Piast dynasty

The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. ^[1]

812 relations: Abraham Prochownik, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Adam Naruszewicz, Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn, Adelaide of Hesse, Adelaide of Poland, Agafia of Rus, Agnes of Babenberg, Agnes of Poland, Agnes of Zator, Alabanda coat of arms, Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg, Albert of Strzelce, Albert VI, Archduke of Austria, Alexander of Masovia, Alexandra of Lithuania, Amelia of Masovia, Anna of Cilli, Anna of Glogau, Anna of Greater Poland, Anna of Masovia, Anna of Masovia, Duchess of Racibórz, Anna of Racibórz, Anna of Sagan, Anna Radziwiłł (nobility), Anna von Schweidnitz, Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313), Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia, August of Legnica, Łazy, Bielsko County, Łęczyca Voivodeship, Łopatki, Wąbrzeźno County, Łowicz, Ślęża, Ślepowron coat of arms, Świętopełk Mieszkowic, Świętosława, Świętosława of Poland, Świdnica, Świny, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Šenov, Šumbark, Żupnik, Balthasar of Żagań, Barbara of Oleśnica, Barbara Zápolya, Bartovice, Battle of 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Abraham Prochownik

Abraham Prochownik was a Jew said, in some legendary sources, to have been nominated prince of Poland, in 842 CE.

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Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Uniwersytet im., Polish abbreviation UAM) is one of the major Polish universities, located in the city of Poznań, Greater Poland, in the west of the country.

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Adam Naruszewicz

Adam Stanisław Naruszewicz (Adomas Naruševičius) (20 October 1733 – 8 July 1796) was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman from an impoverished aristocratic family, poet, historian, dramatist, translator, publicist, Jesuit and titular Bishop of Smolensk (1775–1788 as suffragan bishop and 1788–1790 as full diocesan bishop) and bishop of Łuck (1790–1796).

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Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn

Adam Wenceslaus of Cieszyn (Adam Wacław Cieszyński, Adam Václav Těšínský, Adam Wenzel von Teschen; 12 December 1574 – 13 July 1617), was a Duke of Cieszyn from 1579 until his death.

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Adelaide of Hesse

Adelaide of Hesse (Adelajda heska) (after 1323 – after May 26, 1371) was a daughter of Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse, and his wife Elisabeth of Thuringia, daughter of Frederick I, margrave of Meissen.

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Adelaide of Poland

Adelaide of Poland (Adelajda Kazimierzówna) (c. late 1170s / early 1180s – 8 December 1211), was a Polish princess and member of the Piast dynasty.

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Agafia of Rus

Agafia Svyatoslavna of Rus (born between 1190 and 1195 – after 31 August 1247/2 June 1248) was Princess of Mazovia by her marriage and was a member of the Rurikid dynasty.

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Agnes of Babenberg

Not to be confused with Agnes of Brandenburg Agnes of Babenberg (Agnes von Babenberg, Agnieszka Babenberg; b. ca. 1108/13 – d. 24/25 January 1163), was a German noblewoman, a scion of the Franconian House of Babenberg and by marriage High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia.

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Agnes of Poland

Agnes of Poland (Agnieszka Bolesławówna, Агнешка Болеславовна; b. 1137 - d. aft. 1182), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and by marriage Princess of Pereyaslavl and Volynia and Grand Princess of Kiev since 1168.

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Agnes of Zator

Agnes of Zator (Agnieszka Zatorska; b. bef. 1490 – d. aft. 1505) was a Polish princess and a member of the Zator branch of the House of Piast.

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Alabanda coat of arms

Alabanda is a Polish nobility coat of arms, used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg

Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg (born: – died: 25 February 1220) was a member of the House of Ascania.

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Albert of Strzelce

Albert of Strzelce (Albert strzelecki; after 1300 – around 25 September 1375), was a Duke of Opole during 1313–1323 (with his brother as co-ruler) and Duke of Strzelce since 1323 until his death.

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Albert VI, Archduke of Austria

Albert VI (Albrecht VI.; 18 December 1418 – 2 December 1463), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1424, elevated to Archduke in 1453.

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Alexander of Masovia

Alexander of Masovia (pl: Aleksander mazowiecki; 1400 - 2 June 1444) was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Alexandra of Lithuania

Alexandra (Aleksandra, Aleksandra; died 20 April 1434 in Płock) was the youngest daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver.

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Amelia of Masovia

Amelia of Masovia (pl: Amelia mazowiecka; 1397/98 - after 17 May 1434), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Anna of Cilli

Anna of Cilli or Anne of Celje (– 21 May 1416) was Queen consort of Poland (1402–1416).

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Anna of Glogau

Anna of Glogau (1250/52 – 25 June 1271) was the eldest child of Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau and his first wife Salome of Greater Poland.

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Anna of Greater Poland

Anna of Greater Poland (Anna wielkopolska; b. 1253 – d. aft. 26 June 1295), was a Greater Poland princess member of the House of Piast and abbess at Owińska.

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Anna of Masovia

Anna of Masovia (c. 1498 – after 26 January 1557 in Jaroslaw) was Princess of Mazovia and a member of the House of Piast.

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Anna of Masovia, Duchess of Racibórz

Anna of Masovia (c. 1270-after July 13, 1324) was a Princess of Masovia and was a member of the House of Piast.

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Anna of Racibórz

Anna of Racibórz (Anna raciborska; b. 1292/98 – d. 1 January/21 August 1340), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Racibórz branch and by marriage Duchess of Opawa and Racibórz.

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Anna of Sagan

Anna of Sagan (Polish: Anna żagańska, Czech: Anna Zaháňská, also Hlohovsko-Zaháňská or Zaháňsko-Hlohovská) was the last surviving member of the Hlohovsko-Zaháňský branch of the Silesian Piasts family, and by marriage duchess of Münsterberg and Oels.

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Anna Radziwiłł (nobility)

Anna Radziwiłłówna (1475 or 1476 – 15 March 1522) was a Lithuanian noble woman and Duchess of Masovia.

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Anna von Schweidnitz

Anna of Schweidnitz (Świdnica) (also known as Anne or Anna of Świdnica, Anna Svídnická, Anna Świdnicka, Anna von Schweidnitz und Jauer) (Świdnica, 1339 – 11 July 1362 in Prague) was Queen of Bohemia, German Queen, and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313)

Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313) was the eldest surviving daughter of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Poland and his first wife Judith of Habsburg.

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Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia

Anne of Bohemia (Anna Lehnická, Anna Przemyślidka; c. 1203/1204 – 26 June 1265), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duchess of Silesia and High Duchess of Poland from 1238 to 1241, by her marriage to the Piast ruler Henry II the Pious.

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August of Legnica

Count August of Legnica (August hrabia legnicki; Graf August von Liegnitz; Brzeg, 21 August 1627 – Siebenhufen near Przeworno, 14 May 1679), was a member of the House of Piast.

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Łazy, Bielsko County

Łazy is a village in Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Łęczyca Voivodeship

Łęczyca Voivodeship (Województwo łęczyckie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century until the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795.

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Łopatki, Wąbrzeźno County

Łopatki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książki, within Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

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Łowicz

Łowicz is a town in central Poland with 28,811 inhabitants (2016).

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Ślęża

The Ślęża (Zobten or Zobtenberg, later also Siling) is a mountain in the Sudeten Foreland (Polish: Przedgórze Sudeckie) in Lower Silesia, from Wrocław, southern Poland.

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Ślepowron coat of arms

A: Adziewicz, Andziewicz, Audziewicz, Auxtul, Awdziewicz.

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Świętopełk Mieszkowic

Świętopełk Mieszkowic (b. ca. 980 – d. bef. 991?), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

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Świętosława

Świętosława was a Polish princess, daughter of Mieszko I of Poland and Dobrawa of Bohemia, and sister of Boleslaw I of Poland.

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Świętosława of Poland

Świętosława of Poland (Svatava Polská (c. 1046-1048 – 1 September 1126)) was the third wife of Duke (later King) Vratislaus II of Bohemia and the first Queen of Bohemia as of 1085.

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Świdnica

Świdnica (Schweidnitz; Svídnice) is a city in southwestern Poland in the region of Silesia.

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Świny, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Świny (Schweinhaus) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bolków, within Jawor County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Šenov

Šenov (Szonów; Schönhof) is a town in the Ostrava-City District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Šumbark

(Polish:, Schumbarg) was a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Żupnik

A żupnik (from żupa, old Polish word for a salt mine) in Polish salt and metal mining between 13th and 18th century was a manager which oversaw the operations of a mining district, often in the name of the king.

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Balthasar of Żagań

Balthasar, Duke of Żagań (Baltazar żagański; – Przewóz, 15 July 1472), was a Duke of Żagań-Przewóz since 1439 (with his brothers as co-rulers until 1449), from 1449 Duke of Żagań.

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Barbara of Oleśnica

Barbara of Oleśnica (Barbara oleśnicka) (1465 – 1479) was a member of the House of Piast and Duchess of Oleśnica during 1475–1478.

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Barbara Zápolya

Barbara Zápolya (1495–1515) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as the first wife of King Sigismund I the Old.

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Bartovice

Bartovice (Bartowice, Bartelsdorf) is a part of the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic.

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Battle of Cedynia

In the Battle of Cedynia or Zehden, an army of Mieszko I of Poland defeated forces of Hodo or Odo I of Lusatia on 24 June 972, near the Oder river.

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Battle of Głogów

The Battle of Głogów or Defense of Głogów (Schlacht bei Glogau, Obrona Głogowa) was fought on 24 August 1109 at the Silesian town of Głogów, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire.

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Battle of Hundsfeld

The Battle of Hundsfeld or Battle of Psie Pole was allegedly fought on 24 August 1109 near the Silesian capital Wrocław between the Holy Roman Empire in aid of the claims of the exiled Piast duke Zbigniew against his ruling half-brother, Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland.

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Beatrice of Brandenburg

Beatrice of Brandenburg (Beatrycze Brandenburska, Beatrix von Brandenburg; c. 1270 – before 26 April 1316), was a German princess and a member of the House of Ascania in the Brandenburg branch.

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Beatrice of Silesia

Beatrice of Silesia (also known as Beatrice of Świdnica; Beatrycze świdnicka, Beatrix von Schweidnitz; 1290 – 25 August 1320) was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Silesian branch of Jawor-Świdnica and by marriage Duchess of Bavaria and German Queen.

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Bernard of Niemodlin

Bernard of Niemodlin (Bernard Niemodliński; b. 1374/78 – d. 2/4 April 1455), was a Duke of Strzelce and Niemodlin during 1382–1400 (with his brothers as co-rulers), Duke of Opole during 1396–1400 (with his brother as co-ruler), from 1400 until 1450 sole ruler over Strzelce and Niemodlin, from 1401 ruler over Olesno and Lubliniec, from 1420 ruler over Prudnik and in 1424 ruler over Głogówek, during 1434–1450 ruler over Kluczbork and Byczyna and from 1450 ruler over only Olesno.

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Bezprym

Bezprym (c. 986 – 1032) was a Duke of Poland during 1031–1032.

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Biecz

Biecz (Beitsch) is a town and municipality in southeastern Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Gorlice County.

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Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle

The Bielsko-Biała Museum is a museum for the city of Bielsko-Biała, Poland located in the historical Bielsko Castle.

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Bishopric of Lebus

The Bishopric of Lebus was a Roman Catholic diocese of Poland and later an ecclesiastical territory of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria

Blanche of France (Blanca; – 1 March 1305), a member of the House of Capet, was Duchess of Austria and Styria as consort to the Habsburg duke Rudolph III, eldest son of King Albert I of Germany.

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Bledzew

Bledzew (Blesen) is a village in Międzyrzecz County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

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Bobrek, Cieszyn

Bobrek is a district of Cieszyn, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Bogislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania

Bogislaw VIII (– 11 February 1418)Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.149,, a member of the House of Griffins, was Duke of Pomerania ruling in Pomerania-Stolp from 1395 until his death.

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Bolesław I of Masovia

Seal of Boleslaw I of Masovia Bolesław I of Masovia (Bolesław I Mazowiecki; 1208 – ca. 25 February 1248), was Polish prince member of the Polish House of Piast, Duke of Sandomierz (only a part) during 1229-1232, Duke of Dobrzyń during 1233-1247 and Duke over whole Masovia during 1247-1248.

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Bolesław I the Brave

Bolesław I the Brave (Bolesław I Chrobry, Boleslav Chrabrý; 967 – 17 June 1025), less often known as Bolesław I the Great (Bolesław I Wielki), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025.

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Bolesław I the Tall

Bolesław I the Tall (Bolesław I Wysoki) (b. 1127 – d. Leśnica, 7 or 8 December 1201) was a Duke of Wroclaw from 1163 until his death in 1201.

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Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn

Bolesław I of Cieszyn (Bolesław I cieszyński, Boleslav I. Těšínský, Boleslaus I. von Teschen) (– 6 May 1431) was a Duke of half of Bytom and Siewierz from 1405, Duke of Cieszyn and half of both Głogów and Ścinawa from 1410, and Duke of Toszek and Strzelin during 1410–1414.

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Bolesław II of Masovia

Bolesław II of Masovia or Bolesław II of Płock (pl: Bolesław II mazowiecki (płocki); ca. 1253/58 – 20 April 1313), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Masovia during 1262-1275 jointly with his brother, since 1275 sole ruler over Płock, since 1294 ruler over all Masovia and Duke of Kraków and Sandomierz during 1288-1289.

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Bolesław II Rogatka

Bolesław II Rogatka or Bolesław II the Horned (Bolesław II Rogatka), known also as Bolesław II the Bald, (Bolesław II Łysy) (c. 1220/5 – 26/31 December 1278), a member of the Silesian Piasts, was High Duke of Poland briefly in 1241 and Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1241 until 1248, when the duchy was divided between him and his brothers.

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Bolesław II the Generous

Bolesław II the Generous, also known as the Bold and the Cruel (Bolesław II Szczodry; Śmiały; Okrutny; c. 1042 – 2 or 3 April 1081 or 1082), was Duke of Poland from 1058 to 1076 and third King of Poland from 1076 to 1079.

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Bolesław III of Płock

Bolesław III of Płock (pl: Bolesław III płocki; 1322/30 – 20 August 1351), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Płock since 1336 (under regency until 1340), ruler over Wizna and Sochaczew since 1345, formally a vassal of the Kingdom of Bohemia during all his reign.

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Bolesław III the Generous

Boleslaw III the Wasteful (Bolesław III Rozrzutny; 23 September 1291 – Brieg, 21 April 1352), was a Duke of Legnica, Brzeg (Brieg) from 1296 until 1342, and Duke of Wrocław from 1296 until 1311.

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Bolesław III Wrymouth

Bolesław III Wrymouth (also known as Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed, Bolesław III Krzywousty) (20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138), was a Duke of Lesser Poland, Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over the whole Poland between 1107 and 1138.

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Bolesław IV of Warsaw

Bolesław IV of Warsaw (Bolesław IV warszawski; – 10 September 1454), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Bolesław IV the Curly

Bolesław IV the Curly (ca. 1125 – 5 January 1173) of the Piast dynasty was Duke of Masovia from 1138 and High Duke of Poland from 1146 until his death.

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Bolesław Januszowic

Bolesław Januszowic (1385/86 - ca. 4 May 1424.), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

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Bolesław of Bytom

Bolesław of Bytom (Bolesław bytomski; 1330 –), was a Duke of Koźle from 1347 and Duke of Bytom since 1352 until his death.

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Bolesław of Cieszyn (d. 1356)

Bolesław of Cieszyn (Bolesław cieszyński; – Prague, 23 July 1356), was a Polish prince, member of the Piast dynasty in the Cieszyn branch.

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Bolesław of Dobrzyń

Bolesław of Dobrzyń (pl: Boleslaw dobrzyński; betw. 1303/06 - 1 October 1327/12 March 1329, most probably in 1328), was a Polish prince, member of the House of Piast.

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Bolesław of Kuyavia

Bolesław of Kuyavia (also known as Mieszkowic) (Bolesław kujawski (Mieszkowic)) (1159 – 13 September 1195) was a Duke of Kuyavia from 1186 until his death.

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Bolesław of Toszek

Bolesław of Toszek (Bolesław toszecki, Piast Boleszláv, Piast Boleszló; 1276/78 – December 1328), was a Duke of Toszek since 1303 until his death (from 1315 only formally) and Archbishop of Esztergom from 1321.

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Bolesław the Elder

Bolesław the Elder (Bolesław Pierworodny; &ndash), was a Silesian Duke.

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Bolesław the Forgotten

Bolesław the Forgotten or the Cruel (Bolesław Okrutny; before 1016 – 1038/39) was a semi-legendary Duke of Poland of the Piast dynasty from 1034 until his death in 1038 or 1039.

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Bolesław the Pious

Bolesław the Pious (Bolesław Pobożny) (1224/27 – 14 April 1279) was a Duke of Greater Poland during 1239–1247 (according to some historians during 1239–1241 sole Duke of Ujście), Duke of Kalisz during 1247–1249, Duke of Gniezno during 1249–1250, Duke of Gniezno-Kalisz during 1253–1257, Duke of whole Greater Poland and Poznań during 1257–1273, in 1261 ruler over Ląd, regent of the Duchies of Mazovia, Płock and Czersk during 1262–1264, ruler over Bydgoszcz during 1268–1273, Duke of Inowrocław during 1271–1273, and Duke of Gniezno-Kalisz from 1273 until his death.

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Bolesław V of Warsaw

Bolesław V of Warsaw (pl: Bolesław V warszawski; ca. 1453 - 27 April 1488), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Bolesław V the Chaste

Bolesław V the Chaste (Bolesław Wstydliwy; 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279) was a Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representant of the Piast Lesser Poland branch.

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Bolesław-Jerzy II

Bolesław-Jerzy II (1305/1310 – April 7, 1340) was a ruler of the Polish Piast dynasty who ruled the originally Ruthenian principality of Galicia.

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Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

Boleslaus I the Cruel, also called Boleslav I (Boleslav I. Ukrutný) (– 15 July, 967 or 972), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was ruler (kníže, "duke" or "prince") of the Duchy of Bohemia from 935 to his death.

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Boleslaw (given name)

Boleslaw, Bolesław, Boleslav or Boleslaus in Latin, is a male given name of Slavic origin meaning great glory.

