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   今日主題:Britain Measuring diversity -- The London effect / 英國衡量種族多樣化--倫敦效應

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   中英文稿:
Britain Measuring diversity-- The London effect
英國衡量種族多樣化--倫敦效應


Britain is becoming more like its capital city
英國漸漸成為一個大都市


Milton Keynes, a new town of 249,000 people some 50 miles from London, is famous among Britons for its American-style road grid, its bright high-modernist shopping mall and an unfortunate sculpture of cows made in concrete and fibreglass. But these pleasant and dull acres of suburbia have become a lot more colourful of late. Competing with the chain stores of the mall, there is now a collection of stalls selling African and Asian food. In the sun of a weekday afternoon, women in multicoloured kaftans gossip in the spacious squares and underpasses. Milton Keynes now has some of the “vibrancy” of multicultural London.
米爾頓凱恩斯(MILTON KEYNES)這個新興小鎮,離倫敦只有50米,擁有249,000人口,其美國風格的道路佈局,明亮超級摩登的購物商場,用混泥土和玻璃纖維做的不吉利的牛群雕塑,在英國人中很有名。但是這些愉快,沉悶的郊區已不再是過去五顏六色的美景了。現在有許多商店與商場裡的連鎖商店競爭賣亞非特產。在一個平日陽光燦爛的下午,女人們身著土耳其長袍在寬闊的廣場,低下通道聊天。米爾頓凱恩斯現在帶有一些多彩的倫敦的活力。


On December 11th the latest batch of data from the 2011 census of Englandand Wale swas published (Scotland and Northern Ireland collect figures separately). As was widely anticipated, this showed a big increase in the number of people who say they belong to an ethnic minority, or were born somewhere other than Britain. Those who define themselves as “white British” now make up just 81% of the population, down from 88% in 2001, when the last census was conducted. Britainis also less religious than it was: around a quarter of people now say they have no religion, up from about 15% a decade earlier.
11
11日,2011年英國和威爾士人口普查的最新資料公佈(蘇格蘭,北愛爾蘭的資料分開公佈)。如廣泛預測的一樣,聲稱屬於少數民族或者非英籍人的數量大幅增長。與上次2001年的人口普查相比,自認為白種英國人的數量從當時的88%下降到現在的 81%。同以前相比,有宗教信仰的英國人比以前少:早在10年前大約15%的人沒有宗教信仰,而現在大約是1/3


But beneath these broad trends the data reveal a more subtle pattern. In 2001 fully 45% of the minority population of England and Wales lived in London. Now, they are more spread out. As the maps below show, in London ethnic minorities have diffused from inner-city boroughs such as Newham and Tower Hamlets into farther-out places like Barking and Dagenham. Meanwhile, the rest of the country is coming to look more like London: less white, more diverse.
但是在這些大的趨勢外,人口普查資料也揭露了一個更加微妙的模式。2001年,英國、威爾士中的少數人口中足足有45%住在倫敦。現在,他們都分散出去了。如下面地圖所顯示的,居住在倫敦的少數民族從像紐漢、陶爾哈姆萊茨區,這些內陸城市分散出來,搬到比如巴金區、達格南這些偏遠的地方。同時,英國其他的地方漸漸開始更像倫敦:白人變少了,人種越來越多元化。


In 2001 around 80% of black Africans in the country lived in London. Now, just 58% do. There have been similar, if smaller, reductions for every other main ethnic group, even those not thought to have dispersed much, such as Bangladeshis. Overall, the ethnic-minority population outside London has increased by 90%, against a more modest rise of 63% in the capital.
2001
年,英國大約80%的非洲黑人住在倫敦,而現在僅有58%。在其它主要的種族中,也出現了類似的減少,也許更少,即使有些被認為沒有分散的很多種族,比如孟加拉的人。總之,倫敦外的少數民族人口增長了90%,而倫敦的只稍微增加了63%


In Kent, an affluent county south of London, the size of the ethnic-minority population has grown by 115% since 2001, albeit from a low base. In Hertfordshire, a rural and suburban county north of London, it has doubled. Many of the incomers are moving into Milton Keynes-esque places such as Ashford, in Kent, and Welwyn Garden City, in Hertfordshire. These towns have boxy houses, rational road layouts, plentiful but not especially distinguished greenery, and “herringbone” brick paving. Local politics revolves around blocking development on greenbelt land.
倫敦南部一個富裕的小鎮肯尼(Kent),儘管一開始起步低,但2001年來少數民族的人口增長了115%而倫敦北部一個鄉下郊區小鎮赫特福德郡(Hertfordshire),少數人口數量翻了一番。很多人都搬到了一些比如肯尼的阿什福德,赫特福德郡的韋林花園城。這些城鎮有方正型的房子,隨意的道路佈局,許多但不特別分部的綠化植物和人字鋪磚。當地的政策圍繞著阻礙綠地發展的項目。


