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Terms in this set (152)
Attitude meaning
+ve/-ve evaluative reaction toward stimulus (person/action/object/concept)
What's cognitive dissonance & how is it resolved?
Opposing beliefs (people know consequences yet smoke)
-Change behaviour (quitting smoking but can be difficult)
-Acquire new information (use example of someone who smokes yet is healthy)
-Reduce importance of cognitions ('live for moment')
-Change behaviour (quitting smoking but can be difficult)
-Acquire new information (use example of someone who smokes yet is healthy)
-Reduce importance of cognitions ('live for moment')
How can attitudes be changed?
More effective if:
Reaches recipient
Attention-grabbing
Easily understood
Relevant
Easily remembered
More persuasive messengers:
Credible
Trustworthy
Appealing
e.g. doctors
Reaches recipient
Attention-grabbing
Easily understood
Relevant
Easily remembered
More persuasive messengers:
Credible
Trustworthy
Appealing
e.g. doctors
Stereotype, prejudice & discrimination meaning
Generalisation made about a group of people/members of that group
Judge without relevant facts
Behaviours that follow from -ve evaluations/attitudes
Judge without relevant facts
Behaviours that follow from -ve evaluations/attitudes
Framing meaning & examples
Whether a message emphasises the benefits or losses of that behaviour
If want people to take up behaviours for...
Detecting health problems: loss-framed more effective (e.g. HIV testing)
Promoting health prevention: gain-framed messaged more effective (e.g. condom use)
If want people to take up behaviours for...
Detecting health problems: loss-framed more effective (e.g. HIV testing)
Promoting health prevention: gain-framed messaged more effective (e.g. condom use)
Social loafing meaning, when more likely & how reduced
Tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group compared to alone
Not monitored
> value to individual
Gender & culture (male & more individualistic cultures)
Monitor individual performance
< motivation
Similar abilities
Smaller groups
Not monitored
> value to individual
Gender & culture (male & more individualistic cultures)
Monitor individual performance
< motivation
Similar abilities
Smaller groups
What was the Darley & Latane experiment for?
Bystander apathy
If thought just them & 1 other, nearly all helped
If 4+, hardly any helped person
If 3+ minutes, unlikely to act at all
If thought just them & 1 other, nearly all helped
If 4+, hardly any helped person
If 3+ minutes, unlikely to act at all
What was the Milgram experiment for?
Obedience to authority
Shock volunteer if gets answer wrong
Shock volunteer if gets answer wrong
What factors influence obedience?
Can't see them
How close authority figure is/what wearing
Not to do with person's personality
How close authority figure is/what wearing
Not to do with person's personality
3 types of leadership
Autocratic/authoritarian:
Enables quick decision making
Demotivating & can lead to errors
Democratic:
Wins coorperation & motivation of team
Time consuming
Laissez Faire/'Free rein':
Allows autonomous working
Can lead to lack of direction & responsibility
Enables quick decision making
Demotivating & can lead to errors
Democratic:
Wins coorperation & motivation of team
Time consuming
Laissez Faire/'Free rein':
Allows autonomous working
Can lead to lack of direction & responsibility
Effects of group decision making
Tendency of people to makes more extreme decisions in group (suspend critical thinking as trying to seek agreement)
What kind of errors have the largest number of insurance claims/harm/pay up?
Diagnostic
What is clinical decision making based on?
Not based on formal computations
Based on cognitive processes, heuristics
Heuristics:
Rules of thumb, educated guesses, mental shortcuts
Involve pattern recognition, rely on subconscious integration of patient data & prior experience
Prone to error
Based on cognitive processes, heuristics
Heuristics:
Rules of thumb, educated guesses, mental shortcuts
Involve pattern recognition, rely on subconscious integration of patient data & prior experience
Prone to error
2 systems for decision making
System 1:
Hot
(fast, reflexive)
System 2:
Cold
(slower, reflective)
Often used to override system 1
Can think we're using system 2 but we're actually using 1
Hot
(fast, reflexive)
System 2:
Cold
(slower, reflective)
Often used to override system 1
Can think we're using system 2 but we're actually using 1
What's confirmatory bias?
Tendency to search for/seek/interpret & recall information that confirms preexisting beliefs/hypothesis
Often leads to errors
(to blame for ineffective medical procedures used for centuries)
Often leads to errors
(to blame for ineffective medical procedures used for centuries)