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Bolków Castle

Bolków Castle - a castle located in Bolków on the Castle Hill (Wzgórze Zamkowe, Polish), with a 396 metres, where the hillside is cut by the Nysa Szalona river, with a sharp precipice (with a sudden drop of 90 metres); the eastern side of the hill gradually lowers, taken up by the town.

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Bolko I of Opole

Bolko I of Opole (Bolko I Opolski; before 21 October 1258 – 14 May 1313), was a Duke of Opole from 1282 (until 1284 with his brother as co-ruler), Niemodlin and Strzelce Opolskie until his death.

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Bolko I the Strict

Bolko I the Strict also known as the Raw or of Jawor (Bolko I Surowy or Srogi or Jaworski; 1252/56 – 9 November 1301), was a Duke of Lwówek (Löwenberg) during 1278–81 (with his brother as co-ruler) and Jawor (Jauer) since 1278 (with his brother as co-ruler until 1281), sole Duke of Lwówek since 1286, Duke of Świdnica-Ziębice since 1291.

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Bolko II of Opole

Bolko II of Opole (Bolesław II opolski; before 1300 – 21 June 1356), was a Duke of Opole from 1313 (with his brother as co-ruler until 1323).

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Bolko II the Small

Bolko II the Small (Bolko II Mały (Świdnicki), Bolko II (Schweidnitz); c. 1312 – 28 July 1368), was the last independent Duke of the Piast dynasty in Silesia.

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Bolko III of Münsterberg

Bolko III of Münsterberg (– 13 June 1410) was a Duke of Münsterberg (Ziębice) from 1358 until his death, and ruler over Gleiwitz (Gliwice) during 1369–1373.

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Bolko III of Strzelce

Bolko III of Strzelce (also known as of Opole; Bolko III Strzelecki (or Opolski); – 21 October 1382) was a Duke of Opole during 1356–1370 (with his brothers as co-rulers) and Duke of Strzelce from 1375 until his death.

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Bolko IV of Opole

Bolko IV of Opole (Bolko IV Opolski; 1363/67 – 6 May 1437), was a Duke of Strzelce and Niemodlin during 1382–1400 (with his brothers as co-rulers), Duke of Opole from 1396 (until 1400 with his brother as co-ruler, except Olesno).

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Bruzovice

Bruzovice (Brusowitz, Bruzowice) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship

Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship (Palatinatus Brestensis, Województwo brzesko-kujawskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland (later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), from the 14th century to the Second Partition of Poland in 1793.

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Brzeg

Brzeg (Latin: Alta Ripa, former German name: Brieg) is a town in southwestern Poland with 36,381 inhabitants (2016) and the capital of Brzeg County.

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Brzeg Castle

Brzeg Castle is located in Brzeg, Opole Voivodeship, within the Silesia region of Poland.

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Brzezinka

Brzezinka (Birkenau, Březinka) is a village in southern Poland, about from Oświęcim (Auschwitz), in the district of Gmina Oświęcim, Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

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Bulowice

Bulowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kęty, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Camp of Great Poland (association)

The Camp of Great Poland (Obóz Wielkiej Polski; OWP) - Polish national-democratic and nationalist association with legal personality (2012).

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Capetian House of Anjou

The Capetian House of Anjou was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct French House of Capet, part of the Capetian dynasty.

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Casimir I of Kuyavia

Casimir I of Kuyavia (Kazimierz I kujawski) (c. 1211 – 14 December 1267), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Kujawy since 1233, ruler over Ląd during 1239-1261, ruler over Wyszogród since 1242, Duke of Sieradz during 1247-1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1247 and Duke of Dobrzyń since 1248.

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Casimir I of Oświęcim

Casimir I of Oświęcim (Kazimierz I Oświęcimski) (1396 – 7 April 1434) was a Duke of Oświęcim since 1406 (under regency until 1414), ruler over Toszek (from 1414) and Strzelin (during 1416–1427).

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Casimir I of Opole

Casimir I of Opole (Kazimierz I opolski; – 13 May 1230), a member of the Piast dynasty, was a Silesian duke of Opole and Racibórz from 1211 until his death.

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Casimir I of Warsaw

Casimir I of Warsaw (pl: Kazimierz I warszawski; 1329/31 – 26 November/5 December 1355), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Czersk during 1341-1349 jointly with his brother, since 1345 ruler over Rawa Mazowiecka jointly with his brother, since 1349 sole ruler over Warsaw, since 1351 sole ruler over Sochaczew, Polish vassal since 1351.

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Casimir I the Restorer

Casimir I the Restorer (b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 – d. Poznań, 28 November 1058), was Duke of Poland of the Piast dynasty and the de jure monarch of the entire country from 1034 until his death.

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Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn

Casimir I of Cieszyn (Kazimierz I cieszyński, Kazimír I. Těšínský, Kasimir I. von Teschen; 1280/90 –), was Duke of Cieszyn from 1315, Duke of Siewierz from 1337 and Duke of Bytom from 1357.

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Casimir II of Łęczyca

Casimir II of Łęczyca (pl: Kazimierz II łęczycki; c. 1261/62 – 10 June 1294), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Brześć Kujawski during 1267–1288, Duke of Dobrzyń during 1275–1288 and Duke of Łęczyca since 1288 until his death.

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Casimir II of Belz

Casimir II of Belz (pl: Kazimierz II bełski; 1401/03 - 15 September 1442), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Casimir II of Zator

Casimir II of Zator (Kazimierz II Zatorski; – 8 January/7 July 1490), was a Duke of Zator during 1468–1474 (with his brothers as co-rulers), and ruler over half of Zator from 1474 until his death (during 1474–1487 with his brother as co-ruler).

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Casimir II the Just

Casimir II the Just (Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy; 1138 – 5 May 1194) was a Lesser Polish Duke at Wiślica during 1166–1173, and at Sandomierz after 1173.

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Casimir III of Płock

Casimir III of Płock (pl: Kazimierz III płocki; 10 June 1448/8 June 1449 - 9 June 1480), was a Polish prince and member of the Masovian branch of the House of Piast.

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Casimir III the Great

Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370.

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Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania

Casimir IV (Kazimierz IV or Kaźko Słupski, 3-486-55840-4 or Kasimir V) (1351 – 2 January 1377) was a duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp since 1374.

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Casimir of Bytom

Casimir of Bytom (Kazimierz bytomski) (1253/57 – 10 March 1312) was a Duke of Opole during 1282–1284 (with his brother as co-ruler) and Duke of Bytom from 1284 until his death.

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Catherine of Hungary, Duchess of Świdnica

Catherine of Hungary (died 1355) was a daughter of King Charles I of Hungary.

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Catherine of Masovia

Catherine of Masovia (pl: Katarzyna mazowiecka; 1413/16 – betw. 2 June 1479/5 July 1480), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Cedynia

Cedynia (Zehden) is a small town in Poland, the administrative seat of Gmina Cedynia in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Charles I of Hungary

Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (Károly Róbert; Karlo Robert; Karol Róbert; 128816 July 1342) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death.

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Chełmża

Chełmża (Kulmsee, earlier Culmsee), is a town in Toruń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Chościsko

Chościsko is a legendary figure in a Polish prehistory, father of Piast the Wheelwright, the founder of the Piast dynasty.

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Chojnów

Chojnów (Haynau) is a small town in Legnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Chorzów

Chorzów (Königshütte; Chorzůw) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice.

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Chotěbuz

(Polish:, Kotzobendz) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Christian of Oliva

Christian of Oliva (Christian z Oliwy), also Christian of Prussia (Christian von Preußen) (died 4 December(?) 1245) was the first missionary bishop of Prussia.

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Christian, Duke of Brieg

Christian of Brieg also known as of Legnica (Chrystian Brzeski or Legnicki; Oława, 9 April 1618 – Oława, 28 February 1672) was a Duke of Legnica (during 1653-1654 and 1663-1664 with his brothers), Brzeg (during 1639-1654 with his brothers), Wołów (during 1653-1654 with his brothers, then alone) and Oława (during 1639-1654 with his brothers, then alone).

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Cieszyn

Cieszyn (Těšín, Teschen, Tessin) is a border town in southern Poland on the east bank of the Olza River, and the administrative seat of Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship.

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Cieszyn Silesia

Cieszyn Silesia or Těšín Silesia or Teschen Silesia (Polish:, Czech: or, German: Teschener Schlesien or Olsagebiet) is a historical region in south-eastern Silesia, centered on the towns of Cieszyn and Český Těšín and bisected by the Olza River.

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Ciołek coat of arms

Ciołek (Polish for "bull calf") is a Polish coat of arms, one of the oldest in medieval Poland.

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Cisownica

Cisownica is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, close to the border with the Czech Republic.

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Civil war in Greater Poland (1382–85)

The Greater Poland Civil War (Wojna domowa w Wielkopolsce) refers to the conflict that took place during 1382–1385 in the Greater Poland province of the Kingdom of Poland during the interregnum period following the transition of power between the Piast dynasty, Angevin dynasty and the Jagiellon dynasty.

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Civitas Schinesghe

Civitas Schinesghe is the first recorded name related to Poland as a political entity (the name is a Latinization of hrady knezske or grody książęce, "ducal forts/oppidia") first attested in 991/2.

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Clan Ostoja

Clan Ostoja (ancient Polish: Ostoya) was a powerful group of knights and lords in late-medieval Europe.

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Coat of arms of Głogów

The coat of arms of Glogów depicts a shield divided crosswise into four fields, with a fifth central field on which there appears in the centre an initial golden "G" on a red background.

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Coat of arms of Poland

The coat of arms of Poland is a white, crowned eagle with a golden beak and talons, on a red background.

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Coat of arms of the Masovian Voivodeship

The coat of arms of Masovian Voivodeship is a white eagle with a golden beak and talons, on a red background.

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Commemorative coins of Poland: 2006

Poland has a rich selection of Gold and Silver commemorative coins.

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Congress of Gniezno

The Congress of Gniezno (Zjazd gnieźnieński, Akt von Gnesen or Gnesener Übereinkunft) was an amical meeting between the Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave and Emperor Otto III, which took place at Gniezno on March 11, 1000.

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Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

Margrave Conrad I of Brandenburg (– 1304) was a member of the House of Ascania and a co-ruler of Brandenburg.

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Constance of Świdnica

Constance of Świdnica (– 21 November 1363) was a member of the Piast dynasty in the Świdnica-Jawor branch and by marriage Duchess of Głogów.

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Constance of Greater Poland

Constance of Greater Poland (also known as of Poznań) (Konstancja wielkopolska (poznańska)) (1245/46 – 8 October 1281) was a princess of Greater Poland, a member of the House of Piast, and by marriage a Margravine of Brandenburg–Stendal.

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Constance of Wrocław

Constance of Wrocław (c.1221–27 – 21 or 23 February 1257) was a Princess of Silesia and the Duchess of Kuyavia.

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Constance, Duchess of Wodzisław

Constance (Konstancja) (died 1351) was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and sovereign Duchess of Wodzisław Śląski from 1324 until her death.

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Countess of Holland

During the 'foreign rule' by Burgundy and Habsburg, the county was governed by a stadtholder in name of the count.

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Countess of the Palatinate

The Countess of the Palatinate was the consort of the Count of the Palatinate, one of the Empire's greatest princes.

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Crown jewels

Crown Jewels are the objects of metalwork and jewellery in the regalia of a current or former monarchy.

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Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Korona Królestwa Polskiego, Latin: Corona Regni Poloniae), commonly known as the Polish Crown or simply the Crown, is the common name for the historic (but unconsolidated) Late Middle Ages territorial possessions of the King of Poland, including Poland proper.

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Culture of medieval Poland

The culture of medieval Poland was closely linked to the Catholic Church and its involvement in the country's affairs, especially during the first centuries of the Polish state's history.

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Cymburgis of Masovia

Cymburgis of Masovia (Cimburgis von Masowien), also Zimburgis or Cimburga (Cymbarka mazowiecka; 1394 or 1397 – 28 September 1429), a member of the Polish Piast dynasty, was Duchess of Austria from 1412 until 1424, by her marriage with the Habsburg duke Ernest the Iron.

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Cyprian (bishop of Wrocław)

Cyprian was a medieval Bishop of Wrocław and Lubusz.

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Czaniec

Czaniec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Porąbka, within Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Częstochowa

Częstochowa,, is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants as of June 2009.

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Czchów

Czchów (טשיכוב-Chekhoiv, Weißenkirchen) is a town in Brzesko County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,205 inhabitants (2004).

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Czcibor

Czcibor (Cidebur; died after 972), a member of the Piast dynasty, was a Polan prince of the Piast dynasty, a son of Duke Siemomysł and younger brother of the first Christian ruler, Mieszko I of Poland.

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Czech Corner

The Czech Corner (Český koutek, Czeski kątek, Böhmischer Winkel) is a territory found in the western end of Klodzko land, close to the current Czech-Polish border.

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Czech lands

The Czech lands or the Bohemian lands (České země) are the three historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.

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Czimislav

Czimislav (Cimusclus) was a 9th-century King of the Lusatian Serbs (Sorbs).

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Dankowice, Silesian Voivodeship

Dankowice (wym. Denkiadüf or Denkjadiöf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wilamowice, within Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Danutė of Lithuania

Danutė of Lithuania (baptized Anna; ca. 1358 – 26 November 1424), was a Lithuanian princess of the Gediminid dynasty and by marriage Duchess of Warsaw.

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Dariusz Adamczyk

Dariusz Adamczyk (born 1966 in Poland) is a Polish-German historian.

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Dębowiec, Cieszyn County

Dębowiec (Baumgarten, Dubovec) is a village and the seat of Gmina Dębowiec, Cieszyn County in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Dětmarovice

Dětmarovice (Polish:, Dittmarsdorf) (also Dittmannsdorf) is a village in the Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the Olza River.

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Demographic history of Pomerania

Pomerania has experienced several transitions not only of culture and administration, but also of its population.

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Dmytro Dedko

Dmytro Dedko (Demetrius Dedko, Дмитро Дедько) was a Lord of Ruthenia in 1340 (1323) – 1349.

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Dobrá (Frýdek-Místek District)

Dobrá (Dobra, Dobrau) is a village in the Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Dobroniega

Dobroniega is a Slavic name which contains word "dobro" - good, goodness and "niega" - delight, and may refer to.

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Dobroniega Ludgarda of Poland

Dobroniega Ludgarda of Poland (b. before 1136, d. around 1160 or later) was a Polish princess, Margravine of Lusatia by marriage to Theodoric I, Margrave of Lusatia.

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Dobrzyń Land

Dobrzyń Land (ziemia dobrzyńska) is a historic region, with the capital in the town of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, in central-northern Poland, within the Greater Poland, between Mazovia and Prussia.

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Dolní Bludovice

(Polish:, Nieder Bludowitz) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Dolní Domaslavice

Dolní Domaslavice (Domasłowice Dolne, Nieder Domaslowitz) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Dolní Líštná

(Polish:, Nieder Lischna) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Dolní Lutyně

, (Deutsch Leuten or Nieder Leuten, Polish) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, near the border with Poland, south of the Olza River.

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Dolní Tošanovice

Dolní Tošanovice (Toszonowice Dolne, Nieder Toschonowitz) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Doubrava (Karviná District)

(1920-1924: Dombrová) (Polish:, Dombrau) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Drawsko Pomorskie

Drawsko Pomorskie (Dramburg) is a town in Drawsko County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland, the administrative seat of Drawsko County and the urban-rural commune of Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie.

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Duchess of Teschen

No description.

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Duchies of Silesia

The Duchies of Silesia were the more than twenty divisions of the region of Silesia formed between the 12th and 14th centuries by the breakup of the Duchy of Silesia, then part of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Duchy of Bernstadt

The Duchy of Bernstadt (Herzogtum Bernstadt, Księstwo bierutowskie, Bernštatské knížectví) was a Silesian duchy centred on the city of Bernstadt (present-day Bierutów) in Lower Silesia (now in Poland) and formed by separation from the Duchy of Oels (Oleśnica).

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Duchy of Głogów

The Duchy of Głogów (Księstwo głogowskie, Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts.

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Duchy of Greater Poland

The Duchy of Greater Poland was a historical Polish province established in 1138 according to the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty.

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Duchy of Legnica

The Duchy of Legnica (Księstwo Legnickie, Lehnické knížectví) or Duchy of Liegnitz (Herzogtum Liegnitz) was one of the Duchies of Silesia.

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Duchy of Masovia

The Duchy of Masovia was a medieval duchy formed when the Polish Kingdom of the Piasts fragmented in 1138.

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Duchy of Münsterberg

The Duchy of Münsterberg (Herzogtum Münsterberg) or Duchy of Ziębice (Księstwo Ziębickie, Minstrberské knížectví) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice).

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Duchy of Oświęcim

The Duchy of Oświęcim (Księstwo Oświęcimskie), or the Duchy of Auschwitz (Herzogtum Auschwitz), was one of many Duchies of Silesia, formed in the aftermath of the fragmentation of Poland.

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Duchy of Oels

The Duchy of Oels (Herzogtum Oels) or Duchy of Oleśnica (Księstwo Oleśnickie, Ducatus Olsnensis) was one of the duchies of Silesia with its capital in Oleśnica in Lower Silesia, Poland.

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Duchy of Opole and Racibórz

The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Księstwo opolsko-raciborskie, Herzogtum Oppeln und Ratibor) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty.

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Duchy of Sieradz

The Duchy of Sieradz (ducatus Siradiae, Księstwo Sieradzkie) was one of the territories created during the period of the fragmentation of Poland.

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Duchy of Teschen

The Duchy of Teschen (Herzogtum Teschen), also Duchy of Cieszyn (Księstwo Cieszyńskie) or Duchy of Těšín (Těšínské knížectví, was one of the Duchies of Silesia centered on Cieszyn (Teschen) in Upper Silesia. It was split off the Silesian Duchy of Opole and Racibórz in 1281 during the feudal division of Poland and was ruled by Silesian dukes of the Piast dynasty from 1290 until the line became extinct with the death of Duchess Elizabeth Lucretia in 1653. The ducal lands initially comprised former Lesser Polish territories east of the Biała River, which in about 1315 again split off as the Polish Duchy of Oświęcim, while the remaining duchy became a fiefdom of the Bohemian kings in 1327 and was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown by 1347. While the bulk of Silesia was conquered by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in the Silesian Wars of 1740–1763, Teschen together with the duchies of Troppau (Opava), Krnov and Nysa remained with the Habsburg Monarchy and merged into the Austrian Silesia crown land in 1849. The so-called "commander line" of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, a cadet branch descending from Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, held the title "Duke of Teschen" until 1918.

