| da Vinci, Leonardo (1452 - 1519) |
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Precursor Era
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Below are checklists of Precursor Era Contributors to Meteorology on postal items (stamps, souvenir sheets, aerogrammes, postal cards, etc.) and numismatic items (banknotes and coins). Catalog numbers, years of issue, and notes on the items featured are given when available. If readers know of additional information or images, please contact the authors using the e-mail addresses at the bottom of this page.
| Contributors to Meteorology | Time Period Covered | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Ancient and pre-Renaissance | Through 1300s AD | 34 |
| Precursor Era (this page) | Renaissance [~1400 AD] through World War I | 229 |
| Modern Era | Post World War I | 143 |
| Chronological and Alphabetical Indexes | 406 | |
Precursor Era Contributors to meteorology covered:
The Contributors on this page are listed in alphabetical order above and are presented in chronological order below.
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Sejong
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King Sejong the Great of the Chosun Dynasty ruled Korea from 1418 to the mid-1400s. He sought to provide his subjects with adequate food and clothing through improvements in agriculture. Since droughts plagued the kingdom, he directed every village to measure the amount of rain that fell. This was done through the use of a rain gauge invented by his son, the crown prince Munjong, in 1441 (some 220 years before the European Christopher Wren invented his rain gauge). Munjong reasoned that instead of digging into the Earth to attempt to measure rainfall, it would be preferable to use a standardized container. The design was probably based on gauges from much earlier times in China or India. King Sejong sent a rain gauge to every village, and they were used as the official tool to measure the harvest potential and determine the land taxes. This is one of the earliest documented cases of the development of an instrument designed to provide a quantitative estimate of a meteorological variable.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chile | None | Cachet on cover; also back | 2018 | "King Sejong" Antarctic station |
| Guinea Republic | 1824j (Mi2756) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (1824 (a-q + label)) (Mi2747-2763) | 2000 | "King Sejong" |
| Korea (South) | 236 (Mi?) | Un-watermarked | 1956 | |
| Korea (South) | 241 (Mi?) | Watermark 312 | 1957 | |
| Korea (South) | 255 (Mi?) | 1957 | ||
| Korea (South) | 255a | Booklet pane of 6 (6x 255) | ||
| Korea (South) | 275 (Mi?) | Redrawn type | 1957 | |
| Korea (South) | B3 (Mi?) | Watermark 312, granite paper | 1957 | Also flood relief |
| Korea (South) | B3a (BL?) | Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Korea (South) | B4 (Mi?) | Watermark 317 | ||
| Korea (South) | 291B (BL?) | Imperforate MS4 (291 (c-f)) | 1959 | |
| Korea (South) | 339 (Mi?) | 1961 | ||
| Korea (South) | 365 (Mi?) | 1962 | ||
| Korea (South) | P25c | 1000 won (banknote) | 1962 | |
| Korea (South) | 390 (Mi?) | Watermark 317, granite paper | 1963 | |
| Korea (South) | 365a (Mi?) | Granite paper | 1964 | |
| Korea (South) | P38A | 100 won (banknote) | 1965 | |
| Korea (South) | 519 (Mi?) | 1966 | ||
| Korea (South) | P42 | 10,000 won (banknote) | 1973 | |
| Korea (South) | P46 | 10,000 won (banknote) | 1979 | |
| Korea (South) | P49 | 10,000 won (banknote), also back | 1983 | |
| Korea (South) | 1594B (Mi?) | 1993 | ||
| Korea (South) | 1733 (Mi1778) | 1994 | ||
| Korea (South) | 1973a (Mi?) | One of MS5 (1973 (a-e + label)) | 2000 | |
| Korea (South) | 2042a (Mi?) | One of MS8 (2042 (4x (a-b))) | 2000 | King Sejong with Hunmin Chogum manuscript; "King Sejong the Great" (in Korean text) |
| Korea (South) | 2042a+b fdc | One of two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Korea (South) | P56a | 10,000 won (banknote), also back | 2007 | |
| Korea (South) | 2270 (Mi?) | MS10 (5x (a-b)) | 2008 | Sejong station |
| Korea (South) | Unknown (Mi?) | From MS18 (6x (a-c)) | 2017 | |
| Korea (South) | Unknown fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Korea (South) | Unknown maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Korea (South) | Unknown maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Korea (South) | Unknown maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Korea (South) | Unknown maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2315c (Mi?) | One of MS6 (2315 (a-f)) | 2000 |
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Cusanus
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Cusanus was a German cardinal, philosopher and administrator with interests in mathematics, astronomy and the physical sciences. He experimented with measuring the humidity of the air by weighing a piece of wool or a sponge when it was very dry, and again when it had absorbed moisture from the air. The idea for this procedure may have come from the classical Arab natural philosophers who had studied the physical sciences.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (East) | 792 (Mi?) | 1958 | ||
| Transkei (South Africa) | 105 (Mi159) | 1984 | ||
| Vatican City | 395 (Mi?) | 1964 | 500th anniv. death | |
| Vatican City | 396 (Mi?) | |||
| Vatican City | 395-396 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC |
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Alberti, Leon Battista
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Leon Alberti was an Italian early Renaissance architect, artist and writer. In 1450, he invented the first mechanical anemometer. This instrument consisted of a swinging disk hanging vertically in calm conditions. In windy conditions, the disk would swing upward due to the force exerted on it by the wind. By the angle of inclination of the disk the wind force could be calculated, and in turn the wind speed estimated. The same type of anemometer was later re-invented by Leonardo da Vinci (in the late 1400s) and Robert Hooke (in the 1660s). This type of anemometer, generally referred to as a 'swinging plate' or 'deflection plate' anemometer, was used operationally by the USSR and some Soviet-bloc countries as late as the mid-20th century. Mikhail Lomonosov experimented with the first rotational anemometer in around 1750. The first modern wind measuring instrument, the rotating cup anemometer, was invented by Thomas Robinson in 1846.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | 1084 (Mi?) | 1972 | (500th anniv. death) "Lon Battista Alberti" | |
| Italy | 1084 fdc1 | Stamp and (Venetia) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 1084 fdc2 | Stamp and (Rodia) cachet on FDC | ||
| San Marino | 1497 (Mi?) | 2001 | "Maletestian Temple" by Alberti |
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Regiomontanus
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Regiomontanus was a mathematician, astrologer and astronomer of the German Renaissance, active in Vienna, Buda (Hungary) and Nuremberg. His birth name was Johannes M�ller but as was the custom of the time, he adopted the Latin name of his town of birth, K�nigsberg, which is in present-day Bavaria. He later wrote under the Latinized name of Ioannes de Monteregio (or Monte Regio, or Regio Monte) and for that reason came to be known as Regiomontanus.
Regiomontanus was entrusted with the critical translation of Ptolemy's Almagest, which was later used as a textbook by Copernicus and Galileo.
Astrometeorology (relating astronomical phenomena to the weather) has roots in India, Persia, Greece and Rome as well as in the early Islamic scientific tradition. Regiomontanus made significant Renaissance contributions to the techniques of astrometeorology.
In an article titled "Medieval Weather Prediction" (Physics Today, 74(4), 38, (2021); doi: 10.1063/PT.3.4724), Anne Lawrence-Mathers summarized those contributions:
"Much of the time-consuming work of calculating the planetary positions was alleviated by the contribution of the astronomer Regiomontanus. He produced a calendar and Ephemerides, or book of astronomical tables, both of which were made available in print beginning in 1476. The large volumes provided not only full planetary data but also guidelines for their interpretation and a table of corrections to apply when adjusting the coordinates for a particular city or region in Europe. The powers of the planets in each sign and each aspect were tabulated in numerical form, and the lunar mansions1 were included in a table."
"Regiomontanus provided rules for producing prognostications, with the first section addressing weather forecasting. The rules applied standard procedures of the time and appear to be how Regiomontanus conducted his own practice. He identified specific planetary occurrences as especially influential. For example, an opposition of the Moon and Jupiter, when occupying the fire sign of Aries and the water sign of Scorpio, will generate clouds. If the Moon is moving toward Mercury, the forecast will include what Regiomontanus called an opening of the doors of the winds. But for traditionalists, he appended a section after his rules that offered the ever-popular weather forecasting according to al-Kindi."
"High demand for Regiomontanus' works meant that multiple printed versions rapidly appeared, many of them pirated. He was acclaimed as the greatest astrologer of his time: Cardinal Bessarion and King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary employed him, and his work was used by Christopher Columbus to calculate the dates of coming storms. Besides Regiomontanus, several well-known early-modern scientists espoused astrometeorology, including Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler."
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary | 4414 (Mi5877) | 2017 | 550th anniv. Regiomontanus' arrival in Hungary; he is depicted in the upper right of the stamp and also in the lower right of the gold inset; the armillary sphere in the inset symbolizes his astronomical and astrological work; also Ptolemy is depicted in the lower left of the gold inset | |
| Hungary | 4414 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (black printed) cachet on FDC | (As above for stamp); also "550th anniv. Regiomontanus' arrival in Hungary" (in cancel and cachet); also the cachet depicts an astrolabe that he built |
1Lunar mansions were an astronomical construct credited to Indian astrologers. They were based on 28 fixed stars or star groupings, each of which occupied a sector of the Moon's path through the zodiac. Each mansion was characterized in terms of its degree of humidity, which was related to the astrometeorological effect of the Moon. "The effect of the mansion occupied by the Moon was especially influential for the weather four times per month. The general monthly pattern of weather could be forecast by drawing up charts for each of the four occasions. If the Moon was in or moving into a wet mansion, for example, then the outcome would normally be rain. However, a significant interaction of the Moon and Saturn would modify the outcome considerably. Similarly, the disruptive influence of Mars would make storms, thunder and hail more likely. The factors would diminish in power as the Moon traveled in its orbit and would be supplanted when the next key point was reached." (quoted from Lawrence-Mathers, Anne: Medieval Weather Prediction. Physics Today, 74(4), 38, (2021); doi: 10.1063/PT.3.4724).
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da Vinci, Leonardo1
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Leonardo da Vinci was a towering figure of Renaissance art and science. He invented the balance hygrometer some time in the period 1480-1486 (a hygrometer is a device used to measure atmospheric humidity). He also designed a deflection plate anemometer and an anemoscope (a type of wind vane). (Leon Battista Alberti was actually the first to design a deflection plate anemometer, in 1450). In da Vinci's notes for the anemometer, he mentions that one would "need a clock for 'distance traversed per hour, with the force of the wind'". With respect to his hygrometers, da Vinci made the comment that they could be modo a vedere quando si guasta il tempo (used for showing when the weather is breaking).
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| da Vinci (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Ajman | Mi995 | 1971 | da Vinci (in inset at upper-left) | |
| Ajman | Mi995 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi995), from deluxe proof sheet of 8 | ||
| Ajman | Mi995 proofs | Proof sheet of 15 | ||
| Benin | Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims | MS3 (a-c) Imperforate MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2015 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Benin | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat Admin.) | 84 (Mi90) | 2002 | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat Admin.) | 389a (Mi509) | Four of MS8 (389 (4x (389 (a-b)) + label) (Mi509-510) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonarda da Vincija" |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat Admin.) | 389b (Mi510) | |||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat Admin.) | 389a-b fdc | One of two stamps and (text) cancel and (HP Mostar) cachet on FDC | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim) | 816 (BL66) | SS1 | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonarda da Vincia" |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Muslim) | 816 fdc | SS1 and (pictorial) cancel and (BH Posta) cachet on FDC | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 291 (Mi383-382) | Pair (291 (a-b)) [Cyrillic and Latin], from MS8 (291c (4x (291 (a-b)) + label)) | 2007 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 292 (Mi385-384) | Pair (292 (a-b)) [Cyrillic and Latin], from MS8 (292c (4x (292 (a-b)) + label)) | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 291a+292a fdc | Two stamps and (pictorial) cancel and (Serbia Post) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Bulgaria | 2718 | 1980 | "Leonardo da Vinci" (in Bulgarian text) | |
| Bulgaria | 2719 | |||
| Bulgaria | 2720 | |||
| Bulgaria | 2721 | |||
| Bulgaria | 2722 | |||
| Bulgaria | 2723 | Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Bulgaria | None | (Yellow and brown printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1996 | |
| Bulgaria | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on postal card | 2002 | 550th anniv. birth "Leonardo da Vinci 1452 - 2002" (in Bulgarian text) |
| Bulgaria | 4918 (BL?) | SS1 | 2019 | "500th anniv. death of Leonardo da Vinci" (in Bulgarian text) |
| Bulgaria | 4918 fdc | SS1 and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | (As above for SS1); "Leonardo" (in Bulgarian text in the cancel) is written from right to left, i.e. in mirror image (da Vinci wrote most of his personal notes in mirror image text) | |
| Canada | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1987 | "Expo Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Central African Republic | Mi11677_ms8 | MS8 (8x Mi11677 + label) | 2021 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Central African Republic | Mi11678_ms8 | MS8 (8x Mi11678 + label) | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi11679_ms8 | MS8 (8x Mi11679 + label) | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi11680_ms8 | MS8 (8x Mi11680 + label) | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi11681-11684_ms4 | MS4 (Mi11681-11684) | ||
| Central African Republic | BL2428 | SS1 (Mi11685) | ||
| Central African Republic | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2022 | 570th anniv. birth "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Central African Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Chad | Unknown d (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2009 | Self portrait1 |
| Chad | Unknown d-f fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | On stamp of SS1 On stamp of imperforate SS1 | 2015 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Colombia | 1538 (Mi3131) | From MS15 (1538a (15x 1538)) | 2020 | "500th anniv. death Leonarda da Vinci" (in 2019) |
| Colombia | 1538 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (? silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| Congo Republic | Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims | MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] Imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Congo Republic | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Cuba | 3716 (Mi3894) | 1996 | "Leonardo de Vinci" | |
| Cyprus | 562 (Mi?) | 1981 | Self portrait1 | |
| Cyprus | 562 specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | "Leonardo de Vinci" |
| Djibouti | 1405a (Mi2224) | One of MS4 (1405 (a-d)) (Mi2224-2227) | 2018 | "Leonard de Vinci" |
| Djibouti | Mi4947-4749_ms3 | MS3 (Mi4947-4749) | 2022 | 570th anniv. birth "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Djibouti | Mi4947-4749_ms3 fdc | MS3 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | BL1662 | SS1 (Mi4950) | ||
| Djibouti | BL1662 fdc | SS1 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | BL1663 | SS1 (Mi4951) | ||
| Dubai | 154 (Mi?) | 1972 | Self portrait1 | |
| Ecuador | 757B (Mi?) | 1966 | da Vinci (at left); self portrait1 | |
| Ecuador | 757Bc (BL31) i757Bc (BL32) | On one of MS3 (757-757B) On one of imperforate MS3 (i757-i757B) with changed colors | ||
| France | 682 (Mi947) | 1952 | (500th anniv. birth) "Leondard de Vinci" | |
| France | 682 maxi | Cancel on maxicard | 500th anniv. birth, and da Vinci International Congress | |
| France | 1863-1864 fdc (Mi2387-2388 fdc) | (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC card | 1983 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| France | 2713b (Mi3376) | One of MS3 (2713 (a-c)) (BL20, Mi3375-3377) | 1999 | "L. de Vinci" |
| France | 2713b proof | Proof (2713b) | ||
| France | 2713b pack | Presentation pack (2713) | ||
| France | 3401 (Mi4363) | One of self-adhesive booklet of 10 (3403a (3394-3403)) (Mi4356-4365) | 2008 | Mona Lisa, painting by Leonardo da "Vinci" |
| France | 5740 (Mi7476) | 2019 | (500th anniv. death) "L�onard de Vinci" | |
| France | 5740 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| France | 5740a (BL456) | SS1 | ||
| France | Unknown (Mi none, Yv_CNEP_BL82) | (Lettre-verte) personalized postage SS1 | 2019 | (500th anniv. death) "L�onard de Vinci" |
| France | Unknown+cancel | (Lettre-verte) personalized postage SS1 and cancel | ||
| Fujeira | Mi1309 | 1973 | (520th anniv. birth, in 1972) | |
| Fujeira | BL132 | In (upper) margin of SS1 | ||
| Gabon | C93 (Mi364) | 1970 | "Leonard de Vinci"; (450th anniv. death, in 1969) | |
| Gabon | C94a (BL14) | On one of MS3 (C92-C94) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Gambia | 2842a (Mi4986) | One of MS8 (2842 (a-h)) (Mi4986-4993) | 2004 | Self portrait1 |
| Gambia | 2842a fdc | Stamp and (Great Aviators Covers) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 104 (Mi312) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Germany (East) | None | (Text) cancel on cover | 1983 | "Leonardo de Vinci" |
| Germany (West) | 687 (Mi148) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Gibraltar | Unknown1 (Mi?) | 2019 | (500th anniv. death) "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Gibraltar | Unknown2 (Mi?) | |||
| Gibraltar | Unknown3 (Mi?) | |||
| Gibraltar | Unknown4 (Mi?) | |||
| Great Britain | Unknown strip1 (Mi?) | Strip (1-6), also strip1 gutter-pair | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Great Britain | Unknown strip2 (Mi?) | Strip (7-12), also strip2 gutter-pair | ||
| Great Britain | Unknown fdc1 | Twelve stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | Unknown fdc2 | Twelve stamps and cancel (different) and cachet (same) on FDC, also insert | ||
| Great Britain | Unknown fdc3 | Twelve stamps and cancel (different) and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | Unknown pack | Presentation pack, also inside (page1 and page2) | ||
| Great Britain | Unknown booklet | Prestige booklet front (page1), also page2, page3, page4, page5, and back (page6) | ||
| Grenada | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS3 (a-c) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Grenada | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2014 | da Vinci drawings and works of art, including self-portrait1 (in the third inset image in the SS1) |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ms fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2021 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Hungary | C109 (Mi1253) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1; "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Hungary | C109 maxi1 | Maxicard (Budapest cancel) | ||
| Hungary | C109 maxi2 | Maxicard (different, Budapest cancel) | ||
| Hungary | C109 maxi3 | Maxicard (? cancel) | ||
| Hungary | 1678 (Mi2122) | 1965 | "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Hungary | 1678 maxi1 | Maxicard (Budapest pictorial cancel) | ||
| Hungary | 1678 maxi2 | Maxicard (Budapest text cancel) | ||
| Hungary | 2280+label (Mi2940) | Stamp and label, from MS6 (2280a (6x 2280 + 6 labels)) | 1974 | Mona Lisa, painting by "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Hungary | 2280 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Hungary | C363 (BL114) | MS5 (1585, 1382, 2239, 2280+label, and C81) with purple background | 1975 | Mona Lisa, painting by "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Hungary | C363 var (BL114 var) | MS5 (1585, 1382, 2239, 2280+label, and C81) with blue background and without denomination or postal value | ||
| Hungary | 3992c (Mi5112) | One of MS4 (3992 (a-d)) (BL305, Mi5110-5113) | 2006 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Hungary | 3992 specimen | MS4 overprinted with specimen circles | ||
| Italy | C28 (Mi?) | 1932 | commemorating da Vinci for the Dante Alighieri Society | |
| Italy | C29 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | C30 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | C31 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | C32 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | C33 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | C34 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | 347 (Mi?) | 1935 | ||
| Italy | 348 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | 404 (Mi?) | 1938 | Self portrait1 | |
| Italy | C103 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | C105 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | 601 (Mi?) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 (on 601 and 601B) | |
| Italy | 601A (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | 601B (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | None | Printed stamp on postal card | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 |
| Italy | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1960 | ship "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Italy | None | Cancel (different) and cachet on cover | 1960 | ship Leonardo da Vinci |
| Italy | P99 | 50,000 lire (banknote) | 1972 | Self portrait1 |
| Italy | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2003 | "From Icarus to Leonardo" (in Italian text) |
| Italy | Unknown1 (Mi?) | 2015 | "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Italy | Unknown2 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | Unknown3 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy | Unknown4 (Mi?) | |||
| Italy (Aegean) | C8 (Mi?) | like Italy C28 but changed colors and overprinted | 1932 | |
| Italy (Aegean) | C9 (Mi?) | like Italy C29 but changed colors and overprinted | ||
| Italy (Aegean) | C10 (Mi?) | like Italy C30 but changed colors and overprinted | ||
| Italy (Aegean) | C11 (Mi?) | like Italy C31 but changed colors and overprinted | ||
| Italy (Aegean) | C12 (Mi?) | like Italy C32 but changed colors and overprinted | ||
| Italy (Aegean) | C13 (Mi?) | like Italy C33 but changed colors and overprinted | ||
| Italy (Aegean) | C14 (Mi?) | like Italy C34 | 1932 | |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS4 (2x (a-b)) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) [known illegal issue] Unknown iss | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | 2012 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (different) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Japan | 1355 (Mi1385) | 2012 | da Vinci's Vitruvian Man | |
| Japan | 1355 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (JSPA) cachet on FDC | ||
| Japan | 1355 maxi | (JSPA) maxicard | "Leonardo da Vinci's sketch of a human body" (known as the Vitruvian Man) | |
| Kyrgyzstan Express Post | 131 (BL?) | SS1 and label | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Kyrgyzstan Express Post | 131 fdc | SS1 and (Kyrgyzstan Express Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Latvia | CB10a (Mi?) | 1932 | ||
| Liechtenstein | C24 (Mi?) | 1948 | Self portrait1 | |
| Liechtenstein | 1785 (Mi?) | MS3 (1785 (a-c)) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "L da Vinci" |
| Macedonia | 240 (Mi252) | 2002 | (550th anniv. birth); self portrait1 | |
| Malagasy (DR) | 1148a (Mi1494A) i1148a (Mi1494B) | One of MS16 (1148 (a-p)) (Mi1494A-1509A) One of imperforate MS16 (i1148 (a-p)) (Mi1494B-1509B) | 1993 | Self portrait1 |
| Madagascar | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (2x (a-b)) | 2013 | Self portrait1 (on stamp 'a') |
| Madagascar | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "500th anniv. death L�onard de Vinci" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2019 | (500th anniv. death) "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Maldive Islands | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Maldive Islands | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Mali | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Marshall Islands | 1223 (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Marshall Islands | 1224 (BL?) | Imperforate SS1 (only) | ||
| Moldova | 417 (BL27) | MS3 (417 (a-c)) | 2002 | 550th anniv. birth; self portrait1 |
| Moldova | 417 cover (BL? cover) | MS3 and cancel on cover | 2009 | 490th anniv. death; self portrait1 |
| Moldova | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d), or from MS8 (8x unknown_d + label) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Moldova | Unknown d maxi | Maxicard, also back | ||
| Moldova | Unknown fdc | Stamp and label and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 738 (Mi949) | 1969 | 450th anniv. death; self portrait1 | |
| Monaco | 2247 (Mi2595) | 2002 | (550th anniv. birth); self portrait1 | |
| Mongolia | 2504f (Mi3385) | One of MS20 (2504 (a-t)) (Mi3380-3399) | 2001 | "Leonard de Vinci" and self-portrait |
| Mongolia | 2790 (Mi?) | 2014 | Self portrait1 | |
| Mozambique | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2016 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2022 | 570th anniv. birth "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 (different) | ||
| Mozambique | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS8 (2x (a-b) + label) | ||
| Nevis | 1982 (Mi3381-3383) | MS3 (1982 (a-c)) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Nevis | 1983 (BL415, Mi3384) | Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Niger | C126 (Mi251) | 1970 | "L�onard de Vinci" | |
| Niger | C142 (Mi268) | C126 overprinted | 1970 | "L�onard de Vinci" |
| Niger | Unknown ms (BL1070) | SS1 | 2019 | "500th anniv. death L�onard de Vinci" (in French text) |
| Niger | Mi6906-6909_ms4 | MS4 (Mi6906-6909) | 2019 | "500th anniv. death L�onard de Vinci" (in French text) |
| Niger | BL1415 | SS1 | ||
| Niger | BL1415 fdc | SS1 and (multi-color printed) cachet (design like stamp) on FDC | ||
| Niger | Mi8591-8594_ms4 | MS4 (Mi8591-8594) | 2022 | "570th anniv. birth L�onard de Vinci" (in French text) |
| Niger | Mi8591-8594_ms4 fdc | MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Niger | Mi10260-10263_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10260-10263) | 2022 | "570th anniv. birth L�onard de Vinci" (in French text) |
| Niger | BL1778 | SS1 (Mi10264) | ||
| Niger | Mi10265-10268_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10265-10268) | ||
| Niger | BL1779 | SS1 (Mi10269) | ||
| Niger | Mi10270-10273_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10270-10273) | ||
| Niger | BL1780 | SS1 (Mi10274) | ||
| Niger | Mi10275-10278_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10275-10278) | ||
| Niger | BL1781 | SS1 (Mi10279) | ||
| Palau | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2018 | (500th anniv. death, in 2019) "L�onardo da Vinci" |
| Palau | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Paraguay | 960 (Mi1592) | 1966 | ||
| Paraguay | 960 muestra | Overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | 959-963 fdc | One of five stamps and (Centro Filat�lico del Paraguay) cachet on FDC | ||
| Paraguay | 965 (Mi1597) | |||
| Paraguay | 965 muestra | Overprinted "muestra | ||
| Paraguay | 964-966 fdc | One of three stamps and (Centro Filat�lico del Paraguay) cachet on FDC | ||
| Paraguay | 1745 (BL301) | SS1 (stamp + label) | 1977 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Peru | Unknown strip (Mi?) | Strip of 2 stamps | 2017 | 565th anniv. birth |
| Peru | 1997 (BL?) | SS1 | 2020 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo Da Vinci" (in 2019) |
| Poland | B73 (Mi744) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 | |
| Poland | 748 (Mi992) | 1956 | "Leonardo da Vinci" painting "Lady with an Ermine" (in Polish text), ca. 1489-1491 | |
| Poland | 748 black | Blackprint | ||
| Poland | 748 maxi | Maxicard, also back | ||
| Poland | 1551 (Mi1808) | From MS5 (1551a (5x 1551 + label)) | 1967 | "Leonardo da Vinci" painting Lady with an Ermine, ca. 1489-1491 |
| Poland | 1551 cover (Mi1808 cover) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on cover | 1969 | "Leonardo da Vinci" painting Lady with an Ermine, ca. 1489-1491 |
| Qu'aiti State (South Arabia) | Mi176A Mi176B | Imperforate | 1967 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Qu'aiti State (South Arabia) | Mi169A+176A_ms8 Mi169B+176B_ms8 | MS8 (4x (Mi169A+176A) + 2 labels) Imperforate MS8 (4x (Mi169B+176B) + 2 labels) | ||
| Qu'aiti State (South Arabia) | BL21A BL21B | SS1 (Mi176A) Imperforate SS1 (Mi176B) | ||
| Romania | 878 (Mi1401) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth | |
| Romania | 878 maxi1 | Maxicard and cancel | ||
| Romania | 878 maxi2 | Mona Lisa cancel on maxicard | ||
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (black printed) cachet on cover | 1999 | 480th anniv. death |
| Romania | 5639 (Mi6911) | From MS5 (5639a (5x 5639 + label) | 2014 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Romania | 5636-5639 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | Self portrait1 |
| St. Vincent | 1291 (Mi1491) | 1989 | "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| St. Vincent | 1291 specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | 1292 (Mi1492) | |||
| St. Vincent | 1292 specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | 1293 (Mi1493) | |||
| St. Vincent | 1293 specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | 1294 (Mi1494) | |||
| St. Vincent | 1294 specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | 1296 (BL94) | SS1 | ||
| St. Vincent | 1296 specimen | SS1, overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | 4178 (Mi8049-8052) | MS4 (a-d) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| San Marino | 1046 (Mi1276) | 1983 | Self portrait1 | |
| Seiyun State (South Arabia) | Mi122A Mi122B | Imperforate | 1967 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Seiyun State (South Arabia) | BL4A BL4B | SS1 (Mi122A) Imperforate SS1 (Mi122B) | ||
| Sierra Leone | 4955d (Mi?) | One of MS6 (4955 (a-f)) | 2018 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Solomon Islands | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2014 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Solomon Islands | Unknown ms fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Solomon Islands | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Solomon Islands | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Togo | C187 (Mi?) | 1972 | Self portrait1 | |
| Togo | C188a (BL?) | On one of simulated-perforation MS4 (like 824+C186-188) | ||
| Togo | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2013 | Self portrait1 |
| Trieste (Italy) | 145 (Mi?) | Italy 601 overprinted | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 |
| Trieste (Italy) | 163 (Mi?) | Italy 601A overprinted | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 (on 164) |
| Trieste (Italy) | 164 (Mi?) | Italy 601B overprinted | ||
| Trieste (Italy) | None | Stamp on Italian-overprinted postal card | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 |
| Trieste (Italy) | None | Stamp on Italian-overprinted postal card (different) | 1952 | 500th anniv. birth; self portrait1 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 656 (Mi?) | 1985 | Self portrait1 | |
| Tuvalu | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS2 (a-b) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Tuvalu | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS3 (a-c) | ||
| Tuvalu | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS3 (a-c) (different) | ||
| United States | 2389a fdc (Mi2004-2007 fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 1988 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| United States | 2952 fdc (Mi2554 fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 1995 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2014 | 495th anniv. death "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci" |
| United States | 5278 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Therome) cachet on FDC | 2018 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | Mi23A Mi23B | Imperforate | 1967 | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | Mi24A Mi24B | Imperforate | ||
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | Mi26A Mi26B | Imperforate | ||
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | Mi27A Mi27B | Imperforate | ||
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | Mi23A-27A_ms10 | MS10 (5x (Mi23A-27A)) | ||
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | BL4 | Imperforate SS1 (Mi26B) with printed perforations | ||
| Upper Yafa State (South Arabia) | BL5 | Imperforate SS1 (Mi27B) with printed perforations | ||
| Uruguay | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2019 | 500th anniv. death |
| Vatican City | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| Vietnam | 3655 (Mi3819) | 2019 | 500th anniv. death "Leonardo da Vinci" | |
| Vietnam | 3655 maxi | Maxicard, also back | ||
| Vietnam | 3656 (BL181, Mi3820) | SS1 | ||
| Zaire | 893 (Mi580) | 1978 | ||
1The drawing in red chalk is widely (though not universally) accepted as an original self-portrait of da Vinci. However, the subject is apparently of a greater age than Leonardo ever achieved. But it is possible that he drew this picture of himself deliberately aged, specifically for Raphael's portrait of him in The School of Athens.
