Early Russian History
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Introduction to the Russian Revolution course. This presentation begins with geography and then describes major periods in Russian history; Kievan Rus, Mongols, Rise of Muscovy, Third Rome, Time of Troubles, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great
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Early Russian History
- 1. The Russian Revolution 1815-1924 Session 1 The Setting; 862-1796
- 2. Major Points of This Session ā¢ Geography ā¢ ŠØŠøŃŠ¾ŠŗŠ° Š”ŃŃŠ°Š½Š° ŠŠ¾Ń Š Š¾Š“Š½Š°Ń (SheroKA StranA MoYA RodNAya--Broad is my native land) ā¢ The Importance of Rivers; The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ Major Themes of Russian History ā¢ The Rus ā¢ Under the Mongol Yoke ā¢ Expansion of the Duchy of Muscovy ā¢ Third Rome ā¢ Tsar
- 3. Major Points of This Session ā¢ Dynastic Change ā¢ Time of Troubles ā¢ The Romanovs ā¢ Two Great Rulers ā¢ Peter I (1672-1682-1696-1725) ā¢ Catherine II (1729-1762-1796)
- 4. Geography
- 10. Š“Š½ŠµŠæŃ Dnepr Dnieper KIEV āThe Road from the Varangians to the Greeksā
- 11. ŠŠ¾Š»Š³Š°, ŠŠ¾Š»Š³Š°, ŠŠ°ŃŃ Š Š¾Š“Š½Š°Ń Kama Ural
- 12. White Sea Baltic Ob River Black Sea Caspian Sea
- 13. White Sea Baltic Ob River Volga River Black Sea Caspian Sea
- 14. White Sea Baltic Ob River Volga Don River River Black Sea Caspian Sea
- 15. White Sea Baltic Ob River Dnepr (Dnieper) River Volga Don River River Black Sea Caspian Sea
- 16. White Sea Baltic Neva Western River NOVGOROD Volkov River Dvina River Route of the Ob Kievan Rus River Dnepr KIEV (Dnieper) River Volga Don River River Black Sea Caspian Sea
- 17. The Search for a Warm Water Port
- 18. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg)
- 19. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans
- 20. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans ā¢ 1790s--Catherine the Great gained a permanent Black Seacoast
- 21. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans ā¢ 1790s--Catherine the Great gained a permanent Black Seacoast ā¢ but then the Ottoman Turks controlled the Black Sea Straits
- 22. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans ā¢ 1790s--Catherine the Great gained a permanent Black Seacoast ā¢ but then the Ottoman Turks controlled the Black Sea Straits ā¢ 1860--Alexander II gained Vladivostok (Might of the East)
- 23. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans ā¢ 1790s--Catherine the Great gained a permanent Black Seacoast ā¢ but then the Ottoman Turks controlled the Black Sea Straits ā¢ 1860--Alexander II gained Vladivostok (Might of the East) ā¢ but it was iced over six months of the year and was far from the imperial center
- 24. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans ā¢ 1790s--Catherine the Great gained a permanent Black Seacoast ā¢ but then the Ottoman Turks controlled the Black Sea Straits ā¢ 1860--Alexander II gained Vladivostok (Might of the East) ā¢ but it was iced over six months of the year and was far from the imperial center ā¢ 1897--Russia extracted a lease of Port Arthur from China, her ļ¬rst warm-water port which couldnāt be ābottled upā
- 25. The Search for a Warm Water Port ā¢ 1703--the Russian State was land-locked until Peter the Greatās āWindow on the Westā (St Petersburg) ā¢ but then the Swedes controlled the Baltic and Denmark-Norway its access to the worldās oceans ā¢ 1790s--Catherine the Great gained a permanent Black Seacoast ā¢ but then the Ottoman Turks controlled the Black Sea Straits ā¢ 1860--Alexander II gained Vladivostok (Might of the East) ā¢ but it was iced over six months of the year and was far from the imperial center ā¢ 1897--Russia extracted a lease of Port Arthur from China, her ļ¬rst warm-water port which couldnāt be ābottled upā ā¢ resentment of this was one of the causes of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-6