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Duchy of Zator

The Duchy of Zator was one of many Duchies of Silesia.

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Duke

A duke (male) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of royalty or nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.

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Duke of Masovia

Duke of Masovia (Książę Mazowsza) was a title born by the sons and descendants of the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth.

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Duke of Opole

The following is a list of monarchs who used the title Duke of Opole and controlled the city and the surrounding area either directly or indirectly (see also Duchy of Opole).

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Duke of Silesia

The Duke of Silesia was the sons and descendants of the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth.

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Dunajec river castles

The Dunajec river castles is a chain of thirteen medieval castles (some of which do not exist any longer), built in southern Lesser Poland, along the Dunajec river.

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Dymitr of Goraj

Dymitr of Goraj (Dymitr z Goraja) (ca.1340–1400) of Clan Korczak was a Grand Crown Marshal from 1390 and Court Treasurer in the years 1364–1370 and 1377–1391.

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Dzięgielów

Dzięgielów (Dzingelau) is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, near the border with the Czech Republic.

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Elective monarchy

An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance.

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Elisabeth of Świdnica

Elisabeth of Świdnica (ca. 1315 – 8/9 February 1348) was a member of the Piast dynasty in the Świdnica-Jawor branch and by marriage Duchess of Opole.

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Elisabeth of Cieszyn

Elisabeth of Cieszyn (Elżbieta cieszyńska; after 1340? – after 20 January 1364), was a Polish princess, member of the Piast dynasty in the Cieszyn branch.

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Elisabeth of Greater Poland, Duchess of Bohemia

Elisabeth of Greater Poland (Elżbieta Mieszkówna; Eliška Polská) (1152 – 2 April 1209) was a Polish princess of the House of Piast and, by her two marriages, Duchess of Bohemia and Margravine of Lusatia.

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Elisabeth of Kalisz

Elisabeth of Kalisz (1263 – 28 September 1304) was the eldest child of Bolesław the Pious and his wife, Saint Jolenta of Poland.

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Elisabeth of Wrocław

Elisabeth of Wrocław (Polish: Elżbieta wrocławska) (c. 1232 – 16 January 1265), also known as Elisabeth of Poland, was a daughter of Henry II the Pious and his wife, Anna of Bohemia.

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Elizabeth Lucretia, Duchess of Cieszyn

Elizabeth Lucretia of Cieszyn (Elżbieta Lukrecja Cieszyńska; Alžběta Lukrécie Těšínská; Elisabeth Lukretia von Teschen); 1 June 1599 – 19 May 1653), was a reigning Duchess of Cieszyn (Teschen, Těšín) from 1625 until her death. Born as the third child and second daughter of Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn (by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland), she was the last ruler of Cieszyn from the Polish Piast dynasty.

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Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)

Elizabeth of Bohemia (Eliška Přemyslovna) (20 January 1292 – 28 September 1330) was a princess of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty who became queen consort of Bohemia as the first wife of King John the Blind (John of Luxembourg).

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Elizabeth of Bosnia

Elizabeth of Bosnia (– January 1387) was queen consort and later regent of Hungary and Croatia, as well as queen consort of Poland.

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Elizabeth of Hungary, Duchess of Greater Poland

Elizabeth of Hungary (Erzsébet magyar hercegnő, Elżbieta węgierska; – 21 July 1154), was a Hungarian princess member of the House of Árpád and by marriage Duchess of Greater Poland.

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Elizabeth of Kuyavia

Elizabeth of Kuyavia (Elżbieta, Elizabeta/Елизабета; 1315/20 – after 22 August 1345) was a Polish noblewoman of the House of Piast.

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Elizabeth of Luxembourg

Elizabeth of Luxembourg (7 October 1409 – 19 December 1442) was queen consort of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia.

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Elizabeth of Poland, Duchess of Pomerania

Princess Elizabeth of Poland (Elżbieta Kazimierzówna) (1326–1361) was the eldest child of Casimir III of Poland and his first wife, Aldona of Lithuania.

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Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary

Elizabeth of Poland (Polish: Elżbieta Łokietkówna) (1305 – 29 December 1380) was Queen consort of Hungary by marriage to Charles I of Hungary, and regent of Poland from 1370 to 1376 during the absence of her son Louis I of Hungary.

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Elizabeth Richeza of Poland

Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (Eliška-Rejčka; Ryksa-Elżbieta; 1 September 1288 – 19 October 1335), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and by her two marriages Queen consort of Bohemia, Poland and Duchess consort of Austria and Styria.

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Emnilda

Emnilda (Emnilda słowiańska; – 1017), was a Slavic princess and Duchess of the Polans from 992 by her marriage with the Piast ruler Bolesław I the Brave.

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Ernest, Duke of Austria

Ernest the Iron (1377 – 10 June 1424), a member of the House of Habsburg, ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1406 until his death.

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Eudoxia of Kiev

Eudoxia Iziaslavna of Kiev (Евдоксия Изяславна, italic; c. 1131 – c. 1187), was a Kievan Rus' princess member of the Rurikid dynasty and by marriage Duchess of Greater Poland and since 1173 High Duchess of Poland.

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Euphemia of Greater Poland

Euphemia of Greater Poland (Eufemia Odonicówna) (c. 1230 – 15 February after 1281), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast from the Greater Poland branch and by marriage was Duchess of Kalisz, Wieluń and Opole-Racibórz.

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Euphemia of Greater Poland (1253–1298)

Euphemia of Greater Poland (Eufemia wielkopolska) (1253 – 5 September 1298) was a Greater Poland princess member of the House of Piast and nun at St.

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Euphemia of Masovia

Euphemia of Masovia (Eufemia mazowiecka; 1395/97 – before 17 September 1447), was Duchess of Cieszyn by marriage to Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn, and regent of the Duchy of Cieszyn during the minority of her sons from 1431.

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Euphemia of Münsterberg

Euphemia of Münsterberg (c. 1385 – 17 November 1447), also known as Euphemia, Countess of Oettingen, was a princess member of the Piast dynasty in the Münsterberg (Ziębice) branch, by marriage Countess of Öttingen and sovereign Duchess of Münsterberg during 1435–1443.

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Euphemia of Racibórz

Euphemia of Racibórz (Eufemia raciborska) (1299/1301 – 17 January 1359) was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Racibórz branch and Dominican Prioress in Racibórz.

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Euphrosyne of Greater Poland

Euphrosyne of Greater Poland (Eufrozyna wielkopolska; 1247/50 – 17/19 February 1298) was a Greater Poland princess, member of the House of Piast and abbess of St.

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Euphrosyne of Opole

Euphrosyne of Opole (Eufrozyna opolska, Фрося, Yefrosinia) (1228/30 – 4 November 1292) was a daughter of Casimir I of Opole and his wife Viola, Duchess of Opole.

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Family of Gediminas

The family of Gediminas is a group of family members of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania (ca. 1275–1341), who interacted in the 14th century.

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Fenenna of Kuyavia

Fenenna of Kuyavia (also known as of Inowrocław; Fenenna kujawska or inowrocławska; ca. 1276–1295) was a Queen of Hungary by marriage to King Andrew III.

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Flag of the Duchy of Teschen

The flag of the Duchy of Teschen was established in 2016 through the initiative of regional history enthusiasts in cooperation with the prominent Polish heraldic and vexologist Alfred Znamierowski.

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Former eastern territories of Germany

The former eastern territories of Germany (Ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete) are those provinces or regions east of the current eastern border of Germany (the Oder–Neisse line) which were lost by Germany after World War I and then World War II.

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Frankfurt (Oder)

Frankfurt (Oder) (also Frankfurt an der Oder, abbreviated Frankfurt a. d. Oder, Frankfurt a. d. O., Frankf., 'Frankfurt on the Oder') is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River, on the German-Polish border directly opposite the town of Słubice, which was part of Frankfurt until 1945.

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Frederick Casimir of Cieszyn

Frederick Casimir of Cieszyn also known as of Fryštát (Fryderyk Kazimierz Cieszyński or Frysztacki; Friedrich Kasimir von Teschen-Freystadt; b. December 1541/January 1542 - d. 4 May 1571), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Cieszyn branch and ruler over Fryštát, Skoczów (both since 1560), and Bielsko (since 1565).

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Frederick I of Liegnitz

Frederick I of Liegnitz (3 May 1446 – 9 May 1488), was a Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453, of Oława and Legnica from 1454, of Brzeg from 1481 and of Lubin from 1482.

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Frederick II of Legnica

Frederick II, Duke of Legnica (Fryderyk II Legnicki) (12 February 1480 – 17 September 1547), also known as the Great of Legnica (Legnicki Wielki), was a Duke of Legnica from 1488 (until 1495 and 1505 with his brothers), of Brzeg from 1521.

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Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine

Frederick II (died 10 October 1213) was the duke of Lorraine from 7 April 1206 to his death, son of Frederick I and Ludmilla, daughter of Mieszko III the Old, monarch of Poland from the Piast Dynasty.

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Frederick of Cieszyn

Frederick of Cieszyn (Fryderyk cieszyński; b. 1480/83 - d. June 1507), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Cieszyn branch.

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

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Frederick William, Duke of Cieszyn

Frederick William of Cieszyn (Fryderyk Wilhelm cieszyński, Bedřich Vilém (Těšín), Friedrich Wilhelm (Teschen); 9 November 1601 – 19 August 1625) was a Duke of Cieszyn since 1617 until his death.

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Fryštát

(Polish:, German:, Cieszyn Silesian) is a town in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic, now administratively a part of the city of Karviná.

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Galicia–Volhynia Wars

Galicia–Volhynia Wars were several wars fought in the years 1340–1392 over the succession in the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (in modern Poland and Ukraine).

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Gaude Mater Polonia

"Gaude Mater Polonia" (Latin, "Rejoice, oh Mother Poland") was one of the most popular medieval Polish hymns, written in the 13th or the 14th century in memory of Saint Stanisław Szczepanowski, Bishop of Kraków.

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Gaudemunda of Lithuania

Gaudemunda Sophia, Princess of Lithuania (also Gaudimantė; c. 1260 – 1288/1313) was the daughter of Traidenis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (c. 1270–1282).

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Górki Małe, Silesian Voivodeship

is a village in Gmina Brenna, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Górki Wielkie

Górki Wielkie is a village in Gmina Brenna, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Gąsawa massacre

The Gąsawa massacre (Zbrodnia gąsawska, literally "the Gąsawa crime") was a 1227 attack on a meeting of Polish Piast dukes which was being held near the village of Gąsawa in Kujawy, Poland.

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Głębowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Głębowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiek, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Głogów

Głogów (Glogau, rarely Groß-Glogau, Hlohov) is a town in southwestern Poland.

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Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający

Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający (variously translated as A Free Voice Ensuring Freedom or The Free Voice Guaranteeing Freedom) is a Polish political treatise.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk (Danzig) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast.

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George II of Brieg

George II of Brieg (Legnica, 18 July 1523 – Brzeg, 7 May 1586), was a Duke of Brzeg from 1547 until his death.

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George III of Brieg

George III of Brieg (Jerzy III Brzeski; Brzeg, 4 September 1611 – Brzeg, 4 July 1664), was a Duke of Brzeg since 1633 (as administrator; in 1639 he took formally the title, together with his brothers until 1654) and Legnica-Wołów during 1653-1654 (with his brothers).

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George William, Duke of Liegnitz

George William (Georg Wilhelm), also known as George IV William; Jerzy IV Wilhelm; 29 September 1660 – 21 November 1675) was the last Silesian duke of Legnica and Brzeg from 1672 until his death. He was the last male member of the Silesian Piast dynasty descending from Władysław II the Exile (1105–1159).

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German–Polish War (1002–18)

The German–Polish War which took place from 1002 to 1018 consisted of a series of struggles between the Ottonian king Henry II of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor from 1014) and the Polish Piast ruler Bolesław I the Brave.

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Germany–Poland relations

German–Polish relations have a long and complicated history.

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Gertrude of Poland

Gertrude-Olisava (c. 1025 – 4 January 1108), princess of Poland, was the daughter of King Mieszko II of Poland and Queen Richeza of Lotharingia, and the great-granddaughter of German Emperor Otto II.

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Giecz

Giecz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dominowo, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

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Gilowice, Żywiec County

Gilowice is a village in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Gliwice

Gliwice (Gleiwitz) is a city in Upper Silesia, southern Poland, near Katowice.

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Gliwice Castle

The so-called Piast's Castle in Gliwice, southern Poland dates back to the mid-14th century.

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Gniezno

Gniezno (Gnesen) is a city in central-western Poland, about east of Poznań, with about 70,000 inhabitants.

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Golden Bull of Rimini

The Golden Bull of Rimini was a Golden Bull issued by Emperor Frederick II, at his court in Rimini in March 1226 to confirm the Teutonic Knights' possessions in Prussia.

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Gorzów Wielkopolski

Gorzów Wielkopolski (abbreviated Gorzów Wlkp.; Landsberg an der Warthe; Łącbarg) is a city in western Poland, on the Warta river.

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Grodziec, Silesian Voivodeship

Grodziec is a village in Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Grybów

Grybów (Грибів, Hrybiv; Grünberg, Grynberk; גריבאוו, Gribuv),Prof.

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Gryfici (Świebodzice)

The Gryfici also Świebodzice was a Polish medieval knighthood family.

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Gryfina of Halych

Gryfina, or Agrippina (c. 1248between 1305 and 1309) was a Princess of Kraków by her marriage to Leszek the Black in 1265, who later became a nun and abbess.

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Grzymisława of Luck

Grzymisława Ingvarevna of Luck (born probably between 1185 and 1195 died probably 8 November 1258) was a Princess of Krakow, daughter of Ingvar of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev and Prince of Lutsk from the Rurikid Dynasty.

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Guty (Třinec)

(Polish) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Hans Heinrich XV von Hochberg

Hans Heinrich XV von Hochberg (Polish: Jan Henryk XV, 23 April 1861 – 31 January 1938) was Prince of Pless (Pszczyna), Count von Hochberg and Baron of Fürstenstein (Książ).

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Harmęże

Harmęże is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oświęcim, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Heřmanice (Ostrava)

Heřmanice (Herzmanice or Hermanice, Herzmanitz) is a part of the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic.

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Hedwig Codex

The Hedwig Codex, also known as the Codex of Lubin (Kodeks lubiński), – info from the exhibition "7 Wonders of Wrocław and Lower Silesia" (2016) is a medieval illuminated manuscript from the mid-14th century which through its sixty-one coloured drawings and inscriptions in "comics' style" tells the life story of saint Hedwig of Silesia, spouse of the Silesian Piast duke Henry the Bearded, her family and events related to her canonization (1267). This art piece, a fine example of Central European Gothic art, is valued especially for its depictions of the Tartar invasion of Europe (Silesia).

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Hedwig Jagiellon (1408–1431)

Hedwig Jagiellon (Jadvyga Jogailaitė, Jadwiga Jagiellonka; 8 April 1408, Kraków – 8 December 1431, Kraków) was a Polish and Lithuanian princess, and a member of the Jagiellon dynasty.

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Hedwig of Cieszyn

Hedwig of Cieszyn (Jadwiga cieszyńska, Hedvig tescheni hercegnő) (1469 – 6 April 1521) was a Polish princess.

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Hedwig of Legnica

Hedwig of Legnica (Jadwiga Legnicka) (ca. 1351 – 1 August 1409) was a Polish princess and member of the Piast dynasty, in the Legnica branch.

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Hedwig of Masovia

Hedwig of Masovia (Jadwiga mazowiecka, Hedvig mazóviai hercegnő; ca. 1392 – after 19 February 1439), was a Polish princess, member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Hedwig of Sagan

Hedwig of Sagan (Jadwiga żagańska; before 1350 – 27 March 1390) was Queen of Poland as the fourth wife of Casimir III.

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Hedwig of Silesia

Saint Hedwig of Silesia (Święta Jadwiga Śląska), also Saint Hedwig of Andechs (Heilige Hedwig von Andechs, Hedvigis; 1174 – 15 October 1243), a member of the Bavarian comital House of Andechs, was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238.

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Heinrich von Plötzke

Heinrich von Plötzke (1264 in Płock, Masovia, Poland – 27 July 1320 in Medininkai, Lithuania) was an officer of the Teutonic Order during the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

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Helen of Znojmo

Helena of Znojmo (Helena Znojemská; Helena znojemska; c. 1141–1202/06), was a Bohemian princess, a member of the Přemyslid dynasty.

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Helena of Oświęcim

Helena of Oświęcim (Helena Oświęcimska; 1478/80 – after 1524), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast from the Oświęcim branch and ruling Duchess of Karniów since 1506 until 1523.

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Henry I of Ziębice

Henry I of Ziębice (Henryk I Ziębicki; b. – d. aft. 8 August 1366), was a titular Duke of Ziębice from 1358 until his death.

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Henry I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels

Henry the Elder of Münsterberg (also called Henry I of Münsterberg, Henry I of Oels; Jindřich starší z Minstrberka or Jindřich starší z Poděbrad; Heinrich der Ältere von Münsterberg or Heinrich I. von Oels; 1448 – 1498, Kłodzko) was an Imperial Count and Count of Kladsko.

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Henry II the Pious

Henry II the Pious (Henryk II Pobożny) (1196 – 9 April 1241),*Cawley, Charles; Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Medieval Lands Project; Silesia v3.0; Dukes of Breslau (Wrocław) and Lower Silesia 1163–1278 (Piast) (Chap 4); Heinrich II Duke of Lower Silesia; retrieved May 2015.

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Henry II, Duke of Świdnica

Henry II of Świdnica, (Henryk II Świdnicki, Jindřich Svídnický, Heinrich II.; –), was a Duke of Świdnica from 1326 until his death (with his brother as co-ruler).

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Henry II, Duke of Münsterberg

Henry II of Münsterberg (– 11 March 1420) was Duke of Münsterberg (Ziębice) since 1410 until his death (as co-ruler of his brother John I).

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Henry III the White

Henry III the White (Henryk III Biały) (– 3 December 1266), a member of the Silesian Piasts, was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1248 until his death, as co-ruler with his brother Władysław.

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Henry III, Duke of Głogów

Henry III (I) of Głogów (Henryk III głogowski) (1251/60 – 3 December 1309) was a Duke of Głogów (Glogau) from 1274 to his death and also Duke of parts of Greater Poland during 1306–1309.

