|
COPYRIGHT BY BOGDAN KONSTANTYNOWICZ October the 04th, 2014 |
|
|
This all paper is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, any public performances, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Warning: this paper / all website is sold for private home use only. |
© All rights reserved. No part of all this work covered by copyright hereon may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical - including photocopying, recording, downloading, uploading, taping, or storage in an information retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner - © author Bogdan Konstantynowicz. |
Education and information - Bogdan Konstantynowicz. Part 2 - Intelligence.
Scotland, Ireland, Estonia, Switzerland, Russia.
Bolshevik Revolution 1917.
Key note. Introduction and general remarks.
I think I managed to investigate and decipher a system: this is a conspiracy inside the headquarters of military
intelligence of the Tsarist Russia: deep political espionage (anarchists, Lenin, Marxists) and strategic
technological-scientific intelligence (telegraph, radio, electricity, aircraft, engines, ignition magnetos, automatic
pilots, helicopters, airships, submarines, lights, etc.). Taken over in a certain period by British intelligence.
An influential leadership role in the formulation of foreign UK policy ca 1895 to ca 1921 played Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner b. 1854, a British statesman.
Acc to Aydelotte: "...in 1888 Rhodes made his third will ...
to LORD ROTHSCHILD (his financier in mining enterprises), but ...
for strategic reasons Lord Rothschild was subsequently removed from the forefront of the scheme.
Professor Quigley reveals that Lord Rosebury, replaced his father-in-law Lord Rothschild, in Rhodes'
next and last will. ... Quigley informs us that the central part of the 'secret society' was established by
March, 1891, using Rhodes' money.
The organization was run for Rothschild by Lord Alfred Milner
- the ROUND TABLE worked behind the scenes at the highest levels of British government, influencing foreign policy
and England's involvement and conduct of WW I.
...
Between 1894 and 1907 a number of international treaties were signed to have Russia, France, England and further
nations unit against Germany in the case of war. It was the task of the
COMMITTEE OF 300 to set the stage for
the First World War. From the ROUND TABLE group emerged as a front the 'Royal institute for International Affairs'
... known as 'Chatham House' and had among its founding members Lord Albert Grey, Lord Arnold Toynbee
... of the MI6, H. G. Wells, Lord Alfred Milner - head of the Round Table, and H. J. Mackinder
- inventor of the so-called geopolitics.
...
sums of money from the international bankers, among others from ALFRED MILNER - by Jan Van Helsing -
who later took over the secret Round Table, were poured into the Ochrana that already had infiltrated
the Bolshevik movement. Agents steered many of its activities. The infiltration was so strong that in 1908
four of the five members of the Petersburg committee of the Bolshevik party were Ochrana agents".
Some details:
Hubert Bland, a bank-journalist, worked for the London Sunday Chronicle, a paper owned by newspaper magnate
Edward Hulton, formerly of the Liberal Manchester Guardian.
Bland was a co-founder of the Fabian Society in 1884 and became a treasurer.
He also recruited Bernard Shaw.
Bernard Shaw was working for the London Pall Mall Gazette, where
William T. Stead served as editor and Alfred Milner as his assistant, both Stead and Milner were close to
diamond magnate and Rothschild associate Cecil Rhodes and were involved in the formation of the influential secret
organisation known as the Milner Group. Having been recruited to the Fabian Society by his friend Bland in 1884,
Shaw recruited Annie Besant and his friends Sidney Webb, Sydney Olivier and Graham Wallas in 1885 and 1886.
Shaw married Charlotte, daughter of Horace Payne-Townshend, a wealthy Stock Exchange investor.
He was employed by millionaire William Waldorf - Lord Astor, owner of the Pall Mall Gazette, and became a close
friend of the Milner Group leader - Waldorf and his wife Nancy.
Shaw's friend, Sidney Webb married Beatrice -
a close friend of Rothschild associate and Prime Minister Arthur Balfour,
the daughter of Richard Potter, a wealthy financier with
international connections, the chairman of the Great Western and Grand Trunk Railways of England and Canada.
Shaw, Webb, Olivier and Wallas became the Fabian Society's dominant Big Four with
John Passmore Edwards, an leader of the Liberal Manchester School, and with Richard Cobden.
The Fabian Society was in close touch with the Rothschilds both directly and through
Lord Arthur Balfour, and has also been close to David Rockefeller.
Cecil Rhodes the South African diamond millionaire,
used his fortune to promote the scheme of federating the English speaking peoples around the globe.
Rhodes and other acolytes of Ruskin, formed a secret society known as the Round Table Group,
were able to gain access to Rhodes' fortune after his death in 1902.
The Milner Group, the secret society formed by Cecil Rhodes,
dominated the British delegation to the Peace Conference of 1919,
founded the UK Royal Institute for International Affairs in 1919 / 1920
(the British Institute of International Affairs was founded in London in July 1920),
the US Council on Foreign Relations, and parallel groups in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
and India.
In 1919 British and American delegates to the Paris Peace Conference, under the leadership of Lionel Curtis,
conceived the idea of an Anglo-American Institute of foreign affairs to study international problems
with a view to preventing future wars - at Chatham House, Number 10 St. James's Square in 1923
(Professor Arnold Toynbee became the leading figure until his retirement in 1955).
Retinger was very close to Lionel Curtis, the founder of Chatham House and Retinger was politically active in London
exactly at the same time when Chatham House was established in 1921-1923;
the Chatham House / the Royal Institute of International Affairs
represented by both ideologies of the Rhodes - Milner ideology with the ideology of the
Fabian society and Retinger had links to both these groups; his
the Bilderberg Group had their first meeting in May 1954 at the Bilderberg Hotel, near Arnhem in Holland.
I wrote above that the Round Table was started by Freemason and Rothschild agent, Lord Alfred Milner;
but Rhodes, who was connected to the Freemasons, first formalised his idea with William T. Stead;
in 1910, The Round Table Journal: A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Empire was founded by Lord Milner
and members of Milner's Kindergarten: Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr and Geoffrey Dawson;
by 1915 Round Table groups existed in seven countries:
in the United States acted George Louis Beer, Walter Lippmann, Frank Aydelotte, Whitney Shepardson, Thomas W. Lamont, Erwin D. Canham.
Victor Rothschild (Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild b. 1910 d. 1990;
son of Charles Rothschild; a member of the Apostles Club at Cambridge,
a secret society, there he became friends with the future Soviet spies Guy Burgess and Anthony Blunt,
and Kim Philby - not a member; he was recruited to work for MI5 during World War II, and was the head of B1C,
continued to work in security as an adviser to Margaret Thatcher;
1971 to 1974 The Think Tank), who worked for J. P. Morgan & Co., was one of the members of the Round Table.
The Rothschilds
had financed Cecil Rhodes, co-operated with the Morgans and the Rockefellers, and they
financed the activities of Edward Harriman (railroads) and Andrew Carnegie Steel.
Roundtable inner Circle of Initiates included Lord Milner, Cecil Rhodes, Arthur Balfour, Albert Grey and
Lord Nathan Rothschild (Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild b.
1840, d. 1915, a British banker in issuing loans to the governments of the USA, Russia and Austria;
a close relationship with Benjamin Disraeli, he also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the
British South Africa Company and the De Beers diamond conglomerate, and
administered Rhodes's estate from 1902 and set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at Oxford).
According to Gary Allen's expose,
Milner financed the Russian Bolsheviks on Rothschild's behalf, with help from Jacob Schiff and Max Warburg.
The Round Table movement, founded in 1909 -
acc. to historian Carroll Quigley -
was connected to a secret society named the 'Society of the Elect' with
Cecil Rhodes, Stead and Lord Rothschild as his designated successors, and
also Milner, Reginald Baliol Brett Lord Esher, Cardinal Manning, Lord Arthur Balfour, Lord Albert Grey
and Sir Harry Johnston;
Carroll Quigley claims in 'Tragedy and Hope' that Rhodes's 'Society of the Elect' was
established in 1889 - 1891;
an outer circle known as the Association of Helpers was later organised by Milner as the Round Table;
its sister organisations: Lionel Curtis founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 1920,
and Walter Lippmann in 1921 - the Council on Foreign Relations, in America.
See also: Alexander May, The Round Table, 1910-66, ed. by University of Oxford.
When Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, drowned on 5 June 1916 when HMS Hampshire
sank west of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, then Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, from December 1916 to November 1918, was one of the most important members
of David Lloyd George's War Cabinet. His mother was a daughter of Major General John Ready,
former Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island and later the Isle of Man.
Upon his return from South Africa, Viscount Milner occupied himself mainly with business interests in London,
becoming chairman of the Rio Tinto Zinc mining company, a director of the Joint Stock Bank,
in January 1917 Milner led the British delegation, with Henry Wilson, in Russia, to boost Russian morale
and see what equipment they needed;
he was an advocate of inter-allied cooperation, in St. Petersburg in
February 1917.
But Trotsky in his book 'My Life' tells of a British financier, who in 1907 gave him a large loan to
be repaid after the overthrow of the Tsar. Arsene de Goulevitch, who witnessed the Bolshevik Revolution,
has identified both the name of the financier and the amount of the loan:
over 21 million rubles were spent by Lord Alfred Milner in financing the (March 1917) Russian Revolution.
It was a big dream of Pilsudski and Poles to Tsarist Russia collapsed, and then in the revolutionary
chaos appeared Lenin had passed into Russia by the Germans.
A documents made it clear, that this above mentioned funding was provided by Milner and channeled
through Sir George Buchanan, who was the British Ambassador to Russia at the time, acc. to Goulevitch, p. 230.
The conspiracy in Russia created curtains and protected from the beginning by
the modern counterintelligence of the Tsarist Russia created by Benkendorff and Dubbelt from Estonia and
Latvia - thanks to this major role in this system can be played a German families from Estonia.
They anchored (Fabian Pilar von Pilchau of Parnu) in Lithuania / Belarus and joined with families from Belarus: Piłsudski, Dzierzynski,
Konstantynowicz and so on. Thanks to this connections the German Empire
took over from the top of all this political system according to some theorists,
and by others - the British intelligence.
This statement is not true, or not true fully. The main ally of Britain during the First World War was Russia,
and the Romanov dynasty with its last tsar. This is confirmed by the organization of the Allied mission
to Russia in January 1917 and earlier such a mission to Romania.
Too much in the military - political - intelligence structure is discussed below, is Irish and
Scots. Ireland fought then about freedom, just like the Poles. Scotland also fight, like Estonia.
When Irish immigration to the United States of America began, the Irish Charitable Society was founded in Boston,
in 1737, then as the Ancient and Most Benevolent Order of the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick, founded in New York,
and the Society of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick for the Relief of Emigrants in Philadelphia in 1771.
The Irish Free State was established in 1922 as a Dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations under the
Anglo-Irish Treaty, following uprising - The Easter Rising,
also known as the Easter Rebellion, in Ireland, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans to end British
rule in Ireland. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798.
Remember!
In 1915 Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Thomson, a fluent French speaker, was sent to Bucharest as
British military attache on Kitchener's initiative to bring Romania into the war.
Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, drowned on 5 June 1916 when HMS Hampshire
sank west of the Orkney Islands, Scotland. He was making his way to Russia in order to attend negotiations
but the ship struck a German mine.
After the Great War (1914 - 1918), a number of conspiracy theories were put forward, one by Lord Alfred Douglas,
positing a connection between Kitchener's death, the recent naval Battle of Jutland, Winston Churchill,
and a Jewish conspiracy.
Churchill successfully sued Douglas for criminal libel, and the latter spent six months in prison.
Another claimed that the Hampshire did not strike a mine at all, but was sunk by explosives secreted in the vessel
by Irish Republicans.
Frederick Joubert Duquesne, a Boer soldier and spy, claimed that he had assassinated Kitchener after an earlier
attempt to kill him in Cape Town failed. Duquesne's story was that he posed as the Russian
Duke Boris Zakrevsky in 1916 and joined Kitchener in Scotland.
In 1883 Kitchener became a Freemason. He was initiated in Cairo.
In the spring of 1916 Herbert Asquith decided to send Lord Kitchener, his Secretary of State of War, to Russia
in an attempt to rally the country in its fight against Germany. On 5th June 1916, Horatio Kitchener was drowned.
Horatio Bottomley, the editor of the John Bull magazine, promoted the idea that Kitchener had been murdered.
In July 1920, Alfred Douglas, the former boyfriend of Oscar Wilde, according to Michael Kettle,
continued his campaign against Winston Churchill.
Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas b. 1870 in Powick, Worcestershire;
the third son of John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, and his first wife, Sibyl nee Montgomery.
Above John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry b. 1844 in Florence, Italy,
was a Scottish nobleman, the eldest son of Scottish politician Archibald, Viscount Drumlanrig and
Caroline Margaret Clayton. His daughter, who became Lady Edith Gertrude Douglas, married the inventor
St. George Lane Fox-Pitt.
Above named Archibald William Douglas, 8th Marquess of Queensberry b.
1818, Viscount Drumlanrig - south of Douglas - was the son of John Douglas, 7th Marquess of Queensberry,
by Sarah Douglas, daughter of Major
James Sholto Douglas. Married Caroline Margaret Clayton at Gretna Green,
Scotland
- on border of England, Gretna Green, Scotland is south of Queensberry.
Above John Douglas, 7th Marquess of Queensberry b. 1779,
was a Scottish Whig politician. Queensberry was the son of Sir William Douglas, 4th Baronet.
Queensberry - south-west of Jedburgh and of Selkirk; south-east of Douglas.
"...In January 1917 Milner led the British delegation, with Henry Wilson as chief military representative,
and including a banker and two munitions experts -
on the mission to Russia. There were 50 delegates in total including French, led by de Castelnau,
and Italians. The object of the mission, stressed at the second Chantilly Conference in December 1916,
was to keep the Russians holding down at least the forces now opposite them, to boost Russian morale and see what
equipment they needed with a view to coordinating attacks...".
Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner b. 1854, was a British statesman and colonial administrator who played an
influential leadership role in the formulation of foreign and domestic policy.
Above Field Marshal Sir Henry Hughes Wilson, 1st Baronet, b. 1864,
and "...Loyd George wanted Russia persuaded to make the maximum possible effort...
on a British mission to Russia in January 1917 (delayed from November 1916), the object of which was to keep the
Russians holding down at least the forces now opposite them, to boost Russian morale ...
The War Office briefing advised that Russia was close to revolution. Wilson met the Tsar but thought him
'as devoid of character and purpose as our own poor miserable King'.
Even senior Russian officials were talking openly of assassinating the Tsar or perhaps just the Tsarina.
Wilson was impressed by Generals Ruzski (Rucki) and Danilov ...
Knox, who had been British military attach� since 1911. He toured Petrograd, Moscow ...
and Riga ... His official report (3 March 1917) said that Russia would remain in the war and that they would
solve their 'administrative chaos'. However, many other observers at the time, e.g. the young Archibald Wavell
in the Caucasus, felt that the advent of democracy in Russia would reinvigorate her war effort, so Wilson's views
were not entirely unusual.
... Wilson was appointed Chief of British Mission to the French Army on 17 March 1917, with a promotion to permanent
lieutenant-general which Robertson had blocked in November 1916...".
No�l Edouard Marie Joseph, Vicomte de Curieres de Castelnau b. 1851, was a French general in World War I.
"...After the dismissal of Joffre ... in 1916 Castelnau was retired from active service.
He was sent on the Allied Mission to Russia in the early months of 1917, just prior to the Fall of the Tsar.
... Castelnau was recalled to the command of the Eastern Army Group ... in 1918...".
Today it is difficult to say who, what country, either a government, or an institution,
maybe a NGO managed this complicated structure.
Those who have studied the roots of this complex structure, the most common commit certain substantive and methodological mistakes, runs the risk of retaliatory attacks and ridicule, and even fully social ostracism.
This structure had a military - intelligence - political
nature. This structure created for decades the leading politicians, and drove to the spectacular
political internationally events. The mystery of the complicated
machines - several octopuses - caused the birth of conspiracy theories,
such theories and journalism as Archibald Henry Maule Ramsay b. 1894.
For a 100 years such theories indicate specified states, as well as some nations or particular politicians,
as drivers of the intelligence structure - this situation lasts from 1916 to today, 2014.
The answer to the above question at the moment is gone.
In the history of Tsarist Russia, it is difficult to find a detail,
because there is difficult to get to archives of a special services and political institutions. Below I quote
the text of the book 'The Anglo-American Establishment' by Carroll Quigley ed. in 1981 (copyright
by The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden. 1981, New York:
Books in Focus, 354 pages, ISBN 0-916728-50-1; reprinted by Rancho Palos Verdes: GSG & Associates, date unknown,
ISBN 0-945001-01-0).
The author of this book reveals details of secret intelligence and political structures of the United Kingdom and
the USA in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the
twentieth century.
These data obviously yet not suggest who or what was the driving force
of the intelligence network and the military-political structures, which in details is discussed
on this web site, and broadening data on the site designated as part two.
Both of these parties were formed in the second half of 2014.
So Carroll Quigley wrote in 1981:
"... in February 1891, three men were engaged in earnest conversation in London.
From that conversation were to flow consequences of the greatest importance to the British Empire and to the world
as a whole.
For these men were organizing a secret society that was, for more than fifty years, to be one of the most
important forces in the formulation and execution of British imperial and foreign policy.
... The leader was Cecil Rhodes, fabulously wealthy empire-builder ...
The second was William T. Stead, the most famous, and probably also the most sensational, journalist of the day.
The third was Reginald Baliol Brett, later known as Lord Esher, friend and confidant of Queen Victoria,
and later to be the most influential adviser of King Edward VII and King George V.
... the three drew up a plan of organization for their secret society and a list of original members.
The plan of organization provided for an inner circle, to be known as The Society of the Elect,
and an outer circle, to be known as The Association of Helpers.
Within The Society of the Elect, the real power was to be exercised by the leader, and a 'Junta of Three'.
The leader was to be Rhodes, and the junta was to be Stead, Brett, and Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner.
In accordance with this decision, Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner
was added to the society by Stead
...
Rhodes had been planning for this event for more than seventeen years (around 1873).
Stead had been introduced to the plan on 4 April 1889, and Brett had been told of it on 3 February 1890.
... in modified form, it exists to this day. From 1891 to 1902, it was known to only a score of persons.