- 31. The Black Sea Coast, 1790s
- 32. The Black Sea Coast, 1790s
- 33. The Black Sea Coast, 1790s
- 34. The Black Sea Coast, 1790s
- 36. Vladivostok, 1860 Vladivostok
- 41. Port Arthur, 1897 Vladivostok
- 46. Major Themes of Russian History
- 47. The Rus Justice in Kievan Rus
- 49. ā¢ Š.Š.Š ŠµŃŠøŃ "ŠŠ°Š¼Š¾ŃŃŠŗŠøŠµ Š³Š¾ŃŃŠø". Š”ŠµŃŠøŃ "ŠŠ°ŃŠ°Š»Š¾ Š ŃŃŠø. Š”Š»Š°Š²ŃŠ½Šµ". 1901. Š„Š¾Š»ŃŃ, Š¼Š°ŃŠ»Š¾. 85x112,5 ŃŠ¼. ŠŠ¾ŃŃŠ“Š°ŃŃŃŠ²ŠµŠ½Š½Š°Ń Š¢ŃŠµŃŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š²ŃŠŗŠ°Ń Š³Š°Š»ŠµŃŠµŃ, ŠŠ¾ŃŠŗŠ²Š°. ā¢ Nicholas Roerich "Guests from Overseas". The Series āThe First Rus. Slavdomā. 1901 ā¦ in the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.
- 51. Rurik Mythical(?) Historic(?) founder of the dynasty which ruled Kievan Rus, later Muscovy, 862-1598 from Teutonic Myth and Legend, 1912
- 52. Saint Vladimir (980-1015) ā¢ ļ¬rst of the great Kievan princes ā¢ pagan, warrior ā¢ 987-sought āthe best religionā Icon of St. Vladimir ā¢ 988-chose Christianity in Cherson to Novgorod win the Byzantine princess Anna 16th century ā¢ forcibly converted his subjects to Orthodox Christianity ā¢ last of the Varangian, ļ¬rst of the Christian rulers, begins the tie to East (Second ) Rome, i.e., Byzantium
- 54. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES:
- 55. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989
- 56. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040
- 57. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043
- 58. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043 PECHENEG ATTACK IN KIEV 1036
- 59. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043 PECHENEG ATTACK IN KIEV 1036 TERRITORY OF THE KIEV STATE, end of the XI century
- 60. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043 PECHENEG ATTACK IN KIEV 1036 TERRITORY OF THE KIEV STATE, end of the XI century TERRITORY ADDED DURING THE X- beginning of the XI century
- 61. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043 PECHENEG ATTACK IN KIEV 1036 TERRITORY OF THE KIEV STATE, end of the XI century TERRITORY ADDED DURING THE X- beginning of the XI century BORDER OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
- 62. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043 PECHENEG ATTACK IN KIEV 1036 TERRITORY OF THE KIEV STATE, end of the XI century TERRITORY ADDED DURING THE X- beginning of the XI century BORDER OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE RED LETTERS INDICATE SLAVS
- 63. CAMPAIGNS OF THE KIEVAN PRINCES: VLADIMIR 981-989 YAROSLAV 1030-1040 YAROSLAVāS SONS AGAINST BYZANTIUM 1043 PECHENEG ATTACK IN KIEV 1036 TERRITORY OF THE KIEV STATE, end of the XI century TERRITORY ADDED DURING THE X- beginning of the XI century BORDER OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE RED LETTERS INDICATE SLAVS BLACK LETTERS=OTHER PEOPLES
- 64. The Baptism of Saint Prince Vladimir -- 1890 sketch for a fresco by Victor Vasnetsov for Vladimir Cathedral
- 65. 19th Century Saint Vladimir Cathedral
- 66. 19th Century Saint Vladimir Cathedral ā¢ begun by Tsar Nicholas I to commemorate the 900th anniversary of Russian Christianity
- 67. 19th Century Saint Vladimir Cathedral ā¢ begun by Tsar Nicholas I to commemorate the 900th anniversary of Russian Christianity ā¢ constructed 1862-1896
- 68. 19th Century Saint Vladimir Cathedral ā¢ begun by Tsar Nicholas I to commemorate the 900th anniversary of Russian Christianity ā¢ constructed 1862-1896 ā¢ dedicated by Nicholas II and Tsaryevna Alexandra
- 69. Baptism of the Kievan Rus--Lebedev, Klavdiy Vasilievich
- 70. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054
- 71. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita
- 72. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita ā¢ sent north to rule in Novgorod the Great