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Henry IV the Faithful

Henry IV (II) the Faithful (– 22 January 1342) was a Duke of Żagań and parts of Greater Poland from 1309 until 1317 (with his brothers in all the lands except Głogów in different divisions among them), Duke of Głogów from 1318 until 1321 (with his brother as co-ruler) and sole ruler over Żagań from 1321 until his death.

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Henry of Masovia

Henry of Masovia (Henryk mazowiecki) (1368/1370–1392/1393) was a noble and a bishop of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Henry of Opole

Henry of Opole (Henryk opolski; b. – d.), was a Duke of Opole from 1356 until his death.

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Henry of Sandomierz

Henry of Sandomierz (Henryk Sandomierski) (ca. 1131 – 18 October 1166) was a Duke of Sandomierz since 1138 (titulary) or 1146 (formally) until his death.

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Henry the Bearded

Henry the Bearded (Henryk Brodaty, Heinrich der Bärtige); c. 1165/70 – 19 March 1238), of the Silesian line of the Piast dynasty, was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1201 and Duke of Kraków and thus High Duke of all Poland — internally divided — from 1232 until his death.

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Henry V of Iron

Henry V (III) of Iron (Henryk V Żelazny; – after 8 April 1369), was a Duke of Żagań since 1342, from 1349 Duke of half-Głogów, and from 1363 Duke of half-Ścinawa.

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Henry V, Duke of Legnica

Henry V the Fat (Heinrich V der Dicke, Henryk V Brzuchaty) (– 22 February 1296) was a Duke of Jawor (Jauer) from 1273, of Legnica (Liegnitz) from 1278, and Duke of Wrocław (Breslau) from 1290.

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Henry VI the Older

Henry VI (IV) the Older (Henryk VI Starszy) (bef. 1345 – 5 December 1393) was a Duke of Żagań-Głogów since 1368 (with his brothers as co-rulers until 1378).

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Henry VIII the Sparrow

Henry VIII (VI) the Sparrow (Henryk VIII Wróbel) (– 14 March 1397) was a Duke of Żagań–Głogów during 1368–1378 (as a co-ruler with his brothers), from 1378 ruler over Zielona Góra, Szprotawa, Kożuchów, Przemków and Sulechów, and since 1395 ruler over half of Głogów, Ścinawa and Bytom Odrzański.

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Henryk IV Probus

Henryk IV Probus (Latin for the Righteous) (Henryk IV Probus or Prawy; Heinrich IV.) (– 23 June 1290) was a member of the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty.

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Henryk IX Starszy

Henryk IX Starszy (literally Henry IX the Older) (b. probably between 1387 and 1392, d 11 November 1467 in Krosno) was a Duke of Żagań-Głogów during 1397–1412 (as co-ruler of his brother), during 1412–17 ruler over Szprotawa, Krosno Odrzańskie, Świebodzin and half of Głogów (with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1417 ruler over Szprotawa, half of Głogów, since 1420 ruler over Kożuchów and Zielona Góra, from 1430 ruler over Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin and since 1446 Duke of Lubin.

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Herman I, Margrave of Meissen

Herman I (Hermann; – 1 November 1038) was Margrave of Meissen from 1009 until his death.

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History of Austria

The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state.

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History of Bielsko-Biała

Bielsko-Biała is a city in southern Poland created after the merging of two closely situated cities, Bielsko and Biała, in 1951.

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History of Christianity in Poland

The history of Christianity in Poland started in the reign of Mieszko I of Poland who was baptised in 966.

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History of Gdańsk

Gdańsk (or;; Kashubian: Gduńsk; Danzig) is one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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History of Kraków

Kraków (Cracow) is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 756,441 (2008).

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History of Lithuania

The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.

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History of Lviv

Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv; Lwów; Lemberg; לעמבערג; Lvov, see also other names) is an administrative center in western Ukraine with more than a millennium of history as a settlement, and over seven centuries as a city.

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History of Poland

The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages.

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History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty

The rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland between 1386 and 1572 spans the late Middle Ages and early Modern Era in European history.

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History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation.

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History of Poland in the Middle Ages

In this time period Polish history covering roughly a millennium, from the 5th century, the way through to the 16th century.

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History of Pomerania

The history of Pomerania starts shortly before 1000 AD with ongoing conquests by newly arrived Polans rulers.

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History of Poznań

Poznań, today Poland's fifth largest city, is also one of the country's oldest cities, and was an important political and religious center in the early Polish state of the 10th century.

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History of Silesia

In the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. (late Bronze Age) Silesia belonged to the Lusatian culture.

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History of Teschen

Teschen, one of the oldest towns in Silesia, has had a Slav population (Golensizi tribe) since at least the 7th century.

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History of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages

The history of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages encompasses the period from the rule of Vladislav II (c.1110–1174 AD) to that of Henry of Bohemia (c.1265–1335).

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History of the Germans in Poland

The history of the Germans in Poland dates back over a millennium.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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History of the Jews in Poland before the 18th century

The history of the Jews in Poland before the 18th century covers the period of Jewish-Polish history from its origins, roughly until the political and socio-economic circumstances leading to the dismemberment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the 18th century by the neighbouring empires (see also: Partitions of Poland).

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History of the Polish Army

The Polish Army (Wojsko Polskie) is the name applied to the military forces of Poland.

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) covers a period in the history of Poland and Lithuania, before their joint state was subjected to devastating wars in the middle of the 17th century.

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History of Wrocław

Wrocław (Vratislav, Breslau) has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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Hnojník

(Polish:, Hnoynik, Gnoynik) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the Stonávka River.

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Horní Domaslavice

Horní Domaslavice (Domasłowice Górne) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Horní Tošanovice

Horní Tošanovice (Toszonowice Górne) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Horrible Histories (book series)

Horrible Histories is a series of illustrated history books published in the United Kingdom by Scholastic, and part of the Horrible Histories franchise.

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House of Basarab

The Basarabs (also Bazarabs or Bazaraads, Basarab) were a family which had an important role in the establishing of the Principality of Wallachia, giving the country its first line of Princes, one closely related with the Mușatin rulers of Moldavia.

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House of Griffins

The House of Griffins or House of Pomerania (Greifen; Gryfici), also known as House of Greifen, was a dynasty of dukes ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637.

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Hradiště (Těrlicko)

Hradiště (Grodziszcz or Grodziszcze, Grodischt), also known as Hradiště pod Babí horou, is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Hungary–Poland relations

Hungary–Poland relations are the foreign relations between Hungary and Poland.

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Iłownica, Silesian Voivodeship

Iłownica (Illownitz) is a village in Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Inowrocław Voivodeship

Inowrocław Voivodeship (województwo inowrocławskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the First Partition of Poland in 1772.

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Jadwiga of Kalisz

Jadwiga of Kalisz (Polish: Jadwiga Bolesławówna; 1266 – 10 December 1339) was a Queen of Poland by marriage to Władysław I the Elbow-high.

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Jadwiga of Poland

Jadwiga, also known as Hedwig (Hedvig; 1373/4 – 17 July 1399), was the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland, reigning from 16 October 1384 until her death.

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Jagiellonian dynasty

The Jagiellonian dynasty was a royal dynasty, founded by Jogaila (the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1386 was baptized as Władysław, married Queen regnant (also styled "King") Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. The dynasty reigned in several Central European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1377–1392 and 1440–1572), Kings of Hungary (1440–1444 and 1490–1526), and Kings of Bohemia (1471–1526). The personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (converted in 1569 with the Treaty of Lublin into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) is the reason for the common appellation "Poland–Lithuania" in discussions about the area from the Late Middle Ages onward. One Jagiellonian briefly ruled both Poland and Hungary (1440–44), and two others ruled both Bohemia and Hungary (1490–1526) and then continued in the distaff line as a branch of the House of Habsburg. The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk.

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Jakub Świnka

Jakub Świnka (died 4 March 1314) was a Polish Catholic priest, the Archbishop of Gniezno and a notable politician, supporter of the idea of unification of all Polish lands under the rule of Władysław I the Elbow-high ("the Short").

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Jan I of Żagań

Jan I of Żagań (Jan I żagański) (– 12 April 1439) was a Duke of Żagań-Głogów, since 1397 (until 1412 with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1403 Duke of Żagań, Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin (again, until 1412 with his brothers as co-rulers) and since 1412 sole ruler of Żagań and Przewóz.

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Jan I the Scholastic

Jan I the Scholastic (Jan I Scholastyk; 1308/10 – 1372 before 29 September), was a Duke of Oświęcim from 1324 until his death.

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Jan II of Oświęcim

Jan II of Oświęcim (Jan II oświęcimski) (– 19 February 1376) was a Duke of Oświęcim since 1372 until his death.

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Jan II the Good

Jan II of Opole (Jan II Dobry) (– 27 March 1532) was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg (until 1481)-Strzelce-Niemodlin in 1476 (with his brothers as co-rulers during 1476), ruler over Gliwice (in 1494), Toszek (in 1495), Niemodlin (again, in 1497), Bytom (in 1498), Koźle (in 1509), and Racibórz (in 1521).

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Jan II the Mad

Jan II the Mad also known as the Bad, the Wild or the Cruel (Jan II Szalony or Zły or Dziki or Okrutny; 16 April 1435 – 22 September 1504), was a Duke of Żagań-Przewóz since 1439 (with his brothers as co-rulers until 1449), from 1449 Duke of Przewóz (as co-ruler of his younger brother), during 1461–1468 and briefly in 1472 Duke of Żagań and during 1476–1488 Duke of half-Głogów (the Duchy was finally reunited in 1480).

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Jan IV of Oświęcim

Jan IV of Oświęcim (Jan IV oświęcimski; 1426/1430 – by 21 February 1497), was a Duke of Oświęcim during 1434–1456 (until 1445 with his brothers as co-rulers) and Duke of Gliwice from 1465 to 1482.

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Jan of Cieszyn

Jan of Cieszyn (Jan cieszyński; 1339/40 – after 18 May 1359), was a Polish prince, member of the Piast dynasty in the Cieszyn branch.

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Janovice

Janovice (Janowice) is a village situated in the foothills of the Moravian-Silesian Beskids mountain range, 6 km south-east from the town Frýdek-Místek and 5 km north-east from Frýdlant nad Ostravicí, Czech Republic.

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Janusz I of Warsaw

Janusz I of Warsaw (pl: Janusz I warszawski), also known as Janusz I the Old (pl: Janusz I Starszy) (c. 1347/52 – 8 December 1429), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch, from 1373/74 Duke of Warsaw and after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brother in 1381, ruler over Nur, Łomża, Liw, Ciechanów, Wyszogród and Zakroczym.

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Janusz II of Płock

Janusz II of Płock (pl: Janusz II płocki; ca. 1455 - 16 February 1495), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Janusz the Younger

Janusz the Younger (pl: Janusz Młodszy; 1376/81 - ca. 18 October 1422), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

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Jasienica, Silesian Voivodeship

Jasienica (Heinzendorf, Jasenice) is a village and the seat of Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Jawiszowice

Jawiszowice is a village in Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland.

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Jawor Castle

Jawor Castle (Zamek w Jaworze) is a castle in Jawor, Poland.

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Jaworze, Silesian Voivodeship

Jaworze (Ernsdorf, Javoří) is a village and the seat of Gmina Jaworze in the south-west part Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (28 July 1812 – 19 March 1887) was a Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, painter and author who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews.

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Jędrzejów

Jędrzejów is a town in Poland, located in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about southwest of Kielce.

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Jerzy Jazłowiecki

Jerzy Jazłowiecki (1510–1575) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic) and magnate.

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Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski

Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (20 January 1616 – 31 December 1667) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and military commander.

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Jerzy Sikorski

Jerzy Sikorski (born July 25, 1935) is a Polish historian, doctorate in history (PhD), Copernicologist, medievalist, museologist, author, publisher, journalist, encyclopedist, and translator, who writes and publishes primarily in Polish.

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Joachim Frederick of Brieg

Joachim Frederick of (Legnica-)Brieg (Joachim Friedrich von Liegnitz-Brieg; Joachim Fryderyk legnicko-brzeski; 29 September 1550 – Brzeg, 25 March 1602), was a Duke of Oława and Wołów (since 1586 with his brother as a co-ruler until 1592) and Brzeg (since 1595) and Legnica (since 1596).

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Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg

Joachim II (Joachim II Hector or Hektor; 13 January 1505 – 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1535–1571), the sixth member of the House of Hohenzollern.

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John Christian of Brieg

John Christian of Brieg (Jan Chrystian Brzeski; Johann Christian von Brieg; Ohlau, 28 August 1591 – Osterode in Ostpreußen (today Ostróda), 25 December 1639), was a Duke of Brzeg–Legnica–Wołów (since 1602; with his brother as co-ruler in Legnica and Wołów until 1612; in Oława since 1605).

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John George of Ohlau

John George of Ohlau (Polish: Jan Jerzy oławski) (17 June 1552 – Ohlau (Oława), 6 July 1592), was a Duke of Ohlau and Wohlau Wołów (since 1586 with his brother as a co-ruler until 1592).

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John I of Lüben

John I, Duke of Lüben (1425 – after 21 November 1453), was a ruler of Lüben (Lubin) during 1441-1446 with his brother, as co-rulers, Haynau (Chojnów) since 1452, Brieg (Brzeg) and Goldberg (Złotoryja) during 1449-1450 with his brother, as co-rulers.

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John I of Münsterberg

John I of Münsterberg (ca. 1380 – 27 August 1428) was a Duke of Münsterberg (Ziębice) from 1410 until his death; until 1420 with his brother as co-ruler.

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Judith of Bohemia

Judith of Bohemia (c. 1056/58 – 25 December 1086), also known as Judith Přemyslid, was a Bohemian princess of the Přemyslid dynasty, and Duchess of Poland by marriage.

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Judith of Habsburg

Judith (13 March 1271 – 21 May 1297), also named Guta (Guta Habsburská), a member of the House of Habsburg, was the youngest daughter of King Rudolf I of Germany and his wife Gertrude of Hohenburg.

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Judith of Poland

Judith of Poland (Judyta Bolesławówna, Judit lengyel hercegnő, Judith von Polen; b. 1130/35 – died 8 July 1171/75), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and by marriage Margravine of Brandenburg.

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Kaczyce, Silesian Voivodeship

is a village in Gmina Zebrzydowice, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the border with the Czech Republic.

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Kalembice

Kalembice is a district of Cieszyn, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Kalisz

Kalisz (Old Greek: Καλισία, Latin: Calisia, Yiddish: קאַליש, Kalisch) is a city in central Poland with 101,625 inhabitants (December 2017), the capital city of the Kalisz Region.

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Kamienica, Bielsko-Biała

Kamienica (Kamitz) is a osiedle (district) of Bielsko-Biała, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Karolina of Legnica-Brieg

Karolina of Legnica-Brieg (2 December 1652 – 24 December 1707) was a Polish noble, the eldest daughter of Christian, Duke of Legnica-Brzeg-Wołów-Oława, and Louise of Anhalt-Dessau.

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Karsibór

Karsibór (Kaseburg) is an island in the Oder Lagoon, Poland, which was created by the cutting of the Kaiserfahrt canal which separated it from the island of Usedom.

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Kazimierz

Kazimierz (Casimiria; קוזמיר Kuzimyr) is a historical district of Kraków and Kraków Old Town, Poland.

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Kazimierz III of Gniewkowo

Kazimierz III of Gniewkowo (Kazimierz III gniewkowski; ca. 1280/84 – 22 August 1345/13 May 1350), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Inowrocław during 1287-1314 (under the regency of his mother until 1294 and his brother during 1294-1296), since 1306 vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, Governor of the Duchy of Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania) during 1306-1309 (on behalf of his uncle Władysław I the Elbow-high), since 1314 ruler over Gniewkowo (between 1332-1343 deposed by the Teutonic Order).

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Kán

Kán is the name of a Hungarian noble family which gave bans (governors) to Croatia and Slavonia, voivodes to Transylvania, and palatines to Hungary in the 13th and 14th centuries.

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Kędzierzyn-Koźle

Kędzierzyn-Koźle (Kandrzin-Cosel, 1934-45: Heydebreck O.S. and Cosel; Kandrzin-Koźle) is a town in southwestern Poland, the administrative centre of Kędzierzyn-Koźle County in Opole Voivodeship.

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Kłodzko Land

Kłodzko Land (Kladsko; Glatzer Land; Ziemia kłodzka) is a historical region in southwestern Poland.

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Kiczyce

Kiczyce is a village in Gmina Skoczów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Kielce

Kielce is a city in south central Poland with 199,475 inhabitants.

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Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia

The Kingdom or Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (Old East Slavic: Галицко-Волинскоє князство, Галицько-Волинське князівство, Regnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae), also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia (Old East Slavic: Королѣвство Русь, Королівство Русі, Regnum Russiae) since 1253, was a state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia, of present-day western Ukraine, which was formed after the conquest of Galicia by the Prince of Volhynia Roman the Great, with the help of Leszek the White of Poland.

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Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)

The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was the Polish state from the coronation of the first King Bolesław I the Brave in 1025 to the union with Lithuania and the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1385.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kończyce Małe

is a village in Gmina Zebrzydowice, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, near the border with the Czech Republic.

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Koźle

Koźle (Cosel) is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle (since 1975), Poland and is at the junction of the Kłodnica and Oder rivers, km southeast of Opole.

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Kojkovice

(Polish) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the border with Poland.

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Komorní Lhotka

(Polish:, Kameral Ellgoth) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Konrad I of Masovia

Konrad I of Masovia (Konrad I Mazowiecki) (ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kujawy from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243.

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Konrad I of Oleśnica

Konrad I of Oleśnica (Konrad I oleśnicki) (– 22 December 1366) was a Duke of Żagań and Ścinawa during 1309–1312 (with his brothers as co-rulers), Duke of Oleśnica, Namysłów, Gniezno and Kalisz during 1312–1313 (with his brother as co-ruler), Duke of Kalisz during 1313–1314 (alone), Duke of Namysłów since 1313 (alone) and Duke of Oleśnica since 1321 until his death (alone).

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Konrad I, Duke of Głogów

Konrad I of Głogów (Konrad I głogowski; – 6 August 1273/74), a member of the Silesian Piasts, was Silesian duke of Głogów from 1251 until his death.

