War and Resistance in the Philippines, 1942-1944War and Resistance in the Philippines, 1942-1944 repairs the fragmentary and incomplete history of events in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur's return in October 1944. No book has comprehensively examined the Filipino resistance during this crucial period. Here, James Kelly Morningstar provides for the first time a comprehensive history of the protracted fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. Beginning with the Japanese occupation, the collapse of the United States Forces, Far East (USAFFE), and the simultaneous rise of the complex, diverse Philippine guerrilla movements, Morningstar exposes the inadequacy of MacArthur's conventional plans while revealing his inchoate preparation for guerrilla resistance. Morningstar then recounts in detail the impromptu resistance led by refugee American and Filipino soldiers, local politicians, and social revolutionaries left to battle the Japanese--and each other--with emphasis on how Japanese, American, and Filipino actions influenced and proscribed each other. From a distance, MacArthur contacted select guerrillas and organized agents to deliver supplies and radios to them by submarine. In this way he empowered some to gain power as part of a united framework under his leadership. This not only kept alive the resistance that denied the Japanese exploitation of the Philippines while setting the conditions for MacArthur's return, it also ensured that no one guerrilla leader could challenge America's supremacy. MacArthur's selective support to guerrilla groups that encouraged continued Filipino dependence on the United States would prove fatal for the incipient Maoist social revolution on Luzon. Even so, the Filipinos' shared sacrifice in their act of resistance fueled a national consciousness that created a sense of deserved nationhood. War and Resistance in the Philippines, 1942-1944 concludes with a brief discussion of legacies of the guerrilla resistance. MacArthur's return reestablished the power of American and Filipino political elites. Guerrillas and other citizens who had experienced exceptional hardship now had to fight for recognition. However, the war had resulted in a more united Philippine national identity along with new political institutions to repair the divisions between the formerly exiled government, the collaborationists, and the members of resistance. These momentous years of struggle in the Philippines changed the tide of history and challenge our understanding of war and resistance. |
Contents
MarchMay 1942 | |
MayAugust 1942 | |
August 1942January 1943 | |
JanuaryMay 1943 | |
MayOctober 1943 | |
October 1943May 1944 | |
May 1944August 1945 | |
Legacies | |
Notes | |
Index | |
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Common terms and phrases
Abcede Adalia Agoncillo American armed arrived attack Australia Barrameda Bataan Battalion Bicol Blackburn interview Bohol camp Captain captured Cebu CENTRAL LUZON Chick Parsons chief civilians coast command constabulary Corregidor Cushing Davao Division enemy executed Fertig fight Filipino Fort Santiago Fourteenth Army Gador garrison guerrilla force guerrilla leaders Guerrilla Resistance Movements guerrilla warfare headquarters Huks Infantry islands Japan Japanese Monographs Japanese patrols Japanese soldiers Japs Jose Kangleon Kempeitai killed Lapham and Norling Lapus Laurel Leyte Lieutenant Colonel MacArthur Manila Marking’s Mellnik military Mindanao Mindoro Miranda Moros Narwhal Negros northern Luzon officers operations orders organized Panay Panlilio Parsons Peralta Pestano-Jacinto POWs Praeger prisoners Quezon radio Ramsey and Rivele recalled Regiment reported rice Romulo Roxas Samar sent southern staff Stahl station submarine supplies surrender SWPA Thorp troops Turko TVGU U.S. Army U.S. Navy United USAFFE Vargas Villamor VISAYAS Volckmann and Blackburn wrote Zabat