- 73. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita ā¢ sent north to rule in Novgorod the Great ā¢ ļ¬gures prominently in the Norse sagas
- 74. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita ā¢ sent north to rule in Novgorod the Great ā¢ ļ¬gures prominently in the Norse sagas ā¢ 1014-1016-fought his half-brothers for Kiev
- 75. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita ā¢ sent north to rule in Novgorod the Great ā¢ ļ¬gures prominently in the Norse sagas ā¢ 1014-1016-fought his half-brothers for Kiev ā¢ established the ļ¬rst law code, Russkaya Pravda
- 76. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita ā¢ sent north to rule in Novgorod the Great ā¢ ļ¬gures prominently in the Norse sagas ā¢ 1014-1016-fought his half-brothers for Kiev ā¢ established the ļ¬rst law code, Russkaya Pravda ā¢ 1036--conquered the Pechenegs
- 77. Yaroslav I āthe Wiseā c.978-1054 ā¢ a younger son, out of wedlock?, or by Anna Porphyrogenita ā¢ sent north to rule in Novgorod the Great ā¢ ļ¬gures prominently in the Norse sagas ā¢ 1014-1016-fought his half-brothers for Kiev ā¢ established the ļ¬rst law code, Russkaya Pravda ā¢ 1036--conquered the Pechenegs ā¢ 1037--built the cathedral Kievskaya Sophia
- 78. Kievskaya Sophia 1037-mid xiii century
- 79. Kievskaya Sophia 1037-mid xiii century
- 80. Kievskaya Sophia 1037-mid xiii century
- 81. Under the Mongol Yoke
- 82. Under the Mongol Yoke Mongol Horse Archers
- 84. Pre-Mongol Eurasia Mongol homeland
- 86. "For our sins", writes the Rusā chronicler of the time, "unknown nations arrived. No one knew their origin or whence they came, or what religion they practiced. That is known only to God, and perhaps to wise men learned in books".
- 87. Gengis Khanās Empire Historyās longest cavalry raid 5,000 miles 3 years
- 89. Great Expansion under Ogedei Khan ā¢ 1227-Gengiz Khan dies ā¢ 1237-after conquering the peoples of the South Russian steppe, Batu Khan turned on the Rus ā¢ 1240-all the cities except for a few northern ones became tributaries of the Golden Horde ā¢ Mongol (indirect) rule would continue until the end of the ļ¬fteenth century ā¢ traditional histories equate Russian autocracy and submissiveness to the brutal experience of the Mongol The sacking of Suzdal, 1238 conquest from a 16th c. chronicle
- 95. Drang nach Osten--1242-1942 ā¢ the Teutonic Knights tried to take advantage of Russiaās plight ā¢ 1242-German and Lithuanian invaders were thrown back by the Prince of Novgorod & Vladimir, Alexander Nevsky (c. 1220-1263) ā¢ the Rus actually felt that the Catholic Swedes and German crusaders were a greater threat than the Mongols ā¢ Alexander Nevsky paid tribute to the Mongols who werenāt out to change his religion āWhoever attacks us by the sword ā¢ this WW II poster, like the Eisenstein ļ¬lm of 1938, compared Hitler to the by the sword shall he dieā unsuccessful Teutonic Knights ALEXANDER NEVSKY
- 96. Expansion of the Duchy of Muscovy
- 97. Early Foundations of Muscovy ā¢ 1263-Daniel Alexandrovich, Alexander Nevskyās youngest son inherited Moscow, the least of his fatherās possessions ā¢ like his father, Daniel, Grand Duke of Muscovy, held his title as a vassal of the Mongols ā¢ 1299-the head of the Russian Church, the Kiev Metropolitan ļ¬ed to Moscow, further enhancing its status ā¢ mid 14th century-Mongol power was declining to the point that the Russian vassals felt strong enough to oppose Genrikh Semiradsky, Alexander them Nevsky in the Horde. 1876. Oil on canvas. The Russian Museum
- 98. Dmitri Donskoy is blessed on his way to battle ŠŃŠ½ŃŃ ŠŠŠ”Š”ŠŠŠ (1874-1941). Š¢ŃŠ¾ŠøŃŠµ-Š”ŠµŃŠ³ŠøŠµŠ²Š° Š»Š°Š²ŃŠ°. ŠŃŠ¼Š°Š³Š°, Š°ŠŗŠ²Š°ŃŠµŠ»Ń. 1907. English: Ernst Lissner. Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Paper, water-colour, 1907.