It is not hard to see why ethnic minorities are moving to these towns. There is little crime. Schools are pretty good. Housing is far cheaper than in London, while speedy transport links make it easy to return. The main newcomers are black Africans and Indians from London, as well as Poles, who have settled all over the country since 2004, when the citizens of new members of the European Union were allowed to work in Britain. Similar trends are visible elsewhere. In Solihull, a well-heeled suburban town on the southern fringe of Birmingham, there has been an influx of Indians and Pakistanis since 2001; in less-wealthy Salford, near Manchester, black Africans have moved in.
不難理解為什麼這些少數民族搬到這些小鎮。這裡犯罪少,學校特別棒。房價比倫敦低得多,但快捷的交通方式使從倫敦到這些小鎮很方便。主要的新移民是來自倫敦的非洲黑人,印第安人,還有定居在全國各地的波蘭人(2004年,英國允許歐盟新的成員國居民在這工作)。類似的人口遷徙潮在哪裡都可以看到。坐落在伯明罕南部邊緣的一個富裕的郊區小鎮索利哈爾( Solihull),自2001年來就有印第安人和巴基斯坦人湧入。


The flight to the suburbs is changing inner London too. Lambeth, a south London borough, has long been known as the first home of the capital’s black-Caribbean population: the passengers of the Empire Windrush mostly settled there in 1948. But since 2001 black Caribbeans have moved out while Africans have moved in. Shop displays advertise cheap money transfers and phone calls to Ghana and Nigeria. The influx of Africans partly helps to explain why, despite a huge fall in the number of people describing themselves as “Christian” nationwide, Lambeth, together with a few other London boroughs, has managed to increase its tally of the faithful.
飛往郊區的航班也改變了倫敦內部格局。倫敦南部自治區朗伯斯區(Lambeth)長期以來一直被認為是倫敦加勒比人的第一所在地,1948年帝國疾風號的乘客大部分在這定居。但自從2001年加勒比黑人遷徙出去,而非洲人在這落根。商店裡陳列著便宜的錢幣兌換廣告,可以打到迦納和奈及利亞的公共電話。儘管在全國自稱信仰基督教的人大幅度下降,但非洲人的湧入部分上解釋了為什麼,朗伯斯區和倫敦其它的自治州努力提高自身的忠實程度。


Taken with the rapid overall increase in immigrants in the past decade or so, this dispersal may be one reason why immigration has become so controversial. In many of the suburban places migrants are moving to, white British folk are seeing foreign faces in large numbers for the first time. Existing residents often resent the newcomers, who compete for school places, doctors’ appointments and public housing. Politicians are rushing to call for cuts to immigration. On December 12th Theresa May, the Conservative home secretary, denounced “uncontrolled, mass immigration”, which “displaces British workers, forces people onto benefits and suppresses wages for the low-paid”.
過去的10年內總移民量飛速上升,可能是導致移民變得如此有爭議的原因之一。在許多郊區地方移民者湧入,白種英國人第一次看到這麼多的外國人。現有居民通常反感新來者,他們會搶奪學校名額,醫生的預約,公共住房。政客們都紛紛呼籲減少移民。1212日,保守黨內閣大臣特雷莎梅( Theresa May)譴責不受控制的、大量的移民,這取代了英國人的工作,迫使他們依賴救濟金生活,並壓抑了低收入者的薪水。


But other evidence suggests that most migrants and children of migrants are integrating effectively. The number of people who say they are of mixed ethnicity has almost doubled, from 661,000 in 2001 to 1.2m. According to Sunder Katwala, the director of British Future, a think-tank, mixed couples are now more common in Britain than almost anywhere else, including the United States. And despite the increasing diversity, 91% of people filling out their census form claimed some sort of British national identity, calling themselves English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or indeed British, sometimes with ethnic additions.
但是其它證據表明大部分移民人及其子女有效的聚集在一起。自稱是混合種族的人數幾乎翻了一番,從2001年的661,000增長到現在的120萬。智囊團英國未來的秘書長德卡特瓦拉(Sunder Katwala)認為,英國的跨種族結婚的夫妻比世界上任何地方都多,包括美國。儘管種族多樣性不斷上升,但91%的人在填寫人口普查表時聲稱多少有些英國國籍,把自己叫做英國人,威爾士人,蘇格蘭人,北愛爾蘭人,或者真正地英國人,有時加上民族。


According to the Oxford Migration Observatory, a think-tank, opposition to immigration is weaker in London, where different groups have lived cheek-by-jowl for centuries, than in the rest of the country, even among white-British Londoners. Boris Johnson, its mayor, lauds the benefits of open borders. Contrary to Ms May’s suggestion, growing diversity need not mean lack of cohesion, or strife. Indeed, if the rest of Britain follows London’s path, it may well eventually reduce them.
據智囊團牛津移民觀察會稱,與其它城市相比,倫敦人不喜歡移民者的情緒較弱,即使是在白種的英國倫敦居民中。因為幾個世紀以來不同種族的人擁擠地生活在一起。倫敦市長詹森伯里斯(Boris Johnson)讚美了開放邊界的好處。與市長建議相反的是,多樣化增長的需要不意味著凝聚力,衝突的缺失。真正地,如果英國的其它城市效仿倫敦的模式,英國也許最終會減少凝聚力和衝突。

 

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