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Konrad II of Masovia

Konrad II of Czersk (pl: Konrad II czerski; c. 1250 – 24 June 24/21 October 1294 assumed that both dates are equally likely), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Masovia during 1264-1275 jointly with his brother, since 1275 sole ruler over Czersk and Duke of Sandomierz during 1289.

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Konrad II the Hunchback

Konrad II the Hunchback (Konrad II Garbaty) (1252/65 – 11 October 1304) was Duke of Ścinawa from 1278 to 1284, patriarch of Aquileia in 1299, and Duke of Żagań from 1284 until his death.

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Konrad III Rudy

Konrad III the Red (pl: Konrad III Rudy; 1447/48 – 28 October 1503), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast in the Masovian branch.

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Konrad III the Old

Konrad III the Old (Konrad III Stary) (– 28 December 1412) was a Duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa since 1377 (until 1403 with his father as co-ruler).

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Konrad Januszowic

Konrad Januszowic (ca. 1400 - 9 December 1412 or 1413), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

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Konrad the Curly

Konrad the Curly (Konrad Kędzierzawy; c. 1198 – 4 September 1213 in Czerwony Kosciol), was a Polish prince member of the Piast dynasty in his Silesian branch.

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Konrad V Kantner

Konrad V Kantner (Konrad V Kącki) (ca. 1385 – 10 September 1439) was a Duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1412–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1427 sole ruler over Oleśnica.

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Konrad VI the Dean

Konrad VI the Dean (Konrad VI Dziekan) (ca. 1391 – 3 September 1427) was a Duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa since 1416 (with his brothers as co-rulers).

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Konrad VII the White

Konrad VII the White (Konrad VII Biały; aft. 1396 – 14 February 1452) was a Duke of Oels / Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1416–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), sole Duke of Koźle and half of Bytom during 1427–1450, Duke of Oleśnica during 1421–1450 (until 1439 with his brother as co-ruler) and sole Duke of half of Ścinawa during 1447–1450.

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Konrad VIII the Younger

Konrad VIII the Younger (Konrad VIII Młody; after 1397 – before 5 September 1444), was a Duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1416–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers) and sole Duke of half of Ścinawa since 1427 until his death.

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Konrad X the White

Konrad X the White (Konrad X Biały) or Młodszy, ("Younger") (1420 – 21 September 1492) was a Duke of Oleśnica, Koźle, and half of both Bytom and Ścinawa during 1450–1452 (with his brother as co-rulers), since 1452 sole ruler over half of Ścinawa, during 1471–1472 sole ruler over Koźle and whole Bytom, and since 1478 sole ruler over Oleśnica.

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Konská (Třinec)

(Polish:, German: Konskau) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the Olza River.

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Koperniki

Koperniki (formerly German Köppernig, Köppernick, Koppirnik (obsolete - used 1845), Latin Copirnik, Copernik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nysa, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland. It lies approximately southwest of Nysa and southwest of the regional capital Opole. It was the ancestral village of Nicolaus Copernicus (born Niclas Koppernigk), whose great-grandfather had moved to then Polish capital Cracow (Polish Kraków, German Krakau) in c. 1380. The etymology of the name has been debated especially in the context of the biography of Copernicus, since at least the 1870s, surrounding two competing proposals, one suggesting the name root origin from the German word for copper (Kupfer), the other from the Polish word for dill (koper). The suffix -nik (or plural -niki) denotes a Slavic and Polish agent noun. The settlement was established in the mid-13th century as part of the German Ostsiedlung. It is first mentioned in 1272, as Coprnih. and in 1284 was listed as one of 65 major German settlements in the Duchy of Nysa. As part of the Duchy of Nysa, it passed from the rule of Silesian branch of the Polish Piast dynasty to the Crown of Bohemia in 1342, and with Bohemia to the House of Habsburg in 1542. In 1742, it fell to Prussia as part of the settlement following the First Silesian War. In 1945, it became part of Poland, as Koperniki. The German population was displaced, and the village was re-populated with Polish settlers from Wiktorówka (Tarnopol Voivodeship) and Jeleśnia.

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Kostrzyn nad Odrą

Kostrzyn nad Odrą (Küstrin) is a town in Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship in western Poland, close to the border with Germany.

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Kozakowice

Kozakowice (Kosakowitz) is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, close to the border with the Czech Republic.

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Kozy

Kozy (German: Seiffersdorf, Seibersdorf, Kosy (1941–45); Wymysorys: Zajwyśdiüf) is a large village with a population of 12,457 (2013) within Bielsko County, located in the historical and geographical south-west region of Lesser Poland, between Kęty and Bielsko-Biała, and about 65 kilometres south-west of Kraków and south of Katowice.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Kraków Old Town

Kraków Old Town is the historic central district of Kraków, Poland.

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Krasna, Cieszyn

Krasna (later Krasna) is a district of Cieszyn, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Krosno

Krosno (in full The Royal Free City of Krosno, Królewskie Wolne Miasto Krosno) is a town and county in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland with 47,140 inhabitants (Metro: 115,617), as of 30 June 2014.

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Krystyna Rokiczana

Krystyna Rokiczana (after 1365) was the wife of Casimir III the Great, of Poland.

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Kunčičky

Kunčičky (Kończyce Małe, Klein Kuntschitz, till 1924 known as Malé Kunčice) is a part of the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic.

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Kunčice (Ostrava)

Kunčice (Kończyce Wielkie, Gross Kunzendorf, till 1908 known as Velké Kunčice, then as Kunčice nad Ostravicí) is a part of the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic.

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Kunigunde of Poland

Kunigunde of Poland (c. 1298 – 9 April 1331) was a daughter of Władysław I the Elbow-high and his wife Jadwiga of Greater Poland.

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Kuyavia

Kuyavia (Kujawy, Kujawien, Cuiavia), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło.

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Kwisa

The Kwisa (Queis) is a river in south-western Poland, a left tributary of the Bóbr, which itself is a left tributary of the Oder river.

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Ladislaus of Salzburg

Władysław of Salzburg, also known as Władysław of Wrocław (Władysław Wrocławski) or Władysław of Silesia (Wladislaw von Schlesien, Vladislav Slezský; – 27 April 1270), a member of the Silesian Piasts, was co-ruler in the Duchy of Wroclaw since 1248.

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Lambert II Suła

Lambert II Suła was Bishop of Kraków from 1061 until his death in 1071.

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Lambert Mieszkowic

Lambert Mieszkowic (c. 981 – after 992/95), was a Polish prince of the House of Piast.

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Lanckoroński

Lanckoroński (plural Lanckorońscy) is a surname of Polish nobility.

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Lebus

Lebus (Lubusz) is a historic town in the Märkisch-Oderland District of Brandenburg, Germany.

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Lechites

Lechites, or Lekhites, is a name given to certain West Slavic peoples, including the ancestors of modern Poles and the historical Pomeranians and Polabians, speakers of the Lechitic languages.

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Legendary progenitor

A legendary progenitor is a legendary or mythological figure held to be the common ancestor of a dynasty, people, tribe or ethnic group.

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Lendians

The Lendians (Lędzianie) were a West Slavic tribe who lived in the area of East Lesser Poland and Cherven Towns between the 7th and 11th centuries.

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Leopoldian line

The Leopoldian line was a sequence of descent in the Habsburg dynasty begun by Duke Leopold III of Austria, who, after the death of his elder brother Rudolf IV, divided the Habsburg hereditary lands with his brother Albert III according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg.

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Lestek

Lestek (also Leszek, Lestko) was the second duke of Poland, and son of Siemowit, born c. 870–880.

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Leszek II the Black

Leszek II the Black (c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1267, Duke of Inowrocław during 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland since 1279.

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Leszek of Dobrzyń

Leszek of Dobrzyń (pl: Leszek dobrzyński; bef. 1302 - bef. 10 July 1316), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast and Duke of Dobrzyń during 1312-1316 with his brothers.

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Leszek of Inowrocław

Leszek of Inowrocław (pl: Leszek inowrocławski; 1275/76 – after 27 April 1339), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Inowrocław during 1287-1314 (under the regency of his mother until 1294), Duke of Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania) in 1296, ruler over Wyszogród since 1296, in 1300 paid homage to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, in 1303 sold to the Teutonic Order the Michałów Land, during 1303-1312 in captivity in Bohemia, since 1312 vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, during 1314-1320/24 sole ruler over Inowrocław, abdicated.

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Leszek the White

Leszek the White (Leszek Biały; ca. 1184/85 – 24 November 1227) was Prince of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland during 1194–1198, 1199, 1206–1210 and 1211–1227.

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Leszek, Duke of Masovia

Leszek of Masovia (Leszek also Lestek) (d. 1186) was a Polish prince from the Piast dynasty, the Duke of Masovia from 1173 until his death.

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Leszna Górna

(Ober Lischna, Horní Líštná) is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, on the border with the Czech Republic.

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Liegnitz Ritter-Akademie

The Liegnitz Ritter-Akademie or knight academy was a school for the sons of the silesian aristocracy and landed gentry established in the seventeenth century in Liegnitz, Prussia.

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Lipowiec, Ustroń

Lipowiec is a district (osiedle) of Ustroń, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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List of Austrian consorts

This is a list of the Austrian empresses, archduchesses, duchesses and margravines, wives of the rulers of Austria.

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List of Bavarian consorts

There have been three kinds of Bavarian consorts in history, Duchesses, Electresses and Queens.

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List of Bohemian monarchs

This is a list of Bohemian monarchs now also referred to as list of Czech monarchs who ruled as Dukes and Kings of Bohemia.

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List of Castilian consorts

This is a list of the queens consort of the Kingdom of Castile.

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List of consorts of Anhalt

Category:Duchesses of Anhalt Anhalt Anhalt.

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List of consorts of Brandenburg

No description.

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List of consorts of Brunswick-Lüneburg

No description.

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List of consorts of Lorraine

No description.

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List of consorts of Luxembourg

No description.

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List of consorts of Provence

After the division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun (843), the first of the fraternal rulers of the three kingdoms to die was Lothair I, who divided his middle kingdom in accordance with the custom of the Franks between his three sons.

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List of consorts of Schleswig and Holstein

The Duchesses of Schleswig-Holstein were the consorts of the rulers of Schleswig-Holstein and the separate states of Schleswig and Holstein, before that, the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

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List of countesses of Hainaut by marriage

No description.

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List of Danish consorts

This list of Danish consorts includes each queen consort (wife of a reigning king) and each prince consort (husband of a reigning queen).

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List of Hungarian consorts

This is a list of the queens consorts of Hungary, the consorts of the kings of Hungary.

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List of Italian queens

Queen of Italy (regina Italiae in Latin and regina d'Italia in Italian) is a title adopted by many spouses of the rulers of the Italian peninsula after the fall of the Roman Empire.

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List of kingdoms and royal dynasties

Monarchism is a movement that supports the monarchy as a form of government.

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List of Leonese consorts

This is a list of the royal consort of the Kingdom of León.

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List of Lithuanian consorts

The consort (or spouse) of the royal rulers of Lithuania and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was in all cases a woman and nearly all took the title of Grand Duchess.

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List of mannerist structures in Southern Poland

The mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland include two major traditions - Polish/Italian and Dutch/Flemish, that dominated in northern Poland.

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List of margravines of Meissen

The Margraviate of Meissen was a territorial state on the border of the Holy Roman Empire.

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List of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century

This is a list of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century.

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List of Norwegian consorts

This is a list of Norwegian queens.

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List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited.

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List of people from Silesia

This is a list of notable people from Silesia.

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List of Polish consorts

The Polish royal consorts were the spouses of the reigning monarchs of the Kingdom of Poland.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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List of Polish people

This is a partial list of notable Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing persons.

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List of princess-abbesses of Quedlinburg

This is a list of princess-abbesses of Quedlinburg Abbey.

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List of Romanesque buildings

–Listed below are examples of surviving buildings in Romanesque style in Europe, sorted by modernday countries.

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List of rulers in states compromising today territories of Ukraine

This list encompasses all rulers and leaders of what is today Ukraine, from ancient to modern times.

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List of Russian consorts

The Russian consorts were the spouses of the Russian rulers.

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List of Saxon consorts

This is a list of the Duchesses, Electresses and Queens of Saxony; the consorts of the Duke of Saxony and its successor states; including the Electorate of Saxony, the Kingdom of Saxony, the House of Ascania, Albertine, and the Ernestine Saxony.

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List of shortest-reigning monarchs

A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, normally ruling for life, or until abdication or deposition.

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List of state leaders in 1348

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1351

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1359

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1360

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1361

No description.

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List of Swedish consorts

This is a list of Swedish queens consort and spouses of Swedish monarchs and regents.

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Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92)

The Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–92 was the second civil conflict between Jogaila, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas.

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Liubartas

Demetrius of Liubar or Liubartas (also Lubart, Lubko, Lubardus, baptized Dmitry; died) was Prince of Lutsk and Liubar (Volhynia) (1323–1383), Prince of Zhytomyr (1363–1374), Grand Prince of Volhynia (1340–1383), Grand Prince of Galicia and Volhynia (1340–1349).

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Louis I of Hungary

Louis I, also Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos; Ludovik Veliki; Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian (Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370.

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Louis IV of Legnica

Louis IV of Legnica (Ludwik IV legnicki; Brzeg, 19 April 1616 – Legnica, 24 November 1663) was a Duke of Brzeg from 1633 (together with his brothers until 1654), of Wołów (during 1653-1654 with his brothers) and of Legnica from 1653 (until 1654 with his brothers, after this alone).

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Louise of Anhalt-Dessau

Louise of Anhalt-Dessau (Dessau, 10 February 1631 – Oława, 25 April 1680), was a German princess of the House of Ascania in the branch of Anhalt-Dessau and by marriage Duchess of Legnica-Brzeg-Wołów-Oława.

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Lower Silesia

Lower Silesia (Dolny Śląsk; Dolní Slezsko; Silesia Inferior; Niederschlesien; Silesian German: Niederschläsing; Dolny Ślůnsk) is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast.

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Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Lower Silesian Voivodeship, or Lower Silesia Province (''Polish'': województwo dolnośląskie), in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided.

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Lubiąż

Lubiąż (Leubus) is a village on the east bank of the Odra (Oder) River, in the administrative district of Gmina Wołów, within Wołów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Lubiąż Abbey

Lubiąż Abbey (Kloster Leubus; Opactwo cystersów w Lubiążu), also commonly known in English as Leubus Abbey, is a former Cistercian monastery in Lubiąż, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of southwestern Poland, located about northwest of Wrocław.

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Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)

Lublin Voivodeship (Palatinatus Lublinensis; Województwo Lubelskie) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland created in 1474 out of three eastern counties of Sandomierz Voivodeship and lasting until the Partitions of Poland in 1795.

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Lublin-class minelayer-landing ship

The Lublin class or Projekt 767 are minelayer-landing ships designed and built in Poland for the Polish Navy, in service since 1989.

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Lubomirski

Lubomirski is a Polish princely family.

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Lubrza, Opole Voivodeship

Lubrza (Leuber) is a village in Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border.

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Lucia of Rügen

Lucia of Rügen (died February 12 between 1208 and 1231), was the daughter of Jaromar I, Prince of Rügen and his wife Hildegard, daughter of Canute V of Denmark and Helena of Sweden.

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Ludgarda (wife of Przemysł II)

Ludgarda (c. 1260/61 – bef. 14 December 1283), was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg, and by marriage Duchess consort of Poznań during 1273-1283 and of all Greater Poland during 1279-1283.

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Ludmila (wife of Mieszko I Tanglefoot)

Ludmila (d. October 20 after 1210) was the wife of Mieszko I Tanglefoot.

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Ludwik III of Oława

Louis III of Oława, mostly known as of Lüben (Ludwik III oławski or lubiński; before 1405 – before 18 June 1441), was a Duke of Oława (Ohlau) from 1419/20 and Duke of Lubin (Lüben) and Chojnów (Haynau) from 1431 until his death.

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Luitpold of Znojmo

Luitpold of Znojmo (Lutoldus Znoyemsis; died 15 MarchThe day of deth: Z ČECHORODU, PEŠINA; Mars Moravicus III.3, P. 286. and NOVOTNÝ, V.; České dějiny I.2, p. 513-515 (+ footnote 15) 1112), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, ruled as Moravian duke of Znojmo for twenty years - from 1092 until his death.

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Lutyně (Orlová)

Lutyně is a district of the city of Orlová in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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Lwówek Śląski

Lwówek Śląski (Löwenberg in Schlesien) is a town in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

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Malec, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Malec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kęty, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland

Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland dominated between 1550 and 1650, when it was finally replaced with baroque.

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Margaret of Austria, Electress of Saxony

Margaret of Austria (c. 1416 – 12 February 1486), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Electress of Saxony from 1431 until 1464 by her marriage with the Wettin elector Frederick II.

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Margaret of Brandenburg

Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (Margareta von Brandenburg, Małgorzata brandenburska; born ca. 1270 – died 1 May 1315) was a German noblewoman member of the House of Ascania and by her two marriages Duchess consort of Greater Poland (during 1293–1296), Queen consort of Poland (during 1295–1296) and Duchess consort of Saxe-Lauenburg (during 1302–1308).

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Margaret of Brieg

Margaret of Brieg (1342–1386) was a daughter of Ludwik I the Fair and his wife, Agnes of Sagan.

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Margaret of Masovia

Margaret of Masovia Małgorzata (before 1358 – 14 May 1388/4 April 1396) was Duchess of Pomerania and Brzeg, by her marriages to Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania and then to Henryk VIII with a Scar.

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Margareta of Celje

Margareta of Celje (Margareta von Cilly, Małgorzata Cylejska, Margareta Celjska) (1411 – 22 July 1480) was a noblewoman member of the Slovenian House of Celje and by marriage Duchess of both half Głogów and Ścinawa.

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Margareta of Opole

Margareta of Opole (Małgorzata opolska; – 15 January 1454), was a Polish princess.

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Margareta of Rawa

Margareta of Rawa (Małgorzata Rawska; 1436/40 - betw. 5 May 1483/1 September 1485), was a member of the House of Piast and by marriage Duchess of Oleśnica, Koźle and half of Bytom.

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Margareta of Toszek

Margareta of Toszek (Małgorzata Toszecka; 1467/68 – 8 November 1531), was a Polish princess and abbess.

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Margraviate of Brandenburg

The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe.

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Maria of Bytom

Maria of Bytom (Maria bytomska; before 1295 – Temesvár (Timişoara), Kingdom of Hungary, 15 December 1317), wasa Queen of Hungary by marriage to Charles I of Hungary.