- 99. The Battle of Kulikovo, 1380 ā¢ 1370-Tatar warlord Mamai took power in the Golden Horde ā¢ 1378-he sent forces to Moscow to enforce obedience. They were defeated ā¢ Mamai enlisted the aid of Russian rival Prince Oleg of Ryazan and Lithuania ā¢ Dmitri of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir, with other Russian allies marched south to confront the Mongols ā¢ after a three hour battle with heavy casualties on both sides the Russians prevailed The Battle of Kulikovo (1850). Huge canvas from the Grand Kremlin Palace ā¢ ļ¬nal emancipation came a century later
- 100. The āThird Romeā Concept Byzantine eagle
- 101. The āThird Romeā Concept Russian eagle
- 102. Ivan III 1440-1505 ā¢ 1462-Grand Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of All Russia, Gatherer of the Russian Lands ā¢ tripled the territory of his state ā¢ renovated the Moscow Kremlin ā¢ laid the foundations of the Russian state ā¢ one of the longest-reigning rulers in Russian history
- 105. Sophia Palaiologina (c. 1455-1503) ā¢ niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus ā¢ second wife of Ivan III ā¢ born in Morea (Greece), she was taken to Rome as a child after the Ottoman conquest in 1460 ā¢ 1469-Pope Paul II oļ¬ered her to the widowed Russian prince hoping to unite Catholic and Orthodox churches ā¢ 1472-wedding took place in the Dormition cathedral, Moscow ā¢ Sophia introduced Byzantine ceremonies to the Kremlin
- 106. Destruction of the Novgorod Republic by Ivan III Klavdie Vasilivich Lebedev, 1904
- 107. Ivan III tears up the Khanās letter, 1480 Aleksey Kivshenko (1851-1896)
- 108. Tsar
- 109. Tsar Helmet of Ivan IV 1547 Kremlin Museum
- 110. Š¦Š°ŃŃ ā¢ older transliteration--āCzarā ā¢ modern, āTsarā ā¢ the character at the end is not a letter, rather an operator (called āsoft signā) aļ¬ecting the pronunciation of the ārā ā¢ the Slavic spelling of āCaesarā ā¢ just as the Germanic title of emperor is āKaiserā ā¢ although Ivan III used it in his correspondence with western rulers and was accorded the rank of emperor (Imperator, Lat.) by them, his grandson Ivan IV would be the ļ¬rst to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russias in 1547
- 111. Ivan IV Vasilyevich 1530-1584 ā¢ the sobriquet āTerribleā is better rendered āAwe Inspiringā or āDreadā ā¢ 1533-Grand Prince of Moscow at his fatherās death ā¢ 1547-assumes the title āTsar of all the Russiasā Š¦Š°ŃŃŃŠ²Š¾ Š ŃŃŃŠŗŠ¾Šµ Portrait of Ivan IV by Viktor Vasnetsov, 1897 (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)
- 112. Ivanās Accomplishments ā¢ war against the Mongol borderlands ā¢ capturing Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) ā¢ bringing the entire Volga basin under Russian control and opening Siberia ā¢ opening the Caspian Sea, Persia and Central Asia to commercial and diplomatic relations ā¢ 1558-1582-war against the Livonian Order of the German Knights ā¢ establishment of autocratic government over the boyars (nobles) ā¢ his āsecret policeā prototypes, the oprichnina ā¢ Caesaro-papism ā¢ 1555-began trade with England through Arkangel & the Muscovy Co. ā¢ 1574-began the expansion into Siberia
