大的變化量 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
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鉛(原子量:207.2(1))的同位素,其中有4個(204Pb、206Pb、207Pb、208Pb)是穩定的。208
Pb
在所有的穩定同位素中,質量數最大。208
Pb
是一個雙幻數核,分別為82個質子和126個中子。
圖表[編輯]
符號 | 歷史 名稱 |
Z( p ) |
N( n ) |
同位素質量(u) | 半衰期[n 1] | 衰變 方式[2][n 2] |
衰變 產物[n 3] |
原子核 自旋 |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率) |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量 | ||||||||||
178Pb | 82 | 96 | 178.003830(26) | 0.23(15) ms | α | 174Hg | 0+ | |||
179Pb | 82 | 97 | 179.00215(21)# | 3.9(1.1) ms | α | 175Hg | (9/2−) | |||
180Pb | 82 | 98 | 179.997918(22) | 4.5(11) ms | α | 176Hg | 0+ | |||
181Pb | 82 | 99 | 180.99662(10) | 45(20) ms | α (98%) | 177Hg | 5/2−# | |||
β+ (2%) | 181Tl | |||||||||
182Pb | 82 | 100 | 181.992672(15) | 60(40) ms [55(+40−35) ms] |
α (98%) | 178Hg | 0+ | |||
β+ (2%) | 182Tl | |||||||||
183Pb | 82 | 101 | 182.99187(3) | 535(30) ms | α (94%) | 179Hg | (3/2−) | |||
β+ (6%) | 183Tl | |||||||||
183mPb | 94(8) keV | 415(20) ms | α | 179Hg | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (不常見) | 183Tl | |||||||||
184Pb | 82 | 102 | 183.988142(15) | 490(25) ms | α | 180Hg | 0+ | |||
β+ (不常見) | 184Tl | |||||||||
185Pb | 82 | 103 | 184.987610(17) | 6.3(4) s | α | 181Hg | 3/2− | |||
β+ (不常見) | 185Tl | |||||||||
185mPb | 60(40)# keV | 4.07(15) s | α | 181Hg | 13/2+ | |||||
β+ (不常見) | 185Tl | |||||||||
186Pb | 82 | 104 | 185.984239(12) | 4.82(3) s | α (56%) | 182Hg | 0+ | |||
β+ (44%) | 186Tl | |||||||||
187Pb | 82 | 105 | 186.983918(9) | 15.2(3) s | β+ | 187Tl | (3/2−) | |||
α | 183Hg | |||||||||
187mPb | 11(11) keV | 18.3(3) s | β+ (98%) | 187Tl | (13/2+) | |||||
α (2%) | 183Hg | |||||||||
188Pb | 82 | 106 | 187.980874(11) | 25.5(1) s | β+ (91.5%) | 188Tl | 0+ | |||
α (8.5%) | 184Hg | |||||||||
188m1Pb | 2578.2(7) keV | 830(210) ns | (8−) | |||||||
188m2Pb | 2800(50) keV | 797(21) ns | ||||||||
189Pb | 82 | 107 | 188.98081(4) | 51(3) s | β+ | 189Tl | (3/2−) | |||
189mPb | 40(30)# keV | 1# min | β+ (99.6%) | 189Tl | (13/2+) | |||||
α (.4%) | 185Hg | |||||||||
190Pb | 82 | 108 | 189.978082(13) | 71(1) s | β+ (99.1%) | 190Tl | 0+ | |||
α (.9%) | 186Hg | |||||||||
190m1Pb | 2614.8(8) keV | 150 ns | (10)+ | |||||||
190m2Pb | 2618(20) keV | 25 µs | (12+) | |||||||
190m3Pb | 2658.2(8) keV | 7.2(6) µs | (11)− | |||||||
191Pb | 82 | 109 | 190.97827(4) | 1.33(8) min | β+ (99.987%) | 191Tl | (3/2−) | |||
α (.013%) | 187Hg | |||||||||
191mPb | 20(50) keV | 2.18(8) min | β+ (99.98%) | 191Tl | 13/2(+) | |||||
α (.02%) | 187Hg | |||||||||
192Pb | 82 | 110 | 191.975785(14) | 3.5(1) min | β+ (99.99%) | 192Tl | 0+ | |||
α (.0061%) | 188Hg | |||||||||
192m1Pb | 2581.1(1) keV | 164(7) ns | (10)+ | |||||||
192m2Pb | 2625.1(11) keV | 1.1(5) µs | (12+) | |||||||
192m3Pb | 2743.5(4) keV | 756(21) ns | (11)− | |||||||
193Pb | 82 | 111 | 192.97617(5) | 5# min | β+ | 193Tl | (3/2−) | |||