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Mathias Franz Graf von Chorinsky Freiherr von Ledske

Mathias Franz Graf von Chorinsky Freiherr von LedskeÖsterreichische Staatsarchiv (ÖStA) (Austrian State Archives (ÖStA)); Allgemeines Adelsarchiv der österreichischen Monarchie (General Archive of Nobility of the Austrian Monarchy), Author: Karl Friedrich Benjamin Leupold, Publisher: Hoffmeister, Wien (Vienne), 1789, Volume 1, Issue 2, Page 179-184, in German.

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Matilda of Brandenburg, Duchess of Poland

Matilda of Brandenburg (Matylda Brandenburska, Matilda von Brandenburg; b. ca. 1270 – d. bef. 1 June 1298), was a German princess member of House of Ascania and by marriage Duchess of Wrocław and High Duchess of Poland.

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Matilda of Swabia

Matilda of Swabia (Mathilde von Schwaben; – 29 July 1032), a member of the Conradine dynasty, was Duchess of Carinthia by her first marriage with Duke Conrad I and Duchess of Upper Lorraine by her second marriage to Duke Frederick II.

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Mazańcowice

Mazańcowice (Matzdorf) is a village in Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Mazovia

Mazovia (Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland.

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Müncheberg

Müncheberg is a small town in Märkisch-Oderland, Germany approximately halfway between Berlin and the border with Poland.

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Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania

Mestwin II (Mściwój II or Mszczuj II) (1220 – December 25, 1294) was a Duke of Pomerelia, member of the Samborides dynasty.

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Mieszko I of Poland

Mieszko I (– 25 May 992) was the ruler of the Polans from about 960 until his death.

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Mieszko II Lambert

Mieszko II Lambert (c. 990 – 10/11 May 1034) was King of Poland from 1025–1031, and Duke from 1032 until his death.

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Mieszko II the Fat

Mieszko II the Fat (Mieszko II Otyły) (– 22 October 1246) was a Duke of Opole-Racibórz from 1230 until his death, and Duke of Kalisz-Wieluń during 1234–1239 (with his brother as co-ruler).

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Mieszko III the Old

Mieszko III the Old (Mieszko III Stary) (c. 1126/27 – 13 March 1202), of the royal Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1138 and High Duke of Poland, with interruptions, from 1173 until his death.

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Mieszko Kazimierzowic

Mieszko Kazimierzowic (Kazimierzowic means son of Kazimierz) (16 April 1045 – 28 January 1065) was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

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Mieszko Mieszkowic

Mieszko Mieszkowic (979/984 – aft. 992/95), was a Polish prince, and a member of the House of Piast.

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Mieszko the Younger

Mieszko the Younger (also known as of Kalisz) (Mieszko Młodszy (kaliski)) (between 1160 and 1165 – 2 August 1193) was a Duke of Kalisz since 1191 until his death.

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Mieszkowice

Mieszkowice (Bärwalde in der Neumark; Kashubian: Berwôłd) is a town in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland, about east of the Oder river and the border with Germany.

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Mladen III Šubić

Mladen III Šubić (Mladen III.) (1315 – Trogir, 1 May 1348) was a member of the Croatian Šubić noble family, who ruled from Klis Fortress.

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Moldavian Magnate Wars

The Moldavian Magnate Wars refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination and influence over the principality.

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Muglinov

Muglinov (Muglinów, Muglinau) is a part of the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic.

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Myślibórz

Myślibórz (Soldin; Żôłdzëno) is a city in north-west Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Nabram coat of arms

Nabram is a Polish coat of arms.

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Nakonids

The Nakonids were the leading noble family of the Slavic peoples of the Elbe River from ca.

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Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło

Jogaila, later Władysław II JagiełłoFor the sake of simplicity, this article uses the Lithuanian form Jogaila for the early period of his life and the Polish form Władysław for the period following his accession to the Polish throne.

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Nýdek

(Polish:, Niedek) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Neumark

The Neumark, also known as the New March (Nowa Marchia) or as East Brandenburg, was a region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and its successors located east of the Oder River in territory which became part of Poland in 1945.

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Nižní Lhoty

Nižní Lhoty (Ligota Dolna) is a small village in the Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Nicholas I of Opole

Nicholas I of Opole (Mikołaj I opolski) (– 3 July 1476) was a Duke of Opole since 1437 (until 1439 with his brother as co-ruler), Duke of Brzeg from 1450, ruler over Kluczbork from 1451 and Duke of Strzelce, Niemodlin and Olesno from 1460.

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Nicholas II of Niemodlin

Nicholas II of Niemodlin (Mikołaj II Niemodliński; – 27 June 1497), was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg-Strzelce-Niemodlin in 1476 (as co-ruler of his father) and sole Duke of Niemodlin from 1476 until his death.

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Nicholas the Small

Nicholas the Small (Mikołaj Mały) (1322/1327 – 23 April 1358) was a Duke of Ziębice from 1341 until his death.

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Nidek

Nidek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieprz, within Wadowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Niemcza

Niemcza (Nimptsch) is a town in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Niemodlin

Niemodlin (Falkenberg O.S.) is a town in Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, Poland, with 6,911 inhabitants (2004).

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Nierodzim

Nierodzim is a district (osiedle) of Ustroń, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Nitra

Nitra (also known by other alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia, situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the valley of the river Nitra.

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Nomadic empire

Nomadic empires, sometimes also called steppe empires, Central or Inner Asian empires, are the empires erected by the bow-wielding, horse-riding, nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppe, from classical antiquity (Scythia) to the early modern era (Dzungars).

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Noteć

Noteć is a river in central Poland with a length of (7th longest) and a basin area of.

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November 24

No description.

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Oława

Oława is a town in south-western Poland with 32,674 inhabitants (2016).

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Oława Castle

Sobieski's Castle in Oława is a Renaissance-Baroque style castle located in the site of a former Gothic castle.

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Ośno Lubuskie

Ośno Lubuskie (Drossen) is a town in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,886 inhabitants (2011).

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Oda of Haldensleben

Oda of Haldensleben (c. 955/60 – 1023) was a German noblewoman and by marriage Duchess of the Polans.

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Oda of Meissen

Oda of Meissen (Oda Miśnieńska, Oda von Meißen; b. ca. 996 – d. aft. 1025), was a German noblewoman member of the Ekkehardiner dynasty and by marriage firstly Duchess and later the first Queen of Poland.

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Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej, Oder-Neiße-Grenze) is the international border between Germany and Poland.

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Odolanów

Odolanów (Adelnau) is a town in the Greater Poland Voivodeship of Poland, about south-west from Ostrów Wielkopolski, with over 5000 inhabitants.

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Odon of Poznań

Odon of Poznań, also known as Odon of Greater Poland and Mieszkowic, (Odon poznański (wielkopolski, Mieszkowic); – 20 April 1194) was a Duke of Greater Poland and Poznań during 1177–1182, and Duke of Kalisz from 1193 to 1194.

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Odrowąż family

Nobilitation Odrowąż family in ''Liber Genesos ilustris Familiae Shidlovicae'' Odrowąż (plural: Odrowążowie or Odrowąże) was an important family of knights in medieval Kingdom of Poland, strongly tied with the Catholic church in the 12th century.

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Oldřichovice (Třinec)

(Polish) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Opole

Opole (Oppeln, Silesian German: Uppeln, Uopole, Opolí) is a city located in southern Poland on the Oder River and the historical capital of Upper Silesia.

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Opole Voivodeship

Opole Voivodeship, or Opole Province (województwo opolskie, Woiwodschaft Oppeln), is the smallest and least populated voivodeship (province) of Poland.

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Orlová

Orlová (Orłowa; Orlau) is a town in the Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Osieczek, Wąbrzeźno County

Osieczek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książki, within Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

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Osiedle Piasta I, Białystok

Osiedle Piasta I is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok.

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Osiedle Piasta II, Białystok

Osiedle Piasta II is one of the districts of the Polish city of Białystok.

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Osiek, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Osiek is a town in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,001 inhabitants (2010).

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Ostrów Lednicki

Ostrów Lednicki is an island in the southern portion of Lake Lednica in Poland, located between the cities of Gniezno and Poznań.

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Ostrów Tumski, Poznań

Ostrów Tumski (Polish pronunciation:, meaning "Cathedral Island"; German Dom Insel) is an island between two branches of the river Warta in the city of Poznań in western Poland.

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Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław

Ostrów Tumski ("Cathedral Island", Dominsel) is the oldest part of the city of Wrocław in south-western Poland.

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Ostsiedlung

Ostsiedlung (literally east settling), in English called the German eastward expansion, was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germanic-speaking peoples from the Holy Roman Empire, especially its southern and western portions, into less-populated regions of Central Europe, parts of west Eastern Europe, and the Baltics.

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Otto Bolesławowic

Otto Bolesławowic (1000–1033) was a Polish prince and member of the House of Piast.

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Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg

Otto I (c. 1128 – July 8, 1184) was the second Margrave of Brandenburg, from 1170 until his death.

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Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg

Otto II (after 1147 – July 4, 1205), called The Generous (der Freigiebige), was the third Margrave of Brandenburg from 1184 until his death.

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Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto III (June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was Holy Roman Emperor from 996 until his early death in 1002.

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Otto IV, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

Otto IV, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal, nicknamed Otto with the arrow (– 27 November 1308 or 1309) was the Margrave of Brandenburg from the House of Ascania from 1266 until his death.

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Otto of Bamberg

Saint Otto of Bamberg (Otto von Bamberg, Otton z Bambergu; 1060 or 1061 – 30 June 1139) was Bishop of Bamberg and a missionary who, as papal legate, converted much of medieval Pomerania to Christianity.

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Ottonian dynasty

The Ottonian dynasty (Ottonen) was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs (919–1024), named after three of its kings and Holy Roman Emperors named Otto, especially its first Emperor Otto I. It is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin in the German stem duchy of Saxony.

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Pagan reaction in Poland

The pagan reaction in Poland was a series of events in the Kingdom of Poland in the 1030s that culminated in a popular uprising or rebellion, or series of these, which for a time destabilized the Kingdom of Poland.

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Parliament

In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Paweł Jasienica

Paweł Jasienica was the pen name of Leon Lech Beynar (10 November 1909 – 19 August 1970), a Polish historian, journalist, essayist and soldier.

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Półkozic coat of arms

Półkozic - is a Polish coat of arms.

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Płock

Płock (pronounced) is a city on the Vistula river in central Poland.

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Přemyslid dynasty

The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemyslid (Přemyslovci, Premysliden, Przemyślidzi) was a Czech royal dynasty which reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary, and Austria.

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Peace of Bautzen

The Peace of Bautzen or the Peace of Budziszyn was a treaty concluded on January 30, 1018, between the Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and the Piast duke of the Polans Bolesław I Chrobry which ended a series of Polish-German wars over the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland or Milsko, the eastern part of the margraviate of Meissen (Miśnia)) as well as Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.

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Pełka (archbishop of Gniezno)

Pełka or Fulko (died April 5, 1258 in Łęczyca) was the Archbishop of Gniezno, Poland in 1232–1258.

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Petřvald (Karviná District)

(Polish:, Cieszyn Silesian: Pietwołd, Peterswald) is a town in the Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

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Piast (disambiguation)

Piast may refer to.

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Piast Brewery

Piast Brewery is a defunct brewery, located in Wrocław, Poland.

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Piast Canal

The Piast Canal (Kaiserfahrt, Kanał Piastowski) - is a canal that connects the Oder Lagoon with the Baltic Sea, more exactly with the northern part of the Świna river.

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Piast Concept

The Piast concept is a political idea of Polish state based on its initial territories under the Piast dynasty, and containing mostly Polish population.

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Piast dynasty

The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland.

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Piast Gliwice

Gliwicki Klub Sportowy Piast Gliwice ("Gliwice Piast Sport Club") is a Polish football club based in Gliwice, Poland.

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Piast the Wheelwright

Piast Kołodziej (Polish pronunciation:, Piast the Wheelwright; 740/1 – 861) was a semi-legendary figure in medieval Poland (9th century AD), the founder of the Piast dynasty that would rule the future Kingdom of Poland.

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Piast Trail

The Piast Trail is the oldest tourist and historical trail in Poland.

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Piastowski Square in Bydgoszcz

Piastowski Square is a large and important square in downtown Bydgoszcz, bearing several buildings registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List.

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Pierściec

Pierściec is a village in Gmina Skoczów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Piotr Włostowic

Herb ŁabędźPiotr Włostowic (1080 – 1153), also known as Peter Wlast or Włost) was a Polish noble, castellan of Wrocław, and a ruler (możnowładca) of part of Silesia. From 1117 he was voivode (palatyn) of the king of Poland, Bolesław III Wrymouth. Part of the Łabędzie family, and son of Włostowic, he is likely to have been related to older princes of Silesia. His lands included the territories near Mount Ślęża and Piasek Island near Wrocław. The Dunin clan of noble families claims descent from him. His most famous deed is the capture of Volodar (Wołodar) of Peremyshl (Przemyśl). Later he married Maria, a daughter of Sviatopolk II of Kiev. For this marriage and his adventure in Rus', he was ordered by the Church to reconcile. He was ordered to construct seventy churches. Włostowic, a loyal subject of Bolesław III, had much more negative relations with Bolesław's son, Władysław II the Exile, and especially his wife, Agnes of Babenberg, who considered Włostowic a traitor. In 1146, Włostowic was captured by Władysław, blinded and muted. This mutilation of the popular Włostowic was one of the reasons for a civil war between Władysław and his brothers, as the blinded Włostowic went to Rus', which had so far supported Władysław, and convinced them to break their alliance. Eventually Władysław lost the war and went into exile in 1146. Włostowic regained his position and estates, but his disability and worsening health prevented him from taking further active part in politics, and he died in 1153.

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Piotrków Trybunalski

Piotrków Trybunalski (also known by alternative names) is a city in central Poland with 74,694 inhabitants (2016).

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Pisarzowice, Bielsko County

Pisarzowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wilamowice, within Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Pobóg coat of arms

Pobóg is a Polish coat of arms that was used by many noble families in medieval Poland and later under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Podlachia

Podlachia or Podlasie, (Podlasie, Падляшша Padliašša, Palenkė) is a historical region in the eastern part of Poland.

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Pogórze, Silesian Voivodeship

Pogórze is a village in Gmina Skoczów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Poland in the Early Middle Ages

The most important phenomenon that took place within the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages, as well as other parts of Central Europe was the arrival and permanent settlement of the West Slavs.

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Poland's Wedding to the Sea

Poland's Wedding to the Sea was a nationalist ceremony meant to symbolize restored Polish access to the Baltic Sea that was lost in 1793 by the Partitions of Poland.

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Polanka Wielka

Polanka Wielka is a village in Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Polans (western)

The Polans (also known as Polanes, Polanians;, derived from Old Slavic pole, "field" or "plain", see polje) were a West Slavic tribe, part of the Lechitic group, inhabiting the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century.

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Pole and Hungarian brothers be

"Pole and Hungarian brothers be" (the Polish version) and "Pole and Hungarian, two good friends" (Hungarian version) are respective forms of a popular bilingual saying about the traditional kinship, brotherhood, and camaraderie between the Polish and Hungarian peoples.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Polish Cavalry Monument

The Polish Cavalry Monument, also known as the Millennium Polish Cavalry Monument, is a statue located at the Polish Cavalry Roundabout (Rondo Jazdy Polskiej) in Warsaw.

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Polish Crown Jewels

The only surviving original piece of the Polish Crown Jewels from the time of the Piast dynasty is the ceremonial sword – Szczerbiec.

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Polish People's Army

The Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, LWP) constituted the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East (1943–1945) and later the armed forces (1945–1989) of the Polish communist government of Poland (from 1952, the Polish People's Republic) along with the ruling Polish United Workers' Party.

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Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–31)

Polish People's Party "Piast" or Polish Peasant Party "Piast" (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe "Piast", PSL Piast) was a political party from the interwar period of the Second Polish Republic (1913–1931).

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Polish People's Party "Piast" (2006)

Polish People's Party "Piast" (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe "Piast", PSL Piast) is a political party founded in 2006.

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Polish tribes

"Polish tribes" is a term used sometimes to describe the tribes of West Slavs that lived in the territories that became Polish from around the mid-6th century to the creation of Polish state by the Piast dynasty.

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Polish złoty

The złoty (pronounced; sign: zł; code: PLN), which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of Poland.

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Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1573

The free election of 1573 was the first ever royal election to be held in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1576

The second Free Election in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1575/1576.

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Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1669

On 16 September 1668, King John II Casimir abdicated the Polish–Lithuanian throne.

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Polish–Teutonic War (1326–32)

Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) was the war between the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia, fought from 1326 to 1332.

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Polkowice

Polkowice (Polkwitz) is a town in south-western Poland.

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Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages

Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages covers the History of Pomerania from the 7th to the 11th centuries.

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Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)

The Pomeranians (Pomoranen; Pòmòrzónie; Pomorzanie) were a group of West Slavic tribes who lived along the shore of the Baltic Sea between the mouths of the Oder and Vistula Rivers (the latter Farther Pomerania and Pomerelia).

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Pomerelia

Pomerelia (Pomerelia; Pomerellen, Pommerellen), also referred to as Eastern Pomerania (Pomorze Wschodnie) or as Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomorze Gdańskie), is a historical region in northern Poland.

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Popiel

Prince Popiel ІІ (or Duke Popiel) was a legendary 9th century ruler of the West Slavic ("proto-Polish") tribe of Goplans and Polans and the last member of the pre-Piast dynasty, the Popielids.

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Popielids

Leszko II Leszko III Popiel I Popiel II The Popielids (Popielidzi) were a legendary ruling dynasty of either the Polans, Goplans or both tribes, founded by Leszko II, the son of Leszko I. They supposedly ruled the lands of Poland prior to the start of the Piast dynasty.

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Poznań

Poznań (Posen; known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta River in west-central Poland, in the Greater Poland region.

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Princely houses of Poland and Lithuania

The princely houses of Poland differed from other princely houses in Europe.

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Privilege of Buda

The Privilege of Buda (also known as the Treaty of Buda) was a set of promises and concessions made to ensure that Louis I of Hungary would succeed to his uncle Casimir III's Polish throne, thus enabling the union of Hungary and Poland.