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| da Vinci (on satellite and balloon launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1964-07-31 | Port Washington NY | (Green printed) cachet on Ranger-7 event cover | "Leonardo da Vinci" |
| United States | 1973-09-25 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Orbit Covers) cachet on Skylab-3 landing cover | "Leonardo da Vinci" (and his Vitruvian man as part of the Skylab mission patch) |
| United States | 1974-11-01 | Las Cruces NM | (Szostek/WSMR Cover no.36) cachet on balloon launch cover | Da Vinci-1 balloon flight1 |
| United States | 1974-11-01 1974-11-02 | Las Cruces NM Wagon Mound NM | (Cyan and yellow printed) cachet (and signatures) on balloon launch (airmail) cover | |
| United States | 1976-06-08 1976-06-09 | Chesterfield MO Griffin IN | (Purple and red and black printed) cachet (and signatures) on balloon launch (airmail) cover | Da Vinci-2 balloon flight1 |
| French Guiana | 1999-02-26 | Kourou | (C.E. SEP Section Philat�lie) cachet on Arabsat-3A and Skynet-4E launch cover | "L�onard da Vinci" |
1In the 1970s, four special balloon flights, Da Vinci-1 to -4, were organized by the aeronaut and artist Vera Simons. She designed them to combine science and art. Simons worked with Dr. Rudolf J. Englemann, a NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) scientist and former Air Force meteorologist who was a specialist on the transport of low-level atmospheric pollutants. Simons planned to use the unique perspective from a balloon to gather landscape and cloud images that would be used in producing works of art. Englemann assembled a package of scientific experiments from 25 universities. Funding for the Da Vinci project came from the National Geographic Society, the Atomic Energy Commission, some private companies, and NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). The first flight took place in 1974 in New Mexico and collected data on atmospheric temperature and winds. In the summer of 1976 the second flight, from St. Louis, MO, to Griffin, IN, gathered data on the atmospheric mixing and diffusion and transport of urban air pollutants. The third flight, with similar goals, was also launched from St. Louis. The fourth flight, known as Da Vinci Transamerica, was launched from Oregon in 1979 and emphasized the artistic elements of the program along with the new goal of reaching Norfolk VA in a trans-continental flight. It carried Simons, Engelmann, flight surgeon Fred Hyde and NBC cameraman Randy Birch (who did recordings for the Today Show) eastward. Though a storm forced it to land in northwestern Ohio, it nevertheless established a new ballooning overland distance record of 3223 km.
|
Paracelsus
|
Paracelsus was a Swiss physician who studied the relationships between climate and weather and medicine. He wrote that anyone who studied winds, lightning and weather would understand what caused illness.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | None | Cachet on (balloon mail) cover | 1953 | |
| Austria | 1546 (Mi2038) | 1991 | 450th anniv. death | |
| Austria | 1546 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Austria | 1546 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel (different) and cachet on FDC | ||
| Austria | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1993 | |
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | pre-WWI | Paracelsus, and other scientists |
| Germany (West) | B311 (Mi?) | 1949 | ||
| Germany | 1817 (Mi?) | 1993 | (500th anniv. death) | |
| Germany | 1817 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1817 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1817 folder | FDC folder | ||
| Germany | 1817 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Ghana | 1264 (Mi?) | 1990 | ||
| Hungary | 3214 (Mi?) | 1989 | ||
| Romania | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1993 | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi3386 | One of MS4 (Mi3385-3388) | 2008 | Image of Paracelsus (but text refers to Theophrastus of Lesbos) |
| Switzerland | 928 (Mi?) | 1993 | (500th anniv. death) | |
| United States | 1685 sp | (non-USPS) souvenir page (1685) | 1976 | "Paracelsus" (in text and picture) |
|
Nostradamus
|
Nostradamus was a French seer and visionary. He made many predictions of future events, but their real meaning is obscure and subject to interpretation. For example, when asked about tomorrow's weather, he wrote:
In the time of moons a man will be
A ponderer of cloud and raging storm.
Not for sake of probing philosophy,
But more because the cloudy brain's the norm.
From this we can interpret that he was critical of a preoccupation with the weather, and reluctant to make weather forecasts. Nevertheless, he was beset throughout his life by requests to "divine the skies," a task that he considered beneath him. The Queen of France was especially interested in his meteorological talents and begged him nightly to provide a forecast so that she would know "what to wear on the morrow". After a few of these forecasts, he finally refused, saying, "Flay me if you will, but I will not be seduced again into using my powers to predict your rainy day! Besides, would you not rather hear of the wonderful future of mankind than all this atmospheric gloom and doom"?
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2630 (BL?) | SS1 | 2002 | |
| Central African Republic | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS6 (a-f) | 2023 | "520th anniv. birth Nostradamus" (in French text) |
| Central African Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Fantippo | Local | 1999 | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2003 | 500th anniv. birth "Nostradamus" |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3933A Mi3933B | One of MS6 (Mi3930A-3935A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi3930B-3935B) | 2008 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc1 Mi3930B-3935B_ms6 fdc1 | MS6 on FDC Imperforate MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc2 | MS6 on FDC (different) | ||
| Liberia | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | "520th anniv. birth Nostradamus" |
| Liberia | Unknown ms (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Liberia | Unknown ms (BL?) | SS1 (different) | ||
| Monaco | 2303 (Mi?) | 2003 | (500th anniv. birth) "Nostradamus" | |
| Romania | 4592 (Mi5751-5752) | Stamp and label, from strip of 2 (4592 (a-b + label)), or from MS20 (4592c (5x (a-b + label))) | 2003 | 500th anniv. birth, "Michel de Nostre Dame" and "Nostradamus" |
| Romania | 4592a maxi | Maxicard |
|
Jos� de Acosta
|
Jos� Acosta was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and naturalist who served in South America. He studied earthquakes, volcanoes, tides, currents, magnetic declinations and meteorological phenomena. In his work Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias, published in 1590, he provided an explanation of the prevailing winds in the subtropical and middle latitudes. He attributed the regular easterly winds of the subtropics (the trade winds) to the movement of the heavens about a stationary Earth. According to his idea, part of this movement, transferred to the tropics, resulted in the trade winds. Acosta also attempted to explain the westerly or southwesterly prevailing winds of the mid-latitudes as being related to ascending or descending currents in the atmosphere. This idea has in it a hint of what is now known to be the atmospheric general circulation.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peru | 862 (Mi?) | 1985 | Acosta's catechism | |
| Peru | 862 fdoi | Cancel, First Day of Issue | ||
| Spain | 1462 (Mi1678) | 1967 | ||
| Spain | 1462 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Spain | 1462 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Spain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1990 |
|
Brahe, Tycho
|
Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer and astrologer who believed that the weather could be predicted through astronomical and astrological techniques.
As early as 1564, Brahe was working to provide an empirical basis for his astrometeorological ideas. In that year, he observed the heavens during the 12 days of Christmas to test his theory that the weather of the coming year could be forecast based on those observations. In his work De nova stella in 1573, he set his belief that the probable weather for each day could be predicted on the basis of heavenly configurations, and presented his principles for the production of astrometeorological almanacs. His theory attributed most weight to the Moon in varying the solar-controlled climate, on account of its proximity to the Earth. However, he warned readers not to expect too much from weather predictions, both because the motions and effects of the heavenly bodies had yet to be properly explored, and because the fluidity of sub-lunary matter could sometimes hasten events or delay them. He recommended that weather observations be kept so that prediction could be placed on a sounder footing in the future. In fact, from 1October 1582 to 21 April 1597 he did just that: he kept a daily record of the weather in Hven, and in 1585 published, under the name of one of his students, an astrometeorological calendar for the coming year based on those observations. A few years later, in 1591, book based on his studies was published, also under the name of one of his students. It contained 399 aphorisms for weather prediction on the basis of the sky's appearance, the motions of the heavenly bodies, and the behaviour of animals (this approach is reminiscent of that of Theophrastus in his Book of Signs). Brahe's involvement in the book became clear when it was later revealed that he had composed its preface. Brahe continued to believe in astrological/astronomical weather prediction, although it become clear to others that local conditions influenced the weather much more than the heavens.
In his practical astronomical work, Brahe was aware that a star observed near the horizon appears with a greater altitude than the real one, due to atmospheric refraction, and he worked out tables for the correction of this error. He was, in fact, the first astronomer to make such corrections for atmospheric refraction. He also made observations of a comet and used a parallax method to show that it had to be outside the atmosphere. This conclusion went against Aristotle's idea of the immutability of the heavens.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajman | Mi678A Mi678B | Imperforate | 1971 | (370th anniv. death) |
| Ajman | Mi678 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi678) | ||
| Ajman | Mi678A-679A ms | MS10 (5x (Mi678A-679A)) | ||
| Ajman | Mi678A-683A fdc | One of six stamps on FDC | ||
| Ascension Island | 140 (Mi140) | From booklet pane of 4 (140a (4x 140)) | 1971 | "Tycho Brahe's Observatory" and "Tycho's Star"; (370th anniv. death) |
| Ascension Island | 143b | Booklet of 24 (4x (138-143)), with booklet front, also booklet back | ||
| Cambodia | 705 (Mi783) | 1986 | Galileo, Brahe, and Coperncius; (440th anniv. birth) | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back2, also front | 2009? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back2 (different), also front | 2009? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back2 (different), also front | 2009? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back2 (different), also front | 2009? | |
| China (People's Republic) | 3981 (Mi4329) | 2011 | Brahe's equatorial armillary sphere; (410th anniv. death); also Brahe portrait (in fdc cachet); (see also Denmark 1576) | |
| China (People's Republic) Denmark | 3980-3981 fdc 1576-1577 fdc | Two of four stamps and cachet on dual-country FDC | 2012 | Brahe's equatorial armillary sphere; (410th anniv. death, in 2011); also Brahe portrait (in fdc cachet) |
| Congo Republic | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2016 | "Tycho Brahe" |
| Czech Republic | 2996 (Mi?) | 1996 | (450th anniv. birth) | |
| Czech Republic | 2996 fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Czech Republic | None | (Fil Press) cachet on postal card | 2009 | |
| Denmark | 288 (Mi?) | 1942 | Round Tower Observatory1, Copenhagen; portrait (in cachet) is possibly of Brahe | |
| Denmark | 288 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | B14 (Mi281) | 288 surcharged | 1944 | |
| Denmark | B14 fdc | Stamp on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| Denmark | B14a | Booklet pane of 10 (10x B14) | ||
| Denmark | 300 (Mi294) | 1946 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| Denmark | 300 fdc1 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 300 fdc2 | Stamp and (Frimaerke Nyt no.13) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 300 fdc3 | Stamp and (P. Falkenberg no.10) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 300 fdc4 | Stamp and (Danish FDC Service) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 300 fdc5 | Stamp and (Populaer Filateli no.12) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 300 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Denmark | 300 folder | Souvenir folder | ||
| Denmark | 524 (Mi?) | 1973 | ||
| Denmark | 524 fdc1 | Stamp and (MN) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 524 fdc2 | Stamp and (N) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 524 fdc3 | Stamp and (Frimaerke Nyt nr.189) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 524 fdc4 | Stamp and (Foghs Kuvert nr.258) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 1035 (Mi1110) | 1995 | ||
| Denmark | 1035 fdc | Stamp and (Populaer Filateli) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 1036 (Mi1111) | |||
| Denmark | 1036 fdc | Stamp and (Populaer Filateli) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 1035-1036 fdc1 | Two stamps on FDC (Danish Post cachet) | ||
| Denmark | 1035-1036 fdc2 | Two stamps and (Populaer Filateli) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark Sweden | 1035 fdc 2149 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on dual-country FDC | 1995 | Brahe's Uranienborg astronomical observatory; (450th anniv. birth, in 1996) |
| Denmark | 1428 (Mi1528) | From booklet of 10 (1428a (10x 1428)) | 2009 | Round Tower Observatory1, Copenhagen |
| Denmark | 1429 (Mi1529) | Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen | ||
| Denmark | 1576 (Mi1693) | 2012 | Brahe's equatorial armillary sphere; (410th anniv. death, in 2011); (see also China/PRC 3981) | |
| Denmark China (People's Republic) | 1576-1577 fdc 3980-3981 fdc | Two of four stamps and cachet on dual-country FDC | 2012 | Brahe's equatorial armillary sphere; (410th anniv. death, in 2011); also Brahe portrait (in fdc cachet) |
| Denmark | 1893 (Mi2065) | From booklet pane of 10 (1895a (2x (1891-1895))) (Mi2063-2067) | 2022 | Round Tower Observatory1, Copenhagen |
| Denmark | 1893_sa (Mi2065_sa) | Self-adhesive | ||
| Denmark | 1891-1895_sa fdc | One of 5 self-adhesive stamps on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown e (Mi none) | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2016 sc (Mi2561 sc) | Cachet on souvenir card | 1986 | "Brahe" |
| Gabon | Unknown c (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2020 | "Tycho Brahe" |
| Grenada Grenadines | 746 (Mi755) | 1986 | "Tyco Brahe's notes and sketch" of comet of 1577; (mis-spelled "Tyco" in text); (captions on 746 and 747 are reversed); (440th anniv. birth) | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 747 (Mi756) | |||
| Grenada Grenadines | 789 (Mi799) | 746 overprinted in black | 1986 | "Tyco Brahe's notes and sketch" of comet of 1577; (mis-spelled "Tyco" in text); (captions on 746 and 747 are reversed); (440th anniv. birth) |
| Grenada Grenadines | 790 (Mi800) | 747 overprinted in silver | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5748 | From MS6 (Mi5747-5752) | 2008 | "Tycho Brahe" |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5751 | |||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5747-5752_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown c (Mi none) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2017 | "Tycho Brahe" |
| Mexico | 1437 card | FDC card front (Spanish), also back (English) | 1986 | "Tycho Brahe" |
| Nicaragua | 1486 (Mi2823) | 1985 | "Tycho Brahe's underground observatory" (in Spanish text) | |
| Nicaragua | 1985b (Mi3293) | One of MS16 (1985 (a-p)) (Mi3292-3307) | 1994 | "Tycho Brahe (1596 - 1601)" (but "1596" should be "1546") |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi10447 | One of MS4 (Mi10444-10447) | 2021 | Brahe (at right), Kepler (at left); based on the painting Kepler and Brahe at the Prague Observatory (artist unknown) |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi10448 | Stamp from SS1 (BL1826) | Brahe (in the painting in the background), Kepler (in the foreground) | |
| Sweden | 2149 (Mi1910) | 1995 | Brahe's Uranienborg astronomical observatory; (450th anniv. birth, in 1996) | |
| Sweden | 2150 (Mi1911) | Brahe's equatorial armillary sphere; (450th anniv. birth, in 1996) | ||
| Sweden | 2149-2150 fdc | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | (450th anniv. birth, in 1996); Brahe's Uranienborg observatory (in cachet) | |
| Sweden Denmark | 2149 fdc 1035 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on dual-country FDC | 1995 | Brahe's Uranienborg astronomical observatory; (450th anniv. birth, in 1996) |
| Uganda | 485 (Mi470) | 1986 | (440th anniv. birth) | |
| Uganda | 519 (Mi499) | 485 overprinted | 1986 | (440th anniv. birth) |
| United States | 1919 sc (Mi1488 sc) | (Reader's Digest) souvenir card back, also front (with 1919 fdc) | 1981 | "Tycho Brahe" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | "Tycho Brahe" (in text only) |
| Yemen Arab Republic | 260C (Mi906A) i260C (Mi906B) 260j (Mi913) | From MS12 (12x 260C) From imperforate MS12 (12x i260C) From imperforate MS12 (12x 260j) with changed colors | 1969 |
1The Round Tower Observatory in Copenhagen is Europe's oldest functioning astronomical observatory. It was built it 1642. Brahe died in 1601, after losing favour with King Christian IV in 1597. Despite that, the observatory dome at the top of the Round Tower was built exactly like Brahe's Stjerneborg ("Star Castle") Observatory that he built in 1581. To the right of the entrance to the Round Tower is a bust of Brahe, and also a small piece of Brahe's burial cloth from his final resting place in Prague is displayed in the Round Tower's collection. Both of these items confirm Brahe's relationship with the Round Tower Observatory.
2This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
|
Bruce, William Speirs
|
William Bruce was a Scottish naturalist who with the support of Scottish meteorologist R.T. Omond obtained a post as meteorologist at the Ben Nevis Observatory, where he worked on meteorological research in 1895 and 1896. The meteorologist R. Mossman was known to the two men and had worked at Ben Nevis as well. The observatory sat atop Ben Nevis which at 1344 m is the highest point in the British Isles. It has extensive fog and, in the winter, cold and stormy winter weather. Bruce dreamed of conducting science in polar environments and the assignment to Ben Nevis allowed him to develop his skills in polar meteorology. The knowledge he gained about the design and operation of a meteorological observatory in a harsh environment would serve him well in1903 when under his leadership a weather observatory was set up on Laurie Island in the sub-Antarctic region of the South Atlantic.
With strong support from Omond, Bruce assumed command of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition in 1902, and with Mossman as meteorologist and magnetic observer sailed to the Antarctic in the ship Scotia (the expedition was also called the Scotia expedition). In late 1902 Bruce and his team established their meteorological and magnetic observatory at Laurie Island in the South Orkneys. They called it Omond House in honour their patron. The observatory was transferred to Argentine control in February 1904. Mossman stayed on as interim chief until January 1905 to ensure a smooth transition. This meteorological station, known by its Spanish name of Observatorio de las Islas Orcadas del Sur, has been in continuous operation since 1904 and is the oldest weather observing station in the Antarctic area.