- 113. Loe thus I make an ende None other news to thee But that the country is too cold, The people beastly bee. Ambassador George Turbeville Reporting to Queen Elizabeth I
- 114. āIvan IV shows his treasure to Jerome Horseyā Alexander Litovchenko, 1875
- 115. Yermak the Cossack invades Siberia āYermakās conquest of Siberiaā by Vasily Surikov, 1895
- 116. ŠŠ²Š°Š½ ŠŃŠ¾Š·Š½ŃŠ¹ Šø ŃŃŠ½ ŠµŠ³Š¾ ŠŠ²Š°Š½ 16 Š½Š¾ŃŠ±ŃŃ 1581 Š³Š¾Š“Š° Ivan the Dread and his son Ivan 16 November 1581
- 120. The End of Rurikās Dynasty ā¢ Ivanās second son was mentally retarded ā¢ his brother-in-law, the boyar Boris Godunov, ruled as quasi- regent ā¢ Feodor spent his time in prayer ā¢ at his death in 1598 he left no male issue ā¢ Russia was devastated by the ensuing succession strife Tsar Feodor I (1557-1584-1598)
- 121. Dynastic Change
- 122. Dynastic Change āThe Cap of Monomakhā Traditional crown of Russiaās tsars
- 123. Time of Troubles Š”Š¼ŃŃŠ½Š¾Šµ ŠŃŠµŠ¼Ń (Smutnoe Vremya)
- 124. Time of Troubles Š”Š¼ŃŃŠ½Š¾Šµ ŠŃŠµŠ¼Ń (Smutnoe Vremya) ŠæŠ°Š¼ŃŃŠ½ŠøŠŗ ŠŠøŠ½ŠøŠ½Ń Šø ŠŠ¾Š¶Š°ŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š¼Ń (pamyatnik Mininu i Pozharskomu) monument to Minin and Pozharsky 1612-1812, unveiled in 1818
- 127. Patriotic WW II Poster OUR MIGHT UNDIMINISHED
- 128. Chronology of the Time of Troubles ā¢ 1598-1605-Tsar Boris Godunovās troubled reign ā¢ 1603-1606-False Dmitry and Polish noble supporters ā¢ 1606-1607-peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov ā¢ 1606-1610-Prince/Tsar Vasily Shuisky and second Polish invasion ā¢ 1610-1612-throne vacant, national uprising led by Minin & Pozharsky ā¢ 1612-1619-Tsar Michael Romanov consolidates his reign against Polish and Swedish invaders
- 130. Rzeczpospolita (Polish-Lithuanian Republic)
- 131. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 132. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 133. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 134. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 135. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 136. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 137. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 138. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 139. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 140. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 141. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 142. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 143. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 144. Scenes from the Time of Troubles
- 145. ŠŠµŠ½Ń Š½Š°ŃŠ¾Š“Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŠµŠ“ŠøŠ½ŃŃŠ²Š° Icon of Our Lady of Kazan (Dyen na rod novo ye din stva) Putin at Easter Mass Day of National Unity 4 November 2005
- 148. The Roā¢manā¢ovs, 1613-1917 A crowd at the Ipatiev Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (Illumination from a book dated 1673)
- 149. Russia under the First Romanovs, 1613-1682 Romanov Yurevich Anastasia Romanova Nikita Romanov (wife of Ivan IV) Philaret (Patriarch, 1619-33) Michael (1613-45) Alexis I (1645-76) Feodor III (1676-82)
- 150. Michael (1613-1645) his father, the Patriarch Philaret was his powerful chief minister. The ļ¬rst job was restoration of order.