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Prognathism

Prognathism is the positional relationship of the mandible or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

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Prussian Homage (painting)

The Prussian Homage (Hołd pruski) is an oil on canvas painting by Polish painter Jan Matejko painted between 1879 and 1882 in Kraków (then part of Austria-Hungary).

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Przemko II of Głogów

Przemko II of Głogów (Przemko II głogowski) (– 11 January 1331) was a Duke of Żagań, Ścinawa, etc., from 1309 to 1321 (with his brothers as co-rulers), Duke of Oleśnica, Namysłów, Gniezno and Kalisz from 1309 to 1312 (with his brothers as co-ruler) and Duke of Głogów starting in 1318 (until 1321 with his brother, then alone).

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Przemysł I of Greater Poland

Przemysł I (5 June 1220/4 June 1221 – 4 June 1257), a member of the Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1239 until his death, from 1241 with his brother Bolesław the Pious as co-ruler.

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Przemysł II

Przemysł II (also given in English and Latin as Premyslas or Premislaus or less properly Przemysław; 14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296), was the Duke of Poznań from 1257–1279, of Greater Poland from 1279–1296, of Kraków from 1290–1291, and Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomerelia) from 1294–1296, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death.

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Przemysł of Inowrocław

Przemysł of Inowrocław (pl: Przemysł inowrocławski; ca. 1278 – November 1338/16 February 1339), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Inowrocław during 1287-1314 (under the regency of his mother until 1294 and his brother during 1294-1296), since 1300 vassal of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, Duke of Dobrzyń during 1303-1305, since 1306 vassal of the Kingdom of Poland, Governor of the Duchy of Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania) during 1306-1309 (on behalf of his uncle Władysław I the Elbow-high), since 1314 ruler over Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród, Duke of Inowrocław since 1320/24, in 1327 he exchange Inowrocław for Sieradz.

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Przemysław II, Duke of Cieszyn

Przemysław II of Cieszyn, also known as Przemko II (Przemysław II cieszyński, Přemysl II., Przemislaus II.; 1422/25 – 18 March 1477), was a Duke of Cieszyn (Teschen, Těšín) from 1431, ruler over Bielsko and Skoczów (from 1442), Duke of half of both Duchy of Głogów (Glogau, Hlohov) and Duchy of Ścinawa from 1460 and from 1468 sole ruler over Cieszyn.

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Przemysław of Oświęcim

Przemysław of Oświęcim (Przemysław Oświęcimski) (– 1 January 1406) was a Duke of half of both Głogów and Ścinawa since 1404 and Duke of Oświęcim from 1405 until his death.

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Przemysław of Toszek

Przemysław of Toszek (Przemysław Toszecki) (1425 – December 1484) was a Duke of Oświęcim during 1434–1445 (with his brothers as co-rulers) and Duke of Toszek since 1445 until his death.

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Przemyslaus I Noszak, Duke of Cieszyn

Przemysław I Noszak (Przemysław I Noszak, Přemyslav I. Nošák, Przemislaus I. von Teschen; 1332/1336 – 23 May 1410), was a Duke of Cieszyn-Bytom-Siewierz from 1358 (during 1359–1368 he lost Siewierz and in 1405 also lost Bytom), from 1384 ruler over half of both Głogów and Ścinawa (except during 1404–1406) and since 1401 ruler over Toszek.

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Przybysław Dyjamentowski

Przybysław Dyjamentowski (1694–1774) was a notable Polish documents forger and writer.

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Pszczyna

Pszczyna (English: Pless, Pleß) is a town in southern Poland with 25,415 inhabitants (2010) within the immediate gmina.

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Pszczyna Castle

Pszczyna Castle (Zamek w Pszczynie), is a classical-style palace in the city of Pszczyna (formerly called "Pless") in south-western Poland.

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Pyzdry

Pyzdry (Peisern) is a town in Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,163 inhabitants (2004).

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Racibórz

Racibórz (Ratibor, Ratiboř, Raćibůrz) is a town in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland.

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Radoszyce, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

---- Radoszyce (ראַדאָשיץ‎, רדושיץ‎ Radoshits, "Radoshitz, Radoschitz, Radoszyc") is a town in Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland (historic province of Lesser Poland).

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Radvanice (Ostrava)

Radvanice (Radwanice, Radwanitz) is a part of the city of Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic.

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Rataje, Poznań

Rataje is a large residential area in the eastern part of the city of Poznań in western Poland.

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Rawa Voivodeship

Rawa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland since 15th century until the partitions of Poland in 1795.

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Rebellion of mayor Albert

The Rebellion of mayor Albert (bunt wójta Alberta) was an uprising by the burghers of the Polish city of Kraków against the duke Władysław I the Elbow-high in the years 1311–12.

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Recovered Territories

Recovered Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane, literally "Regained Lands") was an official term used by the People's Republic of Poland to describe the territory of the former Free City of Danzig and the parts of pre-war Germany that became part of Poland after World War II.

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Regelinda

Regelinda (Reg(e)lindis; - 21 March aft. 1014), a member of the Polish Piast dynasty, was Margravine of Meissen from 1009 until her death by her marriage with Margrave Herman I.

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Regnal name

A regnal name, or reign name, is a name used by some monarchs and popes during their reigns, and used subsequently to refer to them.

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Richeza of Berg

Richeza of Berg (Richenza z Bergu; – 27 September 1125) was Duchess of Bohemia from 1111 to 1117 and again from 1120 until 1125, by her marriage with the Přemyslid duke Vladislav I. She was the daughter of the Swabian count Henry I of Berg (d. 1116) and his wife Adelheid of Mochental (d. 1127), a daughter of the Bavarian margrave Diepold II of Vohburg.

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Richeza of Lotharingia

Richeza of Lotharingia (also called Richenza, Rixa, Ryksa; born about 995/1000 – 21 March 1063) was a German noblewoman by birth, a member of the Ezzonen dynasty.

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Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile

Richeza of Poland (also known as of Silesia) (Ryksa Polska or Śląska) (c. 1140 – 16 June 1185) was a Polish princess of the House of Piast in the Silesian branch.

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Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary

Adelaide/Richeza of Poland (11th century) was Queen Consort of Hungary by marriage to Béla I of Hungary.

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Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden

Richeza of Poland (Ryksa Bolesławówna, Rikissa Burislevsdotter; 12 April 1116 – after 25 December 1156), a member of the House of Piast, was queen of Sweden and princess of Minsk through her three marriages.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau

The Diocese of Passau is a Roman Catholic diocese in Germany that is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising.

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Roman Grodecki

Roman Grodecki (21 April 1889 in Rzeszów – 17 April 1964 in Kraków) was a Polish economic historian, a professor at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.

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Ropice

(Polish:, Roppitz) is a village in the Czech Republic.

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Rota (poem)

Rota ("The Oath") is an early 20th-century Polish poem,Maja Trochimczyk, including music recording in Real Audio format.

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Royal Castle, Poznań

The Royal Castle in Poznań (Zamek Królewski w Poznaniu) dates from 1249 and the reign of Przemysł I. Located in the Polish city of Poznań, it was largely destroyed during the Second World War but has since been partly rebuilt.

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Royal elections in Poland

Royal elections in Poland (wolna elekcja, lit. free election) was the election of individual kings, rather than of dynasties, to the Polish throne.

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Royal family

A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family.

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Roztropice

Roztropice is a village in Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Rudolf I of Bohemia

Rudolf of Habsburg (– 3/4 July 1307), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria and Styria (as Rudolf III) from 1298 as well as King of Bohemia and titular King of Poland (as Rudolf I) from 1306 until his death.

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Rudzica, Silesian Voivodeship

Rudzica is a village in Gmina Jasienica, Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Rybnik

Rybnik (Rybnick, Rybńik) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the Silesian Voivodeship.

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Rychvald

(Polish:, Cieszyn Silesian: Rychwołd, Reichwaldau) is a town in the Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

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Rzepicha

Rzepicha (pronounced) (also Rzepka) was the wife of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (founder of the Piast dynasty) and the mother of Siemowit.

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Rzeszów

Rzeszów (Ряшiв, Ŕašiv; Resche (antiquated); Resovia; ריישע, rayshe) is the largest city in southeastern Poland, with a population of 189,637 (01.03.2018).

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Salome of Greater Poland

Salome of Greater Poland also known as Salomea Odonicówna (literally daughter of Odonic) (Salomea wielkopolska or Odonicówna; b. – d. April 1267?), was a Polish princess member of the Piast dynasty from the Greater Poland branch and by marriage Duchess of Glogów.

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Salomea of Berg

Salomea of Berg (Salome von Berg, Salomea z Bergu; – 27 July 1144) was a German noblewoman and, by marriage with Prince Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1115, High Duchess of Poland until her husband's death in 1138.

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Samborides

The Samborides or House of Sobiesław were a ruling dynasty in the historic region of Pomerelia.

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Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga, Trzebnica

Sanctuary of St.

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Sanok Castle

The Sanok Royal Castle was built in the late 14th century in Sanok, Poland.

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Santok

Santok (Zantoch) is a village in Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

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Słupsk

Słupsk (Stolp; also known by several alternative names) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, with a population of 98,757.

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Second Mongol invasion of Poland

The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259–1260.

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Sedliště (Frýdek-Místek District)

Sedliště (Siedliszcze) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland

The general sejm (sejm walny, also translated as the full or ordinary sejm) was the parliament of Kingdom of Poland.

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Selencia

Selencia was an early 12th-century entity at or near the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, mentioned only in the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus, who listed it as one of three northern neighbors of Piast Poland around 1115 (the other ones being "Pomorania" and "Pruzia." It has been proposed that Selencia was a misspelling of Luticia, or that Selencia was a short-lived state centered on the Oder estuary, probably destroyed when in 1122 Boleslaw III Wrymouth of Poland defeated, according to the annals of Cracow, a "Zuetopolc dux Odrensis.".

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Seniorate Province

Seniorate Province, also known as the Senioral Province (Dzielnica senioralna), Duchy of Kraków (Księstwo krakowskie), Duchy of Cracow, Principality of Cracow, Principality of Kraków, was the superior among the five provinces established in 1138 according to the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty.

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Serfdom in Poland

Serfdom in Poland became the dominant form of relationship between peasants and nobility in the 17th century, and was a major feature of the economy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although its origins can be traced back to the 12th century.

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Sieciechów, Masovian Voivodeship

Sieciechów is a village in Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

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Siege of Kolberg (1807)

The Siege of Kolberg ((also known as: Siege of Colberg or Siege of Kołobrzeg) took place from March to 2 July 1807 during the War of the Fourth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars. An army of the First French Empire and several foreign auxiliaries (including Polish insurgents) of France besieged the Prussian fortified town of Kolberg, the only remaining Prussian-held fortress in the Prussian province of Pomerania. The siege was not successful and was lifted upon the announcement of the peace of Tilsit. After Prussia lost the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in late 1806, French troops marched north into Prussian Pomerania. Fortified Stettin (Szczecin) surrendered without battle, and the province became occupied by the French forces. Kolberg resisted, and the implementation of a French siege was delayed until March 1807 by the freikorps of Ferdinand von Schill operating around the fortress and capturing the assigned French commander of the siege, Victor-Perrin. During these months, the military commander of Kolberg, Lucadou, and the representative of the local populace, Nettelbeck, prepared the fortress's defensive structures. The French forces commanded by Teuliè, composed primarily of troops from Italy, succeeded in encircling Kolberg by mid-March. Napoleon put the siege force under the command of Loison, Frederick William III entrusted Gneisenau with the defense. In early April, the siege forces were for a short time commanded by Mortier, who had marched a large force from besieged Swedish Stralsund to Kolberg but was ordered to return when Stralsund's defenders gained ground. Other reinforcements came from states of the Confederation of the Rhine (Kingdom of Württemberg, Saxon duchies and the Duchy of Nassau), the Kingdom of Holland, and France. With the western surroundings of Kolberg flooded by the defenders, fighting concentrated on the eastern forefield of the fortress, where Wolfsberg sconce had been constructed on Lucadou's behalf. Aiding the defense from the nearby Baltic Sea were a British and a Swedish vessel. By late June, Napoleon massively reinforced the siege forces to bring about a decision. The siege force then also concentrated on taking the port north of the town. On 2 July, fighting ceased when Prussia had agreed on an unfavourable peace after her ally Russia suffered a decisive defeat at Friedland. Of the twenty Prussian fortresses, Kolberg was one of the few remaining in Prussian hands until the war's end. The battle became a myth in Prussia and was later used by Nazi propaganda efforts. While prior to World War II the city commemorated the defendants, it started to honor the commander of the Polish troops after 1945, when the city became part of a Polish state.

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Siemomysł

Siemomysł or Ziemomysł (died) was the third pagan Polans duke of the Piast dynasty, and the father of Poland's first Christian ruler, Mieszko I. He was listed by Gallus Anonymous in his Gesta principum Polonorum and was the son of Lestek, the second known Duke of the Polans.

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Siemomysł, Duke of Pomerania

Siemomysł, Siemosił, or Zemuzil (fl. 11th century) was the first historically verifiable Duke of Pomerania, recorded in 1046 in the Annals of Niederaltaich (Annales Altahensis maiorum).

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Siemowit

Siemowit (Polish pronunciation:, also Ziemowit) was, according to the chronicles of Gallus Anonymus, the son of Piast the Wheelwright and Rzepicha.

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Siemowit I of Masovia

Siemowit I of Masovia (Siemowit (Ziemowit) I mazowiecki) (c. 1224/28 – 23 June 1262.), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Czersk during 1247-1248, Duke of Masovia (except Dobrzyń) during 1248-1262, ruler over Sieradz during 1259-1260.

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Siemowit II of Masovia

Siemowit II of Rawa (pl: Siemowit II rawski; 1283 – 18 February 1345), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Warsaw and Liw during 1310-1313, after a new division with his brothers since 1313 ruler over Rawa Mazowiecka, Sochaczew, Zakroczym, Gostynin, Ciechanów and Wizna, regent of Płock during 1336–1340.

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Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia

Siemowit III of Masovia (his name also rendered Ziemowit; – 1381) was a prince of Masovia and a co-regent (with his brother Casimir I of Warsaw) of the lands of Warsaw, Czersk, Rawa, Gostynin and other parts of Masovia.

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Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia

Siemowit IV (Ziemowit IV), also known as Siemowit IV the Younger (pl: Siemowit IV Młodszy; ca. 1353/1356 – 21 January 1426), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch, from 1373/74 Duke of Rawa, and after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brother in 1381, ruler over Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna, since 1386 hereditary Polish vassal, since 1388 ruler over Belz, during 1382–1401 he lost Wizna and during 1384–1399 and 1407–1411 he lost Zawkrze, during 1384–1399 he lost Płońsk, taken by the Teutonic Order.

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Siemowit of Cieszyn

Siemowit of Cieszyn (Siemowit cieszyński) (– 25 September 1391) was a Polish prince, member of the Piast dynasty in the Cieszyn branch.

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Siemowit of Dobrzyń

Siemowit of Dobrzyń (pl: Siemowit dobrzyński; c. 1262/67 – 1312), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Brześć Kujawski during 1267–1288, Duke of Dobrzyń during 1288–1293, 1295–1303 and 1305–1312, during 1293–1295 in captivity in Lithuania, during 1303–1305 deposed, since 1306 hereditary vassal of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Siemowit V of Masovia

Siemowit V of Rawa (pl: Siemowit V rawski; 1389 - 17 February 1442), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Siemowit VI of Płock

Siemowit VI of Płock (pl: Siemowit VI płocki; 2 January 1446 - 31 December 1461/1 January 1462), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Siewierz

Siewierz (Sewerien) is a town in the Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

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Sigismund I the Old

Sigismund I of Poland (Zygmunt I Stary, Žygimantas I Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Silesian Piasts

The Silesian Piasts were the elder of four lines of the Polish Piast dynasty beginning with Władysław II the Exile (1105–1159), eldest son of Duke Bolesław III of Poland.

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Silesians

Silesians (Silesian: Ślůnzoki; Silesian German: Schläsinger; Ślązacy; Slezané; Schlesier) are the inhabitants of Silesia, a historical region in Central Europe divided by the current national boundaries of Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.

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Silesians (tribe)

Silesians (Ślężanie) were a tribe of West Slavs, specifically of the Lechitic/Polish group, inhabiting territories of Lower Silesia, near Ślęża mountain and Ślęza river, on the both banks of the Oder, up to the area of modern city of Wrocław.

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Simon IV, Count of Saarbrücken

Simon IV, Count of Saarbrücken, Simon of Saarbrücken-Commercy (born before 1247; dead 1308).

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Skała

Skała is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975-1998).

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Skalice u Frýdku-Místku

Skalice u Frýdku-Místku (Skalica, Skalitz) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Skřečoň

(German: Skretschon, Polish) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Skwierzyna

Skwierzyna (Schwerin an der Warthe) is a town of 10,339 inhabitants (2005) in Lubusz Voivodeship in western Poland, the administrative seat of the Gmina Skwierzyna.

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Slavery in medieval Europe

Slavery had mostly died out in western Europe about the year 1000, replaced by serfdom.

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Slavery in Poland

Slavery in Poland existed on the territory of Kingdom of Poland during the times of the Piast dynasty in the Middle Ages.

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Slavník dynasty

The Slavniks/Slavníks or Slavnikids (Slavníkovci; Slawnikiden; Sławnikowice) was a dynasty in the Duchy of Bohemia during the 10th century.

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Soběšovice

Soběšovice (Sobieszowice or Szobiszowice, Schöbischowitz) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Sobieslaw I, Duke of Pomerania

Sobieslaw I (Sobiesław I Gdański, Subisłôw I) (d. 1177/79) or Subislaw I was the first recorded member of the Samborides (Sobiesławice) dynasty ruling Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania).

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Sokołowsko

Sokołowsko (Görbersdorf) is a village and traditional climatic health resort in Gmina Mieroszów, within Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Solca (Karviná)

Solca (Solca, Solza) is an abandoned village within the municipal borders of the Doly District in the town of Karviná in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Sophia of Masovia

Sophia of Masovia (1497/1498 - before 11 March 1543) was a Princess of Masovia, daughter of Konrad III Rudy, Duke of Masovia and his wife Anna Radziwiłł.

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Sophie of Legnica

Sophie of Legnica (1525 – 6 February 1546) was a daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Legnica, Brzeg, and Wohlau, and his second wife, Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach (1485 – 1537).

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St. Roch's Church, Białystok

St.

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Stanisław Odrowąż

Stanisław Odrowąż (1509-1545) was a Polish noble (szlachcic).