During this period, Rhodes was leader, and Stead was the most influential member. From 1902 to 1925,
Milner was leader, while Philip Kerr (Lord Lothian) and Lionel Curtis were probably the most important members.
From 1925 to 1940, Kerr was leader, and since his death in 1940 this role has probably been played by
Robert Henry Brand (now Lord Brand).
During this period of almost sixty years, this society has been called by various names. During the first
decade or so it was called 'the secret society of Cecil Rhodes' or
'the dream of Cecil Rhodes'.
In the second and third decades of its existence it was known as 'Milner's Kindergarten'
(1901 - 1910) and as 'the Round Table Group' (1910 - 1920). Since 1920 it
... has been called 'The Times crowd', 'the Rhodes crowd', the 'Chatham House crowd',
'All Souls group', and the 'Cliveden set'.
...
The Milner Kindergarten and the Round Table Group, for example, were two different names for
The Association of Helpers and were thus only part of the society, since the real center of the organization,
The Society of the Elect, continued to exist and recruited new members from the outer circle as seemed necessary.
Since 1920, this Group has been increasingly dominated by the associates of Viscount Astor.
In the 1930s, the misnamed 'Cliveden set' was close to the center of the society, but it would be entirely
unfair to believe that the connotations of superficiality and conspiracy popularly associated with the expression
'Cliveden set' are a just description of the Milner Group as a whole.
In fact,
Viscount Astor was, relatively speaking, a late addition to the society, and the society
should rather be pictured as utilizing the Astor money to further their own ideals rather than
as being used for any purpose by the master of Cliveden...".
Above mentioned Archibald Henry Maule Ramsay b. 1894, d. 1955, was a British Army officer who later went
into politics as a Scottish Unionist Member of Parliament.
Ramsay was from a Scottish aristocratic family, a descendant of the Earls of Dalhousie
(Dalhousie Castle near by Edinburgh - 16 km south-east, and
Glenmark in the County of Forfar - Angus was historically a county, known officially as Forfarshire,
borders Aberdeenshire,
Dundee, Perth
and Kinross);
in 1913 he served in France for two years, then at the War Office in London;
married on 30 April 1917 Lady Ninian Crichton-Stuart, nee Ismay Preston, daughter of Viscount Gormanston;
served at the British War Mission in Paris to 1920;
the 1920s was a company director,
near
Arbroath (25 km ENE of Dundee), and Angus (area borders Dundee and Perth);
in 1936 he pointed to links between Spanish Republicans and the Soviet Union.
Ramsay and Tyler Kent, a cypher clerk at the Embassy of the United States in London,
were members of the Right Club
but they were arrested - Ramsay was arrested
under Regulation 18B on 23 May 1940.
"The New York Times" published an article on "Britain's Fifth Column" in July 1940 which claimed
Ramsay had sent to the German Legation in Dublin treasonable information given to him by Tyler Kent;
in 1952 Ramsay wrote "The Nameless War" as an autobiography, theory re-interpreting the whole of modern history.
Above named the Earls of Dalhousie:
George Ramsay (d. 1705), younger son of the second Earl, served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in Scotland
in 1702. William Ramsay was created Baron Panmure in 1831;
John Ramsay (1775 - 1842), a Lieutenant-General of the General Staff of India. John Ramsay b. 1775 in
Cockpen, Midlothian, Scotland that is
Cockpen and Carrington Parish, ca 15 km south-east of Edinburgh
- d. 1842. Son of George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie
- 16 km south-east of Edinburgh -
and married in
Edinburgh in 1800
to Mary, daughter of Philip Delisle of
Calcutta, India.
John Ramsay was maj.-gen. 1830; lt.-gen. 1841.
Ramsay in 1793 served in Holland, then was stationed in Ireland in 1798,
and proceeded to Egypt, 1801;
John Ramsay of
Ochtertyre - 32 km west of Perth, Scotland - met him in 1801.
He was put up for Aberdeen Burghs in 1806 by his brother William Maule.
He was Commander-in-Chief of the 79th Highlanders,
Military Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada, 1819 and 1828.
He was Military Secretary to the Viceroy of India, the 9th Earl of Dalhousie between 1829 and 1832.
He gained the rank of Lieutenant-General in the service (1833 ? to 1842 ?)
of the General Staff, India - 1841.
Children of Lt.-Gen. John Ramsay and Mary Delise:
1. William Ramsay (1804�1871), a Major-General in the Bengal Army,
2. Admiral George Ramsay, (the twelfth Earl, he served under William Ewart Gladstone as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1886;
his eldest son, the fourteenth Earl, was succeeded by his eldest son, the fifteenth Earl - a Deputy Lieutenant of Angus),
3. James Ramsay (1808�1868), a Major-General in the Bengal Army,
4. Lt.-Col. John Ramsay, 5. Anne Finlay Anderson,
6. General Sir Henry Ramsay (1816�1893), a General in the Bengal Army, whose grandson was mentioned above politician Archibald Maule Ramsay;
7. Lt.-Col. Robert Anderson Ramsay.
See in Bengal: Latour and
Alexander Ramsay, Lieutenant to the 57th Bengal Native Infantry, died at Lahore in 1855.
Son of Colonel Michael Ramsay who served the Bengal Infantry. Born at Calcutta, 1821.
Balcarres Dalrymple Wardlaw Ramsay, Lieutenant-Colonel, died on 26th January
1885 in Rome, Italy;
b. 17 Sept. 1822, son of
Robert Wardlaw Ramsay of Tillicoultry and Whitehill.
Tillicoultry is located 18 km east of Stirling!
Whitehill - 15 km south-east of Edinburgh.
Bonn Univ.; Lt.-Col. of the 75th Regt. in 1870;
A.D.C. to Sir George Arthur, Gov. of Bombay, and to Sir Colin Campbell in India;
ret. 1877. Married in 1851 to Anne, daughter of Edward Collins of Frowlesworth, Leicestershire.
George Spottisworde Ramsay, Lieutenant of Royal Artillery, died 7th June 1873 in Bangalore.
Too much in the military - political - intelligence structure is discussed below, is Irish and
Scots. It used French families located in Switzerland, Ceylon, France, Russia. Scottish and Irish families
combined to Naples and Marseille, Ceylon, Odessa and Japan; Russians, English and Pilsudski
entered by Japan to Ceylon; parallel from Odessa the Zionist movement came out
founding a base of the state of Israel. Odessa has paired their to Berezino, Ireland - Japan - Ceylon.
And the whole system took over the movement of German from Estonia, and
underground combat movement of Pilsudski, combining the objectives of
the independence of these two states: Poland / Lithuania / Belarus + Estonia / Latvia, and as I wrote above Israel.
Then they created a counterintelligence and intelligence of new Bolshevik Russia and the USSR.
It already was a masterpiece, but totally wrecked by Stalin in 1937 - have to say that in this case,
Stalin was a genius.
At the end part of that intelligence system of Soviet Union
took over the colony by building its so-called People's Polish Republic and the Ministry of Defence,
through affinitized of the Konstantynowiczs: the Jaroszewicz, Spychalski, Zarako Zarakowski families
and friendly Swierczewski family. Interesting in all of this is the use of Frenchmen to the creation of this
system, most moved on the Konstantynowiczs - not so completely.
This is the connection: Waclaw Sieroszewski a colleague of Azbelev,
who was in Nagasaki - his brother is a director of the company Duflon and Konstantynowicz;
so, the Nobel family with Sydney Reilly, an Irishman and a Jew from Odessa -
this is the same family of Nobel, where the brother of above-mentioned was the head of the board of the
Duflon and Konstantynowicz Company - this is short way to the Swedish Enigma!
Waclaw Sieroszewski of course was mate to a brother of Jozef Pilsudski - Bronislaw, which of course
anchored in Nagasaki, and then here sailed Reilly.
One very interesting figure - erased from history: Nikolay Russel / N. K. Sudzilovskiy / Sudzilowski from the Mscislaw
district.
It's amazing
that the October Revolution in 1917, which swept the Russian Empire,
allowing the reconstruction of Poland, broke out just on the
anniversary of the death of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, exactly the 100th
anniversary of his death, and around Lenin appeared figures of the
Polish nobility, which adopted a sense of the Kosciuszko Polish
patriotism.
"Instead, after the fall of Napoleon's empire in
1815 he met with Russia's Tsar Alexander I in Braunau. In return for
his prospective services, Kosciuszko demanded social reforms and
territorial gains for Poland, which he wished to reach as far as the
Dvina and Dnieper Rivers in the east".
On October 15, 1817
Tadeusz Kosciuszko / Thaddeus Kosciusko died. But
a underground movement led by Jozef Pilsudski had in that case great
deals to take in hands, behind the scenes, all revolutionary Lenin
movement of the Bolsheviks, between about 1909 - 1917, and even longer
to 1920, when Inessa Armand perhaps was poisoned, and even to the year
1921, when it was still marked a influences of Bruevich brothers of
noble Boncza arms.
Inessa Armand controlled all Bolshevik work as a lover and the
secretary of Lenin and she has influence on the directions of
philosophical - political considerations, which diverged from reality,
and their possible introduction in the life would be - if not as an
experiment - even doom for the Russian Empire.
The purpose of Jozef
Pilsudski was not only gathering information about enemy - Russia, and
not only the smuggling of weapons for his organization (Petersburg - Miezonka - Lodz - Cracow), but primarily
for Pilsudski was the goal to Lenin seized power and overthrew the
Tsarist authorities. This was to allow the recovery of independence by
Poland.
Stalin was here the enemy, because he wanted to rebuild the
Russian empire, just as the Soviet Russia - a communist state.
Lenin
wanted a European communism, the total fiction and the absurd.
Pilsudski had to put Lenin at the head of the new Russia, and at least
Pilsudski conducive to this Lenin's communist movement did not
collapsed. Wrangel, Denikin, Kolchak were number one enemies.
J�zef Piłsudski, Walery Sławek, Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz
were 'collaborators' of military intelligence service
of Austria - Hungary, with nickname "Stefan" since 1908;
co-operated Aleksander Prystor, Gen. Bolesław Roja, J�zef Beck, Gen. Edward Rydz-Śmigły,
and Gen. Kordian Zamorski. Pilsudski in 1904 collaborated with Japan intelligence;
Captain Joseph Rybak took care on Pilsudski, placing a group of agents in paramilitary organizations in Galicia,
described as "The Informer R". Jozef Pilsudski was dismissed from the Austrian army in September 1916.
Brigadier General Wlodzimierz Zagorski was born in 1882 in France. He grew up with his brother in Germany.
In 1900 joined the Austrian army. Eleven years later, he began to work for "K-Stelle",
1914, as a captain, he was Chief of Staff Headquarters of the Legions.
Formally, was the head of Jozef Pilsudski, who gave him the reports. Cooperation was not the best.
When the Japanese-Russian war broke in 1904, Pilsudski decided to use the conflict for the Polish cause, get
technical and material help for Polish irredentist aspirations. Japanese will give us the money to buy weapons
and facilitate its reception in Hamburg, and we will collect them messages about the movements
of the Russian troops sent to the East.
These relations were surrounded by the biggest mystery. Only Pilsudski, Jodko, Filipowicz and
Stanislaw Wojciechowski knew of them over one and a half year (April 1904 - October 1905).
Pilsudski had its plans to create in Galicia conditions for the military training of volunteers
in the event of war between the aggressors and would create Polish troops
fighting against Russia and would become the reborn Polish Army personnel.
In 1908 in Lviv, Cpt. Gustav Iszkowski teamed up with the Pilsudski movement.
Probably by the end of 1908 Pilsudski spoke with the chief of the Intelligence Census Bureau,
Maximilian Ronge.
Then probably come to an agreement to organize the grid
intelligence and sabotage against Russia in exchange for allowing the activities of the independence movement.
In March, 1909 representatives of the Census Bureaus conferring with Pilsudski, Jodko and Slawek in Vienna.
The project is called intelligence operation Informer R, directed the same Ronge -
hidden it even from his own intelligence apparatus. The management of the organization called The Informer R were
Jozef Pilsudski, Valery Slawek responsible for ongoing contacts with the representative of the interview, Captain
Joseph Rybak; and Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz. By the end of 1912 Pilsudski organization
might only auxiliary information.
Witold Tomasz Jodko-Narkiewicz, b. 1864 in Słuck,
d. 1924 in Warsaw, nickname A. Wroński, Jowisz,
diplomat; his parents: Witold Onufry Jodko-Narkiewicz, b. 1834 - d. 1898 (probably son of Onufry)
and Maria Sokołow - Skwarcew b. ca 1842.
His father was ophthalmologist.
Witold Tomasz Jodko-Narkiewicz member of the Social-Revolutionary Party Proletariat since 1889,
and Polish Social-Revolutionary Party Proletariat / as II Proletariat, or Small Proletariat
established in February 1888 and operated for March 1893.
From January to July 1885 he studied medicine at the University of Dorpat / Tartu, Estonia;
he came to Warsaw, then in September 1885 he went to Lviv,
expelled from Austria, 1886, he studied in W�rzburg, and then in Paris, graduated in 1889;
London next; collaborator of the Centralization Social-Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat.
In 1892 co-founder of the Polish Socialist Party;
Jodko-Narkiewicz counted on the war between the aggressors and on an armed uprising against Russia.
Above
Witold Onufry Jodko-Narkiewicz, born on 23 Dec. 1834 in Puk�w in the Ihumen district,
died 1898 - Bobownia; Onufry Jodko - Narkiewicz was living in Pukow.
Pukau / Pukowo / Pukow, at present: Komsomolskaja, a few km west of Sunaje and Kisiele;
north-west of Truchanowicze and Gresk, Anufrovichi and Anufri, north of Kondratowicze;
south-west of Marina Gorka. In 1870, to the
Минская губерния, the Игуменский уезд, in the Пуковская волость;
Pukowo / Пуков is situated south-east of Tatury / now Charitonowka, and Kutschinka,
east of Starica, Sloboda, Dumitshi; north-east of Kopyl. North of Sluck.
Janina Wiktoria Jodko-Narkiewicz, b. 1869
in Warsaw / Warszawa, was daughter of Witold Onufry
Jodko-Narkiewicz from Puk�w.
The Polish well-off proprietors in the Ihumen (Cerven) district in the second half of 19th cent. was
the Jodko family in landed properties Malackowszczyzna, Pukowo and Onufrowo / Anufri.
Gardening in estates of the Ihumen district: Kuchcice, Tolkaczewicze, Malackowszczyzna, Pukowo, Cieplen, Smilowicze
and Rawanicze.
In Pukow is a church, in the 16th cent. to the Puk / Пук family;
17th cent. to Olelkovich / Олельковичь and Radzivill / Радзивилл family;
at the beginning of the 18th century to the Neuburg / Нойбург family from German
taken from Boguslaw Radziwill / Богуслав Радзивилл,
because his daughter Людвика Каролина / Ludwika Karolina Radziwill married to
Karl Filipp Neuburg / Karl III Philipp von der Pfalz / Carl Philipp, b. 1661 in Neuburg;
that is
he married on August 10, 1688 in Berlin to Princess
Ludwika Karolina Charlotte Radziwill of
Birze, daughter of Bogusław Radziwill, from this marriage four children were born:
Leopoldine Eleonore Josephine, Maria Anna, Elisabeth Auguste Sophie m.
Joseph Karl von Pfalz-Sulzbach.
At Пуково / Pukowo in 1731 wielded the earth Franciszek Drucki-Lubecki /
Франтишек Друцкий-Любецкий. In 1744
again to the Radziwill family, but at the beginning of the 19th cent.
Dominik Radziwill / Доминик Радзивилл lost Pukowo,
now Pukowo and Bobownia to the Narkiewicz - Jodko / Наркевич-Иодко;
in 1846 to Tomasz Jodko-Narkiewicz / Томаш Наркевич-Иодко, Catholic.
1857 new church; close to Пуково (now Komsomolskaja) is
Кондратовичи and here in 1862 was the second church;
Ksawery / Ксаверий was son of above named Tomasz Jodko-Narkiewicz,
and he bought from Wojnillowicz / Войниллович the Lopuchi estate /
Лопухи, 3 km of Pukowo / Пуково; a father of Edward Wojnillowicz / Эдвард Войниллович - Adam
was proprietor of above Lopuchi.
Estate of "Оттоново" to Onufry Jodko-Narkiewicz / Онуфри Наркевич-Иодко;
Jakub Jodko-Narkiewicz / Якуб Наркевич-Иодко has the Nadnieman / Наднеман estate;
Onufry Jodko-Narkiewicz / Наркевич-Иодко has son Otton Jodko-Narkiewicz,
in 1840 owner of 'Ottonowo' court that is a farm of Chaniczewo / Ханичево,
and the Малысковщина Наднёманом / Malyskovshtschina 1848.
Jodko-Narkiewicz owner of the 'Ottonowo' court that is a farm Chaniczewo / Ханичево,
and the Малысковщина Наднёманом / Malyskovshtschina in 1848.
Наднёман was property of
Jakob Jodko - Narkiewicz son of Otton Jodko - Narkiewicz,
biologist, meteorologist, physicist and electrician, lived 1848�1905;
next owner Konrad Jodko - Narkiewicz, son of Jakob, in 1921 moved to Cracow;
next of kin Kristian Narkiewicz - Lein is living now in Chicago.
Наднёман is located north of Kopyl,
near by Piasocznaje, south-west-south of Uzda, and north-west of Pukowo.
Ханичево / Атонава / Калінаўка or Оттоново / Ханічава is located
north-west of Pukowo, south of above Наднёман, near by Piasocznaje.
Above mentioned Jodko-Narkiewicz in Pukowo ca 80 km west of Osipovichi and north of Sluck.
See near by:
1.
Manuel Jaroszewicz in Sluck A.D. 1666;
2.
Michal Zbieranowski
born Berezino in 1882 son of Jozef Zbieranowski and his wife Zofia nee Witkowski, after Bobrujsk, Sluck and Riga /
Ryga 1899 - 1904;
3. Gedymin Jerzy Bulhak b. 1856, m. 1892, to Aldona Dzierzynski, he died 1908, lived in Mickiewicze.
His grandfather Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789, m. to Antonina Bulhak, estates: Ostr�wek, Burdziewicze, Kozlowicze,
Nowy Dwor close to Sluck! His mother Franciszka Lowicki and father Jerzy Onufry Bulhak, b. 1749;
grandfather: Florian Stanislaw Bulhak;
4.