- 151. Alexis I (1645-1676) in alliance with the cossacks he began the war against Poland known there as āThe Delugeā (1654-1667) Russia gains Kiev and Smolensk
- 153. Stenka Razinās cossack revolt, 1670-1671 by Surikov, 1906
- 154. Feodor III (1676-1682) āhopeless invalid from birthā his death led to the Streltsy Uprising and the dual monarchy of Ivan V & Peter under their sisterās regency
- 155. Scene from the Streltsy Uprising Ohrenburgsky-xix century
- 156. Two Great Rulers
- 157. Two Great Rulers With Peter Iās coronation the Imperial Crown replaces the āCap of Monomakhā Crown
- 159. Peter I (1682-1696-1725) by Paul Delaroche 1838
- 160. ŠŠµŠ»ŠøŠŗŠ¾Šµ ŠŠ¾ŃŠ¾Š»ŃŃŠ²Š¾ (Grand Embassy) Velikoye Posolstvo 1697-1698
- 161. ŠŠµŠ»ŠøŠŗŠ¾Šµ ŠŠ¾ŃŠ¾Š»ŃŃŠ²Š¾ (Grand Embassy) Velikoye Posolstvo 1697-1698 Statue in Skt Peterburg showing Peter working incognito in the Dutch East India shipyard
- 164. 17th century Nemetskaya Svoboda (German āFreedomā Settlement)
- 165. 1698 Uprising by the Moscow Streltsy Regiments Text āMorning of the execution of the Streltsy by tsar Peter Iā--Vasily Ivanovich Surikov 1881
- 166. Bulavinās Cossack revolt, 1707-1708 by Repin
- 167. The Great Northern War, 1700-1721 ā¢ bringing down Sweden, the Baltic great power since the Thirty Years War ā¢ Peter allies with Denmark-Norway, Saxony and Poland-Lithuania ā¢ 1700-Narva, an instructive defeat. Peterās army reforms along Western lines ā¢ Charles XII turns to ļ¬ght the Poles and Saxons 1704-Peter takes Narva ā¢ 1708- Charles invades Russia, suļ¬ers ļ¬rst defeat, invades the Ukraine ā¢ 1709-along with cossack ally Mazeppa is defeated at Poltava ā¢ 1714-Peterās galley ļ¬eet defeats Swedes at Gangut (Hanko Head) ā¢ 1721-Treaty of Nystadt strips Sweden of her āoverseasā territories. Russia gains Livonia, Ingria and much of Karelia. Sweden becomes a second class power and Russia a great power
- 168. Scenes from the Great Northern War
- 169. Scenes from the Great Northern War
- 170. Scenes from the Great Northern War
- 171. Scenes from the Great Northern War
- 172. Scenes from the Great Northern War
- 173. Founding of Sankt-Peterburg, 1703
- 174. Founding of Sankt-Peterburg, 1703 Commemorative medallion from the Tricentennial, 2003
- 175. The Bronze Horseman--Š¼ŠµŠ“Š½ŃŠ¹ Š²ŃŠ°Š“Š½ŠøŠŗ
- 176. The Bronze Horseman--Š¼ŠµŠ“Š½ŃŠ¹ Š²ŃŠ°Š“Š½ŠøŠŗ
- 177. Pushkinās poem, 1833--Š¾ŠŗŠ½Š¾ Šŗ Š·Š°ŠæŠ°Š“Šµ And thus He mused: "From here, indeed Shall we strike terror in the Swede; And here a city by our labor Founded, shall gall our haughty neighbor; 'Here cut'--so Nature gives command-- 'Your window through on Europe ; stand Firm-footed by the sea, unchanging!' Ay, ships of every ļ¬ag shall come By waters they had never swum, And we shall revel, freely ranging."