In his expedition travel Bruce used the "Verascope", an all-metal stereo camera designed by instrument maker Jules Richard. The rigidity of the camera minimized any internal distortion effects, and its durability made it very likely that the camera would have a long problem-free life.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| British Antarctic Territory | 54a (Mi?) | Perforated 14.5, watermark 314 | 1973 | "W.S. Bruce" and ship Scotia |
| British Antarctic Territory | 54 (Mi?) | Perforated 12, watermark 373 | 1980 | "W.S. Bruce" and ship Scotia; (60th anniv. death, in 1981) |
| British Antarctic Territory | B1-B4 fdc | Insert from FDC (BAT Official cachet), also insert back and FDC front | 1994 | "William Bruce's Scottish expedition (1902 - 04)" |
| British Antarctic Territory | 320 (Mi345) | 2002 | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 321 (Mi347) | Omond House weather observatory established under the direction of Bruce | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 316-321 fdc | Two of six stamps and cachet on FDC | Bruce, ship Scotia and Omond House | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 393 (Mi466) | 2008 | Bruce and ship Scotia; (140th anniv. birth, in 2007) | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 399b (Mi?) | One of MS4 (399 (a-d)) | ||
| Falkland Islands | 947 (Mi1022) | 2008 | Bruce and ship Scotia; (140th anniv. birth, in 2007) | |
| Falkland Islands | 945-948 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC |
|
Bacon, Francis
|
Francis Bacon was an English natural philosopher who believed that in the scientific arena one should touch and feel and measure things for oneself. As such, he was one of the earliest exponents of the scientific method, and so helped usher in a new era for science. Bacon had an insatiable curiosity about all natural phenomena. In his Preparative toward a Natural and Experimental History (written in 1620), he presented a large number of areas ("histories") in which he wished to "examine nature herself", including the following ones related to meteorology:
- History of lightnings, thunderbolts, thunders, coruscations;
- History of winds and sudden blasts and undulations of the air;
- History of rainbows;
- History of clouds, as they are seen above;
- History of the blue expanse, of twilight, of mock-suns, mock-moons, haloes, various colors of the Sun; and of every variety in the aspect of the heavens caused by the medium;
- History of showers, ordinary, stormy and prodigious; and also of waterspouts (as they are called) and the like;
- History of hail, snow, frost, hoar-frost, fog, dew and the like;
- History of all other things that fall or descend from above, and that are generated in the upper region;
- History of sounds in the upper region (if there be any), besides thunder;
- History of air as a whole, or in the configuration of the world;
- History of the seasons or temperatures of the year, as well according to the variations of Regions as according to accidents of Times and periods of Years; of floods, heats, droughts and the like.
Unfortunately there was just not enough time, and Bacon was not able to expound upon all these subjects. He did, however, manage to publish in 1622 his work Historia Ventorum (translated as The Natural and Experimental History of Winds).
In 1620, Bacon noted and called attention to the similarities in the continental outlines of western Africa and eastern South America. That was the first vague hint of the theory of continental drift, which would be developed more than 300 years later by Wegener, du Toit, and other researchers.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (East) | None | Postal card | 1980 | "Francis Bacon" |
| Germany (East) | None | Postal card and (pictorial) cancel | ||
| Newfoundland | 92 (Mi73II) | 1910 | "Lord Bacon"; "colonisation" with an "s" | |
| Newfoundland | 92A (Mi73I) | "Lord Bacon"; "colonization" with a "z" | ||
| Newfoundland | 92 (Mi79) | 1911 | "Lord Bacon"; "colonization" with a "z" | |
| Romania | 1443 (Mi2004) | 1961 | (400th anniv. birth) "F. Bacon" | |
| Romania | 1443-1444+1446 fdc | Stamp and (blue and gold printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | 1442+1445+1447 fdc | (Blue and gold printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | None | Postal card (red) | 1962 | (400th anniv. birth) "F. Bacon" |
| Romania | None | Postal card (blue) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (Tomsk Collectors' Society brown) cachet on cover | 1961 | "400th anniv. birth Francis Bacon" |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Purple pictorial) cancel and (Tomsk Collectors' Society brown) cachet on cover | ||
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (Tomsk Collectors' Society blue) cachet on cover | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2254d (Mi3394) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2254 (a-q + label)) (Mi3391-3407) and possible text in (left) margin | 2000 | "Francis Bacon publishes his work" |
| United States | None | (Return address) cachet on cover | 1897 | "Francis Bacon Pianos" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2021 | 460th anniv. birth "Sir Francis Bacon" |
|
Galileo Galilei
|
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, mathematician, physicist and philosopher who was one of the pioneers of the modern scientific method. He believed that the laws of nature could be expressed in mathematics. This approach led Galileo to refute many of the conclusions that Aristotle had put forth in his work Meteorologica.
Galileo invented the thermoscope, a precursor to the thermometer, in around 1596. He wanted to measure hot and cold during the period he lived in Padua, Italy. His thermoscope consisted of a hollow glass bulb about the size of an egg, with a long thin glass neck open at its end. The bulb was heated with the hands, the unit was inverted and the neck opening submerged in a vessel containing water. When the hands were removed from the bulb, the water rose to a certain height in the neck above the level of the water in the vessel. This height depended on the temperature of the air: the colder the air, the higher the water would rise. There was no temperature scale on this instrument. Other inventors would later independently construct thermoscopes. The Italian inventor Santorio Santorio added a scale to his air thermoscope in about 1612.
Galileo coined the term Aurora Borealis (northern dawn) to describe the northern lights in or around 1619.
Near the end of his life, Galileo considered the problem of why water could not be pumped higher than 32 feet (10 m) above the level of a reservoir. His student Torricelli continued this work, culminating in his invention of the mercury barometer in 1644.
See also the Galileo spacecraft, which was launched in 1989 and sent to explorer Jupiter and its moons from 1995 to 2003 when its mission ended.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galileo (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Afghanistan (spelled "Afganistan") | Unknown c (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] | 1999 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Ajman | Mi993 | 1971 | Galileo (in inset at upper-right) | |
| Ajman | Mi993 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi993), from deluxe proof sheet of 8 | ||
| Ajman | Mi993 proofs | Proof sheet of 15 | ||
| Ajman State | Mi2781A-2788A_label Mi2781B-2788B_label | Label from MS8 (Mi2781A-2788A + 8 labels) Label from imperforate MS8 (Mi2781B-2788B + 8 labels) | 1972 | |
| Albania | 2243 (Mi?) | 1987 | ||
| Andorra (French) | 403-404 fdc (Mi423-424 fdc) | (Edicions PUJOL) cachet on FDC | 1991 | "Galileu" |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1606 (Mi1674) | 1992 | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2362 (BL459A) i2362 (BL459B) | In (left) margin of SS1 In (left) margin of imperforate SS1 | 2000 | (possible) Galileo |
| Antigua and Barbuda | i2362 essay | Imperforate SS1 essay | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2362 essay fdc | SS1 essay and cachet on FDC | ||
| Argentina | 2459 (BL?) | SS1 | 2009 | |
| Ascension Island | 141 (Mi141) | 1971 | ||
| Ascension Island | 141a | Booklet pane of 4 (4x 141) | ||
| Ascension Island | 143b | Booklet of 24 (4x (138-143)), with booklet front, also booklet back | ||
| Australia | KM1256 | $1. (aluminum-bronze coin) | 2009 | |
| Austria | KM3174 | 25 euros (silver-niobium coin) | 2009 | Galileo (on obverse) |
| Azerbaijan | 898 (BL85) | SS1 (898_stamp, Mi760) | 2009 | |
| Bangladesh | 754a (Mi?) | From MS16 (754c (8x 754 (a-b))) | 2009 | "Galilean telescope, 1609", and Galileo (in cachet) |
| Bangladesh | 754 fdc | One of strip of 2 stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Barbuda | 1370 (Mi?) | Antigua and Barbuda 1606 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | 1993 | |
| Belgium | 2356 (BL?) | In (left) margin of SS1 | 2009 | Galileo's telescope (from around 1609) |
| Benin | 451 (Mi201) i451 | Imperforate | 1980 | |
| Benin | 451 ds | Deluxe sheet (451) | ||
| Benin | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2015 | (450th anniv. birth, in 2014); also Galileo spacecraft |
| Benin | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | (450th anniv. birth, in 2014) | |
| Benin | Unknown (Mi none) | Stamp from SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "Galileo" |
| Bolivia | 1603 (Mi1979) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 488 (Mi613) | From MS8 (488a (8x 488 + label)) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 488 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Bulgaria | 4666 (Mi?) | From MS4 (4666a (4x 4666)) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth |
| Bulgaria | 4666 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Burkina Faso | Unknown e (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2018 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Burundi | 295 (Mi514) i295 | Imperforate | 1969 | |
| Burundi | 296a (BL36) i296a | On one of MS2 (295-296) On one of imperforate MS2 (i295-i296) | ||
| Cambodia | 705 (Mi783) | 1986 | Galileo, Brahe, and Coperncius | |
| Central African Republic | 657 (Mi1036) i657 | Imperforate | 1984 | "Galil�e" |
| Central African Republic | 657a (BL284) i657a | On stamp of SS1 (657) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (i657) | ||
| Central African Republic | i662b (Mi1036-1041) | On one of imperforate MS6 (i657-i662) | ||
| Central African Republic | 760 (Mi1164A) i760 (Mi1164B) | Imperforate | 1985 | "Galil�e" |
| Central African Republic | 760a (BL346A) i760a (BL346B) | On stamp of SS1 (760) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (i760) | ||
| Central African Republic | 779a (BL358A) i779a (BL358B) | In (upper) margin of SS1 (779) In (upper) margin of imperforate SS1 (i779) | 1985 | "Galil�e" |
| Central African Republic | Mi9363+selvedge | Stamp 'a' and selvedge, from MS? (?x Mi9363) | 2020 | "410th anniv. Galileo's discovery of the Galilean moons" (in French text); (the four Galilean moons are the four largest Jovian moons - Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) |
| Central African Republic | Mi9364+selvedge | Stamp 'b' and selvedge, from MS? (?x Mi9364) | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi9365+selvedge | Stamp 'c' and selvedge, from MS? (?x Mi9365) | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi9366+slevedge | Stamp 'd' and selvedge, from MS? (?x Mi9366) | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi9363-9366_ms4 | MS4 (Mi9363-9366) | ||
| Central African Republic | BL2066 | SS1 | ||
| Chad | 708 (Mi1505A-1510A) i708 (Mi1505B-1510B) | In background of MS6 (708 (a-f)) In background of imperforate MS6 (i708 (a-f)) | 1997 | Galileo statue (in background) and name (at bottom of sheet) |
| Chad | 923a (BL326A) i923a (BL326B) | In (lower-middle) margin of SS1 (923) In (lower-middle) margin of imperforate SS1 (i923) | 2001 | Also Galileo entry probe and parachute (in left margin) |
| Chad | Unknown f (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2009 | |
| Chad | Unknown d-f fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2009 | (mis-spelled "Galilelo" in text) |
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) | Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Chad | Unknown fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC | ||
| Chad | BL554A BL554B | In (right) margin of SS1 In (right) margin of imperforate SS1 | 2014 | Also "GPS-Galileo" satellite |
| Chad | Unknown (Mi?) Unknown imperf | Imperforate | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) |
| Chad | Unknown ms (Mi?) Unknown ims | On one of MS2 (a-b) On one of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | ||
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | 2015 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2009? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front | 2009? | |
| Comoro Islands | 409 (Mi503) i409 | Imperforate | 1979 | |
| Comoro Islands | 409a (BL201) i409a | SS1 (409) Imperforate SS1 (i409) | ||
| Comoro Islands | B4a (Mi854A) iB4a (Mi854B) | One of MS8 (B4 (a-h)) (Mi854A-861A) One of imperforate MS8 (iB4 (a-h)) (Mi854B-861B) | 1988 | "Galilee" |
| Comoro Islands | B4a ds (BL263A) | Deluxe sheet (B4a) | ||
| Comoro Islands | 816Pt (Mi1125) | One of pair (816P (t-u)) (Mi1125+1129), B4a overprinted with a silver bar to remove the surtax | 1996 | "Galilee" |
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown b (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2018 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Congo Republic | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2016 | "Galileo" |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "Galileo" |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Cook Islands | KM-unknown | $10. (silver coin) reverse, also obverse | 2014 | 450th anniv. "Galileo Galilei" |
| Cyprus | 1209 (Mi?) | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) | |
| Czechoslovakia | 1231 (Mi1461) | 1964 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| Czechoslovakia | 1229-1231 fdc | One of three stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Czech Republic | None | (Fil Press) cachet on postal card | 2009 | Also Galileo spacecraft |
| Djibouti | C208 (Mi421) iC208 | Imperforate | 1984 | |
| Djibouti | C208a (BL105) iC208a | On one of MS2 (C207-C208) (Mi420-421) On one of imperforate MS2 (iC207-iC208) | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Djibouti | Unknown d (Mi none) Unknown id | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2010 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Dominica | 1366 (BL?) | SS1 | 1991 | Galileo demonstrating laws of physics from Tower of Pisa; (350th anniv. death, in 1992) |
| Ecuador | 750B (Mi1222) | 1966 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| France | 1159 sc (Mi1548 sc) | Souvenir card | 1966 | "Galil�e" (in text only) |
| Gabon | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | 2009 | |
| Gabon | Unknown ss fdc Unknown iss fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC Imperforate SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ss o/p (BL none o/p) Unknown iss o/p | SS1 overprinted in gold [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 overprinted in gold | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ss o/p fdc Unknown iss o/p fdc | SS1 overprinted in gold and cachet on FDC Imperforate SS1 overprinted in gold and cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | Unknown proof1 | Signed proof (red) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown proof2 | Signed proof (orange) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown proof3 | Signed proof (blue) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown proof4 | Signed proof (purple) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown proof5 | Signed proof (black) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims | MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] Imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) |
| Gabon | Unknown fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ms (Mi none) | On one stamp and in (upper-right) margin of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2020 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Gambia | 798 (Mi818) | 1988 | 350th anniv. publication of Galileo's Discourses | |
| Gambia | 799 (Mi819) | |||
| Gambia | 800 (Mi820) | |||
| Gambia | 801 (Mi821) | |||
| Gambia | 802 (Mi822) | |||
| Gambia | 803 (Mi823) | |||
| Gambia | 804 (Mi824) | |||
| Gambia | 805 (Mi825) | |||
| Gambia | 806 (BL58, Mi826) | SS1 | ||
| Gambia | 807 (BL59, Mi827) | SS1 | ||
| Gambia | 2175 (Mi?) i2175 | In (upper) margin of MS6 (a-f) In (upper) margin of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 1999 | |
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | early-1900s | |
| Germany (East) | 2606 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Cachet on FDC, also back | 1987 | |
| Germany (East) | 2655 (Mi?) | In (upper) margin of SS1 | 1988 | |
| Gibraltar | 656 (Mi?) | From MS8 (656b (8x 656)) | 1994 | (430th anniv. birth) "Galileo Galilei" |
| Gibraltar | 654a+656a pack | Presentation pack (2 pair (654a (653-654)+ 656a (655-656))) | ||
| Gibraltar | 1199 (Mi1334) | From MS8 (1199a (8x 1199)) | 2009 | |
| Gibraltar | 1198-1201 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Grenada | 1999b (Mi2279) | One of MS9 (1999 (a-i)) (Mi2278-2286) | 1991 | |
| Grenada | i1999b proof | Imperforate proof, one of imperforate MS9 proof (i1999 (a-i)) | ||
| Grenada | 3812 (Mi6383-6386) | On one of MS4 (3812 (a-d)) | 2011 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Grenada | 3813 (BL801) | In (right) margin of SS1 | ||
| Grenada | 3813 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL220A BL220B | In (left) margin of SS1 In (left) margin of imperforate SS1 | 1986 | |
| Guinea Republic | C172a (BL369A) iC172a (BL369B) | In (right) margin of SS1 (C172) In (right) margin of imperforate SS1 (iC172) | 1990 | "Galil�e"; also Galileo spacecraft entry probe, heat shield, and parachute |
| Guinea Republic | 1862f (Mi3553) | One of MS12 (1862 (a-l)) (Mi3548-3559) | 2000 | |
| Guinea Republic | BL1475 | In (left-centre) margin of SS1 | 2007 | |
| Guinea Republic | BL1475 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5839A Mi5839B | On one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of MS6 (Mi5838A-5843A) On one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of imperforate MS6 (Mi5838B-5843B) | 2008 | "Galileo introduces his astronomical telescope" (in French text in lower-left margin) |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5838A-5843A_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1679A BL1679B | In (upper-left) margin of SS1 In (upper-left) margin of imperforate SS1 | 2009 | "Galil�e"; 400th anniv. Galileo's first astronomical discoveries |
| Guinea Republic | BL1696 | On stamp of SS1 | 2009 | "Galileo Galilei" (in the background, which is taken from the 1847 painting by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, Galileo before the Holy Office) |
| Guinea Republic | Mi10807A-10810A_ms4 Mi10807B-10810B_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10807A-10810A) Imperforate MS4 (Mi10807B-10810B) | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) |
| Guinea Republic | Mi10807A-10810A_ms4 fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL2457A BL2457B | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL2457A fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | 413 (Mi574A) i413 (Mi574B) | Imperforate | 1981 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 413d (BL174A) i413d (BL174B) | SS1 (413) Imperforate SS1 (i413) | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi2415A Mi2415B | One of MS6 (Mi2415A-2420A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi2415B-2420B) | 2003 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi2415A ss Mi2415B ss | (At left) on stamp of SS1 (At left) on stamp of imperforate SS1 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3326 | One of MS4 (Mi3326-3329) | 2006 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3326 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi326) | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3931A Mi3931B | One of MS6 (Mi3930A-3935A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi3930B-3935B) | 2008 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc1 Mi3930B-3935B_ms6 fdc1 | MS6 on FDC Imperforate MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc2 | MS6 and cachet on FDC, also cachet detail | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3763A Mi3763B | One of MS4 (Mi3760A-3763A + 2 labels) One of imperforate MS4 (Mi3760B-3763B + 2 labels) | 2008 | Also Galileo spacecraft |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL683 | SS1 | 2009 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi4091-4095_ms5 | MS5 (Mi4091-4095 + label) | 2009 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL725A BL725B | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 In (upper-right) margin of imperforate SS1 | 2009 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi4445A Mi4445B | From MS5 (Mi4444A-4448A) Imperforate | 2009 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | "Galileo Galilei"; also Galileo spacecraft |
| Hawaii Post (USA) | Local | 2008 | ||
| Hungary | 1592 (Mi?) | 1964 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| Hungary | 4126a (Mi5351) | Two of MS4 (4126 (2x 4126 (a-b))) (BL328) | 2009 | |
| Indonesia | 2180a (Mi2724) | From strip of 3 (2180 (a-c)), or from MS12 (2180d (4x (2180 (a-c)))) | 2009 | "Galileoscope" (Galileo's telescope, in text) |
| Indonesia | 2180c (Mi2726) | |||
| Indonesia | 2181a (Mi2727) | From MS3 (2181 (a-c)) (BL250) | "Galileoscope" (Galileo's telescope, in text) | |
| Indonesia | 2181c (Mi2729) | |||
| Indonesia | 2181 fdc | SS1 on FDC (Indonesia Post cachet) | (As above for stamps) | |
| Ireland | 1219f (Mi?) | Two of MS12 (1219 (2x (a-f))) | 2000 | |
| Italy | D16 (Mi438) | 1933 | ||
| Italy | 419 (Mi634) | 1942 | Galileo teaching mathematics at Padua, and (300th anniv. death) | |
| Italy | 420 (Mi635) | Galileo presenting telescope to the Doge of Venice, and (300th anniv. death) | ||
| Italy | 421 (Mi636) | (300th anniv. death) | ||
| Italy | 422 (Mi637) | Galileo studying at Arcetri, and (300th anniv. death) | ||
| Italy | D18 (Mi?) | 1945 | ||
| Italy | 888 (Mi1157) | 1964 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| Italy | 889 (Mi1158) | |||
| Italy | 888-889 fdc1 | Two stamps and (Capitolium no.69) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 888-889 fdc2 | Two stamps and (Tre Stelle) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 888-889 fdc3 | Two stamps and (Roma) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 1558 (Mi1842) | 1983 | "Galilei" | |
| Italy | 1558-1559 fdc1 | One of two stamps and (Capitolium no.493) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 1558-1559 fdc2 | One of two stamps on FDC (Roma cachet) | ||
| Italy | 1558-1559 fdc3 | One of two stamps and (Filagrano) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 2048 (Mi2402) | 1995 | Galileo (at left) | |
| Italy | 2048 fdc1 | Stamp and (Filagrano) cachet (design like stamp) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 2048 fdc2 | Stamp and (Capitolium no.801) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | P103 | 2000 lire (banknote), also back | 1973, 1976, 1983 | |
| Italy | None | Printed stamp and cancel and cachet on postal card | 1992 | |
| Italy | None | Printed stamp and cachet on postal card | 1992 | |
| Italy | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2005 | Also Galileo's Earth model |
| Italy | 2048 cover (Mi2402 cover) | 2009 | ||
| Italy | 2926 (Mi?) | 2009 | Modern Italian telescope "Galileo" (La Palma, Gran Canaria) | |
| Italy | 2926 cover1 (Mi? cover1) | Stamp and cancel on cover | 2009 | |
| Italy | 2926 cover2 (Mi? cover2) | Stamp and cancel (different) and cachet (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Italy | 2926 cover3 (Mi? cover3) | Stamp and cancel (different) and cachet (different) on postal card | 2009 | |
| Italy | None | Cancel and cachet on postal card | 2009 | |
| Italy | None | Cancel (different) and cachet (different) on postal card | 2009 | |
| Italy | None | Cancel (different) and cachet (different) on postal card | 2009 | Modern Italian telescope "Galileo" (same design as 2926) |
| Italy | None | Cancel (different) on postal card | 2009 | |
| Italy | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2009 | |
| Italy | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | 2009 | 400th anniv. Galileo's first astronomical observations |
| Italy | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | 2009 | |
| Italy | 3226 (Mi?) | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) | |
| Italy | 3226 fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Italy | 3226 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Italy | 3226 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Italy | Unknown cover1 (Mi? cover) | Stamp and cancel on cover | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) |
| Italy | Unknown cover2 (Mi? cover) | Stamp and cancel (different) on cover | ||
| Italy | Unknown cover3 (Mi? cover) | Stamp and cancel (different) and cachet on cover | ||
| Italy | Unknown cover4 (Mi? cover) | Stamp and cancel (different) and cachet (same) on cover | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | 2012 | (370th anniv. death); also Galileo spacecraft |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss fdc Unknown iss fdc | SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown b (Mi none) Unknown ib | Two of MS4 (2x (a-b)) [known illegal issue] Two of imperforate MS4 (2x (a-b)) | 2012 | (370th anniv. death) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1357 (Mi?) | From MS10 (1357a (10x 1357)) | 2009 | |
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1358 (Mi?) | From MS10 (1358a (10x 1358)) | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1359 (Mi?) | From MS10 (1359a (10x 1359)) | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1360 (Mi?) | From MS10 (1360a (10x 1560)) | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1357-1360 pack | Presentation pack | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1357-1360 fdc | Four stamps and (Jersey Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Kazakhstan | 593 (Mi641) | One of strip of 2 (594a (593-594), or from MS10 (593a (10x 593)) | 2009 | |
| Korea (North) | 1985a (Mi2044-2045) | In (lower-left) margin of MS2 (1985-1986) | 1980 | |
| Korea (North) | 2842 (BL247) | In (lower-right) margin of SS1 | 1989 | Galileo and Galileo's telescope |
| Korea (North) | 3878 (Mi?) | In (lower-middle) margin of MS3 (3878 (a-c)) | 1999 | Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Halley |
| Korea (North) | 3878 var | In (lower-middle) margin of MS3, red missing | ||
| Korea (North) | 4866b (Mi5470) | One of MS2 (4866 (a-b + 2 labels)) (BL726), or one of booklet pane of 6 (4868d (4866a-b - 4868a-b)), or entire booklet (Mi5469-5474_MH) | 2009 | |
| Korea (North) | 4866b proof | Imperforate proof MS2 (2x 4866) | ||
| Korea (North) | 4868e proof | Imperforate proof MS6 | ||
| Laos | 731b (Mi?) | One of pair (731 (a-b)) | 1986 | |
| Lesotho | 526 (Mi570) | 1986 | "Galileo Galilei" | |
| Lithuania | 892 (Mi?) | From MS10 (892a (10x 892)) | 2009 | |
| Luxembourg | 1270 (Mi1832) | From MS10 (1270a (10x 1270)) | 2009 | |
| Luxembourg | 1269-1270 fdc | One of two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Macedonia | 655 (Mi690) | From MS8 (655a (8x 655 + label)) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth "Galileo Galilei" |
| Macedonia | 655 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Macedonia Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Macedonia | 655 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Malawi | Unknown (Mi?) | 2008 | ||
| Malawi | Unknown ms (Mi?) Unknown ims | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | ||
| Malawi | Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc | MS2 on FDC Imperforate MS2 on FDC | ||
| Malawi | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS2 (a-b) | 2011 | |
| Malawi | Unknown fdc | On one of two MS2 on FDC | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1271 (Mi?) i1271 | Imperforate | 1988 | |
| Maldive Islands | 3221 (Mi5355-5358) | MS4 (3221 (a-d)) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth |
| Maldive Islands | 3221 fdc | MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Maldive Islands | 3231 (BL734) | SS1 | ||
| Maldive Islands | 3231 fdc | SS1 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | 1034 (Mi?) i1034 | In (right) margin of MS4 (1034 (a-d)) In (right) margin of imperforate MS4 (i1034 (a-d)) | 1999 | |