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Staré Město (Frýdek-Místek District)

Staré Město (Altstadt, Stare Miasto) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Staré Město (Karviná)

Staré Město (Stare Miasto, Altstadt, lit. "old town") is a district of the city of Karviná in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Starczanowo, Poznań County

Starczanowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Murowana Goślina, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

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Statutes of Casimir the Great

Statutes of Casimir the Great or Piotrków-Wiślica Statutes (Statuty wiślicko-piotrkowskie) - a collection of laws issued by Casimir III the Great, the king of Poland, in the years 1346-1362 during congresses in Piotrków and Wiślica.

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Střítež (Frýdek-Místek District)

(Polish) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Stefan Maria Kuczyński

Stefan Maria Kuczyński, nom de plume Włodzimierz Bart (21 September 1904, Bogusław, Wołyń – 30 March 1985, Katowice), was a Polish historian and academic specializing in the medieval history of the Kingdom of Poland during the Piast dynasty and the Jagiellon dynasty, especially in the period of King Władysław II Jagiełło.

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Stephen Báthory

Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).

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Stephen of Greater Poland

Stephen of Greater Poland (Stefan Mieszkowic; 1150 – 18 October 1166/77?), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

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Stephen VII Báthory

Stephen VII Báthory (Báthory István; died 3 May 1530) was a Hungarian nobleman and commander.

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Stolnik

Stolnik was a court office in Poland and Russia, responsible for serving the royal table, then an honorary court title and a district office.

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Sulęcin

Sulęcin (Zielenzig) is a town in western Poland with 10,638 inhabitants (2008), the capital of Sulecin County, since 1999 in Lubusz Voivodeship.

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Sulechów

Sulechów (Züllichau) is a town located within the Zielona Góra County, in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Sunray Agricultural Historic District

Sunray Agricultural Historic District is a national historic district located at Chesapeake, Virginia.

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Swietopelk I, Duke of Pomerania

Swietopelk I (also referred to as Swantopolk I), (born around 1080, died before 1148) sometimes called "Swietopelk of Nakło" (Polish: Świętopełk Nakielski) to distinguish him from other rulers of the same name, was one of the first known Dukes of Pomerania; in the years 1109/13 to 1121 he ruled over Pomerelia.

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Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania

Swietopelk II, also Zwantepolc II or Swantopolk II, (1190/1200 – 11 January 1266), sometimes known as the Great (Świętopełk II Wielki; Kashubian: Swiãtopôłk II Wiôldżi), was ruling Duke of Pomerelia-Gdańsk from 1215 until his death.

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Szczecin Lagoon

Szczecin Lagoon, Stettin Lagoon, Bay of Szczecin, or Stettin Bay (Zalew Szczeciński, Stettiner Haff), also Oder lagoon (Oderhaff), is a lagoon in the Oder estuary, shared by Germany and Poland.

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Szczerbiec

Szczerbiec is the coronation sword that was used in crowning ceremonies of most Polish monarchs from 1320 to 1764.

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Szczodre

Szczodre (1945-1948: Sybilin, Sibyllenort) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Długołęka, within Wrocław County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Szlachta

The szlachta (exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host.

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Tarnowski family

Tarnowski (plural: Tarnowscy) is the surname of a Polish noble and aristocratic family.

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Tarnowskie Góry

Tarnowskie Góry (German: Tarnowitz, established in 1526; Tarnowske Gůry) is a town in Silesia (southern Poland), located in the Silesian Highlands near Katowice.

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Tęczyński

Tęczyński was a powerful family of nobility (szlachta) in the Kingdom of Poland, during the times of the late Piast dynasty, the Jagiellon dynasty and in the early decades of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (from 14th century to early 17th century).

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Těrlicko

(Polish:, Tierlitzko) is a village in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Territorial evolution of Poland

Poland (Polska) is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north.

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Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth

The last will and testament of the Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, established rules for governance of the Polish kingdom by his four surviving sons after his death.

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Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)

The city of Danzig (Gdańsk) was captured by the State of the Teutonic Order on 13 November 1308, resulting in a massacre of its inhabitants and marking the beginning of tensions between Poland and the Teutonic Order.

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The Da Vinci Code

The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 mystery thriller novel by Dan Brown.

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Timeline of Polish history

This is a timeline of Polish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Poland and its predecessor states.

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Toszek

Toszek (Tost) is a town in Poland, in Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, with 4,000 inhabitants.

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Treaty of Merseburg

The Treaty of Merseburg of 1033 was an agreement between the Salian Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II and the Piast king of Poland Mieszko II, settling the question of Polish succession which had been contested between Mieszko and his half-brothers Bezprym, Otto, and Dietric, since the death of Bolesław I Chrobry.

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Treaty of Namslau

The Treaty of Namslau or Namysłów, also known as the Peace of Namslau, was a peace treaty between King Charles IV of Bohemia and King Casimir III of Poland.

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Treaty of the Three Black Eagles

The Treaty of the Three Black Eagles (because all three signatories used a black eagle as a state symbol, in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland) or the Treaty of Berlin (where it was signed by Prussia), was a secret treaty between the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire and Prussia.

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Treaty of Trentschin

The Treaty of Trentschin was concluded on 24 August 1335 between King Casimir III of Poland and King John of Bohemia as well as his son Margrave Charles IV.

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Trojden I, Duke of Masovia

Trojden I (1284/86 – 13 March 1341), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Czersk since 1310, ruler over Warsaw and Liw since 1313, regent of Płock during 1336–1340.

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Trojden II of Płock

Trojden II of Płock (pl: Trojden II płocki; 1403/06 - 25 July 1427), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Trzebnica

Trzebnica (Polish pronunciation:; Trebnitz, Třebnice) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland.

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Twardogóra

Twardogóra (formerly Old Polish: Twarda Góra (Hard Mountain), German: Festenberg) is a town in Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Ulrich I, Duke of Brno

Ulrich I, Duke of Brno (Udalricus Brunensis; died 5 January 1113) was the Duke of Moravia for twenty one years - between 1092 and 1113.

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Union of Hungary and Poland

The personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland was achieved twice: under Louis I of Hungary in 1370–1382 and under Vladislaus III of Poland in 1440–1444.

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Union of Krewo

In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or "Act of Krėva" (also spelled "Union of Krevo", "Act of Kreva"; Krėvos sutartis) was a set of prenuptial promises made in the Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

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Union of Upper Silesians

The Union of Upper Silesians (Bund der Oberschlesier; Związek Górnoślązaków) was an early 20th-century movement for the independence of Upper Silesia.

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Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Silesian Polish: Gůrny Ślůnsk; Horní Slezsko; Oberschlesien; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.

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Ustroń

Ustroń (Ustron) is a health resort town in Cieszyn Silesia, southern Poland.

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Václavovice

Václavovice (Wenzlowitz, Więcłowice) is a village in Ostrava-City District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Věřňovice

(Polish:, Willmersdorf) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Veche

Veche (вече, wiec, віче, веча, вѣштє) was a popular assembly in medieval Slavic countries.

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Vendryně

(Polish) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the banks of the Olza River.

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Viola of Teschen

Viola of Teschen, later known as Elizabeth (Wiola Elżbieta cieszyńska, Viola Alžběta Těšínská) (ca. 1291 – 21 September 1317), was Queen of Bohemia and Poland by marriage to Wenceslaus III of Bohemia.

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Vladislaus II of Opole

Vladislaus II of Opole (Władysław Opolczyk, Wladislaus von Oppeln, Oppelni László, Владислав Опольчик) (ca. 1332 – 18 May 1401) was a Duke of Opole from 1356 (as a Bohemian vassal), Count palatine of Hungary during 1367–1372, ruler over Lubliniec since 1368, Duke of Wieluń during 1370–1392, ruler over Bolesławiec from 1370 (only for his life), Governor of Galicia–Volhynia during 1372–1378, ruler over Pszczyna during 1375–1396, Count palatine of Poland in 1378, Duke of Dobrzyń and Kujawy during 1378–1392 (as a Polish vassal), ruler over Głogówek from 1383 and ruler over Krnov during 1385–1392.

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Voivode

VoivodeAlso spelled "voievod", "woiwode", "voivod", "voyvode", "vojvoda", or "woiwod" (Old Slavic, literally "war-leader" or "warlord") is an Eastern European title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force.

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Von Plötzke

The von Plötzke, or von Plötzkau (earlier spelling Ploceke, Plocike) family is an old-line noble family from Saxony and Masovia.

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Vratimov

Vratimov (Rattimau, Racimów) is a town in Ostrava-City District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Vrbice (Bohumín)

(Polish:, Wirbitz) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Wałbrzych

Wałbrzych (German: Waldenburg; Lower Silesian: Walmbrig or Walmbrich; Valbřich or Valdenburk) is a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestern Poland.

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Wadowice

Wadowice (Frauenstadt – Wadowitz) is a city in southern Poland, southwest of Kraków with 19,200 inhabitants (2006), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie).

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Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal

Waldemar the Great (Waldemar der Große; – 14 August 1319), a member of the House of Ascania, was Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal from 1308 until his death.

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Warfare in Medieval Poland

Warfare in Medieval Poland covers the military history of Poland during the Piast and Jagiellon dynasties (10th–16th centuries).

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Wawel

Wawel is a fortified architectural complex erected over many centuries atop a limestone outcrop on the left bank of the Vistula river in Kraków, Poland, at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level.

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Władysław I Herman

Władysław I Herman (1044 – 4 June 1102) was a Duke of Poland from 1079 until his death.

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Władysław I of Płock

Władysław I of Płock (pl: Władysław I płocki; 1406/09 - 11/12 December 1455), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Władysław I the Elbow-high

Władysław I the Elbow-high or the Short (Władysław I Łokietek; c. 1260 – 2 March 1333) was the King of Poland from 1306 to 1333, and duke of several of the provinces and principalities in the preceding years.

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Władysław II of Płock

Władysław II of Płock (pl: Władysław II płocki; aft. 31 October 1448 - 27 February 1462), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch.

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Władysław II the Exile

Vladislaus II the Exile (Władysław II Wygnaniec) (1105 – 30 May 1159) was a High Duke of Poland and Duke of Silesia from 1138 until his expulsion in 1146.

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Władysław III Spindleshanks

Władysław III Spindleshanks (Władysław Laskonogi; b. 1161/67 – 3 November 1231), of the Piast Dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland (during 1194–1202 over all the land and during 1202–1229 only over the southern part), High Duke of Poland and Duke of Kraków during 1202–1206 and 1228–1231, Duke of Kalisz during 1202–1206, ruler of Lubusz during 1206–1210 and 1218–1225, and ruler over Gniezno during 1216–1217.

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Władysław Odonic

Władysław (also named Włodzisław) Odonic (nicknamed Plwacz) (Władysław (Włodzisław) Odonic (Plwacz)) (– 5 June 1239) was a Duke of Kalisz 1207–1217, Duke of Poznań 1216–1217, ruler of Ujście in 1223, ruler of Nakło from 1225, and Duke of all Greater Poland 1229–1234; from 1234 until his death he was ruler over only the north and east of the Warta river (some historians believed that shortly before his death, he lost Ujście and Nakło).

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Władysław of Bytom

Władysław of Bytom (Władysław bytomski; 1277/83 – around 8 September 1352), was a Duke of Koźle during 1303-1334, Duke of Bytom from 1316, Duke of Toszek since 1329 and Duke of Siewierz during 1328–1337.

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Władysław of Cieszyn (d. 1355)

Władysław of Cieszyn (Władysław cieszyński) (1325/31 – May 1355) was a Polish prince member of the Piast dynasty in the Cieszyn branch.

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Władysław of Głogów

Władysław of Głogów (Władysław Głogowski, Vladislav Těšínsko-Hlohovský, Wladislaus von Teschen) (– 14 February 1460) was a Silesian nobleman.

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Władysław of Legnica

Władysław of Legnica (Władysław legnicki; 6 June 1296 – after 13 January 1352), was a Duke of Legnica during 1296–1312 (with his brothers until 1311 and briefly alone during 1311–1312), of Brzeg and Wrocław during 1296–1311 (with his brothers).

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Władysław of Zator

Władysław of Zator (Władysław Zatorski; 1455 – 28 May/21 September 1494), was a Duke of Zator during 1468–1474 (with his brothers as co-rulers), ruler over half of Zator during 1474–1482 (with his brother as co-ruler) and Duke of Wadowice since 1482 until his death.

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Władysław Opolski

Władysław of Opole (Władysław opolski) (– 27 August/13 September 1281/2) was a Duke of Kalisz during 1234–1244, Duke of Wieluń from 1234 to 1249 and Duke of Opole–Racibórz from 1246 until his death.

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Władysław the Hunchback

Władysław the Hunchback (pl: Władysław Garbaty; ca. 1303/05 - 5 June 1351/April 1352), was a Polish prince, member of the House of Piast.

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Władysław the White

Władysław (Włodko) the White or Władysław of Gniewkowo (Władysław (Włodko) Biały (Gniewkowski); ca. 1327/1333 – 29 February 1388), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Gniewkowo during 1347/1350–1363/1364 (his final and official resignation was in 1377) and last male representative of the Kujavian line.

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Wenceslaus I of Zator

Wenceslaus I of Zator (Wacław I Zatorski; – before 29 July 1468), was a Duke of Oświęcim during 1434–1445 (with his brothers as co-rulers) and Duke of Zator from 1445 until his death.

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Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn

Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn (Wacław I cieszyński, Václav I. (Těšín), Wenzel I. (Teschen); 1413/18 – 1474), was a Duke of Cieszyn from 1431 (until 1442 with his brothers as co-rulers), Duke of half of Bytom during 1431-1452 (returned to him soon after until 1459) and Duke of Siewierz (until 1443).

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Wenceslaus II of Legnica

Wenceslaus II, Duke of Legnica (1348 – 30 December 1419) was a Duke of Legnica from 1364 (only nominal; from 1409 he reigned alone and personally) until 1413, Bishop of Lebus (1375–82) and Breslau (Wroclaw) (1382–1417; also Duke of Nysa-Otmuchów. He was the second son of Wenceslaus I of Legnica, by his wife Anna, daughter of Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn.

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Wenceslaus II, Duke of Opava

Duke Wenceslaus II of Opava (also known as Wenceslaus of Głubczyce; Václav II.; – between 1445 and 1447) was a member of the Opavian branch of the Přemyslid dynasty.

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Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn

Wenceslaus III Adam of Cieszyn (Václav III., Wenzel III., Wacław III Adam; December 1524 – 4 November 1579) was a Duke of Cieszyn from 1528 until his death.

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Wenceslaus III of Bohemia

Wenceslaus III (Václav III., Vencel, Wacław, Václav; 6 October 12894 August 1306) was King of Hungary between 1301 and 1305, and King of Bohemia and Poland from 1305.

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Wenceslaus of Płock

Wenceslaus (Wańko) of Płock (Wacław Płocki, Masovian dialect: Wańko Puocky; 1293/97 – 23 May 1336), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Płock since 1313 and vassal of Bohemia from 1329.

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Western Pomerania

Western Pomerania, also called Cispomerania or Hither Pomerania (Vorpommern), is the western extremity of the historic region of the duchy, later Province of Pomerania, nowadays divided between the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Poland.

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Wielkopolska Chronicle

The Wielkopolska Chronicle (or Chronicle of Greater Poland, Kronika wielkopolska) is an anonymous medieval chronicle describing supposed history of Poland from legendary times up to the year 1273.

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Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla of Greater Poland

Wierzchoslawa Ludmilla of Greater Poland (Wierzchoslawa Ludmiła Mieszkówna; b. bef. 1153 – d. bef. 1223), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast, by marriage Lady of Bitsch and during 1205-1206 Duchess of Lorraine.

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Wilamowice, Cieszyn County

Wilamowice is a village in Gmina Skoczów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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William, Duke of Opava

Duke William of Opava (Vilém Opavský; – 15 August 1452) was a member of Opava branch of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty.

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Witkowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Witkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kęty, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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Wrocław Cathedral

The Cathedral of St.

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Wyrzysk

Wyrzysk (Wirsitz) is a town in Poland with 5,263 (2004) inhabitants, situated in Piła County, Greater Poland Voivodeship.

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Wyszesława of Kiev

Wyszesława Sviatoslavna of Kiev (b. ca. 1047? – d. aft. 1089), was a Kievan Rus' princess and member of the Rurikid dynasty and by marriage Duchess and later Queen of Poland.

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Zabrze

Zabrze (German: 1915–1945: Hindenburg O.S., full form: Hindenburg in Oberschlesien, 1905–1915: Zabrze, Silesian: Zobrze) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice.

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Zaolzie

Zaolzie is the Polish name for an area now in the Czech Republic which was disputed between interwar Poland and Czechoslovakia.

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Záblatí (Bohumín)

(Polish) is a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic.

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Zbigniew Nienacki

Zbigniew Nienacki (January 1, 1929 in Łódź – September 23, 1994 in Morąg) was a pen name of Polish writer, Zbigniew Tomasz Nowicki.

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Zbigniew of Poland

Zbigniew (also known as Zbygniew; ca. 1073 – 8 July 1113?M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 501; B. Snoch: Protoplasta książąt śląskich, Katowice, 1985, p. 13,.), was a Prince of Poland (in Greater Poland, Kuyavia and Masovia) during 1102-1107.

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Zbytków

Zbytków is a village in Gmina Strumień, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Ziemomysł of Kuyavia

Ziemomysł of Inowrocław (Ziemomysł inowrocławski; c. 1245 – October/24 December 1287), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Inowrocław during 1267-1271 and 1278-1287, and ruler over Bydgoszcz during 1267-1269 and 1278-1287.

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Ziemowit

Ziemowit (zhe-MAW-veet) - is a Polish male given name of Slavic origin, a corrupted version of name Siemowit which is derived from words: "Siemo" - family and "wit" - ruler, to rule.

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Zittau

Zittau (Žitava, Żytawa, Žitawa) is a city in the south east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, very close to the border tri-point of Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

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Zofia Odrowąż

Zofia Odrowąż (1537–1580) was a Polish noblewoman.

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1227

Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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18th-century history of Germany

Germany in the era 1680s to 1789 comprised many small territories enclosed in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

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940

Year 940 (CMXL) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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960

Year 960 (CMLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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Redirects here:

House of Piast, Piast, Piast Dynasty, Piast House, Piast family, Piasts, The Piast Dynasty.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty

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