- 178. Alexandre Benois. Peter the Great Meditating the Idea of Building St Petersburg at the Shore of the Baltic Sea. 1916
- 179. Model of the Swedish fort at the mouth of the Neva Captured in 1703 during the Great Northern War (1700-1721)
- 180. Petropavlovka (the fortress of Peter and Paul) Peterās ļ¬rst construction in his new city, 1703 picture in a postcard, 1900
- 181. Peterhof Text Peterās āVersaillesā completed in 1724
- 182. Peterās domestic reforms ā¢ 1700-when the Patriarchate of Moscow fell vacant, he refused to appoint a successor. Twenty-one years later he created the Holy Synod, a ten man body with a lay head to govern the church ā¢ 1714-required the sons of the nobility to receive education in the sciences ā¢ 1722-the Table of Ranks reduced the independence of the nobility. Traditional precedence was replaced by merit and service to the empire ā¢ replaced previous land based tax structure with a resented soul (poll) tax which brought in more revenue ā¢ the famous and exaggerated proscription against beards and traditional long coats
- 183. Peter interrogating the tsarevich Alexei Repin
- 184. Final Thoughts
- 185. The Throne Under Stress: 1725-1762
- 186. The Throne Under Stress: 1725-1762 The years between [Peter I and Catherine II] included the reigns of six rulers, three female and three male. Of the women, the ļ¬rst was amiable but incapable, the second neither amiable nor capable, and the third reasonably acceptable. Of the males, the ļ¬rst was a child, the second an infant, and the third an adult with the personality of a child. The situation invited the results which were produced during the period: an upset of the balance, a redistribution of power, and a weakening of the throne. Harcave, Russia, p. 116
- 187. Catherine II
- 188. Catherine II Note the Imperial Crown, Orb & Scepter
- 189. a loveless marriage ā¢ 1729- born in Stettin, a German princess of Anhalt-Zerbst ā¢ 1745- married at age 16, after instruction in the Orthodox faith and the Russian language ā¢ during the long wait for the throne, both took lovers ā¢ January, 1762-Empress Elizabeth died, and the couple acceded to the throne ā¢ the āMiracle of the House of Hohenzollernā ā¢ June, 1762-the bloodless coup ā¢ July, 1762-Peter is assassinated Peter III and the tsarina and tsarevich
- 190. patroness of the arts ā¢ her art collection formed the basis for the Hermitage Museum in the Winter Palace ā¢ Catherine's patronage furthered the evolution of the arts in Russia more than that of any Russian sovereign before or after her. (Wikipedia) ā¢ 1764-she founded the Smolny Institute to educate the daughters of the nobility ā¢ she wrote a manual for the education of young children based on the writings of John Locke circa 1770
- 191. Smolny Plan by its Italian architect. Quarenghi
- 192. Enlightened Despot ā¢ widely read herself, she praised the French Encyclopedists, oļ¬ering them refuge from Louis XVās persecution ā¢ Voltaire repaid her correspondence by praising her ā¢ 1767- she praised Montesquieuās Spirit of the Laws to her Legislative Commission ā¢ after more than 200 sittings the commission dissolved without getting beyond the realm of theory ā¢ 1777- she wrote to Voltaire that her legal innovations in apathetic Russia were progressing ālittle by littleā Shubinās statue of Catherine as Minerva
- 193. Catherineās Foreign Policy ā¢ wars added some 200,000 square miles mostly at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ā¢ 1768-1774-First Russo-Turkish War ā¢ 1770-the naval victory at Chesme is considered the Russian navyās ābirthā ā¢ 1787-1792-Second Russo-Turkish War ā¢ begun by Turkey, proved catastrophic for them, legitimized Russiaās hold on the Crimea ā¢ Admiral John Paul Jones wins a victory in the Liman ā¢ three partitions of Poland; 1772, 1793, 1795 ā¢ Russia gains the lionās share. Prussia and Austria devour the rest
- 194. Winnings of the First Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774 site of the Potƫmkin villages
- 195. DNEPR LIMAN site of the principal battles of the Second Russo- Turkish War Winnings of the First Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774 site of the Potƫmkin villages
- 196. The Chesme Column at Tsarskoe Celo constructed 1774-1778 by Rinaldi at the Catherine Palace
- 197. James Gillrayās 1791 caricature of Britainās eļ¬ort to mediate in the Second Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792
- 199. 1st 3rd 1772 1795 2nd 1793