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2006 | Also "Galileo" satellite |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown ss (BL none) | On stamp of SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2009 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Mali | Unknown proof1 | Signed proof (black) | ||
| Mali | Unknown proof2 | Signed proof (red) | ||
| Mali | Unknown proof3 | Signed proof (blue) | ||
| Mali | Unknown proof4 | Signed proof (purple) | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | (370th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) Unknown ib | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2017 | "Galileo Galilei"; also Galileo spacecraft (in upper-right margin) |
| Malta | 1365 (Mi?) | From MS10 (1365c (10x 1365)), or from booklet pane of 5 (1365a (5x 1365)), also booklet (1365b) with booklet front | 2009 | |
| Marshall Islands | 963c (Mi2569) | Two of MS10 (963 (2x (a-e))) (2x (Mi2567-2571)) | 2010 | |
| Marshall Islands | 1032j (Mi2933) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | (370th anniv. death) |
| Mexico | C378 (Mi1337) | 1971 | ||
| Moldova | 622 (Mi651) i622 | One of strip of 2 (622b (621-622)) (Mi650-651), or three of MS6 (622a (3x 622b (621-622))), or from MS10 (622c (10x 622)) One of imperforate strip of 2 (i622b (i621-i622)), or three of imperforate MS6 (i622a (3x (i621-i622))) | 2009 | |
| Moldova | 622 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Moldova | 621-622 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Moldova | 622a folder | Folder inside, also front | ||
| Moldova | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2009 | |
| Monaco | 2547 (Mi2940) | From MS10 (2547a (10x 2547)) | 2009 | |
| Mongolia | 2792 (Mi?) | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) | |
| Montserrat | 1343 (Mi1716-1719) | MS4 (1343 (a-d)) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth |
| Montserrat | 1343 fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Montserrat | 1344 (BL159) | SS1 | ||
| Montserrat | 1344 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Morocco | 1086 (Mi1656) | 2009 | ||
| Mozambique | 1888 (Mi?) | MS6 (1888 (a-f)) | 2009 | |
| Mozambique | 1916 (BL275) | SS1 | 2009 | |
| Nagaland (India) | Local_d | One of local post MS8 (a-h) | 1972 | |
| Nagaland (India) | Local fdc | Local post MS8 on FDC | ||
| Nagaland (India) | Local d o/p Local_id o/p | One of local post MS8 (a-h), overprinted "Apollo-17" One of imperforate local post MS8 (a-h), overprinted "Apollo-17" | 1973 | |
| Netherlands Antilles | B379 (Mi1778) | 2009 | ||
| New Caledonia | 1077 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Cachet on FDC | 2009 | |
| Nicaragua | 1489 (Mi2826) | 1985 | "Autentico anteojo de Galileo" | |
| Nicaragua | 1985c (Mi3294) | One of MS16 (1985 (a-p)) (Mi3292-3307) | 1994 | Galileo (at right); also Galileo entry probe and parachute |
| Niger | C125 (Mi250) | 1970 | ||
| Niger | C130 (Mi256) | C125 overprinted | 1970 | |
| Niger | 960b (Mi1307) | One of MS4 (960 (a-d)) | 1997 | |
| Ossetia (South) | Unknown1 (Mi?) | From MS10 (10x stanp) | 2009 | Also "Galileo" satellite |
| Ossetia (South) | Unknown2 (Mi?) | |||
| Ossetia (South) | Unknown ms fdc | MS10 on FDC | ||
| Panama | C334 (Mi825) iC334 (Mi827) | Imperforate with changed colors | 1964 | (400th anniv. birth), "balanza hydrostatica" |
| Panama | C334a (BL36) iC334a (BL37) | MS2 (C333-C334) Imperforate MS2 (iC333-iC334) with changed colors | ||
| Paraguay | 873 (Mi1433) i873 (Mi1441) | Imperforate with changed colors | 1965 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Paraguay | 876 (Mi1436) i876 (Mi1444) | Imperforate with changed colors | ||
| Paraguay | 876a (BL69) i876a (BL70) | MS2 (875-876) Imperforate MS2 (i875-i876) with changed colors | ||
| Paraguay | 2891+label (Mi?+label) | Stamp and label | 2010 | 400 years of astronomy; (370th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Poland | None | Printed stamp on postal card | 1972 | "Galileo Galilei"; (330th anniv. death) |
| Romania | 1647 (Mi2292) | 1964 | (400th anniv. birth) | |
| Romania | 5103 (Mi6357) | Two of MS4 (5104a (2x (5103-5104))) (BL445?), or two of MS4 (5104b (2x (5103-5104)) (different arrangement) (BL445?), or from MS6 (5104c (6x 5103)) | 2009 | |
| Romania | 5103-5104 fdc (Mi6357-6358 fdc) | One of two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | 5104b fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | 5103 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Romania | 5104 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Romania | 5104c limited (BL?) | Limited-edition MS6 (6x 5103) | ||
| Romania | 5104d limited (BL?) | Limited-edition MS6 (6x 5104) | ||
| Romania | 5103 cover (Mi6357 cover) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) and cachet (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) and cachet (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) on cover | 2009 | |
| Romania | 5103 postcard (Mi6357 postcard) | Stamp and cancel and cachet on cover | 2010 | |
| Russia (USSR) | 2986 (Mi3006) | 1964 | (400th anniv. birth), sunspots | |
| Rwanda | Unknown c (Mi none) | One of MS8 (a-h + label) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| Rwanda | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue] In (upper-right) margin of imperforate SS1 | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown proof ss | Signed-proof SS1 | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown fdc Unknown ifdc | SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown c (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | |
| Rwanda | Unknown i (Mi none) | One of MS15 (a-o) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| St. Vincent | 2696 (Mi?) | 1999 | ||
| Salvador, El | 1694a (Mi2554) | From MS20 (1694e (5x (1694 (a-d))) | 2009 | |
| Salvador, El | 1694b (Mi2553) | Galilean moons of Jupiter | ||
| San Marino | 1030 (Mi1260) | 1982 | "Galileo Galilei"; (340th anniv. death) | |
| San Marino | 1021-1022+1030 fdc | One of three stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| San Marino | 1021+1030 fdc | One of two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| San Marino | KM161 | 5 lire (aluminum coin) | 1984 | |
| San Marino | 1917 (Mi2609) | From partial sheet, or from MS20 (20x 1917) | 2014 | (450th anniv. birth) |
| San Marino | 1918 (Mi2610) | From partial sheet, or from MS20 (20x 1918) | ||
| San Marino | 1917-1918 fdc1 | Two stamps and (pictorial) cancel on FDC (official San Marino post cachet) | ||
| San Marino | 1917-1918 fdc2 | Two stamps and (pictorial) cancel and (Capitolium no.615) cachet (same design as one of the stamps) on FDC | ||
| Sharjah | Mi1375 | 1972 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 1167b (Mi1357) | One of MS9 (1167 (a-i)) (Mi1356-1364) | 1990 | |
| Sierra Leone | 1167 fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2254o (Mi3392) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2254 (a-q + label)) (Mi3391-3407) and possible text in (left) margin | 2000 | "1632: Galileo proves the Earth revolves around the Sun" |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown e (Mi none) Unknown ie | One of MS8 (a-h) One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | (370th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (upper-right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (upper-right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (upper-right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (upper-right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Solomon Islands | 1660 (Mi2722-2725) | MS4 (1660 (a-d)) | 2014 | 450th anniv. birth; also Galileo spacecraft on MS4 |
| Solomon Islands | 1660 fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Solomon Islands | 1676 (BL326) | SS1 | ||
| Solomon Islands | 1676 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Togo | Mi3489-3492_ms4 | Three of four stamps in MS4 (a-d) | 2010 | "400th anniv. Galileo's discoveries" |
| Togo | BL509 | SS1 | ||
| Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | 671 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC (stamps are 2x (671 (a-b)) | 2009 | |
| Ukraine | 766b (Mi1035) | One of strip of 2 (766 (a-b)), or from MS10 (766d (5x 766)) | 2009 | |
| Ukraine | 766c (MH10) | MS2 (Mi1035-1036) | ||
| Ukraine | KM558 | 100 hryvni (silver coin) | 2009 | |
| United States | 1556 fdc (Mi1164 fdc) | (The Century Club, University of Louisville) insert (inside) from FDC, also insert (front and back) and front | 1975 | "the Great Red Spot - a mystery since Galileo first turned his telescope on it - may well be a gigantic hurricane which has been raging along a 25,000-mile front for at least 400 years" |
| United States | 1556 sc (Mi1164 sc) | (PCS) souvenir card (with Aristocrat FDC) | "Galileo" | |
| United States | 1919 fdc1 (Mi1488 fdc1) | (DRC black) cachet on FDC | 1981 | |
| United States | 1919 fdc2 (Mi1488 fdc2) | (DRC multi-color) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1919 fdc3 (Mi1488 fdc3) | (Reader's Digest) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1919 sc (Mi1488 sc) | (Reader's Digest) souvenir card (with 1919 fdc), also back | ||
| United States | 2419 fdc (Mi2046 fdc) | (CG) cachet on FDC | 1989 | "Galileo" |
| United States | 2574 maxi (Mi2189 maxi) | (Unicover) maxicard back, also front | 1991 | "Galileo" |
| United States | 2742 fdc (Mi2338 fdc) | (Mystic Stamp Company) back of cover, also front | 1993 | "Galileo" |
| United States | 3178a fdc (Mi2903 fdc) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | 1997 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| United States | 3385 fdc (Mi3281 fdc) | (Fleetwood/Chris Calle) cachet on FDC | 2000 | |
| United States | 4203 fdc (Mi4315 fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 2007 | "Galileo" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2009 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover (different) | 2013 | |
| United States | 5069-5070 fdc (Mi5243-5244 fdc) | (Therome) cachet on FDC | 2016 | "Galileo" |
| United States | 5071-5072 fdc (Mi5245-5246 fdc) | (Therome) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 5073-5074 fdc (Mi5247-5248 fdc) | (Therome) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 5075-5076 fdc (Mi5249-5250 fdc) | (Therome) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 5073 fdc (Mi5247 fdc) | (Bullfrog) cachet on FDC | "Jupiter has at least 67 moons, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610". | |
| United States | 5278 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Therome) cachet on FDC | 2018 | "Galileo Galilei" |
| United States | 5720 fdc1 (Mi? fdc1) | (AFDCS) cachet on FDC | 2022 | "Galileo" |
| United States | 5720 fdc2 (Mi? fdc2) | (AFDCS) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Uruguay | 2263 (Mi?) | MS3 (2263 (a-c)) | 2009 | |
| Vatican City | 954 (Mi?) | 1994 | Galileo in centre of solar system, surrounded by scientific instruments | |
| Western Sahara | Unknown1 (10 value) | Unrecognized and not listed in Scott catalogs | 1992 | 350th anniv. death |
| Western Sahara | Unknown2 (15 value) | |||
| Western Sahara | Unknown3 (40 value) | |||
| Western Sahara | Unknown4 (60 value) | |||
| Western Sahara | Unknown5 (100 value) | |||
| Yemen Arab Republic | 260D (Mi907A) i260D (Mi907B) 260k (Mi914) | From MS12 (12x 260D) From imperforate MS12 (12x i260D) From imperforate MS12 (12x 260k), 260D (Mi907) imperforate with changed colors | 1969 | |
| Yemen Arab Republic | Mi1405 | Stamp from imperforate SS1 (BL166) | 1971 | "Galileo's trial 1633" |
| Yemen Mutawakelite Kingdom | Mi862 | From MS6 (6x Mi862) | 1969 | |
| Yugoslavia | 2502c (Mi2994) | One of booklet pane of 7 (2502 (a-g + 2 labels)), also booklet outside (front and back) (MH10, Mi2992-2998) | 2000 | |
1This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galileo (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1982-07-17 | Roswell NM | (Space Voyage) cachet on Galileo pre-launch-test cover | "Galileo Galilei" |
| United States | 1990-04-24 | Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel) | (NASA) insert1 from STS-31R and HST launch cover, also insert back and cover front | "Galileo" |
| United States | 1990-04-25 | Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel) | (NASA) insert1 from STS-31R and HST launch cover, also insert back and cover front | |
| United States | 1995-12-07 | Pasadena CA | Insert from Galileo event cover, also insert back and cover front | "The spacecraft is named after Galileo Galilei" |
| United States | 1997-10-15 | Kennedy Space Center FL | Insert from Cassini-Huygens launch cover, also insert back and cover front | "Galileo Galilei" |
| United States | 2011-08-05 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Mission 57) back of JUNO launch cover, also front | LEGO model of "Galileo holding a telescope" aboard spacecraft |
| Great Britain | 2016-03-14 | Leicester | (Buckingham Covers) back of ExoMars launch cover, also front and insert | "Galileo" |
|
Kepler, Johannes
|
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician. In addition to his many other scientific works, he wrote one on snowflakes in 1611: A New Year's Gift, or The Six-Cornered Snowflake, in which he discussed the "reason for the six-angled shape of the snow crystals" (i.e. snowflakes) and "the forms and symmetries in nature". This work is the first known scientific reference to snowflakes and snow crystals.
Kepler believed that the weather patterns on the Earth were related to the geometrical relationships between the Earth and the planets. For example, he thought that the conjunction of Saturn and the Sun could produce cold weather. Since the positions of the Earth and the planets could be calculated in advance, then the weather could be as well. Kepler therefore made the first known long range weather forecasts, including one of a bitterly cold winter in Germany in 1593 which, it is said, turned out to be correct.
In 1593 Kepler began recording the daily weather in Graz, in the hope of clarifying the influence of the stars on the weather. He started similar observations in Prague in 1604. The Ephemerides Part II, for 1621 and 1629, contained Kepler's daily weather observations for 1617 to 1620. His calendars between 1617 and 1624 included weather predictions. He started another set of weather observations in Sagan in 1628.
See also the Kepler satellite, which is a NASA space telescope whose mission is to discover Earth-like planets near other stars.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kepler (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Ajman | Mi991 | 1971 | 400th anniv. birth; Kepler (in inset at upper-right in each Mi992 item) | |
| Ajman | Mi992 | |||
| Ajman | Mi993 | |||
| Ajman | Mi994 | |||
| Ajman | Mi995 | |||
| Ajman | Mi996 | |||
| Ajman | Mi997 | |||
| Ajman | Mi998 | |||
| Ajman | Mi991 ds | In (upper) margin of deluxe sheet (Mi991), from deluxe proof sheet of 8 | ||
| Ajman | Mi992 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi993 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi994 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi995 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi996 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi997 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi998 ds | |||
| Ajman | Mi991 proofs | Proof sheet of 15 | ||
| Ajman | Mi992 proofs | |||
| Ajman | Mi993 proofs | |||
| Ajman | Mi994 proofs | |||
| Ajman | Mi995 proofs | |||
| Ajman | Mi996 proofs | |||
| Ajman | Mi997 proofs | |||
| Ajman | Mi998 proofs | |||
| Ajman | BL297A BL297B | In (left) margin of SS1 In (left) margin of imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ajman | Mi1296A Mi1296B | Imperforate | 1972 | 400th anniv. birth |
| Ajman | Mi1297A Mi1297B | Imperforate | ||
| Ajman | BL361 | SS1 (Mi1296) | ||
| Ajman | BL362 | SS1 (Mi1297) | ||
| Ajman | WB713 | Silver foil | ||
| Ajman | WB715 | Gold foil | ||
| Austria | B282 (Mi990) | 1953 | ||
| Austria | KM3099 | 10 euros (silver coin) | 2002 | |
| Benin | 501 (Mi255) i501 | Imperforate | 1980 | (350th anniv. death) |
| Benin | 501 ds | Deluxe sheet (501) | ||
| Benin | 501 proof1 | Signed proof (black) | ||
| Benin | 501 proof2 | Signed proof (red-brown) | ||
| Benin | 502 (Mi256) i502 | Imperforate | ||
| Benin | 502 ds | Deluxe proof (502) | ||
| Benin | 502 proof1 | Signed proof (black) | ||
| Benin | 502 proof2 | Signed proof (green) | ||
| Benin | 502 proof3 | Signed proof (red-brown) | ||
| Benin | 502 proofs | Progressive proofs | ||
| Benin | C342 (Mi407) | Dahomey C142 overprinted | 1985 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Benin | C348 (Mi413) | Dahomey C143 overprinted and surcharged | ||
| Benin | C466 (Mi737) | Dahomey C142 overprinted and surcharged | 1996 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Benin | C466 triple (Mi?) | Dahomey C142 triple surcharged | ||
| Benin | C480 (Mi759) | Dahomey C143 overprinted and surcharged | 1996 | |
| Benin | C568 (Mi1596) | Dahomey C142 overprinted and surcharged | 2009 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Benin | Unknown (Mi none) | Stamp from SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 586 fdc | (Srpske Post) back of FDC, also front | 2018 | "Kepler" |
| Burkina Faso | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2018 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Burundi | 586 (Mi1580A) i586 (Mi1580B) | Imperforate | 1981 | 350th anniv. death (in 1980) |
| Burundi | 588a (BL117C) i588a (BL117B) | On one of MS3 (586-588) On one of imperforate MS3 (i586-i588) | ||
| Chad | Unknown e (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2009 | |
| Chad | Unknown d-f fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Johannes Kepler"; (385th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back2, also front | 2009? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back2 (different), also front (same) | 2009? | |
| Comoro Islands | 410 (Mi504) i410 | Imperforate | 1979 | |
| Comoro Islands | 410a (BL202) i410a | SS1 (410) Imperforate SS1 (i410) | ||
| Comoro Islands | 505 (Mi?) i505 | Imperforate | 1980 | (350th anniv. death) |
| Comoro Islands | 531 (Mi638) | 505 surcharged | 1981 | (350th anniv. death, in 1980) |
| Comoro Islands | B4c (Mi856A) iB4c (Mi856B) | One of MS8 (B4 (a-h)) (Mi854A-861A) One of imperforate MS8 (iB4 (a-h)) (Mi854B-861B) | 1988 | "Kepler" |
| Comoro Islands | B4c ds (BL265A) | Deluxe sheet (B4c) | ||
| Comoro Islands | 816Rx (Mi1127) | One of pair (816R (x-y)) (Mi1127+1131), B4c overprinted with a silver bar to remove the surtax | 1996 | "Kepler" |
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2018 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) | On stamp of SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2016 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Cook Islands | 556a (Mi687) | From pair (556 (a-b)) (Mi687-688) | 1980 | 350th anniv. death |
| Cook Islands | 556b (Mi688) | |||
| Cook Islands | 559a (Mi689) | From pair (559 (a-b)) (Mi689-690) | ||
| Cook Islands | 559b (Mi690) | |||
| Cook Islands | 556-559 fdc | Two of four pair of stamps and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Cook Islands | 559c (BL105) | MS4 (556+559) | ||
| Czech Republic | 3419 (Mi?) | From MS6 (3419a (6x 3419)) | 2009 | |
| Czech Republic | 3419 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Czech Republic | None | (Fil Press) cachet on postal card | 2009 | (380th anniv. death, in 2010); also Kepler satellite |
| Dahomey | C142 (Mi452) | 1971 | (400th anniv. birth) "Johannes Kepler" | |
| Dahomey | C142 proof1 | Signed-proof (black) | ||
| Dahomey | C142 proof2 | Signed-proof (blue) | ||
| Dahomey | C143 (Mi453) | |||
| Dahomey | C143 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (red and grey-green and black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Ecuador | 757B (Mi?) | 1966 | "Kepler" (at right) | |
| Fujeira | Mi826 | 1971 | 400th anniv. birth "Kepler" | |
| Fujeira | Mi826 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi826) | ||
| Fujeira | Mi827 | |||
| Fujeira | Mi827 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi827) | ||
| Fujeira | Mi828 | |||
| Fujeira | Mi828 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi828) | ||
| Fujeira | Mi829 | |||
| Fujeira | Mi829 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi829) | ||
| Fujeira | Mi830 | |||
| Fujeira | Mi830 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi830) | ||
| Fujeira | Mi831 | |||
| Fujeira | Mi831 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi831) | ||
| Fujeira | BL88A BL88B | SS1 (Mi832, smaller format than Mi831) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (black and pale rose printed) cachet on cover | 1963 | "400th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" |
| Germany (East) | 1275 (Mi1649) | 1971 | (400th anniv. birth) "Jo. Kepler" (in stamp); also "Johannes Kepler" with birth and death dates (on maxicard back) | |
| Germany (East) | 1275 maxi | Maxicard (1275), also back | ||
| Germany (East) | 1275 cover (Mi1649 cover) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (black and blue printed) cachet on cover | 1971 | (400th anniv. birth) "Joh. Kepler" (in stamp); "400th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" (in cancel and cachet) |
| Germany (East) | KM30 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1971 | (400th anniv. birth) "Johannes Kepler" |
| Germany (East) | None | (Signature) cancel and (Baustein no.7) cachet on cover | 1981 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Germany (West) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (purple printed) cachet on cover | 1963 | "Johann Kepler" (in cachet); "Joh. Kepler" (in cancel) |
| Germany (West) | 1072 (Mi688) | 1971 | "Johannes Kepler"; (400th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (West) | 1072 essay | Photo-essay (not accepted) | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc1 | Stamp and (signature) cancel and (Folio-print) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Folio-print) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc3 | Stamp and (signature) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc4 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (FIDACOS) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc5 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (FIDACOS) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc6 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc7 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc8 | Stamp and (signature) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc9 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (E-B) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc10 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc11 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 fdc12 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (GH) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1072 cover (Mi688 cover) | Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (and medallion) on cover, also back | 1996 | "425th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" |
| Germany | 2529 (Mi2732) | From MS10 (2529a (10x 2529)) | 2009 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German) |
| Germany | 2529 fdc1 | Stamp and (Bonn pictorial) cancel and (ETABO) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2529 fdc2 | Stamp and (Berlin pictorial) cancel and (Deutsche Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2529 folder | FDC folder, page1, also pages 2-3 (detail), pages 2-3 (detail: 3 un-accepted designs), pages 2-3 (detail: 2 un-accepted designs), pages 2-3 (5 un-accepted designs), and page4 | ||
| Germany | 2529 envelope (Mi2732 envelope) | Printed stamp (2529) and (?) cachet on stamped envelope | 2009 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German on printed stamp); also Kepler satellite (in cachet) |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2009 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German); also Kepler satellite |
| Germany | None | Cancel on cover | 2009 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German) |
| Germany | None | Cancel (different) | 2009 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German) |
| Germany | None | Cancel (different) | 2009 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German) |
| Germany | KM280 | 10 euros (silver coin) | 2009 | 400th anniv. Kepler's Laws |
| Germany | 2529 cover (Mi2732 cover) | (red and blue and black printed) cachet on un-canceled cover | 2021 | "400th anniv. Kepler's Laws" (in German on stamp); "450th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2021 | "450th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" |
| Grenada | 1999a (Mi?) | One of MS9 (1999 (a-i)) | 1991 | |
| Grenada | i1999a proof | Imperforate proof, one of imperforate MS9 proof (i1999 (a-i)) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 1262a (Mi1482A) i1262a (Mi1482B) | One of strip of 3 (1262 (a-c)) (Mi1482-1484) One of imperforate strip of 3 (i1262 (a-c)) | 1994 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5747 | From MS6 (Mi5747-5752) | 2008 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5750 | |||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5747-5752_ms6 fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5840A Mi5840B | One of MS6 (Mi5838A-5843A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi5838B-5843B) | 2008 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5838A-5843A_ms6 fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5845A Mi5845B | One of MS6 (Mi5845A-5850A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi5845B-5850B) with changed colors | 2008 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5845A-5850A_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi7643A | One of MS6 (Mi7641A-7646A) | 2010 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi7641A-7647A fdc | One of seven stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi7641A-7646A_ms6 fdc Mi7641B-7646B_ms6 fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi14905-14906_ms2 | MS4 (2 perforate (a-b) + 2 imperforate (a-b)) (Mi14905-14906A+B) | 2020 | "450th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" (in 2021) |
| Guinea Republic | BL3333 | MS2 (perforate + imperforate) (Mi14907A+B) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi15798-15800_ms3 | MS3 (Mi15798-15800) | 2021 | "450th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler" |
| Guinea Republic | BL3521 | SS1 (Mi15801) | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3935A Mi3935B | One of MS6 (Mi3930A-3935A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi3930B-3935B) | 2008 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc1 Mi3930B-3935B_ms6 fdc1 | MS6 on FDC Imperforate MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc2 | MS6 on FDC (different) | ||
| Hungary | 2667+label (Mi3459A+label) i2667+label (Mi3459B+label) | Stamp and label Imperforate stamp and label | 1980 | (350th anniv. death) |
| Hungary | 2667+label fdc | Stamp and label and cancel and cachet on FDC | 350th anniv. death | |
| Hungary | 2667 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC, also back | (350th anniv. death) | |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | 2012 | |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown a (Mi none) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (2x (a-b)) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (2x (a-b)) | 2012 | |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Korea (North) | 1985 (Mi2044) | 1980 | 350th anniv. death | |
| Korea (North) | 1985 proof | Deluxe proof (2x 1985) | ||
| Korea (North) | 1985a (Mi2044-2045) | On one of MS2 (1985-1986) | ||
| Korea (North) | 1986_stamp (Mi2045) | |||
| Korea (North) | 1986 (BL82) | SS1 | ||
| Korea (North) | 1986 proof | Deluxe proof (2x 1986 stamp) | ||
| Korea (North) | 3878 (Mi?) | In (lower-left) margin of MS3 (3878 (a-c)) | 1999 | Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Halley |
| Korea (North) | 3878 var | In (lower-left) margin of MS3, red missing | ||
| Kyrgyz Express Post | 167 (Mi184) | From MS5 (167a (5x 167 + label)) | 2021 | (450th anniv. birth) "J. Kepler" |
| Laos | 580 (Mi769) | 1984 | ||
| Laos | 580-583 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | SS1 [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | 2018 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ss fdc1 Unknown iss fdc1 | SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown ss fdc2 | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Malawi | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) | 2011 | |
| Malawi | Unknown fdc | On one of two MS2 on FDC | ||
| Mali | C388 (Mi?) iC388 | Imperforate | 1980 | (350th anniv. death) |
| Mali | C388 ds | Deluxe sheet (C388) | ||
| Mali | C389 (Mi?) iC389 | Imperforate | ||