Zofia Bulhak daughter of Hipolit Bulhak /
Булгак Софья Ипполитовна b. 08.09.1886, Колесницы / Колесничи of the Копыльски р-н., south-west of Marina Gorka,
south-east of Uzda, north of Sluck; d. Nov. 1937.
5.
The Konstantynowicz family: Вязовница that is Wiazownica / Viazovnica, west of Swislocz (see Szostak family),
north - east of Osipovichi; west of Berezyna river;
south-east of Grodzianka (see Marian vel Jerzy Konstantynowicz); and Фортуны - here
lived (also Чайковский Петр Николаевич, Чайковская Раиса Петровна / Raisa Czajkowska and the
Томкович / Tomkowicz family) parents of Marta nee Konstantynowicz (grand-daughter of Daniel Konstantynowicz /
Daniil Konstantinovich): Константинович Матвей Даниилов and Уршуля (Ирина) Адрианова - Urszula Irena daughter of
Adrian, moved from Snustik (here also Antoni Tatur / Антон Иванович Татур in 1795), the Igumen / Ihumen county.
6.
The Bulhak family: Ліпень (Халуі) / Липень (Холуи) / Lipień (Chołuje) / Lipień (Chałui) or
Халуйцы / Халуйск / Холуйск / Chołujce or Lipen / Lipien, at way from Osipovichi to Svisloch,
south-west of Swislocz, and north-west of Bobruisk.
7.
1867-1913 I. Bulhak (?) or Bulgak purchased (1861) from Lipovskii, villages Kamionka or Matseevich;
Насыцк near by Talka, south-east of Marina Gorka, north-west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze, near by Kamienka / Kamionki.
And above Камионки or Kamienka close to Talka, north-west of Osipovichi.
8.
Hieronim Bulhak son of Stanislaw Bulhak /
Булгак Героним Станиславович b. 1855 in Сутин or Sucin, 11 km south-west of Talka, and
ca 26 km west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze;
was living in Дворище to 1937.
9.
Булгак Викентий Игнатьевич b. 1902 in Побоковичи - 15 km west of Bobruisk;
south-east of Osipovichi (I check my mistake), close to Osovo, Stavishche, Protasievichi,
near by Poplawy, Derevcy, Dubrolevo; killed 1933.
10.
Bulhak family in
1870 in the Minsk government, Sluck district, the Lanska area - Kosmowicze; Kosmowicze / Kosmowiczi - close to
Pukielevshcina, Bychovshcina, Tshanovici, north of Kleck, south of Niezviz / Nieswiez, near by Osmolowo, Lan, Leonowiczi.
11.
Konstantynowicz, Wiesielowo / Veselovo village in the Osipovichi district, Mogilev region;
12.
Konstantynowicz in 1894, Spustik village, the Igumen County; Byelorussian, individual farmer, lived in
the Osipovichi district, Yasenovka / Jasieniowka;
13.
Szymon Bułhak b. ca 1660 / 1680?; 1686 Nowogrodek, owner of Ostr�wka close to Mir, Janowszczyzna near by Iwieniec,
Nowodw�rek, Osipowszczyzna,
Nacz, Puszcza Moszukowska, Domatkanowicze close to Kleck, Połoneczka by Dzwieja.
Mikołaj Bułhak b. circa 1670 / 1695?, son of Benedykt Bułhak and Eufemia,
husband of Katarzyna and Marianna, father of Florian Stanisław Bułhak ca 1695 - 1745?
14.
Julian Bulhak / Yulyan Bulgak bought land in the Igumen district in 1859 - the estate Matseevich / Matsevichi /
Mateevichi from the landlord Lisowski (of Bulhak in 1867-1913); the estate Bluza (Bluza close to Poddiegtiarnia,
north-west of Talka, ca 26 km north-west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze / Asipovichy,
and west of Lipien of Bulgak / Bulhak family) from hands of Sophia Prosor / Zofia Prozor - Swietorzecka / Sventorzhetski,
owned in those places. The Prozor family was near by to Malkiewicz - Horodecka Izabela.
And now we look at the text below written in January 2014. Bogdan Konstantynowicz, the author of this website
believes that we can already, after a quarter-century of research on my genealogy, give to my readers to
analyse and rethink, a few comments on the role of our family Konstantynowicz and the
Polish-French family Armand from Moscow, in the deep structures of political intelligence
of Tsarist Russia and in the strategic network of
Russia's technology military intelligence and then even of the Soviet Union.
This is the text for further discussion.
Approximately one hundred years infiltrating of the military intelligence of Tsarist Russia
by Polish agents in the years around 1814 -
about 1922, brought unprecedented positive effect - Polish independence in 1918.
But the Polish country was destroyed completely after
the events of 1939, and above all after the creation of the Soviet protectorate in 1944/1945.
Jozef Pilsudski served for the military Austro - Hungarian intelligence,
rose to the rank of brigadier general there / Brigadier.
So he took advantage from the Germans and Austrians structure worked out into Tsarist Russia,
which created artificial figures in the revolutionary socialist movement: Trubeckoj Nestor,
Peter Kropotkin, Lenin Ulyanov,
as well as in Russian networks of the military and industrial structures of the second half of the 19th century:
electricity, telegraph, ciphers, decryption, generators, radio lamps, lighting lamps, aircraft,
aircraft engines and vehicles, magneto for engines, new types of steel, electrical cables, airships, cars,
radio, then television and soviet nuclear industry.
At the same time, the French military intelligence
expanded in Russia, by the old French families, and others:
English, Polish and Georgian in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The network intelligence gone back to the Napoleonic times and the Italian Legions.
Through these Cracow networks have developed for a family Trubeckoj, Kalinowski, Oginski, Konstantynowicz,
Paszkowski, Armand, Demontet, Duflon, Rey, Diserens.
Russian military intelligence and counterintelligence created by Baltic German families from Latvia and
Estonia, went back as far to families: Schilling, Benkendorf, Dubbelt, Rosenberg, Gernet, Rehbinder,
Rosen, and next a military intelligence network reached Georgia and Svaneti - Racha:
Japaridze, Dadiani, Gruzinsky, Maipariani - full this system took over the Pilsudski movement
from the top, among others by family Konstantynowicz from
Miezonka, Moscow, Tallinn and Viljandi.
The great importance in this system of underground operation had
Armand family from Moscow, next of kin with the Wild,
Demontet, a Georgian families, Konstantynowicz and Paszkowski.
Therefore they were relatives of Trubecki, Siedych, Rosenberg, Armand, Manfred, and had a
Georgians family:
Dadiani, Gruzinsky, Japaridze and Maipariani.
The Russian counterintelligence climb on this system.
Now appeared Spychalski family, Jaroszewicz, Zarako Zarakowski, Swierczewski, Żymierski.
On the margin remained Malkiewicz and Horodecki, Szostak and Zbieranowski and Andrzejak of
Lodz and many others from Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, Belarus and Russia, and Finland, and of course
in Sweden: Nobel, Damm, Hagelin, Hakker.
With the intelligence system of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and of the
Tsarist Russia fully used by the Jozef Pilsudski,
in order to rebuild Polish state.
Took over the structure in Lodz, Krakow, St. Petersburg, in Belarus and Moscow.
Inesse Armand and Anna Konstantynowicz were planted to Lenin, not counting other Armands.
Pilsudski always spoke he has got a few or a dozen years to build and re-build
the independent Polish state, because then Russia raise with knees.
It was surely Stalin who idolized the Russian imperial state.
However, it succeeded smash Russia in the 1917 - 1922 and rebuild Poland in 1918.
Curiously enough:
New Russian military intelligence under different names operated from October 21, 1918. At this time the Red Army was already a huge and powerful body but after October, 1917, Bolsheviks faced with many difficulties, including the collapse of the army. Therefore, reorganizing the old army, they left in the War Department that is the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs - General Directorate of the General Staff (GUGSH) and this body consisted the 2nd Division of the General Quartermaster in December 1917, which was the central organ of intelligence and counterintelligence services of the armed forces of Russia. So by the end of 1918, Soviet military intelligence in full was as the legal successor of the pre-revolutionary military intelligence. GUGSH headed General V. V. Marushevsky (Polish?) who refused to cooperate with the new government.
Then Quartermaster-General Nikolai Mikhailovich Potapov was new chief of the military intelligence (in 1915-1917, Potapov was the Main Director of the General Staff at the office of General Quartermaster. However, according to some reports, he - from July 1917 - collaborated with the military organization of the Petersburg bolshevik Committee. In November, 1917 to May 1918, Potapov served as Chief of Staff, and acting as assistant manager of the Military Department; in June 1918, he became a member of the Supreme Military Council, and from July 1919 Chairman of the Military Legislative Council).
Colonel Yudin was the bolshevik Commissar and Peter F. Ryabikov, after the coup, was had remained in the office because the Bolsheviks did not touch the military intelligence, as opposed to counter-military intelligence, which they immediately dispersed, as it was involved in the campaign of charges the Bolsheviks was spying for Germany in the summer of 1917. Crisis of foreign intelligence commenced with the end of December 1917: colonel Andrey Stanislavsky (Polish?) entered the service for the French intelligence, and intelligence reports from the allies - the French military mission in Moscow - came to the end in July 1918. In February 1918, the country faced with bloody civil war, and in March 1918 the Soviet government established the Supreme Military Council for the organization of the armed forces of Red Army with a military leader, former tsarist general M. D. Bonch-Bruevich and two political commissars Shutko and P. Proshyan. On March 17, 1918, the Supreme Military Council included: a military leader, his assistant, Quartermaster-General with several assistants, and intelligence chiefs, a field inspector of artillery, and others; on March 19, 1918: Chairman - People's Commissar for Military Affairs Leon Trotsky, the Council members and above named General N. Potapov. In June, 1918 the Supreme Military Council was reorganized and included: a military leader Bonch - Bruevich, chief of staff and staff occupied by former officers, the deputy of the military leader appointed a former Major General of General Staff Alexander Alexandrovich Samoylo, an assistant Chief of Operations of the Supreme Military Council was Colonel Alexander Kovalevsky (Polish? April - May 1918). Kovalevsky, soon will move to the South, where he headed the mobilization management of the North Caucasus Military District; here he with General Nosovich (Polish?) were arrested by Stalin, but after Nosovich was fleeing to the 'white', Kovalevsky was again arrested and shoted.
Wladymir i.e. Vladimir Bonch - Bruevich / В. Д. Бонч-Бруевич was publisher and one of Lenin's closet associates. Curiosity! Lenin signed certificate for V. Bonch-Bruevich on July 7, 1920 because of a month's holiday and travels to Kulgaevka / Kulgajewka village in the Klimovichi county, Moghilev / Mogilev province, when the Red Army went on the general offensive - begun on July 4, 1920 - against Poland. Wladymir i.e. Vladimir Bonch - Bruevich had got a cabin in autonomous Finland and Lenin had hiding place there in period July - October 10th, 1917 [Old Style] i.e. to 23rd October; Vladimir Bruevich was administration manager at the Council of People's Commissars from November 1917; cf. F. Antoni Ossendowski, "Shadow of the bleak East", edition of 1919 and 1921, p. 57 - 58: he was known to sphere of Petersburg high society, Polish "old nobleman", secret chieftain of socialists; he concealed of Trocki - Bronstein in Petersburg A.D. 1905 and also directed Chrustalow - Nosar or Chrustalov - Nosari in 1905.
The second brother, older -
general
Michail (III)
Boncz Brujewicz / Bonch
- Bruevich either
Bonch - Bruyevich Mikhail Dmitriyevich or Michal Bonc - Bruevic, see
- if you read Russian - here: http://history.tuad.nsk.ru/index.html
(b. 1870 -
died 1956; son of Dmitry
who
stayed in Moscow) who was
tsarist
general. Mikhail
Dmitriyevich Bonch - Bruyevich from 1892 to 1895 served as an officer
with the Lithuanian Guards Regiment at Warsaw.
He was in command of the 176th Perevolochensky Regiment, based at
Chernigov in 1914 and had known Russian aviator Pyotr Nesterov. The
chief of staff and deputy commander of the Russian Northern Front and commander
of the Northern Front from 29 August 1917 to
9 September 1917. September 1917 (?) a chief of the Russian military counterintelligence.
Above inf. acc. to http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/ by Arsen Martirosyan Benikovich, 'Conspiracy marshals. British intelligence against the Soviet Union'.
'Germane-norden' and 'Balticum' were extremely influential in Germany, and in Russia - representatives of the ancient aristocratic
families of the number pro-German Ostsee (Baltic) Barons played a crucial role in large-scale after February and October 1917 Revolutions in Russia, close to the head of
the Russian military counterintelligence Gen. M. Bonch-Bruevich (brother of Lenin's closest aide). Different source:
On September 9, 1917,
Бонч-Бруевич / Bonch-Bruevich was
replaced as commander by
Gen. V. A. Cheremisov / В. А. Черемисов
and appointed to the Supreme Commander.
Arriving at the General Headquarters in Mogilev, Bonch-Bruevich
established contact with the Mogilev Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
and 27 September 1917
was co-opted into its executive committee in Mogilev by Dnieper river.
In early October 1917, Bonch-Bruevich
rejected the appointment of Governor-General of the Southwestern Region in Kiev and Omsk and took over
as head of the Mogilev garrison.
But acc. to Soviet Security and Intelligence Organizations, 1917-1990: A Biographical...,
by Michael Parrish, we read that M. D. Bonch-Bruevich was a General in Tsarist Counterintelligence.
Next M. D. Bonch-Bruevich was chief of staff of the Supreme Commander
after November
1917.
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch - Bruyevich was the military director of the
Supreme Military Council and chief of general field staff of the Red
Army (field staff of the Revolutionary Military Council) in 1918 -
1919.
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch - Bruyevich was the specialist in take a pictures from airplanes and organized the first technical office of aerial photograph in 1925; he wrote "The aerial photograph" in 1931 and similar book in 1934 (and Grigorij - his son Mikolaj (2nd) b. 1896 was general of the Soviet air force).
The family von Pilar Pilchau from P�rnu and south-western foreland of Tallinn, played a major role in the political activities of Estonia in the nineteenth century, combining both stories Polish struggle for independence with history of Estonia.
Among relatives and next of
kins of our Konstantynowicz 'Mscislau' branch appeared
the
Zarako
Zarakowski family
in the second half of 19th cent. and in the 20th cent.; the
Spychalski
family
from Lodz was related to kinsmen of our lineage at the turn of the 20th
century and in the middle of the 20th cent.; the
Jaroszewicz
family
had connection to our line in the middle of the 20th cent. (the
Jaroszewicz house derived from the Vicebsk province
and had Prus the
1st arms, they possessed here the Ostupiszcze estate
from Gruzewski family since 1710
to
the end of the 18th cent.; Jerzy Piotr Jaroszewicz with Kwaczynski
nickname was an officer here in 1713
- 1714 and
somebody here in 1716; related
to Kownacki, Rymaczewski
and
Kopakowski
according
to Jan
Ciechanowicz, vol. 3; among others several of the
Jaroszewiczs
died in
Old Bychow in
1655; priest Manuel Jaroszewicz in Sluck A.D.
1666, Roman Jaroszewicz
in Mahileu in
1682, and Jan Jaroszewicz in
Vilna 1720
- 1722,
another Jan Jaroszewicz and
also his
son Jan lived in
Szaule near by
Mejszagola in 1753,
Ludwik Jaroszewicz lived in the Mscislau
province
in 1764;
the Jaroszewiczs were related to
Jankowski,
Olszewski
and
Chodasiewicz
families
in the Dzisna district
and also they served Radzivill family
in the Minsk
government
at the turn of the 20th cent.;
Dmitrij
Jaroszewicz son of Konstantin, Russian admiral);
the
Swierczewski
family
was near socially associated with us, for instance in the sixtieth of
the 20th century. Some
Generals, Prime Minister, the Head of State and one marshal of the
communistic Poland - creators of the Soviet
transitory administration 1943 / 1990 - derived from
these
families. Relatives of our Konstantynowicz branch kept in
touch
with
Jozef
Pilsudski,
Michal
Zymierski and
Wladyslaw
Sikorski at
the moment in the first half of the 20th century - marshals
and General with different political views. It
wonder that three Marshals and General - military prosecutor died with
natural death but three remaining Generals died with tragic death.
This
connections fade away probably at the end of the 20th century?
The historical and genealogical details.
The family von Pilar Pilchau from P�rnu and south-western foreland of Tallinn, played a major role in the political activities of Estonia in the nineteenth century, combining both stories Polish struggle for independence with history of Estonia.
The father of Adolf Pilar von Pilchau was Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, Baron, born and died in Audru / Audern, 1814 - 1870. Grandfather Jakob Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau 1774 - 1814, who has brothers:
Jacek Gilewicz from Marseille - grandson of Justin Dzerzhinsky /
Justyn Dzierżyński, a cousin of Felix Dzierzynski, the adoptee by his parents.
He
has an archive of the sister of Felix - Aldona Dzierzynska,
suddenly three pages of the manuscript; he was convinced that Stalin was poisoned Felix.
He has cousin in Radom, Mrs. Wanda from Dzierżyński, died in 2011,
owned a memorabilia of sister of Felix, Aldona, including a manuscript of 1909,
photocopies of letters; Felix began to write to his sister when he went to high school of Vilnius,
the last letter he sent to Aldona in 1919.
In Moscow is living grandson of Felix - Felix Dzerzhinsky Janowicz /
Feliks Janowicz Dzierżyński; old man, a professor at Moscow University.
We remember that in 1923, Soviet intelligence resident living in Warsaw,
Mieczyslaw Łoganowski had a group of young communists and came up with the idea that they
had to go to Sulejowek, to pay homage to Pilsudski and then throw a bomb or shoot him. Łoganowski sent a plan of
attack to Moscow. Felix categorically forbade him to implementation because of Anthony Bulhak Dzerzhinsky
married a niece of Pilsudski. They have for some time lived with Pilsudski in Sulej�wek.
It was a very tragic situation. His brother Stanislaus Dzierzynski
in 1917, was stabbed to death in their family mansion. Probably they were
some deserters. Escaped from the front, returned to Russia, spent the night in the mansion.
Felix had command track down the group. They have to be tracked and shot.