193m1Pb | 130(80)# keV | 5.8(2) min | β+ | 193Tl | 13/2(+) | |||||
193m2Pb | 2612.5(5)+X keV | 135(+25−15) ns | (33/2+) | |||||||
194Pb | 82 | 112 | 193.974012(19) | 12.0(5) min | β+ (100%) | 194Tl | 0+ | |||
α (7.3×10−6%) | 190Hg | |||||||||
195Pb | 82 | 113 | 194.974542(25) | ~15 min | β+ | 195Tl | 3/2#- | |||
195m1Pb | 202.9(7) keV | 15.0(12) min | β+ | 195Tl | 13/2+ | |||||
195m2Pb | 1759.0(7) keV | 10.0(7) µs | 21/2− | |||||||
196Pb | 82 | 114 | 195.972774(15) | 37(3) min | β+ | 196Tl | 0+ | |||
α (3×10−5%) | 192Hg | |||||||||
196m1Pb | 1049.20(9) keV | <100 ns | 2+ | |||||||
196m2Pb | 1738.27(12) keV | <1 µs | 4+ | |||||||
196m3Pb | 1797.51(14) keV | 140(14) ns | 5− | |||||||
196m4Pb | 2693.5(5) keV | 270(4) ns | (12+) | |||||||
197Pb | 82 | 115 | 196.973431(6) | 8.1(17) min | β+ | 197Tl | 3/2− | |||
197m1Pb | 319.31(11) keV | 42.9(9) min | β+ (81%) | 197Tl | 13/2+ | |||||
IT (19%) | 197Pb | |||||||||
α (3×10−4%) | 193Hg | |||||||||
197m2Pb | 1914.10(25) keV | 1.15(20) µs | 21/2− | |||||||
198Pb | 82 | 116 | 197.972034(16) | 2.4(1) h | β+ | 198Tl | 0+ | |||
198m1Pb | 2141.4(4) keV | 4.19(10) µs | (7)− | |||||||
198m2Pb | 2231.4(5) keV | 137(10) ns | (9)− | |||||||
198m3Pb | 2820.5(7) keV | 212(4) ns | (12)+ | |||||||
199Pb | 82 | 117 | 198.972917(28) | 90(10) min | β+ | 199Tl | 3/2− | |||
199m1Pb | 429.5(27) keV | 12.2(3) min | IT (93%) | 199Pb | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (7%) | 199Tl | |||||||||
199m2Pb | 2563.8(27) keV | 10.1(2) µs | (29/2−) | |||||||
200Pb | 82 | 118 | 199.971827(12) | 21.5(4) h | β+ | 200Tl | 0+ | |||
201Pb | 82 | 119 | 200.972885(24) | 9.33(3) h | ε (99%) | 201Pb | 5/2− | |||
β+ (1%) | 201Tl | |||||||||
201m1Pb | 629.14(17) keV | 61(2) s | 13/2+ | |||||||
201m2Pb | 2718.5+X keV | 508(5) ns | (29/2−) | |||||||
202Pb | 82 | 120 | 201.972159(9) | 52.5(28)×103 y | ε | 202Tl | 0+ | |||
202m1Pb | 2169.83(7) keV | 3.53(1) h | IT (90.5%) | 202Pb | 9− | |||||
ε (9.5%) | 202Tl | |||||||||
202m2Pb | 4142.9(11) keV | 110(5) ns | (16+) | |||||||
202m3Pb | 5345.9(13) keV | 107(5) ns | (19−) | |||||||
203Pb | 82 | 121 | 202.973391(7) | 51.873(9) h | ε | 203Tl | 5/2− | |||
203m1Pb | 825.20(9) keV | 6.21(8) s | IT | 203Pb | 13/2+ | |||||
203m2Pb | 2949.47(22) keV | 480(7) ms | 29/2− | |||||||
203m3Pb | 2923.4+X keV | 122(4) ns | (25/2−) | |||||||
204Pb[n 4] | 82 | 122 | 203.9730436(13) | 觀測上穩定[n 5] | 0+ | 0.014(1) | 0.0104–0.0165 | |||
204m1Pb | 1274.00(4) keV | 265(10) ns | 4+ | |||||||
204m2Pb | 2185.79(5) keV | 67.2(3) min | 9− | |||||||
204m3Pb | 2264.33(4) keV | 0.45(+10−3) µs | 7− | |||||||
205Pb | 82 | 123 | 204.9744818(13) | 15.3(7)×106 y | ε | 205Tl | 5/2− | |||
205m1Pb | 2.329(7) keV | 24.2(4) µs | 1/2− | |||||||
205m2Pb | 1013.839(13) keV | 5.55(2) ms | 13/2+ | |||||||
205m3Pb | 3195.7(5) keV | 217(5) ns | 25/2− | |||||||
206Pb[n 4][n 6] | Radium G | 82 | 124 | 205.9744653(13) | 觀測上穩定[n 7] | 0+ | 0.241(1) | 0.2084–0.2748 | ||