- 201. Catherine becomes reactionary ā¢ 1762-1769-more than 50 peasant revolts occurred protesting the noblesā harsh treatment of their serfs
- 202. Catherine becomes reactionary ā¢ 1762-1769-more than 50 peasant revolts occurred protesting the noblesā harsh treatment of their serfs ā¢ 1773-1775-these culminated in the rebellion of cossack Emilyan Pugachev
- 203. Catherine becomes reactionary ā¢ 1762-1769-more than 50 peasant revolts occurred protesting the noblesā harsh treatment of their serfs ā¢ 1773-1775-these culminated in the rebellion of cossack Emilyan Pugachev ā¢ he claimed to be the murdered tsar Peter iii. He recruited Tatars and Bashkirs as well as his fellow cossacks
- 204. Catherine becomes reactionary ā¢ 1762-1769-more than 50 peasant revolts occurred protesting the noblesā harsh treatment of their serfs ā¢ 1773-1775-these culminated in the rebellion of cossack Emilyan Pugachev ā¢ he claimed to be the murdered tsar Peter iii. He recruited Tatars and Bashkirs as well as his fellow cossacks ā¢ ļ¬nally defeated, he was brought in a cage to Moscow for execution
- 205. Catherine becomes reactionary ā¢ 1762-1769-more than 50 peasant revolts occurred protesting the noblesā harsh treatment of their serfs ā¢ 1773-1775-these culminated in the rebellion of cossack Emilyan Pugachev ā¢ he claimed to be the murdered tsar Peter iii. He recruited Tatars and Bashkirs as well as his fellow cossacks ā¢ ļ¬nally defeated, he was brought in a cage to Moscow for execution ā¢ the American and especially the French Revolutions brought Catherine to reconsider her earlier endorsement of Enlightenment thought
- 206. Catherine becomes reactionary ā¢ 1762-1769-more than 50 peasant revolts occurred protesting the noblesā harsh treatment of their serfs ā¢ 1773-1775-these culminated in the rebellion of cossack Emilyan Pugachev ā¢ he claimed to be the murdered tsar Peter iii. He recruited Tatars and Bashkirs as well as his fellow cossacks ā¢ ļ¬nally defeated, he was brought in a cage to Moscow for execution ā¢ the American and especially the French Revolutions brought Catherine to reconsider her earlier endorsement of Enlightenment thought ā¢ When Alexander Radishchev published his Journey %om Saint Petersburg to Moscow in 1790 (one year after the start of the French Revolution) and warned of uprisings because of the deplorable social conditions of the peasants held as serfs, Catherine exiled him to Siberia.
- 207. Vasily Perov. Pugachev's Judgement. 1875. Oil on canvas, 150x238 cm. The History Museum, Moscow, Russia
- 212. Concluding Observations During her reign, Catherine II had successfully asserted Russiaās position as one of the ļ¬ve great powers of Europe. She had added to Russia a broad belt of rich territory, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, the western boundary of which lay in the heart of Central Europe. Together the newly acquired regions brought Russia much wealth, new centers of domestic and foreign commerce, and new taxpayers and soldiers. They brought also the disquieting promise of increased Russian involvement in European diplomatic complexities. Harcave, Russia, p. 160
Editor's Notes
- •Unity Day, Day of People’s Unity (or National Unity Day; Russian: День народного единства) was first celebrated in Russia in 2005. Held on November 4, it commemorates the popular uprising which expelled the Polish-Lithuanian occupation force from Moscow in November 1612, and more generally the end of the Time of Troubles and foreign intervention in Russia in the Polish-Muscovite War (1605–1618). Its name alludes to the idea that all the classes of Russian society willingly united to preserve Russian statehood when its demise seemed inevitable, even though there was neither Tsar nor Patriarch to guide them. In 1613 tsar Mikhail Romanov instituted a holiday named Day of Moscow’s Liberation from Polish Invaders[1]. The holiday, held in October, was abandoned in 1917. November 4 is also the feast day for Our Lady of Kazan, the holy icon which the Russian Orthodox Church probably venerates most. The Day of People's Unity is used by Russian ultra-nationalists and neo-Nazis to parade through their cities to warn that "Russia is for Russians."[2]
- • Morning of execution of streltsy by tsar Peter I. Painting of 218х379 cm. Artist: russian painter Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916) Creation data: 1881 Source: [1]
- • enlarge in Preview to read the balloon speeches