From a letter to his sister Aldona Bulhak - Kojałłowicz (April 15, 1919): 'I am sending you things from
Dzierżynow. Very solid gold jewelry was confiscated because of our rights...
I know that this confiscation touches you, but I could not otherwise - that is the law of gold'.
We have data of Jan Bułhak b. 1871 in Nowa Wilejka / New Wilejka, son of Mikolaj Bułhak and Antonina Zamkowicz.
Mickiewicze Wielkie:
in 1870 situated in the Minsk Governorate, the Slutsk district, volost Kleck, but in
1923 in the Poland, Province Nowogr�dek, the district of Nieswiez.
Mickiewicze situated on way from Niasviz / Nieswiez to Klieck / Kleck, close to Asmolawa.
It was the Витгенштейн family estate as Быховщизна in 1870 (Wittgenstein - Byhovschizna / Bykowszczyzna). Espionage and intelligence in Russia 1772, 1914, 1917, 1937, 1989.
We
stayed in St
Petersburg and Moscow "Duflon,
Konstantynowicz & Co." abbreviated
as DEKA At the beginning
Louis Franzevich Dyuflon founded technical office in
the 2nd half of the 19th century in Moscow. L.
Duflon / Dyuflon and Apollon Konstantynowicz acted
in the St.
Petersburg branch of the 'Breguet' Company
telegraphy, educated in Switzerland.
Louis Fran�ois Cl�ment Breguet
was a French physicist, "1835 and 1840 he standardized the company product line of watches, ... and diversified into scientific instruments, electrical devices, recording instruments, an electric thermometer, telegraph instruments and electrically synchronized clocks
Alphonse Foy, in 1842 he developed an electrical needle telegraph to replace the optical telegraph system ... and a later step-by-step telegraph system in 1847 ...
manufactured the rotating mirror Fizeau-Foucault apparatus ... and 'spark coil'
x-ray machines, spark-gap radio transmitters, arc lighting and quack medical electrotherapy devices from the 1880s to the 1920s ... lighting Geissler tubes ... Tesla coils...".
Alphonse Foy informed Morse that his system would not be accepted in France. He also requested Louis Francois Breguet (b. 1804), grandson of Abraham Louis Breguet to produce an electrical telegraph with needles in France.
The resulting Breguet - Foy telegraph used two needles.
It was first tried in 1842.
In 1842 tests were made with optical telegraph at night.
In 1845 test of electrical telegraph was made along the railway route, the Breguet two - needle telegraph, too.
Breguet cooperated also with Chambrier, V. Foy, the French government (dial telegraph in 1845), the
Telegraph Company in 1863 (electric telegraph - Breguet System, late 19th century),
in Britain in the 1860s and 1870s with Wood, Edward George b. in Clerkenwell, Islington, January 1812,
d. 1896 from Cheapside, City of London, who was friend of Thomas Cooper, the Chartist (galvanic telegraph,
Crossley's Telegraph in Halifax), d'Arlincourt (transmitter);
In Russia, St Petersburg - Moscow electrical telegraph line
was established as the first; in 1853 a line to Kronstadt, 1854 to Warsaw. The
Russian state telegraph network of 11000 km was constructed by Siemens
-
Carl Siemens
- in the period 1853 - 1855.
1863 to Tbilisi in Georgia upon the initiative of Grigola Orbeliani, d. 1883. 1860 to Sweden from Russia.
The Jaroszewicz marriage was murdered by former Secret Service
and the Soviet KGB officers, acc. to http://nowahistoria.interia.pl/historia-na-fotografii/.
Jaroszewicz was supposed to suggest that Charles / Karol Swierczewski 'Walter' betrayed him in 1947,
the secret disclosed by the Soviet General, concerning the replacement of the Polish communist leaders by
Soviet agents-look-alikes.
About a backstage of murder of the Jaroszewicz couple writes in book 'Famous couples PRL',
Sławomir Koper, ed. by 'Red and Black', at website http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/ on 11 February 2014.
"...Jaroszewicz apparently had financial problems, but saved a sell-numismatists, which Peter has accumulated
during his long career. ... journalist Bohdan Roliński published two interviews
with former Prime Minister. ... indicated that Jaroszewicz spoke with Karol Świerczewski,
who told him that the Russians used the 'method of matrioszka', of substituting Polish communist by
Soviet agents - look-alikes. Jaroszewicz and Świerczewski have identified several 'matrioszka',
including Jozef Swiatlo and Boleslaw Bierut. Jaroszewicz suggested that the death of Świerczewski
could be related to this knowledge. ...
Even more sensational hypothesis has a journalist of the weekly Angora, Leszek Szymowski,
who stated that the reason for the murder was the Jaroszewicz archive, which contained a copy of the documents
incriminating Wojciech Jaruzelski, Czeslaw Kiszczak and other politicians 80s.
This crime was part of a broader plan to eliminate all that could stopped
the conduct of political transformation, directed by generals Kiszczak and Jaruzelski.
Weekly Wprost published information suggesting that the death of
Jaroszewicz has connected with the secret wartime archives of the
Reich Security Office, which at the end of World War II went to the baroque palace in Radomierzyce near Zgorzelec.
...
among others Gestapo informers lists, documents relating to French collaboration with the Third Reich ...
In 1945, Colonel Piotr Jaroszewicz and several other officers had some explosive packages of securities
before the archives were transferred to the USSR. ... Tadeusz Steć was killed in his own home at the hands of
unknown assailants just a few months after Peter. Before his death, he was tortured...
Jerzy Fonkowicz was assassinated in 1997.
In 2007, the theory that the murder was related to the Jaroszewicz Nazi archive has placed the
Criminal Intelligence Bureau of the Police Headquarters (in Poland).
... ignored the testimony of the witness (who said he saw one woman and two men the morning on September 1
came out of the house). At the end of 2005, analysts Archive X (section dealing with the explanation
of complex criminal cases) found that from the register of the murder of
Jaroszewicz lost key evidence, that is, the three bags with traces of unidentified fingerprints.
The prints were found at the glasses of Jaroszewicz and cabinet doors located in his office...
Biography of
Jaroszewicz overgrown in many myths. The future prime minister was born in 1909 in Nieśwież ...
... In August 1943 he was still Private, but after several months already a colonel, and after a further eight
(after the war) general! Even Napoleon Bonaparte promoted from lieutenant to general took a little more time...".
Generals of communistic People Polish Army: Karol Swierczewski, Piotr
Jaroszewicz and Marian Spychalski (later on the Marshal)
in the fourties of the 20th century were deputies of Michal Zymierski -
Marshal and communistic Minister of Defense. The genealogy of my
Mscislau "inlet" of the Konstantynowicz ancestry point out long and
strong connections with the Imperial Russian Army and Russian military
intelligence since the seventies of the nineteenth century
and after when they served in tsarist Georgia / Sakartvelo
but especial at the turn of the 20th century.
It was the tsarist military technology intelligence at the beginning of
the 20th century.
Below I present abbreviation of the von Pilchau Pilar genealogy.
Adolf Konstantin Jakob Pilar von Pilchau, a Baltic German politician, regent, the owner of the Audern, his birthplace after his father's death in 1870, and Sauga. Audru / Audern, 8 to 10 km north-west-north of Parnu city, is a small borough. Sauga / Sauck, 6 km north of Parnu core, in P�rnu County, southwestern Estonia. Adolf (Alf) Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau died June 17, 1925 in Pernau (P�rnu), P�rnumaa, Estland. Baron Adolf Konstantin Jakob Pilar von Pilchau b. 1851, nickname Alf, b. in Audern / Audru, P�rnumaa. His wife Julie Olga Eugenie von der Pahlen born in Pleskau or Pskow / Pihkva in 1865, her mother Helene Charlotte Louise von der Pahlen nee von Toll 1833 - 1910, and her grandmother Olga Karoline Olga von Toll nee von Strandman 1796 - 1861, her brother Karl Gustav von Strandmann 1787 - 1855, and her sister Wilhelmine Charlotte von Ungern-Sternberg nee von Strandmann 1785 - 1813.
1. Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich Pilar von Pilchau 1767 - 1830; his father was retired major of the Polish army - Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801. Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik north - east of Tallinn or rather south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere, Meremőisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756), served for the Polish army as Major in 1757.
2. Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau 1777 - 1847 in J�ggis / Jőgisoo, Kullamaa, L��nemaa, Estland, and
3. Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1761 - 1819 in Reval / Tallinn. They has stepfather Gotthard Johann II Zoege Reichsgraf von Manteuffel 1717 - 1753, acc. to Peter Trefilov and Mikael Lilliestr�m (under copyright by geni.com).
Georg Ludwig (Egor Maksimovich) Pilar von Pilchau b. 1767 in Kirna, T�ri vald, J�rvamaa;
but his father Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau b. 1734 and died on November 25, 1801
in J�ggis (J�gisuu). He was son of Georg Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau and Anna Sophia.
J�gisoo (J�gisuu) ca 3 km south-west of Kullamaa, south-east-east of Haapsalu, L��nemaa county.
On the Gruenewaldt / Gr�newaldt family:
Pauline Julie Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau b. 1855 in Audern,
daughter of Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, from Audern and Berta Johanna Carolina.
She was second wife of Rafael Mariano / Raffaele Mariano.
She was
sister of Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau; Johanna Sophie Konstanze Keyserling;
Charlotte Julie Pila von Pilchau; Ada Pilar von Pilchau (Helene Bertha Johanna Adele von Gruenewaldt 1853-1889);
Theodor Gustav Otto Peter Pilar von Pilchau; and
Hilda Pilar von Pilchau.
We have got different inf.:
Paulina Cecilia Mariano Julia Elizabeth 1847-1896, nee Pilchau von Pilar,
the wife of Rafael Mariano from Neapol. And also - Paulina Julia Elisabeth von Pilar Pilchau or
Cecilia Paulina Julia Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau
(1847-1896), was married to
the professor Mariano.
Relatives: Adolph (ALF), Jacob Constantin von Pilar Pilchau
(1851 - 1925 in P�rnu, Baron of Livonia, and the marshal
of the district magistrate in Parnu); and Helene Bertha Johanna Adele Gruenewaldt or
Adele Gruenewaldt (1853-1889, nee
Pilchau von Pilar, married Walther Gruenewaldt; she died in 1889 in Cannes; her
husband Walter Johann Georg Konstantin von Gr�newaldt was born 1843 in Hapsal /Haapsalu; his family
owned Koik (Koigi) in J�rvamaa:
father Alexander Georg von Gr�newaldt b. 1805 in Koik; his grandfather
Johann Georg von Gr�newaldt b. 1763 in Koik (Koigi), J�rvamaa; great-grandfather
Johann Adam von Gr�newaldt died 1792 in Koik / Koigi).
Karl Jakob Rudolf von Gernet 1826 died April 20, 1912 in Hapsal / Haapsalu, Estonia. His brother: Magnus Friedrich von Gernet 1824 died October 22, 1909 in Reval / Tallinn, Estonia - and his son:
Rudolf Jakob von Gernet was born 1864 and died in 1944. Rudolf Jakob von Gernet 1864 - 1944, and his mother
Katharina Kitty Helene Amelie von Gernet (nee von Gruenewaldt / Gr�newaldt;
her father Johann / Iwan Christoph Engelbrecht von Gr�newaldt, from Hukas and Koik = Koigi;
her grandfather - above named -
Johann Georg von Gr�newaldt b. 1763 in Koik (Koigi), J�rvamaa;
her great-grandfather Johann Adam von Gr�newaldt b. 1719, landlord of Koigi) 1833 - 1909, near by the
Pilchau Pilar family.
Richard Adolf von Gernet of 1863, known as Adolf, or Adolph.
He was born on 14 April 1863 in Sellenkull / Seljakula, Seljak�la close to Keedika.
North-east of Haapsalu - 27 km, and south-west of Lehola.
He was a graduate of the cathedral school / 'Domschule zu Reval' (a German-language institution, but it was closed
in 1893) 1876 - 1881, and Dorpat in 1881-1886. He was a noted metallurgist after 'M. Inst. M.M.' that is the 'Institute of Mining and Metallurgy'. Adolf von Gernet worked in 'Privatlaboratoriums von Dr. Werner Siemans' in Berlin by Erik Thomson, where he was made head of this laboratory of Werner von Siemens. In 1889 he built a gold wash in Yekaterinburg in the Urals. In 1892 he was representative of the company in America. Around 1895 he followed his brother Rudolf to South Africa where he was a Director of the 'Central Rand Gold Mine Ore Reduction Works'. He patented a process for extracting copper, which became known as Siemens-Halske electric precipitation process later. He presented a paper before the 'Society of Chemists and Metallurgists' in Johannesburg on electrical precipitation; von Gernet, representing the firm of Siemens & Halske, of Berlin, introduced the process in the Transvaal, and for several years it was extensively used. In the 1890s he studied with John Hays Hammond off the coast of Cape Town, the gold content in the sea water ('investigations off the coast of South Africa, not far from Capte Town, to determine the gold content of sea water in that place'). There was a 'Von Gernet Copper Company', but it was liquidated in October 1905. In 1898 he became the first Russian Vice Consul in Johannesburg. In 1901, he traveled through Peru and Bolivia. Later he was in Brussels. Acc. to me he back to Estonia / Russia 1906 ? - to 1917 ? He died on January 4, 1942 in Dingolfing, Bavaria. Adolph von Gernet married in 1898 Leonilla princess of Mestscherski with whom he had a daughter, Alexandra von Reitzenstein (1900-1965).
Above Rudolf Jakob von Gernet 1864, as Rudolf.
He was born on 30 December 1864 in Sellenkull, Poenal, Laanemaa, (Sellenkull = Seljakula, Seljak�la close to
Keedika. North-east of Haapsalu - 27 km and south-west of Lehola) Estonia. A doctor, who was
latterly appointed by the Boer authorities to superintend the hospital, by
James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine Rosslyn.
Rudolf Jakob von Gernet, migrated to South Africa in
the late nineteen nineties together with his wife Olga Antoinette Vera von Dehn.
We back now to the first wife of above Rafael Mariano / Raffaele
Mariano was
(by geni.com) Charlotte Julie Pilar Pilchau / Charlotte Julie C�cilie Pilar von Pilchau born on
January 9, 1847 in Audern, death on December 17, 1896 in Neapol /
Neapel. Her family: father Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, of
Audern and mother Berta Johanna Carolina Freiin Pilar von Pilchau. She was sister of Adolf
Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau; Johanna Sophie Konstanze Keyserling; Ada; Pauline Julie Elisabeth;
Theodor Gustav Otto Peter; Hilda Pilar.
Above Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, of Audern / Audru, P�rnumaa,
born 1814, d. 1870 in Audern close to P�rnu.
He was son of Jakob Johann Pilar Pilchau and Juliane Elisabeth Vietinghoff;
and he was brother of Pauline Luise Pilar von Pilchau. Burial in P�rnu. Born
1774, d. 1814. Grandfather: Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau and Catharina Helena von Tausas.
Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830 /
von Pilhau Yegor Maksimovic or Georg Ludwig -
his father was retired major of the Polish army - Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801.
Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik north - east of Tallinn or
rather south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere, Meremőisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756),
served for the Polish army as Major in 1757.
Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830 in 1803 has been married to
Anna Fyodorovna von Hesse / Johanna Agnetha b. 1779, had three sons and two daughters:
Alexander (1804 - 1866), Lieutenant-Captain of the Guards;
Nicholas (1815 - 1887) and George (1819 - 1882);
Elizabeth 1808, Elena 1811.
Brothers of Yegor Maksimovic Pilar:
1.
Major Maxim / Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau, b. 08.06.1768 (1769?),
2.
Engineer Major Jacob Maksimovic / Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1774,
3.
Captain Vladimir Maksimovic / Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau b. 1777.
Aleksander Pilar von Pilchau, d. 1871, that was Carl Alexander Pilar von Pilchau, born 10.2.1802,
his sister Sophia; his father was born in 1769 - Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau - in Lida,
Vilna province in Poland, after Major of the Russian army.
His son Stanisław Count Pilar von Pilchau owner of Mickuny close to Nowa Wilejka, polonised,
but from the Baltic German from Estland and Latvia, married to Zofia Januszewska / Zofia Januszewski.
She came from Ignacy Januszewski b. 1804 and Kazimiera born 1806,
she died on 28 Jan 1898, Wilno;
her son Aleksander Pilar von Pilchau, born 1860, married 1890 to Helena Joanna Krzywiec,
he died on 12 Oct. 1939 in Mickuny, next of kin of Feliks Dzierżyński;
Helena Joanna Krzywiec born 1864, died on 8 Aug. 1955 in Mickuny;
her son Roman Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1894, d. 1937.
Александр Карл Пилар фон Пильхау born 1802, in Wilno / Вильнюс, was married to Ионна Станиславовна Кульвинска /
Joanna nee Kulwinska daughter of Stanislaw Kulwinski.
His mother
Maria Cecylia von B�cu / Мария Цецилия фон Бекю and
father Магнус or Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау born 1768.
His grandfather Магнус Вильгельм Пилар фон Пильхау born 1734, married 1756 in Tallinn / Ревель, to
Катарина Хелена фон Таузас. Place of living: Халлик and Йоггис; Hagar / Hallik in Tamsalu, Estonia,
county of Laane-Viru, south-west of Rakvere - eastern Eesti.
Augustas Ludvikas Becu / August Ludwik Becu / August Ludwik B�cu b. 1771 in Grodno, his father - Jan Ludwik B�cu.
August Ludwik B�cu owner of Mickuny, married ca 1800 to von Pilar Pilchau 1770-1816
(we are looking for!
Хелена Вильгельмина Пилар фон Пильхау born 1757 and died 1783, her father Магнус Вильгельм Пилар фон Пильхау b.