| Mali | C389 ds | Deluxe sheet (C389) | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | (440th anniv. birth; 380th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi none) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2017 | "Johannes Kepler"; also Kepler satellite (in left margin) |
| Marshall Islands | 963b (Mi2568) | One of MS10 (963 (2x (a-e))) (2x (Mi2567-2571)) | 2010 | (440th anniv. birth, in 2011); (380th anniv. death) |
| Marshall Islands | 1032d (Mi2927) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| Mexico | C379 (Mi?) | 1971 | (400th anniv. birth) | |
| Mongolia | C145 (BL?) | SS1 | 1980 | (350th anniv. death) |
| Mozambique | Unknown e (Mi?) Unknown ie | One of MS6 (a-f) One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2001 | |
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 | ||
| Mozambique | 1889 (BL?) | MS6 (a-f) | 2009 | "Johannes Kepler" (in text on all stamps, but Descartes shown on stamp d) |
| Mozambique | 1889 fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mozambique | 1889a ds | Deluxe sheet (1889a) | ||
| Mozambique | 1889b ds | Deluxe sheet (1889b) | ||
| Mozambique | 1889c ds | Deluxe sheet (1889c) | ||
| Mozambique | 1889d ds | Deluxe sheet (1889d) | ||
| Mozambique | 1889e ds | Deluxe sheet (1889e) | ||
| Mozambique | 1889f ds | Deluxe sheet (1889f) | ||
| Mozambique | 1917 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_c | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | (440th anniv. birth); (380th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Paraguay | C336 (BL174) | SS1 | 1971 | 400th anniv. birth "Johannes Kepler", also "Ptolomeus" (in text in C336) |
| Paraguay | C337 (BL175) | SS1 | ||
| Paraguay | 2496 (Mi?) | 1994 | ||
| Poland | None | Printed stamp on postal card | 1972 | "Johannes Kepler"; (400th anniv. birth, in 1971) |
| Romania | 2309 (Mi?) | 1971 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| Romania | 3135a (Mi?) | One of MS4 (3135 (a-d)) | 1983 | |
| Romania | 3135 fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Romania | 3135a card | Stamp and cancel and cachet on card | 1983 | |
| Romania | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 2005 | |
| St. Pierre and Miquelon | C56 (Mi501) | 1974 | Kepler (at center-left) | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi10444-10447_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10444-10447) | 2021 | "450th anniv. birth Johannes Kepler"; also Brahe (in selected scenes) |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | BL1826 | SS1 (Mi10448) | ||
| San Marino | KM506 | 5 euros (silver coin) | 2009 | |
| Sierra Leone | 755 (Mi883) | 1986 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 815 (Mi943) | 755 overprinted | 1986 | |
| Sierra Leone | 1167a (Mi1356) | One of MS9 (1167 (a-i)) (Mi1356-1364) | 1990 | |
| Sierra Leone | 1167 fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2254j (Mi3400) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2254 (a-q + label)) (Mi3391-3407) and possible text in (left) margin | 2000 | "1609: Kepler publishes The New Astronomy" |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown a (Mi none) Unknown ia | One of MS8 (a-h) [possible illegal issue] One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | (440th anniv. birth); (380th anniv. death, in 2010); "Johannes Kepler" |
| Sierra Leone | Mi12700-12703_ms4 | MS4 (Mi12700-12703) | 2020 | 390th anniv. death "Johannes Kepler" |
| Sierra Leone | Mi12700-12703_ms4 fdc | MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Sierra Leone | BL2018 | SS1 | ||
| Sierra Leone | BL2018 fdc | SS1 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi575A Mi575B | Mi563A overprinted Mi563B overprinted | 1972 | 400th anniv. birth (in 1971) |
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi576A Mi576B | Mi564A overprinted Mi564B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi577A Mi577B | Mi565A overprinted Mi565B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi578A Mi578B | Mi566A overprinted Mi566B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi579A Mi579B | Mi567A overprinted Mi567B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi580A Mi580B | Mi568A overprinted Mi568B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi581A Mi581B | Mi569A overprinted Mi569B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi582A Mi582B | Mi570A overprinted Mi570B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi583A Mi583B | Mi571A overprinted Mi571B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi584A Mi584B | Mi572A overprinted Mi572B overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | BL43 | SS1 (Mi585), BL41 (Mi573) overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | BL44 | SS1 (Mi586), BL42 (Mi574) overprinted | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi1077A Mi1077B | One of MS16 (Mi1066A-1081A) One of imperforate MS16 (Mi1066B-1081B) | 1972 | Elliptical orbits of planets around Sun, discovered by Kepler |
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi1077 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi1077) | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi1093A Mi1093B | One of MS16 (Mi1082A-1097A) One of imperforate MS16 (Mi1082B-1097B) | ||
| United States | 1919 sc (Mi1488 sc) | (Reader's Digest) souvenir card back, also front (with 1919 fdc) | 1981 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| United States | 2742 fdc (Mi2338 fdc) | (Mystic Stamp Company) back of cover, also front | 1993 | "Kepler" |
| United States | 3387 fdc (Mi3283 fdc) | (Fleetwood/Chris Calle) cachet on FDC | 2000 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | |
| United States | None | (Zazzle.com) personalized postage | 2014 | Also Kepler satellite |
| United States | 5073 fdc (Mi5247 fdc) | (Coverscape) cachet on FDC | 2016 | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Yemen Arab Republic | 260E (Mi908A) i260E (Mi908B) 260l (Mi915) | From MS12 (12x 260E) From imperforate MS12 (12x i260E) From imperforate MS12 (12x 260l), 260E (Mi908) imperforate with changed colors | 1969 | |
| Yemen Mutawakelite Kingdom | Mi861 | From MS6 (6x Mi861) | 1969 | "Kepler" (at left) |
2This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kepler (on satellite launch and event covers) | ||||
| United States | 1964-07-31 | Moon Run PA | (Mostly black printed) cachet on Ranger-9 launch cover | "Kepler" |
| United States | 1967-02-08 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Astro Covers) cachet on Lunar Orbiter-3 event cover | "crater Kepler" |
| United States | 1967-04-19 | Cape Canaveral FL | (SpaceCraft) insert from Surveyor-3 event cover, also front | "Kepler" |
| United States | 1968-12-21 | Patrick AFB, FL | (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert2 from Apollo-8 launch cover, also insert2 back and insert1 | "Kepler" |
| United States | 2009-03-06 | Pasadena CA | (Multi-color printed) cachet on Kepler (satellite) launch cover | Also Kepler satellite |
| United States | 2009-03-06 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Multi-color printed) cachet on Kepler (satellite) launch cover (different) | |
| United States | 2009-03-06 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Mission 57) cachet on Kepler (satellite) launch cover (different), also back | |
| Russia | 2011-06-21 | Korolev, Moscow Oblast | (Multi-color printed) cachet on ATV-21 launch cover | "Johannes Kepler" |
| Russia | 2011-06-21 | Korolev, Moscow Oblast | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on ATV-21 launch cover | |
| United States | 2011-09-15 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (RES&C) cachet on Kepler (satellite) event cover | "Kepler" |
| Great Britain | 2016-03-14 | Leicester | (Buckingham Covers) back of ExoMars launch cover, also front and insert | "Johannes Kepler" |
1ATV: Automated Transfer Vehicle (Johannes Kepler), for International Space Station (ISS)
|
Komensky, J.A.
|
J.A. Komensky, also known as Comenius, was a Czechoslovakian philosopher, writer and educator. His work Opera Didactica Omnia included a discussion of weather-related topics.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bohemia and Moravia | 6 (Mi?) | Czechoslovakia 215 overprinted | 1939 | "Komensky" |
| Bulgaria | 997 (Mi?) | 1957 | 300th anniv. publication of Opera Didactica Omnia | |
| Czechoslovakia | P15 | 5 korun (banknote) | 1921 | |
| Czechoslovakia | P15 perf | 5 korun (banknote), perforated | 1921 | |
| Czechoslovakia | KM48 | 10 korun (silver coin) | 1957 | (300th anniv. publication of Opera Didactica Omnia) |
| Czechoslovakia | 215 (Mi?) | 1936 | "Komensky" | |
| Czechoslovakia | 215 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 509 (Mi?) | 1952 | (360th anniv. birth) | |
| Czechoslovakia | 510 (Mi?) | |||
| Czechoslovakia | 509-510 fdc | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 683 (Mi892) | 1955 | Komensky University, Bratislava | |
| Czechoslovakia | 684 (Mi893) | Komensky medallion | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 683-684 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC | Komensky University, Bratislava | |
| Czechoslovakia | 791 (Mi1009) | 1957 | 300th anniv. publication of Opera Didactica Omnia | |
| Czechoslovakia | 792 (Mi1010) | |||
| Czechoslovakia | 793 (Mi1011) | |||
| Czechoslovakia | 793 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 793a | MS4 (4x 793) | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 794 (Mi1012) | |||
| Czechoslovakia | 794 proof | Signed proof | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 791-792+794 fdc | Three stamps and (text) cancel and (red printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 1610 (Mi?) | 1969 | 50th anniv. Komensky University, Bratislava | |
| Czechoslovakia | 1673 (Mi?) | 1970 | 300th anniv. death "Jan Amos Komensk�" | |
| Czechoslovakia | 1673 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 1673 fdc2 | Stamp and (purple printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | P95 | 20 korun (banknote) | 1988 | |
| Czechoslovakia | 2852 (Mi3110) | SS1 | 1992 | 400th anniv. birth |
| Czechoslovakia | 2852 black | SS1 blackproof | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 2852 fdc | Stamp only from SS1 and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | None | (Text) cancel and cachet on postal card | 1992 | |
| Czechoslovakia | None | (Text) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card | 1992 | |
| Czech Republic | 3140 (Mi?) | 2001 | "J.A. Komensky" | |
| Czech Republic | 3140 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Czech Republic | 3140 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Czech Republic | 3354 (Mi523) | 2007 | 350th anniv. publication of Opera Didactica Omnia: "J.A. Komensky" | |
| Czech Republic | 3354 fdc | Stamp and (black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Czech Republic | P6 | 200 korun (banknote) | 1993 | |
| Czech Republic | P13 | 200 korun (banknote) | 1996 | |
| Czech Republic | P19 | 200 korun (banknote) | 1998 | |
| Czech Republic | 3378 (Mi?) | 2008 | "J.S. Komensky" and "Orbis Pictus" | |
| Germany (West) | 1050 (Mi?) | 1970 | (300th anniv. death) "J.A. Comenius" | |
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (Folio-print) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (DE) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (FIDACOS) cachet on FDC | 300th anniv. death | |
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc4 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (FIDACOS) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc5 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (Keller) cachet on FDC | (300th anniv. death) | |
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc6 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc7 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (black printed) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1050 fdc8 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (GH) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1050 essays | Two unlisted essays of 1050 | ||
| Germany (East) | 397 (Mi?) | 1958 | ||
| Germany (East) | 398 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (East) | 397-398 fdc | Two stamps and cancel on FDC | ||
| Hungary | 3343 (Mi4188) | 1992 | (400th anniv. birth) "Johan Amos Comenius" | |
| Hungary | 3343 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Poland | 794 (Mi1041) | 1957 | (300th anniv. publication of Opera Didactica Omnia) | |
| Poland | 794 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel and photo on postcard, also back | 1970 | 300th anniv. death |
| Poland | 794 cover (Mi? cover) | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1992 | 400th anniv. birth |
| Poland | None | Postcard | 1997 | |
| Romania | 1224 (Mi?) | 1958 | ||
| Romania | None | Printed stamp and cachet on stamped envelope | 1971 | 300th anniv. death |
| Russia (USSR) | 2059 (Mi2070) | 1958 | ||
| Slovakia | 7 (Mi?) | Czechoslovakia 215 overprinted | 1939 | "Komensky" |
| Slovakia | P15 | 200 korun (banknote), Czechoslovakia P95 with affixed adhesive stamp | 1993 | |
| Slovakia | 192 (Mi203) | 1994 | 75th anniv. Komensky University | |
| Slovakia | Unknown (Mi?) | 2019 | 100th anniv. Komensky University | |
| Slovakia | Unknown fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC (MC cachet) | ||
| Slovakia | Unknown card | (Slovakia Post) FDOI card | ||
| United States | None | Cinderella (fundraising and publicity stamp, Mosbaugh no.7.2230.01) | 1902 | Komensky (at left) |
| United States | None | Cinderella | 1970 | 300th anniv. death |
|
Descartes, Ren�
|
Ren� Descartes was a French philosopher ("Cogito, ergo sum") and mathematician. In around 1631 he described an experiment to determine the atmospheric pressure, but did not build an apparatus to carry out the experiment. In Les M�t�ores ("Meteorology", an essay published in his book Discours de la M�thode in 1637), he hypothesized that water vapour was a distinct substance in the air, composed of minute particles separated by a highly-rarefied 'subtle matter'. In 1647, Descartes proposed that, in order to quantify the readings, a scale be attached to barometers of the type invented a few years previously by Torricelli. In that year, in letter to Marin Mersenne, he wrote:
"But, so that we may also know if changes of weather and of location make any difference to it, I am sending you a paper scale two and a half feet long, in which the third and fourth inches above two feet are divided into lines; and I am keeping an exactly similar one here, so that we may see whether our observations agree".
In this way, Descartes contributed to the development of the barometer.
Descartes was the first to separate white light into its component colors as it moved from one medium such as air to another such as glass. In Les M�t�ores he discussed this refraction of light through his description of an experiment in which he found that the separated colors were arranged such that red always appeared at one side, and the blue or violet at the other. He used a ray tracing technique to explain the formation and structure of the rainbow. Newton would later add a theoretical explanation for the arrangement of the colors of the rainbow.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descartes (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Albania | 2516 (Mi?) | 1996 | (400th anniv. birth), (Latin name mis-spelled "Cartesins" in text), rather than Cartesius | |
| Algeria | None | Cancel on cover | 1900 | "Descartes Oran" (in text; town and region in Algeria); (250th anniv. death) |
| Algeria | None | Cancel on cover | 1948 | "Descartes Oran" (in text; town and region in Algeria) |
| Altai | Unknown g (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | (360th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Chad | Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Ren� Descartes"; (420th anniv. birth, in 2016) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2009? | |
| Djibouti | Unknown c (Mi none) | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | (360th anniv. death) |
| Djibouti | Unknown c+selvedge (Mi none+selvedge) | One of MS3 (a-f) and selvedge [known illegal issue] | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown ds | Deluxe sheet (c) | ||
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1912 | "La Haye-Descartes" (in text; a French town in the d�partement d'Indre-et-Loire) |
| France | 330 (Mi347_I) | 1937 | "Discours sur la M�thode" | |
| France | 330 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 330 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 330 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 330 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 331 (Mi347_II) | "Discours de la M�thode" | ||
| France | 331 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 331 maxi2 | Maxicard (different cancel) | ||
| France | 331 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 331 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 331 maxi5 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | P101 | 100 francs (banknote), also back | 1942 | |
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1958 | "La Haye-Descartes" (in text; a French town in the d�partement d'Indre-et-Loire) |
| France | 1159 sc (Mi1548 sc) | Souvenir card | 1966 | "Descartes" (in text only) |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1986 | (390th anniv. birth) |
| France | KM996 | 100 francs (silver coin) | 1991 | |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1992 | |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1995 | 400th anniv. birth (in 1996) |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1996 | (400th anniv. birth) |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | 1996 | (400th anniv. birth); "Ann�e Descartes" |
| France | None | Medallion | 1996 | (400th anniv. birth) |
| France | 2512 (Mi3139) | 1996 | (400th anniv. birth) | |
| France | 2512 engraving | Official engraving | ||
| France | 2512 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2512 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2512 fdc3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2512 fdc4 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | ||
| France | 2512 fdc5 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2512 fdc6 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2512 folder1 | FDC-folder | ||
| France | 2512 folder2 | FDC-folder (different) | ||
| France | 2512 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| France | 2512 sc1 | Souvenir card | ||
| France | 2512 sc2 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2512 sc3 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2512 sc4 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2512+cancel (Mi3139+cancel) | 1996 | 400th anniv. birth | |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1998 | 400th anniv. birth (in 1996) |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2002 | 400th anniv. birth (in 1996) |
| France | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 200? | bust of Descartes |
| Grenada | 2932k (Mi4136) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2932 (a-q + label)) (Mi4126-4142) | 2000 | "1650 Rene Descartes dies"; 350th anniv. death |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 2076 (Mi2554) | One of MS11 (2080b (2073-2020) + 3 unknowns) (Mi2551-2558+Mi1527II+Mi1530II+Mi1532II) | 2020 | Apollo-16 in the "Descartes" highlands of the Moon |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "Rene Descartes" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 2015 (Mi?) | 1996 | (400th anniv. birth) | |
| Monaco | 2015 proof | Color proof | ||
| Monaco | 2015 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Monaco | 2013-2015 fdc | One of three stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Morocco | None | Cachet on cover | 1999? | Lyc�e Descartes |
| Morocco | None | Cachet on cover (different) | 199? | Lyc�e Descartes |
| Mozambique | 1889d (Mi?) | One of MS6 (1889 (a-f)) | 2009 | Descartes (but "Johannes Kepler" in text on all stamps) |
| Mozambique | 1889 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Mozambique | 1889d ds | Deluxe sheet (1889d) | ||
| Netherlands | None | Cachet on cover | 199? | Maison Descartes, Institut fran�ais in Amsterdam |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_e | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | (360th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Odessa | Local_ms | Local post MS4 (a-d) | 200? | |
| Paraguay | 1524f (Mi2504) | One of strip of 7 (1524 (a-g) (Mi2499-2505), or five of MS35 (1524h (5x (1524 (a-g)))) | 1973 | Apollo-16 astronaut in the Descartes Crater region ("la Regi�n del Crater Descartes") |
| Romania | C188a label (BL95 label) | One label from MS4 (C188a (4x C188 + 4 labels)) | 1972 | "Zona Descartes" (refers to the highlands surrounding the Descartes Crater on the Moon) |
| Romania | C188+label maxi (Mi3022+label maxi) | Label (only) on maxicard | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2254n (Mi3404) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2254 (a-q + label)) (Mi3391-3407) and possible text in (left) margin | 2000 | "1611: Descartes proposes 'I think, therefore I am.'"; (350th anniv. death) |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown f (Mi none) Unknown if | One of MS8 (a-h) One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | (360th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (lower-right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (lower-right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
1This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descartes (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1972-04-16 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 launch cover | "Descartes Region" (refers to the highlands surrounding the Descartes Crater on the Moon) |
| United States | 1972-04-16 | Houston TX | (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 launch cover | |
| United States | 1972-04-16 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 launch cover | |
| United States | 1972-04-16 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Apollo-16 launch cover | "crater Descartes" (not "Descrates") |
| United States | 1972-04-20 | Cape Canaveral FL | (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes region" (refers to the highlands surrounding the Descartes Crater on the Moon) |
| United States | 1972-04-20 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Lunar Voyage Cachets) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes area" (refers to the highlands surrounding the Descartes Crater on the Moon) |
| United States | 1972-04-20 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (InterSpace Cover) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | |
| United States | 1972-04-20 2022-04-20 | Kennedy Space Center FL (hand cancel) Kennedy Space Center FL (machine cancel) | (Inner and Outer Space) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes landing site" |
| United States | 1972-04-20 2022-04-20 | Cape Canaveral FL Kennedy Space Center | (SpaceCraft/Swanson) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes region" (refers to the highlands surrounding the Descartes Crater on the Moon) |
| United States | 1972-04-21 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Multi-color printed) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes EVAs" |
| United States | 1972-04-21 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Orbit Covers) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes Highlands" |
| United States | 1972-04-21 2022-04-21 | Kennedy Space Center FL (Mailer's postmark permit cancel) Kennedy Space Center FL (red hand cancel) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on Apollo-16 event cover | "Descartes EVAs" |
|
von Guericke, Otto
|
Otto von Guericke was a German inventor, scientist and politician. Inspired by the work of Torricelli and Galileo, he proposed that air has weight and therefore must exert a pressure, and that both could be measured. To this end, he constructed a water barometer at about the same time and probably independently of Torricelli's invention of the mercury barometer in 1644. Outside his house, von Guericke erected a brass tube about 10 metres (35 feet) high with a transparent, sealed and evacuated glass portion at the top. This was his water barometer. At the top of the water inside the tube floated a small wooden mannequin which in fine weather rose with the water level due to rising atmospheric pressure to become visible through the glass. Conversely, in low pressure and bad weather it sank out of sight. Von Guericke attempted to make weather forecasts based on the information from his barometer.
While he was the mayor of Magdeburg (1646 - 1676), von Guericke continued to investigate air pressure and the properties of a vacuum. He invented a vacuum pump, and constructed what came to be known as Magdeburg hemispheres (two hollow copper hemispheres, each 51 cm in diameter, that could be held together to form a hollow sphere). In Magdeburg in 1654, he demonstrated that if the sphere composed of the two hemispheres were evacuated, then the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere would hold them together so strongly that teams of horses could not pull them apart. The demonstration was repeated in Berlin in 1663.
Von Guericke also experimented with the production of artificial clouds by releasing air from one flask into another from which the air had been evacuated. A fog then formed in the first flask, due to condensation related to the falling pressure in that flask. He concluded that air can not be turned into water, though moisture can enter the air and later be condensed back into liquid water. This line of reasoning followed from Descartes who had proposed in 1637 in his Discours de la M�thode that water vapour was a distinct substance in the air.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| von Guericke (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Germany | 472 (Mi?) | 1936 | 250th anniv. death | |
| Germany | None | Cinderella | ~1930s | |
| Germany | None | Meter | 1994 | |
| Germany | 2181 (Mi2282) | 2002 | 400th anniv. birth; and Magdeburg hemispheres | |
| Germany | 2181 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2181 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2181 folder1 | FDC folder | ||
| Germany | 2181 folder2 | FDC folder (different) | ||
| Germany | 2181 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Germany | 2181 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Germany | 2181 cover (Mi? cover) | (Pictorial) cancel on cover | 2002 | 400th anniv. birth; and Magdeburg hemispheres |
| Germany | None | Meter | 2002 | 400th anniv. birth |
| Germany | None | Meter | 2003 | von Guericke University, Magdeburg |
| Germany (East) | 1146 (Mi1513) | 1969 | Statue of von Guericke in Magdeburg | |
| Germany (East) | B154 (Mi1514) | von Guericke and Magdeburg hemispheres | ||
| Germany (East) | 1146+B154 fdc | Two stamps on FDC | (As above for stamps) | |
| Germany (East) | 1793 (Mi?) | 1977 | von Guericke and Magdeburg hemispheres; (375th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (East) | KM65 | 10 marks (silver-alloy coin) | 1977 | (375th anniv. birth) |
| Germany (East) | None | Vending machine registration label | 1980s | "in honour of von Guericke" (in German text) |
| Germany (East) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on card | 1986 | 300th anniv. death |
| Germany (East) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on card | 1986 | von Guericke's air pump, 1857; 300th anniv. death |
| Germany (East) | None | Cachet (same) on card | 1986 | von Guericke's air pump, 1857; (300th anniv. death) |
| Germany (East) | None | Cachet on (un-canceled) card | 1989 | |
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| von Guericke (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1964-07-31 | Moon Run PA | (Mostly black printed) cachet on Ranger-9 launch cover | "Guericke" |
| United States | 1967-04-19 | Cape Canaveral FL | (SpaceCraft) insert from Surveyor-3 event cover, also front | "Guericke" |
|
Torricelli, Evangelista
|
Evangelista Torricelli was an Italian mathematician. He was Galileo's most promising pupil, and succeeded him as professor of mathematics at Florence. His work Lezioni Accademiche (Florence, 1715), published nearly seventy years after his death, contains his lectures dealing with problems of mechanics, physics, meteorology and military architecture. The lectures on forces of impact and on the wind are of particular interest. In the former, he said that he was reporting ideas expressed by Galileo in their informal conversations. In the latter, Torricelli advanced the modern theory that winds are produced by differences of air temperature.