206m1Pb | 2200.14(4) keV | 125(2) µs | 7− | |||||||
206m2Pb | 4027.3(7) keV | 202(3) ns | 12+ | |||||||
207Pb[n 4][n 8] | Actinium D | 82 | 125 | 206.9758969(13) | 觀測上穩定[n 9] | 1/2− | 0.221(1) | 0.1762–0.2365 | ||
207mPb | 1633.368(5) keV | 806(6) ms | IT | 207Pb | 13/2+ | |||||
208Pb[n 10] | Thorium D | 82 | 126 | 207.9766521(13) | 觀測上穩定[n 11] | 0+ | 0.524(1) | 0.5128–0.5621 | ||
208mPb | 4895(2) keV | 500(10) ns | 10+ | |||||||
209Pb | 82 | 127 | 208.9810901(19) | 3.253(14) h | β− | 209Bi | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 12] | ||
210Pb | Radium D Radiolead Radio-lead |
82 | 128 | 209.9841885(16) | 22.20(22) y | β− (100%) | 210Bi | 0+ | 痕量[n 13] | |
α (1.9×10−6%) | 206Hg | |||||||||
210mPb | 1278(5) keV | 201(17) ns | 8+ | |||||||
211Pb | Actinium B | 82 | 129 | 210.9887370(29) | 36.1(2) min | β− | 211Bi | 9/2+ | 痕量[n 14] | |
212Pb | Thorium B | 82 | 130 | 211.9918975(24) | 10.64(1) h | β− | 212Bi | 0+ | 痕量[n 15] | |
212mPb | 1335(10) keV | 5(1) µs | (8+) | |||||||
213Pb | 82 | 131 | 212.996581(8) | 10.2(3) min | β− | 213Bi | (9/2+) | |||
214Pb | Radium B | 82 | 132 | 213.9998054(26) | 26.8(9) min | β− | 214Bi | 0+ | 痕量[n 13] | |
214mPb | 1420(20) keV | 6.2(0.3) μs | IT | 212Pb | 8+# | |||||
215Pb | 82 | 133 | 215.004660(60) | 2.34(0.19) min | β− | 215Bi | 9/2+# | |||
216Pb | 82 | 134 | 216.008030(210)# | 1.65(0.2) min | β− | 216Bi | 0+ | |||
216mPb | 1514(20) keV | 400(40) ns | IT | 216Pb | 8+# | |||||
217Pb | 82 | 135 | 217.013140(320)# | 20(5) s | β− | 217Bi | 9/2+# | |||
218Pb | 82 | 136 | 218.016590(320)# | 15(7) s | β− | 218Bi | 0+ |
備註:畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,只是理論推測而已,而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。
鉛-212[編輯]
← | 同位素列表 | → |
鉈的同位素 | 鉛的同位素 | 鉍的同位素 |
註釋[編輯]
- ^ 半衰期超過宇宙年齡(幾乎穩定)的同位素以粗體顯示
- ^ 縮寫:
EC:電子捕獲
IT:核異構轉變 - ^ 穩定同位素以粗體顯示
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 用於鉛鉛定年法
- ^ 被認為會α衰變成200Hg,半衰期超過140×1015年
- ^ 鈾衰變鏈的最終衰變產物
- ^ 被認為會α衰變成202Hg
- ^ 錒衰變鏈的最終衰變產物
- ^ 被認為會α衰變成203Hg
- ^ 釷衰變鏈的最終衰變產物
- ^ 最重的觀測上穩定核素,被認為會α衰變成204Hg,半衰期超過2×1019年
- ^ 235U的衰變產物223Ra的簇衰變產物
- ^ 13.0 13.1 238U的衰變產物
- ^ 235U的衰變產物
- ^ 232Th的衰變產物
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Meija et al. 2016.
- ^ Universal Nuclide Chart. nucleonica. [2015-10-16]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-19).
- ^ Kokov, K.V.; Egorova, B.V.; German, M.N.; Klabukov, I.D.; Krasheninnikov, M.E.; Larkin-Kondrov, A.A.; Makoveeva, K.A.; Ovchinnikov, M.V.; Sidorova, M.V.; Chuvilin, D.Y. 212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2022, 14 (1): 189. ISSN 1999-4923. PMC 8777968 . PMID 35057083. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14010189 .
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
元素與同位素的穩定度 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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