1734 d. 1801; her brothers and sisters:
1756 in Халлик, born Иоганна София Пилар фон Пильхау,
Хелена Вильгельмина Пилар фон Пильхау,
Вильгельм Фридрих Пилар фон Пильхау 1761, София Элизабет Пилар фон Пильхау 1762,
Анна Доротея Пилар фон Пильхау 1762, in Халлик,
Oтто Густав Пилар фон Пильхау born 1763, Юлиана Шарлотта Пилар фон Пильхау b. 1764, in Халлик,
Мария Луиза Пилар фон Пильхау Крутов b. 1766, Георг Людвиг or Егор Максимович Пилар фон Пильхау born on 19 март 1767,
Магнус Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау 1768,
Катарина Элизабет Пилар фон Пильхау 1769, Анна София Пилар фон Пильхау 1771,
Иоганна Кристина Пилар фон Пильхау 1772, Якоб Иоганн Пилар фон Пильхау 1774, Рейнгольд Адольф Пилар фон Пильхау 1775,
Рейнгольд Вольдемар Пилар фон Пильхау 1777, Ульрика Генриетта Пилар фон Пильхау 1780,
Каролина Амалия Пилар фон Пильхау 1780),
and he has two daughters: Aleksandra Mianowski nee Becu 1804-1832, closest friend of Juliusz Słowacki, and
Hersylia Januszewski 1808-1872.
Teofil Januszewski, was brother of Salomea - mother of poet Juliusz Słowacki.
August Ludwik B�cu in August 1818 married second time to Salomea Słowacki,
when Juliusz Slowacki aged 8.
August Ludwik Becu was sent in 1803 - 1804 from (Russia) the Vilna University to Scotland (UK).
Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830:
his father was retired major of the Polish army -
Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801.
Brothers of Yegor Maksimovic Pilar:
Major Магнус Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау / Maxim / Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau, b. 08.06.1768 or
1769
(his wife was Maria Becu
with her children: Zofia /
София Пилар фон Пильхау and a son was born in Wilno /
Вильнюс, Alexandr / Alexander Karl /
Aleksander Karol Pilchau
Pilar, b. 1802),
Engineer Major Jacob Maksimovic / Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1774, and
Captain Vladimir Maksimovic / Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau b. 1777.
Магнус Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау born on 8 June 1768 and his cousins and closest next of kin:
Бокельберг or Фокельберг / Vokelberg, Фридрих фон Руктешель in Йоггис; Шталь фон Гольштейн / Holstein;
фон Людер / Luder died 1857;
Екатерина Николаевна Кудашева / Kudashev, b. 1811;
Дунина / Dunin, b. 1799; 1798 m. to Иоганн Густав Юст / Iust; 1766 born in Халлик,
Иван Крутов / Krutov / Krutow; Иоганна Агнета Гессе / Hesse b. 1779;
Мария Цецилия фон Бекю / Becu (Maria Becu was married Магнус Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау /
Magnus Maksymilian Fabian Pilar Pilchau b. 1768; her children: Zofia /
София Пилар фон Пильхау and in Wilno /
Вильнюс, was born Alexandr / Alexander Karl / Aleksander Karol Pilchau
Pilar, b. 1802);
Katarina Elizabiet Pilar von Pilchau / Катарина Элизабет Пилар фон Пильхау born 1769, d. 1835,
in 1798 married to Johann Ditrich B. von Althann / Althan or Altham / Иоганн Дитрих Бенджамин Альтхан;
Сукни (Suckni) / Sukni d. 1838;
Catharina Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau / Katarina Elizabiet Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1769 in Hallik, Estonia, d. 1835;
daughter of
Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau and Catharina Helena von Tausas;
she was wife of Johan Diedrich Benjamin Althan / Althann;
and she was mother of Johan Heinrich Althan; Georg Benjamin von Althann and Emilie Helene Althan;
her family:
Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau; Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich Pilar von Pilchau; Jakob Johann Baron,
and Reinhold Woldemar; Margarethe Elisabeth Gfin. Manteuffel; and Gotthard Johann III Reichsgraf Zoege von Manteuffel.
Inf. by Elle Kiiker. Above mentioned
Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau b. 1734 and died 1801 in J�ggis / J�gisuu;
he was son of Georg Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau and Anna Sophia; Garde-Lt., Major of the Polish Army.
Inf. by Peter Trefilov. Above named Johan Diedrich Benjamin Althan: b. ca 1760 ?
Above Georg Benjamin von Althann, b. 1803 d. 1856, husband of Sophie Cecilie von Hirsch and Olga Helena
Kornrumpf; father of Elisabeth Sophie von Althann; Georg Alexander, Anna Adelheid, Ernst Moritz,
and Adolph Richard. He was attorney, by: Elle Kiiker. Above Dr. Georg Alexander von Althann b. 1839 in
Pernau (P�rnu), Estland;
died 1898 in Aachen;
son of Georg Benjamin von Althann and Sophie Cecilie von Hirsch; a medical practitioner,
'Korporatsiooni Livonia'. Above Elisabeth Sophie von Althann b. 1837 in Pernau (P�rnu).
фон Рамм / von Ramm, b. 1779;
фон Мореншильдт b. 1811;
Наталья Николаевна Карпова / Karlow; Михайловна Езерская / Jezierski, died 1919;
фон Штааль b. 1843; Васильевна Чулкова b. 1855; Домудовская / Домудовски; фон Эссен / Essen b. 1847;
Раиса Митрофановна Филиппова / Filippow d. after 1932;
Беренд фон Мореншильдт d. 1861; Симсен; 1801 Франц Герман Экбаум; 1801 Фридрих фон Руктешель.
Gustav Adolf Nikolai Pilar von Pilchau / Gustav Adolf Pilar von Pilchau born in 1841 and died on January 11, 1918
in Haapsalu (Hapsal), L��ne County, Estonia came from Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau b. 1734.
Maria Pilar von Pilchau b. 1839 in Санкт-Петербург / St Petersburg, d. 1922; daughter of
Karl Magnus Pilar von Pilchau.
Evdokya Dmitrievna Horvath was born in St Petersburg in 1902, and married first in 1921 to Cecil Lewis,
second time to Cedric Williams; she was the daughter of the military engineer General Dmitri Horvath,
the second of six children of General Horvath and his wife Camilla Benois.
Dmitri Horvath was the great-great-grandson of Marshal Mikhail Kutusov, and was connected to the Baltic
aristocracy through his mother, Baroness
Maria Pilar von Pilchau. Camilla Benois,
a
member of a distinguished family of artists, sculptors, architects and musicians,
was herself a talented artist and sang and played the piano. Acc. to (Copyright in 2005) The Independent.
Above Karl Magnus Pilar von Pilchau b. 1791, was son of Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau and Magdalene
Wilhelmine Sta�l von Holstein, and was brother of Ottilie Gustava von L�der,
Hermann Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau, Gustav Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau and Georg Pilar von Pilchau,
acc. to: Henno Linn, Peter Trefilov, Marc Peter Bauer and Anita Kuzmina.
Above Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau b. 1761 son of Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau
and Catharina Helena von Tausas.
Above
Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau b. 1734, was father of Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau,
Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich Pilar von Pilchau,
Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau,
Catharina Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau and Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau;
was brother of Dorothea Charlotta Pilar von Pilchau and Maria Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau.
Acc. to Peter Trefilov and Bernard von Schulmann.
Konstantin Behrend Alexander Pilar von Pilchau 1832 - 1894, his father Karl Magnus Reinhold Pilar von Pilchau
b. 1803 in Padis.
Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau b. 1761 son of Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau and Catharina Helena von Tausas.
Above
Jakob Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau 1774 - 1814,
has brothers:
1. Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich Pilar von Pilchau 1767 - 1830
(Yegor Maksimovic Pillar /
Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830 / von Pilhau Yegor Maksimovic or Georg Ludwig,
his father was retired major of the Polish army -
Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801).
Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik north - east of Tallinn or
rather south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere,
Meremőisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756), served for the Polish army as Major in 1757.
2. Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau 1777 - 1847 in J�ggis / Jőgisoo, Kullamaa, L��nemaa, Estland, and
3. Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1761 - 1819 in Reval / Tallinn,
acc. to Peter Trefilov and Mikael Lilliestr�m (under copyright by geni.com).
Zofia Januszewski / Zofija Pilar von Pilchau
died January 28, 1898 -
she was sister of Januszewski Dzerzhinsky Helena,
mother of Felix Dzerzhinsky, who died in 1896.
Alexander von Pilar Pilchau, Judge of the district of Vilnius, died in 1871 - he was great-grandfather of
Roman Pilar! Aleksander Pilar von Pilchau, d. 1871, that was Carl Alexander Pilar von Pilchau, born 10.2.1802,
his sister Sophia; his father was born in 1769 - Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau - in Lida.
P. L. Wittgenstein to E. K. Pilyavskaya / E. Pilawska in 1886-1887.
In 1887, Peter / P. L. Wittgenstein died, the son Lev Petrovich Wittgenstein;
Peter L. Wittgenstein b. 1831, Vilna Province, Lieutenant-General, a military agent in France,
the Russian-Turkish war, one of the richest landowners of the Russian Empire.
Wankowicz family / the Vankovichs were living in the
Slutsk county, lived near Kleck, Byhovschinka / Byhovschizna / Byhovschina and
Ostreika / Astrejka in the Bobruisk (?) county, lived in the Borovische village in the district of
Hlusk / Glussk. This Byhovschizna was in the Slutsk County.
It was into the property of the Prince D. Radziwill, of Nesvizh.
Above Lew / Prince Lev Wittgenstein / Ludwig Adolf Friedrich zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn b.
June 7, 1799, the eldest son of Field Marshal Count Peter Xristianovich Wittgenstein / Piotr Christianovich Wittgenstein and
Antoinette Stanislavovna Snarskii / Antuanetta Snarski / Antuaneta Snarska.
He was married twice:
1. 1828 to Princess Stefania nee Radziwill, daughter of
above Dominik Radziwill and Theophile Morawska;
with two children:
Maria or
Antoinette Carolina - Stefania, and above Peter / Peter Dominic Ludwig 1832-1887, Adjutant General,
Lieutenant General.
2. Princess Leonilla Baryatinskaya Ivanovna.
Stefania
Wittgenstein b. Paris 1809, d. 1832,
nee Radziwill - father Dominik Radziwill
b. 1786, d.
1813;
mother Teofila
Morawska. Stefania was owner about 12000 km˛ that is 1 mln
ha in Belarus (Miezonka...)
and Lithuania. Her children: Piotr Wittgenstein b. 1831
and Maria b. 1829 with husband Chlodwig zu
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst. Her husband from 1828 Ludwik Adolf
F. Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (Ludwig
Adolf Friedrich zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn)
born 8 June 1799
in Kowno, He was first son of Ludwik
Adolf Piotr / Pjotr Christianovich zu Sayn und Wittgenstein /
Пётр Христианович Витгенштейн, who was born 1769 in
Pierejaslawl Zalesskij either Нежин / Negine or Переяславл, and died 11
June 1843 in Lwiw / Lwow.
Gedymin Jerzy Bulhak b. 1856, m. 1892, to Aldona Dzierzynski, he died 1908, lived in Mickiewicze
(Witold Bulhak / Bułhak owner of Mickiewicze Wielkie in the Kleck district.
After death of dad and uncles he taken more Bułhak properties, with library in Dobośnia palace.
Witold Bułhak that is J�zef Witold Bułhak, owner of Czehrynka / Czyhirinka [1834],
close to Niemki, Kolbowo, south of Czeczewiczy, near by Drut' river, west-south-west of Stary Byhow).
His grandfather Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789, m. to Antonina, estates:
Ostr�wek, Burdziewicze, Kozlowicze, Nowy Dwor; parents of
Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789: mother
Franciszka Lowicki and father Jerzy Onufry Bulhak, b. 1749.
Florian Stanislaw Bulhak (a branch of photographer Jan Brunon Bułhak) + Krystyna Ciekawianka were parents of
Florian Bułhak b. 1750 d. 1806,
J�zef Bułhak (see below),
Jan Bułhak,
Wincenty Bułhak,
Ignacy J�zefat Bułhak / Ignacy Jozafat Bułhak / Josafat Ignatius Bulhak,
Jerzy Onufry Bułhak b. 28 April 1749: branch of Aldona Dzierzynska (see below) and
Władysław Bułhak.
Above Josafat Ignatius Bulhak b. April 20, 1758, d. February 25, 1838, Greek Orthodox priest,
Uniate bishop of Pinsk (1787-1795), bishop of Brest (1798-1828), Bishop of Lithuania (1828-1833)
and Archbishop of Polotsk (1833-1838), in 1817-1838 the Metropolitan of Kiev.
Above Jozef Bulhak, the Uniate bishop of Pinsk and Turow, abbot of the monastery of the Basilian in Suprasl.
Great-grandfather Mikolaj Bulhak b. 1670 (father of FLORIAN STANISLAW, KAZIMIERZ,
KATARZYNA, JAKUB m. BARBARA Wolk - Traby, FRANCISZKA, DOROTA, MARCIN m. MARIANNA WERESZCZAK,
JAN b. 1700 m. NN MOGIELNICKA, Nowogrodek clark:
probably from Mikolaj Bulhak b. 1670 come a branch of Gabriel Bulhak
and Ignacy Bulhak of Bobruisk / Bobrujsk marshal and next generation here:
Witold Bulhak / Bułhak owner of Mickiewicze Wielkie in the Kleck district.
After death of dad and uncles he taken more Bułhak properties, with library in Dobośnia palace.
Witold Bułhak that is J�zef Witold Bułhak, owner of Czehrynka / Czyhirinka [1834],
close to Niemki, Kolbowo, south of Czeczewiczy, near by Drut' river, west-south-west of Stary Byhow,
and south-east of Zbyszyn of the Brujewicz family and Borki of 'Nadberezyncy'. Bułhak Gabriel,
office clark in 1793 and 1810. Gabriel Bułhak with Syrokomla coat of arms, born ca 1750 / 1754, married in 1790),
m. to Marianna Imielinski - Prawdzic; he taken estate Kosmowicze from Radziwill.
His parents: Benedykt Bulhak (b. ca 1640?) and Eufemia Protasewicz.
Benedykt was from Konstanty Bulhak and Anna Zablocki, acc. to aordycz.republika.pl.
Above Eufemia Bułhak (Protasewicz - Jastrzębiec) b. ca 1650 was mother of Mikołaj Bułhak, Jerzy Piotr Bułhak and
Szymon Bułhak - by: Urszula Ewa Skarżyńska in 2007.
Aldona Kojallowicz Bulhak nee Dzierzynska, 1870 - 1966. Her husband Gedymin Jerzy Bulhak b. 1856 -
his father Rudolf Jerzy Bulhak 1824-1894;
grandfather Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789.
Great-grandfather Jerzy Onufry Bułhak b. 28 April 1749. Children of Jerzy Onufry Bulhak:
Chryzostom Stanisław Bułhak, Beata Bułhak - Lopott - Trzeciak, Krystyna Bułhak - Niezabitowski,
Ostroberta Bułhak - Woyna
b. 1793, Duklana Pilecki b. 1795 and Julian Bułhak.
Julian Bulhak / Yulyan Bulgak bought land in the Igumen district in 1859 - the estate Matseevich /
Matsevichi / Mateevichi from the landlord Lisowski (of Bulhak in 1867-1913) close to
Marina Gorka. We know that BULHAK, J., was in Nieswiez, Slutsk, Minsk.
Gedymin Jerzy Bulhak b. 1856, m. 1892, to Aldona Dzierzynski, he died 1908, lived in Mickiewicze.
His grandfather Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789, m. to Antonina, estates:
Ostr�wek, Burdziewicze, Kozlowicze, Nowy Dwor.
Осташин Мурованый / Ostaszyn Murowany. Here was living Jan Bulhak / Ян Булгак,
son of Валериан Булгак, Walerian Bulhak or Walery; Jan Brunon Bułhak's parents were
Walery Antoni Stanisław Bułhak - Syrokomla b. 1842 in Ostaszyn d. 1905
(he was brother of
Karolina Karpowicz, Antoni Bułhak b. 1850 d. 1898, NN Bułhak,
Barbara Bułhak from Sadek d. 1907 and Helena Kiersnowska;
Walery Antoni Stanisław Bułhak was son of Jan Antoni Franciszek Bułhak b. 1795 in Woroncza
and JULJA HROMYK,
and grandson of Florian Bulhak b. ca 1740,
great-grandson of Florian Stanisław Bułhak from Mikolaj Bulhak and Katarzyna or Marianna)
and J�zefa n�e Haciska - Roch (b. 1848 in Miratycze, daughter of Władysław Dachnowicz Haciski -
son of Tadeusz Dachnowicz Haciski - and Anna Haciska), landowners in Ostaszyn.
Jan Bulhak from 1897 to 1899, studied literature, history and philosophy at Jagiellonian University, Krak�w.
Back home, he lived in the village of Peresieka (Пярэсека) near Minsk, where he inherited a manor
after his great-uncle's death (brother of one's grandparent or uncle of one's parent).
Пярэсека, Минская область / Pereseka, close to Czurylawiczi, Kaikawa, ca 16 km south of Minsk core;
7 km south-west of Karaliszczawiczi / Koroliszczewiczi / Koroliszczewicze - here Konstantynowicz family.
Children of FLORIAN BULHAK b. ca 1740 and HELENA JABLONSKI: J�ZEF, WINCENTY, WLADYSLAW, IGNACY, MACIEJ b. 1794
d. 1863, JAN ANTONI FRANCISZEK b. 1795 in Woroncza d. 1850, and FLORIANA.
Georgia
/ საქართველო
/
Sakartvelo
Grand Duke Mikhail
Nikolayevich born 13 / 25 October 1832 in Peterhof, Field Marshal and
on December 6, 1862 was appointed governor in the Caucasus and
commander the Caucasian Army, with all rights chief of the army to July
23, 1881. Initiator of the compilation of the 'Caucasian Collection',
published in Tiflis in 1876-1912. In marriage he had six sons and one
daughter, among others Alexander Mikhailovich (Sandro), b. 01 April
1866 in Tbilisi died 1933, Nice, France.
Chief of the Commercial
navigation and ports (1902-1905), during the First World war was in
charge of the aviation in the army: paid much attention to the
development of aviation industry in Russia, on his initiative,
established flight schools, began preparing the first national flight
training and 1914 appointed head of the organization of aviation
business in the armies. Mason, and called himself Philalethes.
Receiving education at home in Georgia, often went for long voyages: 1886 - 1889 made
a voyage round the world on the corvette 'Rynda' and in 1890 - 91, at
his own yacht 'Tamara' traveled to India, described in his journals. In
1892 he commanded the destroyer 'Revel', in 1895, was a senior officer
of a battleship and in 1899, on the battleship 'Admiral Apraksin', then
transferred to the Black Sea Fleet, where he commanded the battleship
'Rostislav'. With the beginning of the 1st World War, in fact, led the
fleet of Russia. In 1915, Admiral, with the December 1916 field
inspector - general of military aircraft; after February 1917 was in
the Crimea, and in 1919 went into exile. Since 1903 an honorary member
of the Nikolaev Naval Academy, was also the chairman of the Eng.