Near the end of his life, Galileo had considered the problem of why no pump, no matter how carefully contrived, was able to draw water from a well to a height of more than about 10 metres (33 feet) above the water level. Torricelli continued to work on this question. To this end, he and his student Vincenzo Viviani constructed a water barometer in 1643, but it was an inconvenient apparatus, requiring a very long (approximately 18 metres / 60 feet) and clumsy glass tube. By substituting mercury, which at room temperature is a liquid and about 14 times denser than water, Torricelli was able to reduce the length of the barometer tube to around 90 cm (35"). His instrument consisted of a long-necked glass tube with a closed bulbous end. The tube was filled with mercury and then inverted into a basin also filled with mercury. Rather than running completely out of the tube, the height of the mercury column fell to a level of about 76 cm (30") and then remained fairly steady, fluctuating by only a few per cent. We now know that these fluctuations were due partly to changes in temperature and partly to changes in atmospheric pressure above the instrument.
Torricelli was convinced by these results that the air above the barometer must have weight, and therefore must exert pressure, and that it was this pressure that was forcing the mercury to rise in the barometer tube. He also believed that the space above the mercury created by its descent from the bulb at the top of the tube must be a true vacuum.
Torricelli is generally credited with inventing the mercury barometer in 1644. However, his barometer had no scale, and so was useful for qualitative rather than quantitative measurements. Ren� Descartes added a scale to the pressure tube barometer in 1647. It must also be noted that other people were working with similar concepts at about the same time. For example, the German Otto von Guericke, probably independently, invented a water barometer at about the same time that Torricelli was developing his own barometer.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | 1159 sc (Mi1548 sc) | Souvenir card | 1966 | "Torricelli" (in text only) |
| Italy | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | 1908 | 300th anniv. birth |
| Italy | 754 (Mi1020) | From MS50 (754a (50x 754)) | 1958 | (350th anniv. birth), also mercury barometer |
| Italy | 754 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc3 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc4 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc5 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc6 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc7 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc8 | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc9 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc10 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc11 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc12 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc13 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc14 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 fdc15 | Stamp on FDC (different) | ||
| Italy | 754 folder | FDC folder | ||
| Italy | 754 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Italy | 754 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Italy | None | Phonecard | ? | Also mercury barometer |
| Netherlands | 1358 personalized (Mi2784 personalized) | Personalized postage | 2014 | "Evangelista Torricelli" |
| Russia (USSR) | 2165 (Mi2194) | 1958 | (350th anniv. birth), also small barometer | |
| San Marino | 1043 (Mi1273) | 1983 | Also mercury barometer | |
| San Marino | 1043 maxi | Maxicard |
|
Pascal, Blaise
|
Blaise Pascal was a French scientist, mathematician and philosopher. One of his early interests was the study of fluids. This led him to design an experiment using a barometer like the one invented by Torricelli in 1644. In this experiment, carried out in 1648, the level of mercury in a barometer equipped with a scale was measured at the base of Puy-de-D�me, and again at the top, some 1000 metres (3300 feet) higher (Descartes had attached the first such scale to Torricelli's barometer in 1647). The account of Pierre Florin, who carried out the experiment, records that the "quicksilver" reached a height of 26 inches plus 3 � lines at the base of the hill, compared to only 23 inches plus 2 lines at the top. This meant that the pressure exerted by the atmosphere decreased with height, consistent with the idea that the pressure was due to the weight of the atmosphere in the column above the barometer. Pascal later repeated the experiment in Paris, where he measured the pressure difference between the base and the top of a church bell tower.
To honour his scientific work with atmospheric pressure, Pascal's name was given to the SI (International System of Units) unit of pressure. One pascal is equal to one newton per square metre. Modern meteorologists often refer to atmospheric pressure in hPa (hectopascals). A typical sea-level pressure would be around 1000 hPa. See the SI (metric system) unit names page for other persons after whom metric units were named.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb. Admin.) | 701b (Mi912) | Five of MS10 (701c (5x (710a-b))) (Mi911-912) | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb. Admin.) | 701a-b fdc | One of two stamps and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Cambodia | 2057 (Mi2152) | In (upper-right) corner | 2001 | (Picture only) |
| Central African Republic | 1359 (Mi2573) i1359 | Imperforate | 2000 | |
| Central African Republic | 1359a (BL649) i1359a | SS1 (1359) Imperforate SS1 (i1359) | ||
| Czech Republic | 3937 (Mi1219) | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth "Blaise Pascal", Pascal's mechanical calculator | |
| Czech Republic | 3937 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown a+selvedge (Mi none+selvedge) | One of MS3 (a-f) and selvedge [known illegal issue] | ||
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1867 | rue Pascal, Paris |
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1872 | rue Pascal, Paris |
| France | B181 (Mi626) iB181 | Imperforate | 1944 | "Pascal" |
| France | B181 card1 | Card | 1944 | "Pascal" |
| France | B181 card2 | Card (different) | ||
| France | B181 card3 | Card (different) | ||
| France | 1038 (Mi1398) i1038 | Imperforate | 1962 | "Pascal" (300th anniv. death) |
| France | 1038 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| France | 1038 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1038 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.J. no.423) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1038 fdc4 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.J. no.423) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 1038 fdc5 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1038 fdc6 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1038 fdc7 | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC card (Soci�t� philat�lique de Clermont-Ferrand et environs cachet), also back | ||
| France | 1038 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 1038 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 1038 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 1038 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 1038 maxi5 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 1038 maxi6 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 1038 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| France | 1038 proof | Signed proof (brown) | ||
| France | 1038+cancel | Stamp and (FD text) cancel | ||
| France | 1038+cancel | Stamp and cancel | 1962 | "Journ�es Blaise Pascal" |
| France | 1038 card1 (Mi1398 card1) | Card | 1962 | "Pascal" |
| France | 1038 card2 (Mi1398 card2) | Card (different) | ||
| France | 1038 card3 (Mi1398 card3) | Card (different) | ||
| France | 1038 card4 (Mi1398 card4) | Card (different) | ||
| France | 1038 card5 (Mi1398 card5) | Card (different) | ||
| France | 1038 card6 (Mi1398 card6) | Card (different) | ||
| France | 1038 cover1 (Mi1398 cover1) | Stamp and (Setif) cancel on cover (blank/no cachet) | 1962 | "Pascal" |
| France | 1038 cover2 (Mi1398 cover2) | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on cover | 300th anniv. death "Pascal" | |
| France | 1038 cover3 (Mi1398 cover3) | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| France | B181 cover 1038 fdc | Dual stamps and dual cancels on cover/FDC (blank/no cachet) | 1962 1962 | "Journ�es Blaise Pascal" "Pascal" |
| France | None | (Slogan) cancel on cover | 1962 | "Tricentenaire de Pascal" |
| France | 1159 sc (Mi1548 sc) | Souvenir card | 1966 | "Blaise" [Pascal] (in text only) |
| France | None | Meter | 1969 | "37 Tours Blaise Pascal" |
| France | P156 | 500 francs (banknote) | 1987-1989 | |
| France | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 2006 | |
| France | 6457 (Mi8526) | From MS15 (6457a (15x 6457)) | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth "Blaise Pascal" |
| France | 6457 fdc | Stamp and (text) cancel and (Philaposte) cachet on FDC card | ||
| France | 6457 sp | (Philaposte) souvenir page (6457) | ||
| France | None | Stamped envelope with (multi-color printed) cachet (with reproduction of 6457), also back | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth "Blaise Pascal" |
| France | Unknown sp (Mi? sp) | Souvenir page (stamp like B181) | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth "Blaise Pascal" |
| Germany | None | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage | 2012 | |
| Germany | None | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage (different) | ||
| Germany | None | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage (different) | ||
| Germany | None | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage (different) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi6624-6628_ms5 | MS5 (Mi6624-6628) | 2009 | Pascal experimented with "atmospheric pressure"; his name was "given to the unit of pressure in the SI system of units" (in SS1 text) |
| Guinea Republic | Mi6624-6628 fdc | MS5 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1696 | SS1 | ||
| Korea (South) | 2425c (Mi3003) | One of strip of 3 (2425 (a-c)) (Mi3001-3003), or one of strip of 3 (2425a-c + 3 labels), or from MS15 (2425d (5x 2415 + 3 labels)) | 2014 | Pascal's triangle |
| Korea (South) | 2425c fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Korea (South) | 2425c maxi | Maxicard (with stamp and label) | ||
| Korea (South) | None | Postcard and 2425c stamp, also back | 2014 | |
| Liberia | Mi2515 | One of MS17 (Mi2506-2522 + label), also margin detail | 1999 | Pascal's triangle |
| Macedonia (North) | 947 (Mi1025) | From MS9 (947a (9x 947)) | 2023 | "400th anniv. birth Blaise Pascal" |
| Macedonia (North) | 947 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (North Macedonia Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 875 (Mi1080) | 1973 | 350th anniv. birth | |
| Monaco | 875 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 875 fdc2 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 875 fdc3 | Stamp and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 875 fdc4 | Stamp and (�ditions J.F.) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 875 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Monaco | 875+artwork | Stamp and original artwork | ||
| Monaco | 875 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Monaco | 875 proof | Signed proof (black) | ||
| Monaco | 873+875-876+878 sp | One of four stamps and center of souvenir page (873+875-876+878) | ||
| Monaco | 3150 (Mi3649) | From MS6 (3150a (6x 3150)) | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth "Blaise Pascal" |
| Monaco | 3150 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_a | One of local post MS8 (a-h + label) | 2011 | (350th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Odessa | Local_ms | Local post MS4 (a-d) | 200? | |
| Portugal | Mi4931 | 2023 | 400th anniv. birth "Blaise Pascal" | |
| Portugal | Mi4931 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Portugal | Mi4931-4932 folder | Folder page0/front, also page1-2, page3-4, and page5/back | ||
| Romania | None | Postal card | 2001 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on postcard | 2008 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on postcard (different) | 2008 | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1852b (Mi3501) i1852b | One of MS6 (1852 (a-f)) (Mi3500-3505) Imperforate | 2008 | |
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | 2013 | |
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | 390th anniv. birth |
|
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico
|
Giovanni Cassini was an Italian astronomer who spent so much of his professional life in France that he became known as Jean Dominique Cassini. He knew that atmospheric refraction affected astronomical observations, and proposed a model to explain the refraction (though it later turned out to be incorrect). In 1683, with his colleague N. Fatio, he published a study that demonstrated that the phenomenon of zodiacal light has an astronomical rather than a meteorological source.
Cassini was also an expert in hydraulics and river management, and studied the flooding of the river Po.
The scientific satellite Cassini-Huygens, named after Cassini and astronomer Christian Huygens, was launched in 1997 and flew past Jupiter in 2000 on its way to Saturn. It provided the best images ever obtained of Jupiter, in which the planet's atmospheric circulation patterns are clearly seen.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassini (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Burkina Faso | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2018 | "Giovanni Cassini" |
| Cameroun | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2017 | "Giovanni Cassini"; also Cassini satellite |
| Chad | Unknown i (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2009 | |
| Chad | Unknown fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2018 | "Giovanni Cassini" |
| Djibouti | Unknown d (Mi none) Unknown id | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2010 | "Giovanni Domenico Cassini" |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Finland France | 741 sc1 2016 sc1 (Mi1002 sc1 Mi2561 sc1) | Cachet on dual-country souvenir card | 1986 | "Cassini" |
| Finland France | 741 sc1 2016 sc2 (Mi1002 sc2 Mi2561 sc2) | Cachet on dual-country souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2016 sc (Mi2561 sc) | Cachet on souvenir card | 1986 | "Cassini" |
| France | 5051 (Mi6484) | Also annotated | 2016 | 350th anniv. Academy of Sciences; design based on the painting Colbert pr�sentant � Louis XIV les membres de l'Acad�mie royale des Sciences, by Henri Testelin, also annotated detail |
| Grenada | 2932o (Mi4140) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2932 (a-q + label)) (Mi4126-4142) | 2000 | "1666 - Cassini observes the polar caps on Mars" |
| Grenada | 2932o specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1483 | SS1 | 2007 | Also Cassini satellite |
| Guinea Republic | BL1483 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1485 | SS1 (different) | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1485 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5295 | One of MS6 (Mi5295-5300) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown c (Mi?) | |||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown d (Mi?) | |||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown f (Mi?) | |||
| Guinea Republic | Mi10832A-10835A_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10832A-10835A) | 2014 | "Giovanni Domenico Cassini" (in 1st and 4th stamps of MS4 and in stamp of SS1 and in FDC cachets); 10th anniv. Cassini spacecraft's trip to Saturn |
| Guinea Republic | Mi10832A-10835A_ms4 fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL2462A | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL2462A fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown c (Mi none) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2018 | "Giovanni Domenico Cassini" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ims fdc | Imperforate MS4 on FDC | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown a-d fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Maldive Islands | 3230 (BL740) | SS1 | 2014 | "Giovanni Cassini" |
| Maldive Islands | 3230 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2006 | Also Cassini satellite |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "Giovanni Cassini"; also Cassini-Huygens satellite (in left margin) |
| Mozambique | Unknown b (Mi?) Unknown ib | One of MS6 (a-f) One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2001 | |
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | On stamp of SS1 On stamp of imperforate SS1 | ||
| St. Pierre and Miquelon | 378 (Mi426) | 1968 | "J-D Cassini" | |
| St. Pierre and Miquelon | 378 ds | Deluxe sheet (378) | ||
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassini (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1997-10-15 | Kennedy Space Center FL | Insert from Cassini-Huygens launch cover, also insert back and cover front | "Jean-Dominique Cassini" |
| United States | 1997-10-15 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Space Voyage) cachet on Cassini-Huygens launch cover | "Cassini" |
| United States | 2017-09-15 | Sagamore Beach MA | (Coverscape) cachet on Cassini-Huygens event cover | "Giovanni Cassini" |
|
Boyle, Robert
|
Robert Boyle was an Irish-born inventor and scientist who spent much of his life in England. He may have brought a Torricelli type of mercury barometer back to England after his studies in the Continent, and was one of the first to see the potential of the instrument for studying properties of the air. He built his own mercury barometers, and appears to have been the first to use the term 'barometer'. With Robert Hooke, he studied the physics of gases. After reading of Otto von Guericke's work with air pumps, Boyle and Hooke built an improved version, which Boyle used starting in 1659 to conduct a series of experiments on the properties of air. He published an account of this work, New Experiments: Physico-Mechanical Touching the Spring of Air and its Effects, in 1660. Boyle supervised the construction of the first sealed thermometer to be made in England, and his experiments with it were described in 1665 in his paper New experiments and observations touching cold, or an experimental history of cold.
Boyle is best known for his formulation around 1670 of a gas law generally referred to as Boyle's Law. It states that at constant temperature, the volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. The real atmosphere, to a good approximation, follows this law. (In Europe, it is often attributed to E. Marriotte, who published it in 1676).
In the years before Boyle's death in 1691, John Locke was engaged in editing the manuscript of Boyle's General History of the Air. This pioneering meteorological work included Locke's weather observations for the period 1666 through 1683 as well as those of several other observers. The book was published posthumously early in 1693.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Unknown g (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | (320th anniv. death) |
| Great Britain | 2747 (Mi?) | One of block of 10 (2756a (2747-2756)), or one of booklet pane of 4 (2756b (2747+2751-2752+2756)), from 2756a presentation pack | 2010 | |
| Great Britain | 2756a fdc | One of block of 10 stamps on FDC | ||
| Grenada | 1537 (Mi?) | 1987 | "Boyle's Law: pressure and volume" | |
| Ireland | 492 (Mi?) | 1981 | "Boyle air-pump" | |
| Ireland | 492 fdc1 | Stamp and (Zaso silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| Ireland | 492 fdc2 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| Ireland | 1975 (Mi?) | From MS2 (1975b (1974-1975)) | 2012 | 350th anniv. Boyle's Law |
| Marshall Islands | 1032c (Mi2926) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown h (Mi none) Unknown ih | One of MS8 (a-h) One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | (320th anniv. death) |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) |
|
Huygens, Christian
|
Christian (Christiaan) Huygens was a Dutch astronomer. His scientific bent led him to the conclusion that temperature measurements with thermometers would be useful only if they were made using a defined scale. (The first sealed liquid-in-glass thermometer was built in about 1654 by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. Santorio Santorio used a scale with his air thermoscope as early as 1612). Huygens proposed in 1665 a thermometer scale in which there would be two fixed points: the freezing and boiling points of water. The modern degree Celsius temperature scale can be traced back to this proposal. However, for many years after Huygens' time there was no agreement on a common scale, since several different ones were proposed, and used to different degrees (for more information, see the entries for Newton, Fahrenheit, Roemer, Celsius and Kelvin; no philatelic items for Ferdinand II and Santorio are known).
The scientific satellite Cassini-Huygens, named after Huygens and astronomer Giovanni Cassini, was launched in 1997, with the goal of studying Jupiter and Saturn. It arrived near Saturn in 2004, only a few months after Huygens' 375th birth anniversary, and its detachable probe (the part of the satellite that bore the name "Huygens") was launched into the atmosphere of Titan to make measurements there.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huygens (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Burkina Faso | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2018 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Cameroun | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2017 | "Christian Huygens"; also Huygens probe |
| Comoro Islands | 412 (Mi506) i412 | Imperforate | 1979 | (350th anniv. birth) "Huygens" |
| Comoro Islands | 412a (BL204) i412a | SS1 (412) Imperforate SS1 (i412) | ||
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2018 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Djibouti | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| France | 2016 sc (Mi2561 sc) | Cachet on souvenir card | 1986 | "Huygens" |
| France | 5051 (Mi6484) | Also annotated | 2016 | 350th anniv. Academy of Sciences; design based on the painting Colbert pr�sentant � Louis XIV les membres de l'Acad�mie royale des Sciences, by Henri Testelin, also annotated detail |
| Gabon | Unknown d (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2020 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Grenada | 2932h (Mi4127) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2932 (a-q + label)) (Mi4126-4142) | 2000 | "1655, Christian Huygens discovered the rings of Saturn" |
| Guinea Republic | BL1484 | SS1 | 2007 | Also Huygens probe |
| Guinea Republic | BL1484 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5296 | From MS6 (Mi5295-5300) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5299 | |||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5747-5752_ms6 | In (right) margin of MS6 (Mi5747-5752) | 2008 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5747-5752_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2009 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Maldive Islands | BL740 | SS1 | 2014 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Maldive Islands | BL740 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2006 | Also Huygens probe |
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown d (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Netherlands | B36 (Mi221) | 1928 | (300th anniv. birth) "Christiaan Huygens" | |
| Netherlands | P87 | 25 guilders (banknote), also back | 1955 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| Netherlands | B365 (Mi?) | 1962 | Huygens' pendulum clock | |
| Netherlands | 731 (Mi1345) | 1988 | "Chr. Huygens" | |
| Netherlands | 1335 (Mi?) | One of pair (1335a (1334-1335)) | 2009 | Huygen's lens |
| Netherlands (TNT Post) | NVPH_2489-A-041 | From MS10 (5x (NVPH_2489-A-041/042)) | 2010 | See Canon van Nederland Christiaan Huygens |
| Netherlands (TNT Post) | NVPH_2489-A-042 | Huygen's clock | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown d (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | "Christian Huygens" |
| Sierra Leone | 1167c (Mi1358) | One of MS9 (1167 (a-i)) (Mi1356-1364) | 1990 | "Huygens drawing in 1672" |
| Sierra Leone | 1167 fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1851c (Mi?) | One of MS6 (1851 (a-f)) | 2008 | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2014 | 385th anniv. birth "Christiaan Huygens" |
| United States | 5074 fdc (Mi5248 fdc) | (Chris Calle/Stamps.org) cachet on FDC | 2016 | |
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huygens (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1997-10-15 | Kennedy Space Center FL | Insert from Cassini-Huygens launch cover, also insert back and front | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| United States | 1997-10-15 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Space Voyage) cachet on Cassini-Huygens launch cover | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| United States | 2015-01-14 | Sagamore Beach MA | (Coverscape) cachet on Cassini-Huygens anniversary cover | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| United States | 2017-09-15 | Sagamore Beach MA | (Coverscape) cachet on Cassini-Huygens event cover | "Christiaan Huygens" |
| United States | 2020-01-14 | Monument Beach MA | (Coverscape) cachet on Cassini-Huygens anniversary cover | "Christiaan Huygens" |
|
Locke, John
|
John Locke was an English physician and philosopher. He was a friend of Robert Boyle, who urged him to keep a weather diary or weather journal following a trend that originated in the Royal Society in the 1660s. Robert Hooke also encouraged this type of activity and published a comprehensive set of instructions for making weather observations in his paper 'A Method for Making a History of the Weather'. It was presented to the Royal Society in around 1663. Locke started his own weather journal in 1666 and continued to fill it out, though with some gaps, until 1703. He generally approached the activity with enthusiasm, since he believed that the regular collection of meteorological data would contribute to the understanding of weather patterns. For example, during the first 6 months of his residency in Oxford, he managed to record almost every day at least two readings of his thermometer, barometer and wind gauge. Boyle cited some of Locke's data in the article in which he coined the term 'barometer'.
In the years before Boyle's death in 1691, Locke was engaged in editing the manuscript of Boyle's General History of the Air. This pioneering meteorological work included Locke's weather observations for the period 1666 through 1683 as well as those of several other observers. The book was published posthumously early in 1693.
While living in Essex, Locke continued to read his instruments and record the observations at least once a day from 1691 to 1703.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | None | (Black and round) cancel | late 1800s | Locke NY (city, named after Locke) |
| United States | None | (Red and oval) cancel | late 1800s | Locke NY (city, named after Locke) |
| United States | None | Cancel on cover | 1894 | Locke Mills ME (city, named after Locke) |
|
Wren, Christopher
|
Christopher Wren was an English mathematician, astronomer and architect who had a wide variety of scientific interests, including meteorology. While studying at Oxford in around 1650, he produced preliminary designs for a rain gauge and an automatic weather observing station. In the 1660s and 1670s he experimented with a swinging plate anemometer of the type invented by Alberti in 1450; an instrument to measure humidity; "weather glasses" (small open water barometers); and Torricelli type mercury barometers. In the early 1660s, probably in collaboration with Robert Hooke, he also constructed a tipping bucket rain gauge for recording rainfall amounts. This was the earliest English rain gauge, and the first recording rain gauge ever constructed. Benedetto Castelli had devised the first (non-recording) European rain gauge in Italy in 1639, and earlier rain gauges date from the mid-14th century in Korea, in the reign of King Sejong, and from much earlier still in China and India.
Wren continued to refine his idea of an apparatus that he called a "weather clock" that would automatically record the weather, and in December 1663 described his concept to the Royal Society in a paper entitled "Description of a weather clock". Hooke immediately siezed upon the idea and proposed some improvements. The two continued to work together on the design, culminating in the first working model, known as the "weather wiser", constructed by Hooke in 1669. It is interesting to note that Wren's idea of automatic weather recording skipped entirely the idea that human observers might act to regularly observe and record the weather.
Wren realized that weather observations could potentially be used to predict the weather, and in 1679 presented to the Royal Society a possible method for doing this.