Technical Society. In exile, was the honorary chairman of the Union of
Russian military pilots and he was the patron of the National
Organization for Russian scouts. He was in France in 1909 and next
established the Volunteer Aerial Association under his
presidency (All Russian
Aero Club) and set up the first military aviation school in Sebastopol in 1909 or 1910 - finally formed at Sevastopol (Sebastopol)
for the winter 1912 and in Gatchina
for the summer 1912; near to Russian military
intelligence. The Duke, Freemason, Vice-Admiral was appointed
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Military Air
Fleet in 1914 or 1915 and he
became Inspector of Aviation; aide-de-camp to Nicholas II,
an old friend of the Tsar and married to his sister Xenia.
1892
(A. Konstantynowicz / Apollon Konstantinovich / Constantinovich for the Breguet Moscow branch).
At present the Montres Breguet SA is a member company of the Swatch Group of western Switzerland in L'Abbaye (L'Abbaye is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland; around 30 km north - west of Lausanne). It was founded by
Abraham-Louis Breguet in Paris in 1775.
Abraham-Louis Breguet or Br�guet b. 10 January 1747 and died on 17 September 1823, born in Neuch�tel, Switzerland (Neuchatel - see Duflon, Schaub, Christian Frautschi / Fraucci/ Frautchi / Frauchi b. 1839).
Acc. to 'rootsweb':
Willaim Milton at Taunton in Somerset, died in 1844. CHILDREN: John Milton b. 1822, and wife
Ann Cook had child Sydney Milton b. 1862 - who was living in Clifton Bristol.
In 1890 Sydney Milton married Lina Susette Schwab / Lina Schaub b. 1867, St. Blaise / Hauterive in
the Neuchatel district, Switzerland; Lina's parents were Jakob Schwab / Schaub probably b. in Ferenbalm,
Bern canton, and Susanna Teuscher born in Daerstatten, Bern.
Ferenbalm / Les Baumettes, is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern
in Switzerland, 25 km east of Neuchatel, ca 20 km south-east of St. Blaise,
and ca 22 km north of Fribourg.
Saint-Blaise is a municipality in the district of Neuch�tel in the canton of Neuch�tel in Switzerland. St. Blaise, close to Neuchatel, ca 6 km north-east. Hauterive is 5 km of Neuchatel, near by St. Blaise. Among others Pierre Duflon was living in Lausanne and Neuchatel, Suisse; Marc Duflon from Neuch�tel and BOVERESSE, 16 km north-west of Concise, and south-west of Nauchatel.
Sydney Milton / SIDNEY MILTON had the following children: Lina Rosalie Milton b. 1890,
John Sidney Milton or Sidney John Milton b. 1891, William Frederick Milton,
George Albert, Albertina Marguerit Susette Milton, Ellen Frances May Milton, Charles William Milton.
Sidney was off in the Boer war; Lina died in 1904.
The family SCHAUB, come from Neuch�tel, in 1868.
Lina Schaub / Schwab, 1901 and was living in Bristol,
England, but was born in canton de Neuchatel and married John Sidney Milton. It is believed that they died in
Bern in the early 1900's; may have been living later in Canton de Friborg / Fribourg / Fryburg.
In Saint-Aubin in the canton of Neuch�tel, Suisse,
21 km north-east of Concise (Schaub family; maybe as the Schwab), and
14 km south-east of Neuchatel, 19 km north-west of Fribourg;
probably in the 18th cent. in Saint-Aubin were the Schaubs.
Luke (Lucas) Schaub, come from B�le / Basel was born 1690 and died in London, 1758; received an education in
Basel and in Saint-Aubin in the canton of Neuch�tel to learn the French language, after law school;
Abraham Stanian, British Ambassador in Switzerland gave him various missions; also,
Lord Cobham - British Ambassador in Vienna, take Schaub with him. In 1715 he was appointed ambassador to
Vienna,
finally the Polish Embassy.
Let's look again on
ambassadors in the 18th century in Poland, France, in London. Let us remember about such persons as:
Stanian / Stanyan, Schaub from Switzerland, Sivers /
Sievers from Estonia and Latvia. In the background are the family Rebinder /
Rehbinder and von Pilar - Pilchau from Estonia.
Of course, it is the branch of
Pilar Pilchau, which settled in Mickuny and Parnu.
Now details:
1. Anna Sophia Pilar von Pilchau nee von Berg, b. 1710, d. 1784 in Tallinn, Harju, Estonia;
daughter of Jakob Johann von Berg and Agenete Wilhelmine von Meck;
wife of Georg Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau; mother of Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau;
Dorothea Charlotta Baronesse Pilar von Pilchau and
Maria Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau; she was sister of Reinhold Wilhelm von Berg and
Jakob Friedrich von Berg; Otto Gustav von Berg and Robert Johann von Berg. Copyright by Peter Trefilov.
Mentioned Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau b. 1734 and died 1801 in J�ggis (J�gisuu), Kullamaa,
L��nemaa, Estland was son of Georg Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau and Anna Sophia,
and had children: Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau; Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich,
Jakob Johann, Catharina Elisabeth, Reinhold Woldemar. Copyright by geni.com and Peter Trefilov.
Ebba Emilie Pilar von Pilchau b. 1866, her parents: Olga Marie Emilie von Staal and Konstantin Behrend Alexander Pilchau von Pilar. Above Konstantin Behrend Alexander Pilar von Pilchau 1832 - 1894, his father Karl Magnus Reinhold Pilar von Pilchau (1803 in Padis / Padise, Harjumaa, Eesti / Estland / Estonia and died in 1862, and grandfather Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau 1777 - 1847 from J�ggis / Jőgisuu, Kullamaa, L��nemaa, Estland).
2.
Father of above Anna Sophia Pilar Pilchau: Jakob Johann von Berg b. 1686 d. 1734.
Husband of above Anna Sophia: Georg Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau b. 1709, d. 1752, son of
Friedrich Jakob Pilar von Pilchau and Maria Elisabeth von Knorring, father of
Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau; Dorothea Charlotta Baronesse Pilar von Pilchau b. 1749 and
Maria Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau,
all by Peter Trefilov.
3. Jakov Sivers / Jakob Johann von Sievers,
1731 - 1808, son of Joachim Johann von Sievers (b. 1699);
grandson of Joachim Johann von Sievers b. ca 1674 d. 1753
(his son Karl Eduard / Карл Ефимович von Sievers,
b. 1710 in Nybygard, Finnland, d. 1774 in St. Petersburg, father of Elisabeth /
Елизавета Карловна Putjatin / Elizavieta Puciata,
Johann Carl Sievers of Ropkoy b. Lais (Livl.) 1749 d. 1805 acc. to: Peter Trefilov,
Benedikte b. 1750, Peter and Karl Gustaf Joachim of Waiwara b. 1758 in Petersburg);
count 1798, Extraordinary Ambassador to Poland.
Cementery in Wolmar in Livonia / Valmiera / Wolmar, is a town in northern Latvia,
about 100 km north-east of Riga and 50 km from the border with Estonia. From 1749 to 1755 as a diplomat in
London and Kopenhagen (embassy of Prussia), here he also had the opportunity with his superiors Count Tschernschew to travel to France
and Germany and next to England. After he was active in the
Livonian District and became in 1792 Russian ambassador to Poland.
Then he initiated the process for the second partition of Poland.
In 1794 he was an ambassador, after successful negotiations, recalled.
Jakob Johann von Sievers b. 1731, from Wesenberg / Rakvere, L��ne-Virumaa, Estland;
brother of Joachim Johann von Sievers b. 1741; Carl Eberhard von Sievers b. 1745;
Marie Helene von Guldenhof; Anna Magdalena von K�hler and Peter Christian von Sievers b. 1754, by Are Saarne.
4. Above Friedrich Jakob Pilar von Pilchau b. 1675.
Above Dorothea Charlotta Baronesse Pilar von Pilchau b. 1749 was daughter of Georg Johann Baron Pilar von
Pilchau and was wife of Georg Johann von Sivers / Sievers b. 1750
(son of Friedrich Wilhelm I von Sivers b. 1716 in Reval and Leonette Wilhelmina Rehbinder / Lunetta Wilhelmina von Rehbinder
[family of Friedrich Wilhelm von Sivers b. 1716 d. 1781 and Leonette Wilhelmina von Rehbinder
1729 - 1753: son Georg Johann von Sivers (b. 1750, Eusek�ll, Estonia; died Hiitola / Pukinniemi /
Khiytola / Хийтола - a rural settlement of the Republic of Karelia, Russia)
married in 1773 in Tallinn to
Dorothea Charlotta Baronesse Pilar von Pilchau (b. 1749, Wait, Estonia)
with children:
Friedrich Wilhelm von Sivers 1780, Anna Charlotta Christina von Sivers 1783,
Dorothea Wilhelmina Johanna von Sivers, Elisabeth Christina, Catharina Hedvig Elisabeth];
grandson of Peter von Sivers b. 1674
[maybe Peter von Sivers b. 1674 = Christian Peter Sievers b. 1671 d. 1726,
son of Joachim Sievers; this above named Christian Peter Sievers
had children:
Anna Magdalena / Анна Магдалена, Joachim Christian / Joachim von Sievers and Maria Elisabeth Gunzel,
but Peter Trefilov in 2011 not informed about Friedrich Wilhelm I von Sivers b. 1716 in Reval;
Christian Peter Sievers b. 1671 had brother Joachim Johann b. ca 1674 - his son Karl Eduard
or Карл Ефимович von Sievers b. 1710 of Nybygard; in this branch was
Jakov Sivers / Jakob Johann von Sievers,
1731 - 1808, son of Joachim Johann von Sievers b. 1699,
grandson of Joachim Johann von Sievers b. ca 1674 d. 1753]).
5.
Mother of Dorothea Charlotta Baronesse Pilar von Pilchau b. 1749 (wife of Georg Johann von Sivers / Sievers b. 1750),
was Anna Sophia Pilar von Pilchau nee von Berg,
b. 1710. Georg Johann von Sivers was son
of Friedrich Wilhelm I von Sivers b. 1716 in Reval and Lunetta Wilhelmina von Rehbinder;
grandson of Peter von Sivers b. 1674 / maybe Christian Peter Sievers b. 1671.
Luke Schaub, Lukas Schaub, Lucas Schaub b. 1690 in Basel, Swiss descent.
Son of a notary, a study of law in Basel, diplomatic career in the service of England;
1715-1716 he was a British charge d'affaires to the Holy Roman Empire; 1720, he was - by the English King George I
- knighted; 1721-1724 he was an English ambassador in Paris; 1737 he mediated in the so-called
salmon fishing dispute between Basel and France. He married Marguerite de Ligonnier du Buisson, b. 1717, d. 1789.
Father of Hans Heinrich Schaub (you must check!) and Frederica Augusta Schaub b. 1750, d. 1832 -
she married William Lock; her child William Lock 2nd b. 1767, d. 1847.
He married Elizabeth Jennings (d. 1847), daughter of Henry Constantine Jennings / Jennings-Noel, in 1805.
He lived at Norbury Park, Surrey, England.
Above William Lock / Locke, William, the younger (1767-1847),
amateur artist, friend of Henry Fuseli;
Locke painted historical and allegorical subjects, after
1819 he lived at Rome and Paris (Paszkowski family in Cracow, Moscow, Rome and Paris also!);
leaving one son, William 3rd, and a daughter Elizabeth.
Locke, William, the third (1804-1832), captain and amateur artist, published some illustrations to Byron's works.
He was drowned in the lake of Como, Italy; married Selina, daughter of Admiral Tollemache;
he had daughter, Augusta Selina Locke b. 1833, married
1. Ernest Lord Burghersh,
2.
the Duca di San Teodoro
(Luigi Caracciolo, Duca di Sant'Arpino and San Teodoro m. 1854, diss. 1876 to
Augusta Selina Elizabeth Locke b. 6 June 1833 in Milano, died 1906 at Eaton Square. Sant'Arpino / Sandarpine in the di Caserta in Campania;
14 km north of Napoli, close to Aversa; 18 km south of Capua!
MARIANO, Raffaele / Raphael Mariano / Mariano Mariani, b. in Capua, 1840 - was an Italian philosopher and historian. Cecilia /
Cecylia Mariano Pilar von Pilchau died 1896 in Italy, Neapol. She was born 1847 in Audern, close to Parnu, Livonia.
Pauline Julie Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau b. 1855 in Audern,
daughter of Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, from Audern and Berta Johanna Carolina
Pilar von Pilchau; she was second wife of Rafael Mariano / Raffaele Mariano. She was
sister of Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau.
We have got different inf.:
Paulina Cecilia Mariano Julia Elizabeth 1847-1896, nee Pilchau von Pilar,
the wife of Rafael Mariano. And also - Paulina Julia Elisabeth von Pilar Pilchau (1847-1896), was married to the professor of the
University of Naples. Relatives: Adolph (ALF), Jacob Constantin von Pilar Pilchau
(1851 - 1925 in P�rnu, Baron of Livonia, and the marshal
of the district magistrate in Parnu); and Helene Bertha Johanna von Adele Gruenewaldt (1853-1889, nee
Pilchau von Pilar, married Walther Gruenewaldt). That is on
Cecilia Paulina Julia Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau (1847�1896), from Italian cementery.
The first wife of above Rafael Mariano / Raffaele Mariano was
(by geni.com) Charlotte Julie Pilar Pilchau / Charlotte Julie C�cilie Pilar von Pilchau born on
January 9, 1847 in Audern, death on December 17, 1896 in Neapol /
Neapel. Her family: father Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, of
Audern and mother Berta Johanna Carolina Freiin Pilar von Pilchau. She was sister of Adolf
Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau; Johanna Sophie Konstanze Keyserling; Ada; Pauline Julie Elisabeth;
Theodor Gustav Otto Peter; Hilda Pilar. Above Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, of Audern / Audru, P�rnumaa,
born 1814, d. 1870 in Audern close to P�rnu.
He was son of Jakob Johann Pilar Pilchau and Juliane Elisabeth Vietinghoff;
and he was brother of Pauline Luise Pilar von Pilchau. Burial in P�rnu. Born
1774, d. 1814. Grandfather: Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau and Catharina Helena von Tausas.
Gorki was living on Capri Island (Lenin and Dzierzynski were here). Capri is close to Sorrento, ca 13 km on west; south of Napoli / Neapol where was living MARIANO,
Raffaele / Raphael Mariano / Mariano Mariani - was an Italian philosopher and historian; student of Augusto Vera; his two wifes from the Pilar Pilchau family
of Audern and Parnu. From Capri to Napoli: kilometers 32, bearing: SW),
and 3. Thomas de Grey, the present Lord Walsingham.
Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham b. 1843 in Stanhope Street, Mayfair, London,
d. 1919, was an English politician,
1874 to 1875 he served as a Lord-in-Waiting in the second Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli.
Marriages to Augusta Selina Elizabeth LOCKE / Selina Lock in 1877,
Marion GWYTHERNE-WILLIAMS and Agnes Baird HEMMING.
Child of William Lock and Elizabeth Jennings:
Elizabeth Lock b. 1806, d. 1877 (Baroness of Wallscourt or Bessie).
In 1822 she married Joseph Henry Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt, son of Colonel
Henry James Blake and Anne French;
children of Elizabeth Lock and Joseph Henry Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt:
Henry Joseph Blake b. 1823, William Richard Blake b. 1825,
Elizabeth Frederica b. 1827, Elizabeth Nina b. 1830, Erroll Augustus Blake, 4th Baron Wallscourt
b. 1841, d. 1918: 1874 married, firstly, Lady Jane Harriet Charlotte Stanhope, daughter of Charles Wyndham
Stanhope, 7th Earl of Harrington and Elizabeth Still de Pearsall; married, secondly 1896, Mary Ethel Palliser,
daughter of Sir William Palliser and Anne Perham; educated at Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire;
he was extra Aide-de-Camp to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. Children of Erroll Augustus Blake, 4th Baron
Wallscourt: Charles William Joseph Henry Blake, 5th Baron Wallscourt b. 1875,
Erroll Wyndham Lincoln Blake b. 1875, unmarried, Elizabeth Lucy Eily Blake b. 1877, d. 1966 (she married
Major Leycester Penrhyn Storr, son of Reverend John Storr and Amy Theodosia Leycester, 1907 and had:
Norah Storr, b. 1908, m. F. D. Atkinson; Leila Storr, b. 1909, 1958 m. Edward McGarel-Groves;
Winifred Storr, b. 1911; Jane Storr, b. 1916; Eliabeth Storr, b. 1918, m. Ian Spence),
Elizabeth Honoria Blake,
Margaret Phyllis Blake. Above Charles William Joseph Henry Blake, 5th Baron
Wallscourt was married Ellen Mayo, daughter of Joseph Mayo. Literature by Rudolf Massini, 1953; Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography in 2004; Stefan Hess. Above data copyright by www.thepeerage.com.
STANYAN, ABRAHAM (1669 ? - 1732), diplomatist, elder son of Laurence Stanyan of Headley, Middlesex.
1702, he was appointed secretary to the Earl of Manchester at Paris;
1705, as envoy to the Swiss cantons, taking with him bills of exchange upon the bankers of Genoa
for the allied forces in Italy.
Stanyan at once hastened to Neuch�tel; Stanyan returned home in February 1709, but was soon back again in
Switzerland, and was in 1710 with a mission to Piedmont and 1712 at Milan.
1716 - 1717 appointed envoy to Vienna. 1719 - 1720 ambassador to the Porte in Constantinople,
succeeded Edward Wortley Montagu; member of the Kit-Cat Club, Stanyan was on friendly terms with Pope.
Abraham's younger brother, Temple Stanyan (d. 1752), appointed secretary under Viscount Townshend,
1719 he was appointed clerk in the room of his brother, and numerous diplomatic letters addressed
to him from Paris during the embassy of Sir Luke Schaub; he left a daughter Catherine (d. 1801),
who married Admiral Sir Charles Hardy the younger. Above
Charles Edward Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester, d. 1722, educated at Cambridge,
envoy to Vennice, ambassador to France.
Sir William Trumbul d. 1716, was English envoy at Tangir.