Wren also saw a relationship between medicine and meteorology through the idea that there were certain "epidemic seasons" that could be identified. This is reminiscent of the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates who believed that certain climate and environmental conditions were one cause of diseases.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda | 920 (Mi930) | 1986 | Flamsteed House (Old Greenwich Observatory); the building was designed by Christopher Wren in 1675 | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 973 (Mi978) | 920 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | 1986 | Flamsteed House (Old Greenwich Observatory); the building was designed by Christopher Wren in 1675 |
| Ascension Island | 386 (Mi395) | 1986 | Flamsteed House (Old Greenwich Observatory); the building was designed by Christopher Wren in 1675 | |
| Barbuda | 787 (Mi893) | Antigua and Barbuda 920 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | 1986 | Flamsteed House (Old Greenwich Observatory); the building was designed by Christopher Wren in 1675 |
| Great Britain | None | Medallion, also reverse | 1846 | Wren, by Art Union of London |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1973 | (250th anniv. death), and Christopher Wren school |
| Great Britain | P381 | 50 pounds (banknote), also back | 1981-1993 | |
| Great Britain | 1006-1010 fdc (Mi1029-1033 fdc) | (Pictorial) cancel and (brown printed) cachet on FDC | 1982 | 350th anniv. birth |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2002 | (Upper part of) Flamsteed House (Old Greenwich Observatory; the building was designed by Christopher Wren in 1675 |
| Great Britain | None | Cinderella on cover | 2006 | |
| Great Britain | 2580 (BL?) | In (left and upper) margin of MS4 (2580 (a-d)) | 2008 | "Christopher Wren" |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2008 | |
| Mali | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2011 | "Sir Christopher Wren" |
| United States | None | Postal card | 1993 | "Wren building" |
| United States | UX167 | Postal card | 1993 | Wren building |
| United States | UX167 fdc1 | Stamp on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX167 fdc2 | Stamp and cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX167 fdc3 | Stamp and cachet (different) on postal-card FDC |
|
Hooke, Robert
|
Robert Hooke was an English experimental scientist and instrument maker. He worked in a wide variety of areas, including meteorology. Early in his career, Hooke collaborated with Robert Boyle in studies of the properties of gases and in experiments with barometers. Hooke was the first to observe sunspots through the use of the helioscope he designed for studying the sun. He conducted experiments to weigh air and water vapour in 1663-4 and reported on them in his paper Account of experiments concerning the weight of the air and proportion of the weight of air to that of water. He considered the need for scales for thermometers to obtain consistent temperature values. To this end, he proposed that the freezing point of water would serve well for the zero point, but seems not to have considered the need for a second fixed point. Newton and others would later add a second fixed point to their temperature scales.
Starting in 1662, Hooke worked during 40 years as the curator of experiments for the Royal Society of London. In the 1660s and 1670s, he invented or improved upon several meteorological instruments. Much of this work was done in collaboration with his friend Christopher Wren.
Hooke developed the 'wheel barometer', which was a Torricelli type mercury barometer with a mechanical linkage designed by Hooke to magnify small changes in the level of the mercury. These changes were displayed through the motion of a dial on the 'wheel'. This type of barometer was common long after Hooke's time. The weather-related legends such as "fair", "unsettled" and "rain" that were eventually added to the wheel have survived to this day.
Hooke refined the swinging-plate anemometer of the type invented by Leon Alberti in 1450 (Leonardo da Vinci had worked on a similar instrument in the late 1400s). In The posthumous works of Robert Hooke, M.D.S.R.S., containing his Cutlerian Lecture and other Discourses (edited by R. Waller, published by Sam Smith and Beni Walford, London, 1705) it is recorded that on 14 November 1683 "Mr Hooke shew'd an instrument to measure the velocity of the air or wind and find the strength thereof which was by four vanes put upon an axis and made very light and easy for motion; and the vanes so contrived as that they could be set to what slope should be desired". This design was the most commonly-used anemometer for some 200 years after Hooke's time, and later versions were used through the mid-20th Century in the USSR and Soviet bloc countries. Mikhail Lomonosov experimented with his own design of a rotating anemometer in around 1750. The first modern wind measuring instrument, the rotating cup anemometer, was invented by Thomas Robinson in 1846.
Hooke constructed the first practical hygrometer for humidity measurements, based on his observation that the hairs from a goat's beard would bend when dry and straighten out when wet.
In 1663 Hooke presented to the Royal Society a paper entitled "A method for making the history of the weather". It contained a comprehensive set of instructions for making weather observations, and also Hooke's recommendation that a national or international network of stations be established for the purpose of making weather observations to a common standard with calibrated instruments. These were yet more ideas that were far ahead of his time: the earliest networks of stations performing regular weather observations were set up in some European countries in approximately the mid-1850s.
In around 1669, Hooke presented to the Royal Society a working version of Wren's weather clock, known as the "weather wiser". Wren had presented his design to the Society in 1663, and Hooke had promptly improved upon it. Hooke and Wren continued to develop the apparatus together, though Hooke did the actual construction. The weather wiser incorporated Wren's tipping bucket rain gauge, and used trip hammers to mark the paper on a rotating drum with continuous measurements of pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed and wind direction. This was, in fact, the world's first automatic weather observing station. As a complicated mechanical apparatus, it was probably in need of constant repairs, but the concept of such a device as well as its construction was certainly revolutionary and far ahead of the times.
Hooke was also interested in practical aspects of the weather, and argued that hurricanes, storms, mists and fogs were all effects associated with 'denser air'. He also made detailed drawings of snowflakes and hailstones.
Hooke realised that if daily meteorological readings were tabulated, it might then be possible to use them to forecast the weather, especially if the readings were available from a number of stations in a network. His friend and colleague Wren presented a possible method for doing this to the Royal Society in 1679.
For all his meteorological work, and particularly for his development of meteorological instrumentation and his prescient recommendation that regular weather observations should be made to common standards in a network of observing stations, Hooke has been called the 'father of scientific meteorology'.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Djibouti | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | |
| Grenada | 2932i (Mi4134) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2932 (a-q + label)) (Mi4126-4142) | 2000 | "1663, Robert Hooke identifies cells" |
| Sweden | 1665 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | 1987 |
|
Newton, Isaac
|
Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who made many important scientific discoveries. In the area of temperature measurement, he considered how thermometers could provide standard, reproducible values, and adopted Huygens' idea of a temperature scale defined by two fixed values. Huygens had suggested the freezing and boiling points of water as the two reference values. Newton kept the freezing point as his lower fixed value, but suggested that the upper reference be equal to the human body temperature. He then divided the range between the two reference values into 12 equal segments (so the body temperature would be equal to 12 degrees on this scale). Newton extrapolated the scale to warmer temperatures and found that its value for the boiling point of water would be about 33 degrees. He put forth these ideas in 1701. Roemer and Fahrenheit would later build on this approach. It is interesting to note that Newton's scale corresponds closely to the modern degree Celsius temperature scale in the following way: if we multiply Newton's reference values by 3, then we retain 0� (3x 0) for the freezing point of water (0�C), and obtain 36� (3x 12) for the normal human body temperature (actually 37�C) and 99� (3x 33) for the boiling point of water (actually 100�C).
Newton studied the properties of light, and confirmed Descartes' observation that white light would be separated into its constituent colors through the process of refraction. He then developed a theory to explain the colors, and showed in his work Opticks, published in 1704, that his theory explained the arrangement of colors observed in a rainbow.
To honour his scientific work, Newton's name was given to the SI (International System of Units) unit of force. One newton is equal to one kilogram metre per second squared. See the SI (metric system) unit names page for other persons after whom metric units were named.
See also the X-ray Multi-mirror Mission (XMM) / Newton astronomical satellite that was launched in 1999.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newton (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Ajman | Mi994 | 1971 | Newton (in inset at upper-left) | |
| Ajman | Mi994 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi994), from deluxe proof sheet of 8 | ||
| Ajman | Mi994 proofs | Proof sheet of 15 | ||
| Ajman State | Mi2781A-2788A_label Mi2781B-2788B_label | Label from MS8 (Mi2781A-2788A + 8 labels) Label from imperforate MS8 (Mi2781B-2788B + 8 labels) | 1972 | (330th anniv. birth) |
| Alderney (Great Britain) | KM127a | 5 pound (silver coin), also obverse | 2006 | |
| Altai | Unknown a (Mi?) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from and in centre of self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | (370th anniv. birth, in 2012) |
| Andorra (French) | 403-404 fdc (Mi423-424 fdc) | (Edicions PUJOL) cachet on FDC | 1991 | "Newton" |
| Ascension Island | 142 (Mi142) | 1971 | ||
| Ascension Island | 142a | Booklet pane of 4 (4x 142) | ||
| Ascension Island | 143b | Booklet of 24 (4x (138-143)), with booklet front, also booklet back | ||
| Ascension Island | 385 (Mi394) | 1986 | "Newton's reflector telescope" | |
| Belgium | B1059 fdc (Mi? fdc) | FDC back, also front | 1987 | "Newton"; (260th anniv. death) |
| Benin | C276 (Mi117) iC276 | Imperforate | 1977 | 250th anniv. death |
| Benin | C276+C278 fdc | One of two stamps and (EDILA) cachet on FDC | ||
| Benin | 1165 (BL50) | On stamp of SS1 | 1999 | "Isaac Newton" locomotive |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 586 (Mi745) | 2018 | 375th anniv. birth | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 586 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Srpske Post) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Bulgaria | 3793 (Mi4079) | 1993 | (350th anniv. birth) | |
| Burundi | 759 (BL?) | SS1 | 2000 | |
| Central African Republic | 780 (Mi1188A) i780 (Mi1188B) | Imperforate | 1985 | "Newton" telescope |
| Central African Republic | 780a (BL359A) i780a (BL359B) | SS1 (780) Imperforate SS1 (i780) | ||
| Central African Republic | 779-780 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Central African Republic | 781 (Mi1189A) i781 (Mi1189B) | Imperforate | ||
| Central African Republic | 781a (BL360A) i781a (BL360B) | SS1 (781) Imperforate SS1 (i781) | ||
| Central African Republic | 784b (Mi1187A-1192A) i784b (Mi1187B-1192B) | On two of MS6 (779-784) On two of imperforate MS6 (i779-i784) | (As above for stamps) | |
| Central African Republic | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) and white light" (in French text) |
| Central African Republic | Unknown fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi14211-14214_ms4 | MS4 (Mi14211-14214) | 2023 | "380th anniv. birth Isaac Newton" (in French text) |
| Central African Republic | BL2924 | SS1 (Mi14215) | ||
| Central African Republic | Unknown b (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2023 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Central African Republic | Unknown b (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Central African Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Central African Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 (different) | ||
| Chad | 440B (BL151) i440B | SS1, gold foil Imperforate SS1, gold foil | 1983 | (340th anniv. birth, in 1982) |
| Chad | 806g (Mi?) | One of MS9 (806 (a-i)) | 1999 | |
| Chad | 806g ss (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 (806g) | ||
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) | In (upper-left) margin of SS1 | 2009 | |
| Chad | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2014 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| China (People's Republic) | None | Phonecard | 200x | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Phonecard (different) | 2005 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Phonecard (different) | 2005? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Phonecard (different) | 2005 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Phonecard (different) | 2005? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Phonecard (different) | 2005 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4, also front | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back4 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | |
| Comoro Islands | B4 (Mi854A-861A) iB4 (Mi854B-861B) | In (lower) margin of MS8 (B4 (a-h)) In (lower) margin of imperforate MS8 (iB4 (a-h)) | 1988 | "Newton" (in lower margin text) |
| Comoro Islands | Mi2296-2301_ms6 label | Label from MS6 (Mi2296-2301 + label) | 2009 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Congo (People's Republic, Brazzaville) | C238 (Mi588) | 1977 | (250th anniv. death) | |
| Congo Republic | Mi1693 | One of MS6 (Mi1691-1696) | 2000 | |
| De La Rue (PLC) | None | "1" (test banknote), also back | ? | |
| Djibouti | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown a+selvedge (Mi?+selvedge) | One of MS3 (a-f) and selvedge | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown ds | Deluxe sheet (a) | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | 380th anniv. birth "Isaac Newton" |
| Dubai | C57 (Mi398) | 1971 | ||
| Fiji | 551 (Mi545) | 1986 | "Newton's reflector" telescope | |
| Finland France | 741 sc1 2016 sc1 (Mi1002 sc1 Mi2561 sc1) | Cachet on dual-country souvenir card | 1986 | "Newton" |
| Finland France | 741 sc2 2016 sc2 (Mi1002 sc2 Mi2561 sc2) | Cachet on dual-country souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 861 (Mi1171) | 1957 | ||
| France | 2016 sc (Mi2561 sc) | Cachet on souvenir card | 1986 | "Newton" |
| Gabon | Unknown (Mi none) | [known illegal issue] | 2011 | |
| Gabon | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims | MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] Imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2014 | |
| Gabon | Unknown fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 fdc (Mi1050 fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 1980 | "Sir Isaac Newton" (in text only) |
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | early-1900s | |
| Germany | 1771 (Mi1646) | 1993 | "Isaac Newton"; (350th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany | 1771 black | Blackprint | ||
| Germany | 1771 holo | Hologram | ||
| Germany | 1771 folder | FDC folder | "Isaac Newton"; 350th anniv. birth | |
| Germany | 1771 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (ETABO) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1771 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (FIDACOS) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1771 fdc3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Jill) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | KM332 | 10 euro (silver coin) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale, thermometer; also degree Newton (°N) temperature scale |
| Ghana | 1031 (Mi1158) i1031 | Imperforate | 1987 | Wedgewood memorial to Newton; (260th anniv. death) |
| Ghana | 1130 (Mi1276) | 1031 surcharged | 1989 | Wedgewood memorial to Newton |
| Ghana | 1130a (Mi2180) i1130a | 1130 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo i1130 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Gibraltar | 1201 (Mi?) | From MS8 (1201a (8x 1201)) | 2009 | |
| Gibraltar | 1198-1201 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Halfpenny) trade token, also reverse | 1793 | |
| Great Britain | None | Medallion, also reverse | ~1970 | |
| Great Britain | P377a | 1 pound (banknote) | 1978—1980 | |
| Great Britain | P377b | 1 pound (banknote), also back | 1981—1984 | Isaac Newton |
| Great Britain | 1172 (Mi1101) | 1987 | "Sir Isaac Newton"; (260th anniv. death) | |
| Great Britain | 1172 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1172 fdc2 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1173 (Mi1102) | |||
| Great Britain | 1174 (Mi1103) | |||
| Great Britain | 1175 (Mi1104) | |||
| Great Britain | 1172-1175 fdc | One of four stamps and cancel and (Cotswold/BPCPA) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1987 | (260th anniv. death) |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | ||
| Great Britain | None | Postcard back, also front | 1987 | |
| Great Britain | None | Postcard back, also front | 1988 | |
| Great Britain | 1337 (Mi1297) | 1990 | (Newton's telescope)2 (at left in stamp, and in the FDCs with the Royal Mail cachet) | |
| Great Britain | 1337 card | PHQ card | ||
| Great Britain | 1337 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc1 | One of four stamps on FDC (Cotswold and Stuart / BPCPA cachet, Greenwich cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc2 | One of four stamps on FDC (Mercury cachet; Greenwich cancel, different), also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc3 | One of four stamps on FDC (Mercury cachet; Armagh cancel), also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc4 | One of four stamps and (Royal Mail) cachet on FDC (Brighton, East Sussex cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc5 | One of four stamps on FDC (Royal Mail cachet, Northampton cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc6 | One of four stamps and (Benham) cachet on FDC (Armagh, N. Ireland cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1870 (Mi1822A) | 1999 | "Newton" | |
| Great Britain | 1870b (BL7) | MS4 (4x 1870a (Mi1822D), same as 1870 except changed perforations) | ||
| Great Britain | 1867-1870 fdc (Mi1819+1820C+1821C+1822A fdc) | One of four stamps and (Benham) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 2317_ms10 folder (Mi2341_ms10 folder) | Folder front with MS10 (2317_ms10 (10x 2317 + 10 labels)), also back | 2009 | "Sir Isaac Newton" |
| Great Britain | None | (Benham) cachet on cover | 2009 | Newton (at left) |
| Great Britain | 2748 (Mi?) | One of block of 10 (2756a (2747-2756)), or one of booklet pane of 4 (2754a (2748-2749+2x 2754)), from 2756a presentation pack | 2010 | |
| Great Britain | 2756a fdc | One of block of 10 stamps on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 2010 | |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) and cachet (different) on cover | 2010 | |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2010 | |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | 2010 | (Newton's telescope) |
| Great Britain | 2317_ms10 (Mi2341_ms10) | On 10 labels and in (surrounding) margin of MS10 (10x 2317 + 10 labels), also detail | 2010 | Newton; reproductions of Great Britain 1172-1175 (in lower-right margin) |
| Grenada | 1535 (Mi1687) | 1987 | (260th anniv. death) | |
| Grenada | B14 (Mi1974) | 1989 | "Halley publishes Newton's Principia, 1687" | |
| Grenada | 2932d (Mi4129) | Two stamps and in (left) margin of MS17 (2932 (a-q + label)) (Mi4126-4142) | 2000 | "1666, Newton builds first reflecting telescope" |
| Grenada | 2932p (Mi4141) | "1666, Sir Isaac Newton formulates law of gravitation" | ||
| Grenada | 3812 (Mi6383-6386) | On one of MS4 (3812 (a-d)) | 2011 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Grenada | 3813 (BL801) | In (right) margin of SS1 | ||
| Grenada | 3813 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Grenada Grenadines | 909 (Mi914) | 1987 | (260th anniv. death) | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 1539 (Mi1711) | 1993 | (350th anniv. birth), also (Newton's telescope)2 | |
| Guinea Republic | 987a (BL216) | In (lower-right) margin of SS1 (987) | 1986 | "Newton", and "Telescope de Newton" |
| Guinea Republic | 988 (Mi1110A) i988 (Mi1110B) | Imperforate | Halley and Newton | |
| Guinea Republic | 988a (BL217) i988a | SS1 (988) Imperforate SS1 (i988) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 989b (Mi1106A-1111A) | On one of MS6 (984-989) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 990 (BL212A) i990 (BL212B) | In (left) margin of SS1 In (left) margin of imperforate SS1 | (possibly) Newton (and Halley) | |
| Guinea Republic | BL220A BL220B | In (upper) margin of SS1 In (upper) margin of imperforate SS1 | 1986 | Newton (with Halley) |
| Guinea Republic | 1262c (Mi1483A) i1262c (Mi1483B) | One of strip of 3 (1262 (a-c)) One of imperforate strip of 3 (i1262 (a-c)) | 1994 | "Sir Isaac Newton" |
| Guinea Republic | BL1484 | SS1 | 2007 | "T�lescope de Isaac Newton" (in text on stamp); also Christian Huygens |
| Guinea Republic | BL1484 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5883A Mi5883B | One of MS6 (Mi5880A-5885A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi5880B-5885B) | 2008 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5880A-5885A_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi15523-15526_ms4 | MS4 (Mi15523-15526) | 2021 | "295th anniv. death Isaac Newton" (in French text) |
| Guinea Republic | BL3466 | SS1 (Mi15527) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi17248-17251_ms4 | MS4 (Mi17248-17251) | 2023 | "380th anniv. birth Isaac Newton" (in French text) |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown (Mi?) | 2003 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 (stamp) Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3934A Mi3934B | One of MS6 (Mi3930A-3935A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi3930B-3935B) | 2008 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc1 Mi3930B-3935B_ms6 fdc1 | MS6 on FDC Imperforate MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi3930A-3935A_ms6 fdc2 | MS6 on FDC (different) | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi4447A Mi4447B | From MS5 (Mi4444A-4448A) Imperforate | 2009 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL725A BL725B | In (lower-left and center-right) margins of SS1 In (lower-left and center-right) margins of imperforate SS1 | 2009 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Hungary | 2485+label (Mi3199) i2485+label | Stamp and label, from MS4 (2485a (4x 2485 + 4 labels)) Imperforate stamp and label, from imperforate MS4 (i2485a (4x i2485 + 4 labels)) | 1977 | "Isaac Newton"; (250th anniv. death) |
| India | 767 (Mi?) | 1977 | Newton (in text) | |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2012 | (370th anniv. birth) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS2 (a-b) | 2013 | 370th anniv. birth |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS2 (a-b) | 2016 | (290th anniv. death, in 2017) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc1 | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc2 | MS2 and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc1 | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc2 | SS1 and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1961 (BL?) | In (upper-left) margin of SS1 | 2016 | "Isaac Newton"; (also on the cover and page1 of the Presentation Pack) |
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1961 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1961a | In (upper-left) margin of SS1, overprinted | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1961a fdc | SS1, overprinted, on FDC | ||
| Jersey (Great Britain) | 1955-1960 pack | Presentation pack, also back and page1 with page1 detail and page2 | ||
| Korea (North) | 2134 (Mi2185) | Stamp-on-stamp: France 861 | 1981 | |
| Korea (North) | 3265 (Mi3483) | 1993 | (350th anniv. birth) | |
| Korea (North) | 3266 (Mi3484) | |||
| Korea (North) | 3267 (Mi3485) | |||
| Korea (North) | 3268 (Mi3486) | |||
| Korea (North) | 3269 (Mi3487) | |||
| Korea (North) | 3265-3269 proofs | Deluxe proofs | ||
| Korea (North) | 3265a (Mi3483-3484+3487) | MS3 (3265-3266+3269) | ||
| Korea (North) | 3265b (Mi3483+3485-3486) | MS3 (3265+3267-3268) | ||
| Korea (North) | 3878 (BL?) | In (lower-middle) margin of MS3 (3878 (a-c)) | 1999 | Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Halley |
| Korea (North) | 3878 var | In (lower-middle) margin of MS3, red missing | ||
| Korea (North) | 4597 (Mi5113) | 3267 surcharged | 2006 | |
| Korea (South) | 1675 bk (Mi? bk) | Booklet of 4 front | 1992 | Newton's apple (by the apple itself and also the artistic spectrum of colors) |
| Korea (South) | 1675 fdc | (Korea Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Laos | 581 (Mi770) | 1984 | ||
| Laos | 580-583 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Lesotho | 578 (Mi630) | 1987 | (260th anniv. death) | |
| Liberia | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS6 (a-f) | 2022 | 380th anniv. birth "Isaac Newton" |
| Liberia | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Liberia | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 on FDC (Liberia Post cachet) | ||
| Liberia | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 (different) | ||
| Liberia | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 (different) on FDC (Liberia Post cachet) | ||
| Malagasy (DR) | 1100b (Mi1479) | One of MS16 (1100 (a-p)) | 1992 | (350th anniv. birth) "Sir Isaac Newton" |
| Madagascar | Unknown c (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2018 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2021 | 295th anniv. death "Isaac Newton" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2022 | 380th anniv. birth "Isaac Newton" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2023 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Malawi | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) | 2008 | |
| Malawi | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) | 2011 | |
| Malawi | Unknown fdc | On one of two MS2 on FDC | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1268 (Mi1279) | 1988 | ||
| Mali | C301 (Mi570) | 1977 | (250th anniv. death) "Isaac Newton" | |
| Mali | C301 ds | Deluxe sheet (C301) | ||
| Mali | C301 fdc | Stamp and (R�publique du Mali Postes et T�l�communications) cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) Imperforate | 2006 | |
| Mali | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2009 | Also XMM / Newton satellite |
| Mali | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2012 | 285th anniv. death; also XMM / Newton satellite |
| Marshall Islands | 963d (Mi2570) | Two of MS10 (963 (2x (a-e))) (2x (Mi2567-2571)) | 2010 | |
| Marshall Islands | 1032o (Mi2938) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| Mauritius | 626 (Mi622) | 1986 | "Newton's contemporary reflector" telescope | |
| Mexico | C377 (Mi1336) | 1971 | ||
| Mexico | 1437 card | FDC card front (Spanish), also back (English) | 1986 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Monaco | 1601 (Mi1837) | 1987 | Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation; (260th anniv. death) | |
| Monaco | 1601 fdc | Stamp and (Lollini) cachet on FDC | ||
| Mongolia | 951e (Mi1051) | From MS9 (951 (a-i)) (Mi1047-1055) | 1977 | (250th anniv. death) |
| Mongolia | 951a-i fdc | On one of nine stamps on FDC | ||
| Mongolia | KM182 | 500 tugrik (silver coin) | 1999 | |
| Mongolia | 2504h (Mi3387) | One of MS20 (2504 (a-t)) (Mi3380-3399) | 2001 | |
| Mongolia | 2791 (Mi?) | 2014 | ||
| Montserrat | 1357b (Mi1753) | One stamp and in (lower-right) margin of MS4 (1357 (a-d)) (Mi1752-1755) | 2015 | "Sir Isaac Newton" |
| Mozambique | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS6 (a-f) One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2001 | |
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 | ||
| Mozambique | 2537 (Mi5463-5468) | MS6 (2537 (a-f)) | 2012 | "285th anniv. death" (in Portuguese text); also XMM / Newton satellite |
| Mozambique | 2537 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Mozambique | 2567 (BL584) | SS1 | ||
| Mozambique | 2567 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Nagaland (India) | Local | Imperforate | 1972 | "Newton's telescope" |
| Netherlands | 731 (Mi1345) | 1988 | "Newton"'s prism | |
| Nevis | 1185o (Mi1472) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (1185 (a-q + label)) (Mi1458-1474) | 2000 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Nicaragua | 878 (Mi1614) 878 back | 1971 | Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation | |
| Nicaragua | 1489 (Mi2826) | 1985 | "Telescopio de Newton" | |
| Nicaragua | 1985d (Mi3295) | One of MS16 (1985 (a-p)) (Mi3292-3307) | 1994 | |
| Niger | C124 (Mi249) | 1970 | ||
| Niger | C124 proof | Signed proof | ||
| Niger | C141 (Mi267) | C124 overprinted | 1970 | |
| Niger | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | 380th anniv. birth "Isaac Newton" |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_b | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | (370th anniv. birth, in 2012) |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_ss | Local post SS1 (stamp and label) | ||
| Odessa | Local_ms | Local post MS4 (a-d) | 200? | |
| Paraguay | 871 (Mi1431) i871 (Mi1439) | Imperforate with changed colors | 1965 | |
| Paraguay | 874 (Mi1434) i874 (Mi1442) | Imperforate with changed colors | ||
| Poland | 884 (Mi1136) | 1959 | "Izaak Newton" | |
| Poland | 883-885 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Poland | None | Printed stamp on postal card (Fisher #534) | 1972 | "Isaac Newton"; (330th anniv. birth, in 1973) |
| Redonda (Antigua) | Unknown (Mi?) | 1987 | (260th anniv. death) | |
| Redonda (Antigua) | Unknown fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 1987 | "Newton"; (260th anniv. death) |
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 2003 | |
| Russia (USSR) | 5601 (Mi5758) | Stamp and label | 1987 | 300th anniv. publication of Principia; (260th anniv. death) |
| Russia (USSR) | 5601 fdc1 | Stamp and label and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5601 fdc2 | Stamp and label and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown (Mi none) | Stamp [known illegal issue] | 1999 | |
| Rwanda | Unknown f (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | |
| St. Pierre and Miquelon | C56 (Mi501) | 1974 | Newton (at center-right) | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi4039-4042_ms4 | In (upper-right) margin of MS4 (Mi4039-4042) | 2009 | (Newton's telescope)2 |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi4039-4042_ms4 fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| St. Vincent | 920 (Mi934) | 1986 | (Newton's telescope)2 | |
| St. Vincent | 2699 (Mi?) | 1999 | ||
| Sakhalin Island (Russia) | Local_ss | In (lower) margin of local post SS1 | 2010 | Newton medallion |
| San Marino | 1023 (Mi1253) | 1982 | "Isaac Newton" | |
| San Marino | 1022-1023+1027+1029 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| San Marino | 1024-1026+1028 fdc | (Venetia) cachet on FDC | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2254h (Mi3398) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2254 (a-q + label)) (Mi3391-3407) | 2000 | "1642: birth of Isaac Newton" |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown g (Mi none) Unknown ig | One of MS8 (a-h) One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | (370th anniv. birth, in 2012) |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (upper-right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (upper-right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Sierra Leone | 5109 (Mi10569-10572) | MS4 (5109 (a-d)) | 2018 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Sierra Leone | 5127 (BL1620, Mi10573) | SS1 | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS3 (a-c) | 2022 | 380th anniv. birth "Isaac Newton" |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 (different) | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | 380th anniv. birth "Isaac Newton" |
| South Africa | 995a+selvedge (Mi?+selvedge) 955e+selvedge (Mi?+selvedge) | In (surrounding) margin of MS10 (955 (a-j)) | 1996 | |
| Staffa (Scotland) | Local | Local post stamp | 1985? | (Newton's telescope)2 |
| Togo | 1365 (BL286) | SS1 (stamp) | 1986 | Halley and Newton |
| Togo | 1409 (BL291) | SS1, 1365 overprinted in silver | 1986 | Halley and Newton |
| Togo | Mi4265 | One stamp and in (upper-right) margin of MS3 (Mi4265-4267) | 2011 | Also XMM / Newton satellite |
| Tristan da Cunha | 892 (Mi?) | 2010 | ||
| Tuvalu | KM17 | 20 dollars (silver coin), also obverse | 1993 | |
| Uganda | 566 (Mi556) | 1987 | (260th anniv. death) | |
| Uganda | 566 fdc | Stamp on FDC (Fleetwood cachet), also back | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi1073A Mi1073B | One of MS16 (Mi1066A-1081A) One of imperforate MS16 (Mi1066B-1081B) | 1972 | (Newton's locomotive ?)3 |
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi1073 ds | Deluxe sheet (Mi1073) | ||
| Umm Al Qiwain | Mi1089A Mi1089B | One of MS16 (Mi1082A-1097A) One of imperforate MS16 (Mi1082B-1097B) | ||
| United States | 1759 cover1 (Mi1356 cover1) | (Midwest Stamp and Coin Show Station) cancel on cover | 1978 | |
| United States | 1759 cover2 (Mi1356 cover2) | (Midwest Stamp and Coin Show Station) cancel on cover (different cancel date) | ||
| United States | 1919 sc (Mi1488 sc) | (Reader's Digest) souvenir card back, also front (with 1919 fdc) | 1981 | "Isaac Newton" |
| United States | None | Insert from cover, also insert back and cover front | 1986 | "Isaac Newton" |
| United States | 2742 fdc (Mi2338 fdc) | (Mystic Stamp Company) back of cover, also front | 1993 | "Newton" |
| United States | 3388 fdc (Mi3284 fdc) | (Fleetwood/Chris Calle) cachet on FDC, also back | 2000 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2010 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2012 | (370th anniv. birth) |
| United States | 3410b fdc (Mi3368 fdc) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | 2000 | "Isaac Newton" |
| Uruguay | 1629 (Mi2193) | 1996 | ||
| Vietnam | 1600 (Mi1658) i1600 | Imperforate | 1986 | |
| Yemen Arab Republic | 260F (Mi909A) i260F (Mi909B) 260m (Mi916) | From MS12 (12x 260F) From imperforate MS12 (12x i260F) From imperforate MS12 (12x 260m) with changed colors | 1969 | |
| Yemen Mutawakelite Kingdom | Mi863 | From MS6 (6x Mi863) | 1969 | |
| Yemen Mutawakelite Kingdom | Mi863B o/p | Mi863B overprinted in red | 1972 | |
| Yugoslavia | 2502c (Mi2994) | One of booklet pane of 7 (2502 (a-g + 2 labels)), also booklet outside (front and back) (MH10, Mi2992-2998) | 2000 | (Newton's telescope)2 (but Galileo depicted beside the telescope) |
1Isaac Newton was born on 25 December 1642 on the Julian Calendar. On the Gregorian Calendar, Newton's birth occurred 4 January 1643.