Lord Cobham, on a secret mission to Vienna to the Emperor Charles the
Sixth; with General Cadogan and Sir Luke Schaub (he was secretary to Richard, lord Cobham,
who was English ambassador at Vienna in 1715) were sent to Vienna to negotiate the Barrier Treaty.
1714, Cobham and Stanhope went together on an embassy to Vienna.
Viscount Cobham = Richard TEMPLE, b. 1675, son of Richard Temple senior,
1706 Major-General, Field Marshal in 1742, Envoy to Vienna 1714-1715, Constable of Windsor Castle, 1716-1723;
created Baron Cobham, 1714; created Baron Cobham and Viscount Cobham, 1718;
1749, the Barony of Cobham of Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England.
Admiral Sir Charles Le Hardy (1714 or
1716-1780) was the son of Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Le Hardy and Elizabeth Burchett.
In 1749 he married Mary Tate and in 1759, following her death, he married Catharine Stanyan
(see: Abraham Stanian, British Ambassador in Switzerland and
Abraham's younger brother, Temple Stanyan d. 1752). The couple had three sons and two daughters.
Sir Charles Hardy died at Spithead, leaving his estate at Rawlins,
Oxfordshire, to his eldest son, Temple Hardy. By Catharine's death in 1801, only Temple survived of the three sons.
Hardy's brother, Josiah, was a merchant and Governor of New Jersey.
Captain Temple Hardy / Charles Temple Hardy
(1765 � 1814) was an English naval officer active during the French Revolutionary Wars,
in the capture of the Cape Colony in 1795. He was a son of Admiral Charles Hardy,
at Rawlins, in Oxfordshire. The will, left his possessions
to his wife and to his two unmarried sisters, Clare and Rachael Emilia.
Rawlins, in Oxfordshire - Rawlins House, in Adderbury, close to Banbury, in Oxfordshire,
north of Oxford.
In Concise (Suzanne Jean SCHAUB lived in the canton of Vaud between 1830 and 1866. In Concise, Vaud, close to Grandson,
Cortaillod, south-west of Neuchatel; north of Lausanne, ca 45 km),
in the Vaud canton - 14 km north of Demoret / D�moret (D�moret in the canton of Vaud - ca 30 km north of Lausanne and Cully, 9 km north of Moudon).
Chavornay (Duflon) is 18 km west from Demoret (Schaub).
L'Abbaye (Breguet) is ca 18 km west-south-west of Chavornay (Duflon).
The Schaub family in Switzerland
- details:
Sebastian SCHAUB, b. 1705, wife Elizabeth TSCHUDI,
had Jacob, Elizabeth, Hans Heinrich b. 1735, Sabastian, Jr b. 1738, and Anna b. 1739.
Hans Schaub b. 1700 in Ormalingen, d. 1760;
Hans Jakob Schaub b. 1725 in Ormalingen, d. 1785; Heini Schaub b. 1728 in
Ormalingen; Hans Schaub b. 1729, Ormalingen; Martin Schaub b. 1730, Ormalingen;
Catharina Schaub b. 1734 - Ormalingen.
Johann Jacob Frey b. 1648 in Baregg, Knonau, Zurich, Switzerland, husband of Anna Maria Schaub(en) b.
1649 in Langensoultzbach, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France, daughter of Matthias Schaub and Ursula Lange.
Matthias Schaub from Langensoultzbach, Bas-Rhine, France.
Lucas Schaub b. 1690, d. 1758, father of Hans Heinrich Schaub, by Carl Theodor Ekel�f
and Magnus Ljungkvist. Hans Heinrich Schaub b. in Sissach, Switzerland in 1681 to Bastian Schaub and
Maria Kirsteiner. Hans Heinrich married Ursula Horand and had a child. Sebastian Schaub 1704-1733,
in Switzerlamd 1704 to Hans Heinrich Schaub and Ursula Horand. Sebastian married Elisabeth Tschudi and had 3
children, died 1733 in Sissach, Basel, Switzerland. Hans Heinrich Schaub b. 1681.
Hans Heinrich Schaub b. 1695 d. 1745. Sebastian Schaub b. 1715 in Sissach +
Elsbeth Tschudin. Anna Maria 1751-1820 m. to Martin SCHAUB 1742-1826.
Johannes 1728-1818 m. 1749 to Anna KESSLER 1724-1804 had Anna 1749, Maria 1751,
Hans Jakob 1756-1828, Elisabeth 1758, Anna Barbara 1760, Johannes 1766 m. 1792 to
Catharina MEIER 1771-1792 with children: Hans Jakob 1792 m. 1821 to
Anna LUEDIN; above Johannes b. 1766 m. second time in
1800 to Elise NEFZGER: Johannes 1801 + Barbara SCHWOB, Martin 1802, Martin II
1804 m. Barbara HEID, with children: Luise 1837, Martin 1841-1889 + 1869 to
Elisabeth ERB 1845-1924 with children: Lina 1872 died 1923, Auguste 1876, Luise 1877, Elisabeth 1811.
As an independent director of the Noblessner was elected nobleman A. Shaub / A. Schaub / А. В. Шауб, co-owner of
two St. Petersburg industrial enterprises, acc. to: M. N. Baryshnikov, Noblessner: Formation of Financial and
Industrial Group in St. Petersburg in the Early Twentieth Century, ed. 2013 - this article is devoted to the
research of the formation of financial and industrial group Nobel-Lessner in St. Petersburg in the early
twentieth century. It should be noted that for the Nobel interest is important activities of his brother
(cousin acc. to me) - Gustav Schaub, owner of the mechanical production company in Estonia and director
of the Society Volta in Revel (company, also co-operated with the Petersburg Discount and Loan Bank,
specialised in the production of dynamo maschines and electricity motors, and in 1917 its authorized
capital amounted to 2,000,000 rubles) and Director of the Company called Karl Winkler in St. Petersburg.
Society Volta supplied also the plant Noblessner in Revel / Tallinn.
The Tallinn plant Volta / 'Volta tehas', was one of the largest enterprises of the Estonia,
specialized in the production of electric motors of different types and capacities. It
was in Tallinn, street Teestuze; historical Volta factory was founded in 1899.
On April 15, 1899 Joint Stock Company Volta, had
shareholders:
Карл-Вильгельм Лутер / Carl Wilhelm Luter / Charles William Luther,
Кристиан Лутер / Christian Luther,
Girard, Кристиан-Бертольд Роттерманн / Christian Berthold Rottermann, Rosen and
Ingmann and the Riga Commercial Bank (former German company AEG).
Joint Stock Company Volta has acquired land in Revel and began construction of the plant, received its name
from the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta; the plant began work on
January 5, 1900 and was originally produced electric motors, generators, lighting systems, including equipment
for the Tallinn power station.
Generators produced at the Volta, gave the first electricity for homes of Tallinn in 1913.
Before the revolution, the plant employed about a thousand people;
In the summer of 1903 Carl Wilhelm Luter, during a trip to Berlin, died aged forty-four.
Carl Wilhelm Luther - the eldest son of Alexander Martin Luther / Александр Мартин Лютер, the founder of a
furniture factory, famous not only in the province of Estonia; after graduating from Riga Polytechnic, he worked
for several years in St. Petersburg, after which he returned to his hometown. In Revel,
son of the founder of a furniture factory, Luther was not only the owner of the enterprise, but also led
the technical management of production; 1899, together with his younger brother Christian, Carl founded
the electro-mechanical factory Volta, becoming its director; he is the author of Charles Luther Public House in
Revel, 1904.
Carl Wilhelm Luther born 1859 in Tallinn, d. 1903 in Berlin, as a son of the German Baltic merchant and
entrepreneur Alexander Martin Luther (1810-1876) and his wife
Henriette Caroline Steding (1825-1905).
Carl's older brother was the entrepreneur Christian Wilhelm Luther (1857-1914);
Carl Wilhelm Luther concluded in 1885, the Polytechnic of the Livonian capital Riga in mechanical
engineering, working in St. Petersburg, and next he returned to Estonia.
Carl Wilhelm Luther was son of Alexander Martin Luther and Henriette Caroline Luther,
and was husband of Sidney Frances; he was father of Winifred Luther, by Ilmar Raudm�gi.
Alexander Martin Luther b. 1810 in Tallinn, Harju.
Son of Christian II Wilhelm Luther and Johanna Amalie Amalie.
Brother of Gerdruta Carolina Paulsen; Auguste Charlotte Luther; Catharina Henriette Luther;
Helene Amalie Luther; Johann Christian Luther; Leopold Luther; Moritz Wilhelm Luther and
Ferdinand Wilhelm Luther, by Lasse S�derstr�m, Raul Kalev, Epp Ehasalu.
Above mentioned Johanna Amalie Amalie Luther nee Gebauer b. 1774; daughter of Johann David Gebauer, II.
Above Christian II Wilhelm Luther b. 1774 in Tallinn, Harju; d. 1841. Son of Georg Christian Luther, II and
Maria Helene. Copyright by Lasse S�derstr�m and Ehasalu.
Above Georg Christian Luther, II was born 1717 in Breslau / Wroclaw, Poland.
The entrepreneur Georg Christian Luther (1717-1800) in 1742 emigrated to the Russian Empire to Tallinn.
Above mentioned
Alexander Martin Luther b. 1809 / 8th Jan. 1810 in Tallinn,
Estland; d. 22 September 1876.
In 1870, Alexander Martin Luther co-operated with the businessman Markel Makarov;
from 1848 to 1864 Luther was councilor in Tallinn, 1855 to 1864 he was treasurer of Tallinn.
Luther's sons:
Christian Wilhelm Luther (1857-1914) and Carl Wilhelm Luther (1859-1903).
Alexander Martin Luther was married three times, to Louise Gebauer,
to Therese with three daughters and a son, and to Henriette Caroline
Steding (1825-1905). In last
marriage, three sons were born: the entrepreneur Christian Wilhelm Luther (1857-1914) and
Carl Wilhelm Luther (1859-1903) and the theologian John Henry Luther (1861-1932)
in Kadrina, and in Narva; Kadrina in the L��ne-Viru in Estonia.
The A. M. Luther Company was founded in Tallinn in 1877; it was winner
of the Grand Prix of Paris for a waterproof glue, with
alliance of other companies such as
Venesta of London - A. M. Luther Venesta,
which operated the tea trade between Ceylon and London.
Christian founded a shareholder company Luterma which later went into a partnership with Venesta,
in London; 1909 he started a factory in Staraja Russa;
Martin began his career at Venesta but returned to Tallinn
to run Luterma.
Henry Kerr Rutherford / Henry Rutherford was working for Venesta since
1908 and in 1912 as managing director of Venesta, partner of the A. M. Luther AG.
Next the chairman 1944; born 1886 in London, UK, d. 1972 in Banstead, Surrey.
Son of Henry Kerr Rutherford senior; husband of Dorothea Elizabeth Olga and
father of Henry Christian Rutherford, and Bevan.
The A. M. Luther AG / Luterma / A. M. Luther Mechanical Woodworking Factory
was founded in 1883, in 1908 Luterma established a sister company in London, the Venesta Plywood Company
and branch offices in many European countries including Germany, Sweden, France, and Italy.
Above
Rutherford Henry was a tea planter in Sri Lanka and was involved in importing it to England.
He heard about waterproof plywood that was being made in Estonia,
it might be suitable for packing tea; he sent his son, also Henry,
to Tallinn; he met Christian Luther and also met his daughter Dorothea Dolly;
Dolly and Henry were married in Tallinn in 1910. Their son Henry called Harry,
was born in Tallinn in 1911 and the family moved back to England in 1912.
Henry became CEO of Venesta which was the UK partner firm of A. M. Luther.
Above Dorothea Elizabeth Olga Rutherford nee Luther, b. 1890 in
Tallinn; she was daughter of Christian Wilhelm Luther and Nelly;
Christian Wilhelm Luther b. 1857 in Tallinn, son of Alexander Martin Luther and Henriette Caroline.
Mentioned above Nelly Luther nee Greiffenhagen was born
1861 in London, and died 1934 in London; she was daughter of August Greiffenhagen /
Augustus Samuel, b. 1820 in Kuznechikha, Arkhangelsk province in Russia.
For the Venesta acted B. J. Butler 1909, director 1946; S. A. Field.
Ken Rutherford in 1896 had been in Tyllyrie;
he was the prominent figure in Ceylon's planting annals,
in an article published in 1907, Rutherford describes the progress made by Ceylon in the plantations
sector, in the decade just passed.
Working together with D. Reid and E. A. Cooke, he had purchased land in the Dickoya valley for coffee and tea at estate called Tillyrie.
Ceylon�s growers agreed with Rutherford and in 1886 they formed a voluntary tea syndicate.
At the Colonial and Indian Exhibition held in London in 1886,
Tillyrie was awarded.
This was followed by a certificate awarded in 1889 by the United States of America.
Kelani Valley Plantations ca 70 km east of Colombo (Luccommbe & Rutherford).
Tillyrie Estate Dickoya / Dickoya is 24 km east of above named Kelani, south of Kandy,
capital of The Central Province of Sri Lanka.
J. H. Rutherford Lee in Kohowalla, manager 1912 in
the Pillagoda Valley 1927-1928.
Rutherford Henry was a tea planter in Sri Lanka and was involved in importing it to England;
was born as Henry Kerr Rutherford b. 1886 in London, UK in
family of
Henry Kerr Rutherford senior, b. 1846, d. 1943,
(Ceylon Tea Planter's Note-Book by H. K. Rutherford, 'Times of Ceylon', Colombo, 1931)
who was
son of Peter Rutherford and Eliza nee Kerr.
Peter was brother of Mary Aitken; Robert Ruecastle, Elizabeth Ruecastle Davies; Janet Roberts
and Peter.
Peter Rutherford was tea planter in Sri Lanka, but
Peter Rutherford was born in 1794 in Kelso, at Scottish Borders, in Scotland, died
1856, was son of Robert Rutherford and Elizabeth Ruecastle daughter of
Walter Ruecastle who died in Hawick, Scottish Borders.
Mentioned Robert Rutherford b. 1769 in Jedburgh, Scottish Borders, was son of Patrick Rutherford
and Isobel Common. Jedburgh located
in the Scottish Borders and historically in Roxburghshire, south-east of Edinburgh.
I said Henry Kerr Rutherford (b. 1886) heard about waterproof plywood that was being made in Estonia,
it might be suitable for packing tea; he sent his son, also Henry, from Ceylon
to Tallinn.
Henry Kerr Rutherford / Henry Rutherford was working for Venesta since 1908 and in 1912 as managing
director of Venesta, partner of the A. M. Luther AG. Next the chairman 1944; born 1886,
d. 1972 in Banstead, Surrey.
Nelly Luther nee Greiffenhagen was born 1861 in London, and died 1934 in London; she was daughter of
August Greiffenhagen / Augustus Samuel, b. 1820 in Kuznechikha, Arkhangelsk province in Russia;
wife of above named Rutherford Henry junior. Her sons: Henry Christian Rutherford; Bevan.
Above Henry Christian Rutherford, called Harry, b. 1911 in Tallinn,
d. 1991 in Haywards Heath, West Sussex. His son Christopher Rutherford.
More at www.clanrutherfurd.org:
1. Sir John Rutherfurd, Lord Edgerston, b. 1687,
wife: Elizabeth Cairncross of Langlee;
2. John Rutherfurd (1712-1758), younger, of Edgerston,
born 1712, died at the battle of Fort Ticonderoga, he represented Selkirkshire
and Roxburghshire in Parliament.
3. John Rutherfurd of Edgerston (1748-1834), born at New York.
4. Jane / Jean Rutherfurd, sister of John Rutherfurd of Edgerston,
wills 1753 and 1758, died 1820, married William Oliver of Dinlabyre in Liddesdale.
5. William Oliver-Rutherfurd (1781-1879), eldest son of Jane and William Oliver,
born at Weens 1781 and educated at Eton and Edinburgh University.
And now compare the data concerning the Ceylon with another English - French family:
Daniel Carlier, b. 1766, London, England; died 1829 in Palamcottah, Tamil Nadu, India, son of
Jacob Carlier and Susanne Mercier; inf. by Marco Alexander Herbst.
Daniel Carlier m. Mary Marlain; he was born in 1770 / 1766 at London, England (? - in Colombo, Sri Lanka),
d. 1822 / 1829 in Palamcottah, Tamil Nadu, India.
Husband of Mary Marlain;
father of Henry Augustus Carlier; Mary Carlier; William Evans Carlier; David Evans Carlier and
Daniel Carlier; brother of Isaac Carlier, half brother of Abraham Carlier, inf. by Marco Alexander Herbst
at geni.com in 2009;
Mary MARLAIN b. ca 1770, d. 1855 Ootacamund;
Daniel Carlier born in 1770 / 1766 was working as Conductor of Madras Invalids;
is the man who leaves the Huguenot community in London to go to India.
Daniel's parents were Jacob Carlier and Susanne Mercier, both born in London;
he married a woman from Colombo, Mary Marlain, in 1807 in India, but he had also son Daniel,
born about 1796. He had son Daniel second who married Eliza Grace Evans in 1829 in Palamcottah, Madras
province, from his third wife - her father may be William Evans.
Mary Carlier (Marlain) b. ca 1770 in Colombo, Ceylon; d. 1855 in Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
At this same time
Peter Rutherford was tea planter in Sri Lanka since 1840 ?
In 1824 a tea plant was brought to Ceylon by the British from China.
Experimental tea plants were brought from Assam and Calcutta in India to Peradeniya in 1839 by the East India Company.
The CARLIER name is French Huguenot, French Protestants and in 1720 Jan CARLIER born in Amsterdam,
North Holland had two children born in Colombo, Sri Lanka which was colonized by the Dutch.
Marriage record for Daniel CARLIER in 1807 to Mary Marlain from Colombo, lived in Fort St George, Madras.
But Elizabeth CARLIER b. 1828 had parents D. CARLIER and Elizabeth.
It is possible that the Huguenot CARLIER from England went to South India with the East India company;
above data under copyright by Moira Breen from USA.
The A. M. Luther furniture factory was created by Christian IV Wilhelm Luther (1857-1914);
Alexander was the father of both Ferdinand Justinus, Fred Luther's grandfather, and of Christian IV;
another Alexander Martin was Uncle Martin.
Father Christian IV Wilhelm Luther (1857-1914) and son Martin Christian Luther (1883-1964) were
successive directors of the plywood factory in Tallinn since
1884. The fire at the Venesta Works, Silvertown, London on January 19th, 1917,
occurred at a munitions factory; 50 tons of trinitrotoluene (TNT) exploded.
The factory was built in 1893, but production of TNT began in September 1915.
The method used was invented by F. A. Freeth;
another plant, at Gadbrook, was built in 1916; in
1896 'The Venesta Syndicate' was formed for the tea-chests, and in 1906
Venesta Ltd. used the southernmost portion of Napier Yard, as manufacturer
of wood and metal cases, boxes and barrels.
In France in some large French cities were set up some phone lines by
formed the first French telephone companies. The Maison Breguet in Paris supplied them from the French
concessionaire, Cornelius Roosevelt.
In Britain they were made for
William H. Reynolds by the THE INDIA-RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA, AND TELEGRAPH WORKS COMPANY, LIMITED,
known by its location near London as
The Silvertown Company - The Gutta Percha Co., High Street, Stratford;
3 and 1/2 km north of Venesta, walking by Prince Regent Ln!
At the beginning Dr. William Montgomerie from Malaya, Michael Faraday and Charles Mackintosh,
manufacturer of waterproof clothing, Thomas Hancock and his brother Charles found gutta percha
the ideal material, and Henry Bewley, manufacturer of soda water, formed the Gutta Percha Company on
4 February 1845.
Venesta of London - A. M. Luther Venesta.
The factory was built in 1893 on the south side (River Thames side) of North Woolwich Road (now the A1020,
nearly opposite Mill Road) by Brunner Mond, a forerunner of Imperial Chemical Industries,
to produce soda crystals and caustic soda.
Venesta Ltd., now Aluminium Foils Ltd., North Woolwich Road, Silvertown.
Василий Васильевич Шауб / Wilhelm Schaub / Wilhelm Johann-Vassili Vassilyevitsh Schaub, 1861 - 1934. Vasily Schaub / Wilhelm Johann Christian, Russian architect, also being built in Moscow, Saratov, Yekaterinburg. Son of Василии Иванович Шауб (1834 in G�ttingen, d. 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia) / Wilhelm Karl Albert Emil Schaub. G�ttingen is a university town in Lower Saxony. Grandson of Johann Schaub or Ivan Schaub (b. ca 1800 ?).
Probably Johann Schaub or Ivan Schaub come from Johannes b. 1766 m. second time in
1800 to Elise NEFZGER, who had child
Johannes 1801 (Johann Schaub or Ivan Schaub) + Barbara SCHWOB.
Wilhelm Johann Vassili Vassilyevitsh Schaub was father of Woldemar Schaub and Gustav Schaub.
Brother of Amalia Marie Julie Wasmer (1862 Petersburg - 1935 Berlin, wife of Richard Julius Wasmer); Alexander Schaub (1866 - 1934, husband of Emma, father of Boris Schaub; Wera Kudrevich / Wiera Kudrewicz and Alexander Schaub junior) and Heinrich Wilhelm Schaub. All above data acc. to Karin Lindsalu Heermeyer at geni.com, his mother Julia Maria Schaub nee Zeh. Above Gustav Schaub, b. ca 1885? husband of Sophie, father of Sophie younger. Brother of Woldemar Schaub who was husband of Waleska Schaub / NN nee Walewska?
Hans Jakob 1768-1827 m. Elise MEYER and Verena WALLISER had:
Verena 1794-1849 + Rudolf SCHAUB 1778, Hans Jakob 1797, Hans Jakob 1798 +
Anna Barbara EHRSAM 1806 with children: Johan Jakob 1829 (Johann Jakob Schaub b. 1828 in Itingen, 1 km near by Sissach), Anna Barbara 1829, Johan Jakob 1831-1890 +
Anna Margaretha TSCHUDIN b. 1845 with children: Anna Maria 1867, Anna Barbara 1868,
Johan Heinrich 1869, Johan Heinrich 1870, Anna 1877, Rudolf 1883; Rosina 1833, Anna Barbara 1835,
Johan Rudolf 1837 + Anna Maria BOLLIGER 1839-1907 with children: Arnold 1880;
Johan Rudolf 1837 + Elisabeth TSCHUDIN 1841-1879 with children: Johan Jakob 1860,
Rudolf 1862, Elisabeth 1863, Emil 1865 + Regula STAUFER had Jakob Ewald 1891-1913;
Wilhelm 1867 + Elisabeth KYBURG had Johan Wilhelm 1891-1912,
Ernst 1896-1918; Albert 1869, Maria 1873 + Alexandre CEPPI; August 1876, Emilie 1879; Johannes 1839-1911
+ Anna Margaretha GISIN 1837-1872 had Johan Jakob 1858 + Elise GENTSCH with Elisabeth 1885,
Anna Barbara 1859, Johannes 1861, Elisabeth 1863, Johannes 1864-1923;
Johannes 1839-1911 + Verena BUSER had Arnold 1873, Verena 1878, Arnold 1886; Ursula 1845,
Johannes Heinrich 1849 + Emma FLUBACHER had Johan Heinrich 1873-1919 + Sophie WAGNER,
Karl 1875.
Around 1750, the baker, Johann Jakob Schaub, bought the Inn zum Engel in Basel, and in 1801,
the son-in-law of Johann Jakob Schaub, Martin Leutenegger.
Above baker is maybe Johannes 1728-1818 m. 1749 to Anna KESSLER 1724-1804.
Conrad Schaub was born 1843, in Oberglatt county - 13 km north of Zurich, Switzerland, to Solomon Schaub and
Susanna Maag.
Solomon was born 1805, in Switzerland; Conrad Schaub
became a civil engineer in southern Germany, Worms; married Maria Anna Alker in 1867.
They moved back to Switzerland in 1869, and Karl Conrad jr.
was born to them in 1869, Zurich.
Descendants of Johannes Friedrich Schaub b. 1717 in Buss (?), Switzerland, and died 1801 in Bethania, N.C.
He married DESERTE MARIA SCHUMAKER in 1743 in Marienborn, Germany.
Heinrich Schaub b.
1802 in Sissach, close to Basel;
Swiss politician in the Basel
canton 1832, 1838 und 1850, 1869 to 1870.
Jakob Schaub b.
1862 in Gelterkinden, 4 km east of Sissach, south-east of
Basel;
editor and printer, Basel, Z�rich, in Sissach.
Johann Jakob Schaub b.
1828 in Itingen, 1 km near by Sissach.
Others in Switzerland:
Otto Schaub (1886�1955), Samuel Schaub (1882�1962), Walter Schaub b.
1885 in Sissach; d. 1957 in Bottmingen, near to Basel, Swiss politician.
Schaub family in
Ferenbalm / Les Baumettes,
is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative
district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland, 25 km east of Neuchatel, ca 20 km south-east of St. Blaise,
and ca 22 km north of Fribourg.
At this time to Basel in Switzerland goes Parvus of Berezina in the Minsk province from the
Russian Empire, too. Alexander Lvovich Parvus / Israel Lazarevich Gelfand (1867-1924),
from Jewish family in Berazino,
the Ihumen county; next he moved to Odessa to Israel's paternal grandfather;
he had left wife Tanya Helfand and his son; 1886 - 1887 in Basel, Switzerland; and again in 1888 Gelfand
at the University of Basel to
1891; next Germany, 1900, met Lenin in Munich and begin publishing his revolutionary paper 'Iskra';
he again met Lenin in Bern in May 1915.
Saint-Aubin in the canton of Neuch�tel, Suisse,
21 km north-east of Concise (Schaub family), and
14 km south-east of Neuchatel, 19 km north-west of Fribourg;
probably in the 18th cent. in Saint-Aubin were the Schaubs.
Luke (Lucas) Schaub, come from B�le / Basel was born 1690 and died in London, 1758; received an education in
Basel and in Saint-Aubin in the canton of Neuch�tel to learn the French language, after law school;
Abraham Stanian, British Ambassador in Switzerland gave him various missions; also,
Lord Cobham - British Ambassador in Vienna, take Schaub with him. In 1715 he was appointed ambassador to
Vienna,
finally the Polish Embassy.
Fran�ois / Fran�oise Duflon from Riex (near by Cully in the Lavaux; the Lavaux is a region in the canton of Vaud
in Switzerland, in the district of Lavaux-Oron; the Lavaux at northern shores of Lake Geneva;
village Forel = Lavaux, north-east of Lutry) and Villeneuve was born in 1831 in La Tour-de-Peilz, where his
father was a teacher. La Tour-de-Peilz east from Lausanne, close to Villeneuve, 15 km.
The Demontet family - in Villette in the Vaud province.
Villette on way from Lutry and Cully. Cully is near to Riex.
The Ramseyer family from Neuch�tel and La Chaux-de-Fonds -
is a Swiss city of the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds
in the canton of Neuch�tel. Also St-Aubin-Sauges north of Lausanne (St-Aubin-Sauges is 6 km north-east of Concise where the SCHAUB family lived in the canton of Vaud between 1830 and 1866), Grindlachen, Bern in Switzerland;
from Siebnen and Steffisburg north-east of Lousanne, Tavannes, north of Neuchatel.
La Chaux-de-Fonds 15 km north of Neuchatel.
Originally Prussian, Abraham Louis Breguet began his career as a watchmaker but also a physicist.
His son Louis-Antoine Breguet. His ancestry was French but his family were Protestants so they fled to Switzerland after Edict of Nantes in 1685.
He met
Abraham-Louis Perrelet and Xavier Gide.
In 1795 Breguet returned to Paris. Circa 1807 Breguet brought in his son, Louis-Antoine (born 1776) as a business partner, and from this point the firm became known as Breguet et Fils. He sent his son to London to study with the great English chronometer maker,
John Arnold.
Abraham-Louis Breguet died in 1823 and it was carried on by Louis-Antoine to 1833 (he died in 1858), and after the business continued under Abraham-Louis' grandson
Louis Fran�ois Cl�ment Breguet born on 22 Dec. 1804
in Paris.
Louis Francois Clement Breguet work in the early days of
(Masson, Antoine Philibert and Louis Breguet in 1841 ed. 'Memoire sur l'induction', Annales de chimie et de physique, Paris, 4 (3), p. 129-152; Masson describes the toothed wheels that functioned as an interrupter).
With
(archaically known as an inductorium or Ruhmkorff coil after Heinrich Ruhmkorff)
is a type of electrical transformer used to produce high-voltage pulses ... were widely used in
Breguet, Louis Fran�ois Cl�ment / Louis Cl�ment Br�guet /
Louis Francois Clement, born on
December 22, 1804 in Paris, died 1883 in Paris, returned to Neuchatel (Switzerland), where he lived with his
godfather J. F. Huguenin. He acted in the early days of telegraphy, educated in Switzerland.
Louis Cl�ment Br�guet was husband of
Eug�nie Caroline Lassieur and father of Antoine BREGUET 1851-1882 and Louise Br�guet -
wife of Ludovic Hal�vy and mother of Elie Hal�vy (�lie Hal�vy b. 1870 d. 21 August 1937, was a French
philosopher and historian who wrote studies of the British utilitarians,
born in �tretat, Seine-Maritime, where his mother had fled as the German army marched on Paris, 1892,
Emile Boutmy invited Hal�vy to lecture on English political ideas at the newly founded School of
Political Science, and on the history of socialism) and Daniel Hal�vy.
Marie Eug�nie DUBOIS 1858-1903 married to Antoine BREGUET 1851-1882 (son of
Louis Cl�ment Br�guet) with children: Madeleine BREGUET 1878-1900, Louis BREGUET 1880-1955,
Jacques BREGUET 1881-1939 (see: Duflon and Konstantynowicz Company in Petersburg).
Madeleine BREGUET 1878-1900 married Jacques Bizet b. 10.07.1872, d. 1922.
Breguet, Louis Fran�ois Cl�ment was son of Antoine Louis / Antoine Breguet
b. on August 13, 1776 in Paris, d. 1858 in Champcueil
and JeanneFran�oise Venture /
Jeanne Fran�oise Venture b. 1774 in Cairo, Egypt; died 1813 in Bourg-la-Reine,
France.
He was son of Louis Abraham Breguet and C�cile Marie-Louise L'Huillier /
C�cile Marie Louise L'huillier d. 1780;
grandson of Jonas Louis Breguet b. June 11, 1719 in Neuchatel, Switzerland; died 1758;
m. Susanne Marguerite Bolle / Suzanne-Marguerite Bollein; she was mother of above mentioned
Louis Abraham Breguet and Louise Breguet -
wife of David Lassieur and mother of Jonas Louis Lassieur,
grandmother of Sophie Niaudet,
great-grandmother of
Daniel Berthelot, Marcel Andr� Berthelot, Camille Berthelot, Marie Helene, Philippe, Rene Berthelot.
Abraham-Louis Breguet / Br�guet b. 1747 in Neuch�tel, Switzerland
d. 1823, was a horologist in France; Breguet's mother remarried to Joseph Tattet, watchmaker
in Paris; in 1762, he was sent to an unknown Versailles master watchmaker;
he took classes in mathematics under
Abbe Marie, tutor
of de Berri, and Breguet was introduced to King Louis XVI; met Abraham-Louis Perrelet in
Switzerland in 1784, Xavier Gide 1787 - 1791; 1792 the Duke of Orl�ans,
John Arnold, revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat, who also was from Neuch�tel;
Breguet escaped to Switzerland, from where he travelled
to England, for two years
he worked for King George III;
Breguet returned to Paris 1795;
1807 Breguet brought in his son, Antoine-Louis as a
business partner; sent his son to London to study with John Arnold;
entered the French Academy of Sciences in 1816.
As a result the Breguet equipment was installed in 1845 on the Paris-Rouen route.
Breguet replaced his telegraph also called the French telegraph, which was standard
equipment on French railways and L. Breguet in 1851 had in Paris a fourth floor added to his
building for this work.
Breguet patented a Telegraph Communicator - Breguet Alphabetical Type, circa 1870; manufactured
the telephone transmitter (Boudet, Laborde, Breguet, Ader, Du Moncel, and others) and
telephone receivers (Bell, Breguet, and others).
Note: Winnie Buller b. in Bacton, Norfolk,
receives pilot's license from Breguet School at Douia, France.
"...The first electromagnetic telegraph created a Russian scientist Paul L. Schilling in 1832. ... Paul Schilling also developed the original code in which each letter of the alphabet corresponded to a specific combination of symbols that might appear with black and white circles on the telegraph ...
the electromagnetic telegraph was built in Germany - Carl Gauss and Wilhelm Weber (1833), in the UK - Cooke and Wheatstone (1837), and the U.S. patented electromagnetic telegraph S. Morse in 1837. ... In Russia, the P. L. Schilling continued B. Jacobi, built in 1839 writer telegraph...".
In 1874, P�rnu - Kuressaare telegraph line was building.
At first the two times a week between Kuressaare and P�rnu were transported mail.
Telegraph to continent was set up in 1875.
The first line at Hiiumaa Island was built by the Government of the Navy, ca 1854,
this service was expensive and slown.
The big change in the transmission of messages in the history came when it started to use electric telegraph by
a German physician Samuel Thomas von Sommer; it have not found practical use;
In Tallinn, the Russian scientist, electronic technician, Schilling in 1832
constructed an electromagnet powered telegraph; 1837, Cooke and Wheatstone patented telegraph
which was introduced in Paddington; 1837 was designed by American Samuel Morse an electromagnetic telegraph,
which became the forward points, had
a paper tape machine. By 'wiki.wifi.ee/index.php/Telegraaf'.
Estonia can the beginning of the development of telecommunications in 1855
when the first telegraph from Petersburg via Narva to Tallinn was put to work, with the
Morse telegraph device; in 1857 Tallinn - P�rnu to Riga;
Telegraph opened in P�rnu to Haapsalu with a branch line in 1859 to Tallinn;
1863 was built telegraph Tartu - Valga to Riga; 1864 Tartu - Narva - J�hvi; 1866
Rakvere was post office; 1867 P�rnu - Viljandi telegraph; in 1872 V�rru;
1875 P�rnu - Kuressaare; 1883 between Tallinn and P�rnu new line linking the M�rjamaal open telegraph;
1900 in P�rnu a wide range telegraph; all telegraph were used Morse-type telegraph devices and
Hughes high-speed type; the longest telegraph cable was built in 1898 between P�rnu and
Kihnu, Saarema Island; 1914 the First World War, continued development of the telegraph, but
in the meantime begun to evolve rapidly new phone. 1875, the final decision on the issue of Saaremaa telegraph,
taking P�rnu, Kuressaare, Virtsu, K�rdla telegraph line; 1875,
G. Schmidt, managing P�rnu - Kuressaare route building intermediate stations Lihulas / Lihula, Virtsus,
Vahtna, Illikulaiu; Kuressaare and P�rnu base stations were set up in 1875.
1906, the city telephone network was a state monopoly, to set the phone on the island port of
Roomassaare - Oskar Kesk. 1908, in Saaremaa, Julius Sander,
chaired the meeting where it was decided to install telephones in rural houses. The Roomassaare Port
had the first electric power plant in 1912.
Electrical Power Base in Estonia started in 1882, when the Tallinn F. Wiegandi factory (later Ilmarine)
and the Narva Kreenholm Factory set up the first generator lighting;
1885 Dr�mpelmanni metal factory in Tallinn and mentioned Kreenholm (Dvigatel wagon factory in Tallinn);
1893 started work of two generators with a total capacity of approximately 200 kW in a cement factory in Kunda;
The first public power station founded in 1907 in P�rnu, the power was 100 kW, it operated a steam engine;
on the right bank of the P�rnu River power plant has not survived, but is still the building,
which was built and opened in the 1911; this was followed by Tartu, Viljandi, Valga and V�ru city.
The P�rnu city council decided to build the plant on 16 February 1907;
building itself was built by the city by the total cost of 65,000 rubles.
In early June began to pull the power lines, and on 20 October 1907 began producing electricity in P�rnu;
city street had 69 light bulb, thus it was at the forefront of the whole empire;
as early as in 1908 were built power plant additions (see on my grandfather Jerzy Konstantynowicz / Marian Stankiewicz / Marian Konstantinovich in Parnu 1908/1909 to 1912):