2The telescopes on these items are similar in design to those identified as "Newton's reflector" or "Newton's telescope" on other items.
3The locomotive on this item is similar in design to that credited to "Isaac Newton" on Benin 1165.
4This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newton (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1968-12-21 | Patrick AFB, FL | (SpaceCraft/Swanson) insert2 from Apollo-8 launch cover, also insert2 back and insert1 | "Newton" |
|
Roemer, Olaus
|
Olaus Roemer was a Danish astronomer. In the early 1690s, he began to measure and record the air temperature to account for its effects on his astronomical work, and starting in 1702 he constructed his own spirit (alcohol) thermometers. He also devised a temperature scale to use with them, in which the freezing point of water was 7.5 degrees and its boiling point was 60 degrees. In this scale, 0�R� would have been equal to the modern -22.5�C. This is in qualitative agreement with Roemer's measurements made with his scale during the very cold winter of 1709.
In 1708 Daniel Fahrenheit, a young scientist eager to learn about Roemer's work, visited him in Copenhagen. Roemer showed him a modified scale, with the upper fixed point of 22.5�R� being the human body temperature (which he supposed constant), while the lower fixed point of 7.5�R� was unchanged from his earlier work. Newton in 1701 had used the same two fixed points in his suggested temperature scale. Fahrenheit would later modify Roemer's scale. Still later modifications after Fahrenheit's death led to the temperature scale still used in the US, which can therefore be traced back to Roemer.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | 293 (Mi285) | 1944 | 300th anniv. birth | |
| Denmark | 293 fdc1 | Stamp on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| Denmark | 293 fdc2 | Stamp and (Populaer filateli) cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 293 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Denmark | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | 1944 | 300th anniv. birth |
| Denmark | P45 | 50 kroner (banknote), also back | 1970 | "Ole R�mer" |
| Germany | KM332 | 10 euro (silver coin) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale, thermometer; also degree R�mer (°R�) temperature scale |
| Grenada | 2932q (Mi4142) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2932 (a-q + label)) (Mi4126-4142) | 2000 | "1676, Christensen Roemer observes that light moves at a finite speed" |
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2006 |
|
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
|
Gottfried Leibniz was a German mathematician. In a letter written in 1702 to Jacob Bernoulli (whose uncle Daniel Bernoulli did pioneering work in fluid dynamics), Leibniz was the first to propose how a non-liquid aneroid barometer would work: he suggested that an aneroid barometer would use "a small closed bellows which would be compressed and dilated by itself as the weight of the air increases or decreases". He first thought that the bellows should be made of leather, but later suggested using metal instead. However, he could find no one who could manufacture the apparatus, and never did construct a prototype himself. (Lucien Vidie built the first working aneroid barometer in France around 1844, but no philatelic items are known that mention him.)
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 2515 (Mi?) | 1996 | (350th anniv. birth); (280th anniv. death) | |
| Altai | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 586 fdc | (Srpske Post) back of FDC, also front | 2018 | "Gottfried Liebnitz" |
| Chad | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"; ("370th anniv. birth, 300th anniv. death, both in 2016) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2010? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front | 2010? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front | 2010? | |
| Germany | 360 (Mi395) | 1926 | (280th anniv. birth); (210th anniv. death) | |
| Germany (East) | 66 (Mi269) | 1950 | ||
| Germany (East) | KM16 | 20 marks (silver coin) | 1966 | (250th anniv. death); (320th anniv. birth) |
| Germany (East) | 1663-1664 fdc (Mi2063-2064 fdc) | Cachet on FDC | 1975 | |
| Germany (East) | None | Cancel and cachet on card | 1983 | |
| Germany (West) | 962 (Mi518) | 1966 | (320th anniv. birth); 250th anniv. death | |
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc4 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc5 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc6 | Stamp and (text) cancel (different) and cachet (same) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc7 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc8 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc9 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 962 fdc10 | Stamp and (text) cancel (different) and cachet (same) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | KM119 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1966 | (250th anniv. death); (320th anniv. birth) |
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | ? | |
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | ? | Leibniz (incorrect year of death "1714" in text, instead of 1716) |
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | ? | Leibniz' house in Hanover |
| Germany (West) | 1329 (Mi1050) | 1980 | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 black | Blackprint | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 fdc2 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 fdc3 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 fdc4 | Stamp and cachet (different colors) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1329 fdc5 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Germany (West) | 1328-1329 fdc1 | One of two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1328-1329 fdc2 | One of two stamps and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1328-1329 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Germany (West) | 1328-1329 black sc | Blackprint souvenir card | ||
| Germany | 1933 (Mi?) | From MS10 (1933a (10x 1933)) | 1996 | 350th anniv. birth; (280th anniv. death) |
| Germany | 1933 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 2010 | |
| Germany | None a | (CitiPost) private post stamp | 2012 | |
| Germany | None b | (CitiPost) private post stamp (different) | ||
| Germany | None c | (CitiPost) private post stamp (different) | ||
| Germany | None d | (CitiPost) private post stamp (different) | ||
| Germany | None e | (CitiPost) private post stamp (different) | ||
| Germany | None ms | (CitiPost) private post MS5 | ||
| Mali | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2009 | Leibniz (in text) |
| Odessa | Local_ms | Local post MS4 (a-d) | 200? | |
| Romania | 1855 (Mi?) | 1966 | (320th anniv. birth); (250th anniv. death) | |
| Romania | None | Cachet (same design as 1855) on postal card | 1966 | (320th anniv. birth); (250th anniv. death) |
| Romania | None | Printed stamp and cachet on postal card | 2004 | |
| Romania | None | Printed stamp and cancel and cachet on (year 2004) postal card | 2006 | (360th anniv. birth); (290th anniv. death) |
| Romania | 1855 card (Mi? card) | Stamp and cancel and cachet on postal card | 2006 | (360th anniv. birth); (290th anniv. death) |
| St. Vincent | 1557 (Mi?) | 1991 |
1This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
|
Flamsteed, John
|
John Flamsteed was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal.
Flamsteed studied astronomy independently in the 1660s, without the advantage of formal courses. In 1671 he met the gentleman astronomer and scientist Richard Townely (1629 - 1710) at Townely Hall, where he saw Townely's barometers. In 1661 Townely had used a barometer of the type invented by Torricelli in 1644 to measure air pressure at different altitudes on Pendle Hill in Lancashire. From those measurements he determined a relationship between air density and pressure, which become the basis of Boyle's Law. Townely described his measurements to Flamsteed, and his ideas about using them to attempt to forecast the weather. Flamsteed became interested in the possibility of judging the future weather through changes in the barometer or in the simpler weather glass and was inspired to build his own barometers and also to experiment with thermometers. He set up a barometer and thermometer at Derby where for three years, as often as three times per day, he recorded the height of the mercury and of the spirit in the thermometer. He found that after a period of higher level of the barometer (i.e. high pressure) a fall in the level would be followed within one to three days by wind or rain, depending on the original mercury level and the speed of the change. In Flamsteed's own words, "upon every sinking of the mercury, the air was more moved, and that either wind or rain followed; not the same day always, but one, two or three days after, according to the time and height it had been stationary at".
Sir Jonas Moore (1617 - 1679) was a mathematician and surveyor whose patron, the Duke of York, was the brother of King Charles II. Moore and Flamsteed worked on tide tables for the King, and Moore became Flamsteed's patron. Flamsteed described to Moore his ideas on the use of the barometer, and Moore in turn informed the Duke of York and the King of Flamsteed's forecasts, and the King ordered a demonstration. Moore conducted the demonstration in 1674, using Flamsteed's instruments (which were given to the King) and describing Flamsteed's forecasting rules. Thus Flamsteed found favour with the King who, on 4 March 1675, appointed Flamsteed as the first Astronomer Royal. The Greenwich Observatory, designed by Christopher Wren, was completed in 1676. Flamsteed took up his post there. Early records indicate that under Flamsteed meteorological observations were made at the Observatory, but they have been lost (reference Forbes, E.G., L. Murdin, F. Willmoth and M. Forbes, 2002. "The correspondence of John Flamsteed, the first astronomer royal". 1, 1666 - 1682. Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia).
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flamsteed (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 920 (Mi930) | 1986 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory); (340th anniv. birth) | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 973 (Mi978) | 920 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | 1986 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory); (340th anniv. birth) |
| Barbuda | 787 (Mi893) | Antigua and Barbuda 920 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | 1986 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory); (340th anniv. birth) |
| Ascension Island | 386 (Mi395) | 1986 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory); (340th anniv. birth) | |
| Djibouti | Unknown e (Mi none) | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | (190th anniv. death, in 2009) "John Flamsteed" |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | Postcard back | ~1902 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| Great Britain | 742 (Mi675) | 1975 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) | |
| Great Britain | 742 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc1 (Mi1060-1063 fdc1) | (Benham) cachet on FDC, also detail | 1986 | Old Royal Observatory Greenwich, with Flamsteed House at the right |
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc2 (Mi1060-1063 fdc2) | (Benham) cachet (different) on FDC, also detail | ||
| Great Britain | 1338 (Mi1298) | 1990 | (One tower of) Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) | |
| Great Britain | 1338 card | PHQ card | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc1 | One of four stamps on FDC (Cotswold and Stuart / BPCPA cachet, Greenwich cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc2 | One of four stamps on FDC (Mercury cachet; Armagh cancel), also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc3 | One of four stamps on FDC (Mercury cachet; Greenwich cancel, different), also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc4 | One of four stamps on FDC (Royal Mail cachet, Brighton, East Sussex cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc5 | One of four stamps on FDC (Royal Mail cachet, Northampton cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc6 | One of four stamps on FDC (Benham cachet, Armagh, N. Ireland cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2002 | (Upper part of) Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| Guinea Republic | Mi7610 | One of MS6 (Mi7606-7611) | 2010 | (190th anniv. death, in 2009) "John Flamsteed" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2012 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown b (Mi?) | One of MS2 (a-b) | 2016 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc1 | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc2 | MS2 on FDC (different) | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms (Mi none) | In (lower-right) margin of MS2 (a-b), also detail [known illegal issue] | 2017 | (possible) view of south side of Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown ms (Mi?) Unknown ims | On one stamp and in (upper-right) margin of MS2 (a-b) On one stamp and in (upper-right) margin of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2006 | (360th anniv. birth) |
| Mali | Unknown ims fdc | Imperforate MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2018 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| United States | 2841a fdc (Mi2477 fdc) | (CG) cachet on FDC | 1994 | Flamsteed House (would become the Old Greenwich Observatory) |
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flamsteed (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1967-04-19 | Cape Canaveral FL | (SpaceCraft) insert from Surveyor-3 event cover, also front | "Flamsteed" |
|
Halley, Edmund
|
Edmund (Edmond) Halley was an English astronomer who studied comets and for whom Halley's Comet was named. His many other scientific interests included meteorology and the Earth's magnetism.
As early as 1678 Halley attempted to describe the general circulation of the air, with emphasis on the trade winds and the monsoons, and to relate them to differential solar heating over the Earth. Modern ideas of how the distribution of solar heating controls the atmospheric general circulation can therefore be traced back to Halley.
In 1686, Halley established for the first time a mathematical relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level.
Also in 1686 he drew what is considered to be the first meteorological chart. It was a map of a large part of the world showing the trade winds and the monsoon winds in a way that, as he explained, "may be better understood than by any verbal description whatsoever" (An Historical Account of the Trade Winds, and Monsoons, Observable in the Seas Between and Near the Tropicks; With an Attempt to Assign the Phisical Cause of Said Winds, Philosophical Transactions, 183(1686), pp. 153-168). In his chart, the winds were symbolized by "the sharp end of each little stroak pointing out that part of the Horizon whence the wind continually comes; and where there are Monsoons the rows of stroaks run alternately backwards and forwards, by which means they are thicker [i.e. denser] than elsewhere".
Halley conducted some experiments to measure evaporation at the headquarters of the Royal Society of London, and used those measurements along with his estimates of the flow of the Thames to estimate the flow of rivers into the Mediterranean and the evaporation from the Mediterranean. This is a very early example of a scientific hydrological study.
In 1700 Halley realized that values of magnetic declination could be displayed as contour lines on a map, and produced the first such map over the area stretching from Europe and Africa westward to the Americas. He was also interested in the aurora, and in 1716 suggested that "the aurorae are caused by 'magnetic effluvia' moving along the Earth's magnetic field lines". In other words, he postulated that auroral curtains are aligned with projections of the Earth's magnetic field into the upper atmosphere (An Account of the late Surprising Appearance of the Lights seen in the Air, on the sixth of March last: with an Attempt to explain the Principal Phaenomena thereof, Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), 29(1714-1716), pp. 406-428).
Halley's Comet items have been excluded from the table below, unless they specifically show Edmund Halley. Many of those Halley's Comet items are available on the Giotto, (cometary) Planet, and Vega satellite pages.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Halley (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Aitutaki | 390 label (Mi? label) | On label of MS3 (390 (a-c + label)) | 1986 | "Return of Halley's Comet": "Sir E. Halley" |
| Ascension Island | 386 (Mi395) | 1986 | ||
| Ascension Island | 899 (Mi983-984) | Pair (899 (a-b)), from MS8 (899c (4x 899 (a-b))) | 2006 | 350th anniv. birth "Edmund Halley" |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 920 (Mi930) | 1986 | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 921 (Mi931) | |||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 922 (Mi932) | |||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 923 (Mi932) | |||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 973 (Mi978) | 920 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | 1986 | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 974 (Mi979) | 921 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 975 (Mi980) | 922 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 976 (Mi981) | 923 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Australia | 982 fdc (Mi966 fdc) | (Pictorial) cancel on FDC, also back | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Australia | 982 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Barbuda | 787 (Mi893) | Antigua and Barbuda 920 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | 1986 | |
| Barbuda | 788 (Mi894) | Antigua and Barbuda 921 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | ||
| Barbuda | 789 (Mi895) | Antigua and Barbuda 922 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | ||
| Barbuda | 790 (Mi896) | Antigua and Barbuda 923 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | ||
| Belize | 813c (Mi878) | One of strip of 3 (813 (a-c)) (Mi876-878), or three of MS9 (813d (3x (813 (a-c)))) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Belize | 812a-c+813a-c fdc | One of six stamps on FDC | ||
| Belize | 814 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Benin | 616 (Mi435) i616 | Imperforate | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Benin | 616 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Benin | 809 (Mi644) | 616 overprinted | 1996 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Benin | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2015 | "Edmond Halley"; (360th anniv. birth, in 2016) |
| Benin | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | None | Cachet on cover | 1970 | Halley station |
| British Antarctic Territory | 129 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 130 (Mi?) | Halley station | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 144 (Mi?) | 1987 | Halley station | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 176 (Mi?) | 1991 | Halley station | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 176-179 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC, also insert and insert back | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | None | Cachet on cover | 1992 | Halley station |
| British Antarctic Territory | 341 (Mi?) | 2004 | Halley station | |
| Bulgaria | 3153 (Mi?) | In (upper-centre) margin of MS4 (3153 (a-d)) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Bulgaria | 3153 fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Bulgaria | 3153d maxi | Image on maxicard | ||
| Burkina Faso | Unknown f (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2018 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Cambodia | 708 (Mi786) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Central African Republic | 779 (Mi1187A) i779 (Mi1187B) | Imperforate | 1985 | Return of Halley's Comet: "E. Halley" |
| Central African Republic | 779a (BL358A) i779a (BL358B) | SS1 (779) Imperforate SS1 (i779) | ||
| Central African Republic | 779-780 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Central African Republic | 781 (Mi1189A) i781 (Mi1189B) | Imperforate | ||
| Central African Republic | 781a (BL360A) 781a (BL360B) | SS1 (781) Imperforate SS1 (i781) | ||
| Central African Republic | 784b (Mi1187A-1192A) i784b (Mi1187B-1192B) | On two of MS6 (779-784) On two of imperforate MS6 (i779-i784) | ||
| Central African Republic | 785 (BL357A) i785 (BL357B) | In (bottom) margin of SS1 In (bottom) margin of imperforate SS1 | ||
| Central African Republic | Mi1247A Mi1247B | Imperforate | 1986 | |
| Central African Republic | Mi1247A_ms4 Mi1247B_ms4 | MS4 (4x Mi1247A) Imperforate MS4 (4x Mi1247B) | ||
| Central African Republic | BL399A BL399B | On stamp of SS1 (Mi1247) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (Mi1247B) | ||
| Central African Republic | BL400A BL400B | On stamp and in (right) margin of SS1 On stamp and in (right) margin of imperforate SS1 | 1986 | |
| Central African Republic | Mi4156-4159_ms4 | (In particular the first stamp of) MS4 (Mi4156-4159) | 2013 | |
| Central African Republic | BL1045 | SS1 | ||
| Central African Republic | BL1045 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2009 | |
| Chad | Unknown ss fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2020 | "Edmund Halley - Astronomer, Geophysicist, Mathematician, Meteorologist, and Physicist" |
| Christmas Island | 180 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Ciskei (South Africa) | 89a-j fdc (Mi? fdc) | Cachet on FDC (stamps from MS10 (89 (a-j))) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Comoro Islands | C158 (Mi772) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Comoro Islands | C158a (BL none) | On stamp of imperforate SS1 (iC158) | ||
| Comoro Islands | B4d (Mi857A) iB4d (Mi857B) | One of MS8 (B4 (a-h)) (Mi854A-861A) One of imperforate MS8 (iB4 (a-h)) (Mi854B-861B) | 1988 | Return of Halley's Comet; Halley's "premi�re carte m�t�orologique" (first meteorological map, in lower margin text) |
| Comoro Islands | B4d ds (BL266A) | Deluxe sheet (B4d) | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Comoro Islands | C193 (BL262A, Mi862A) iC193 (BL262B, Mi862B) | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Comoro Islands | 816Sz (Mi1128) | One of pair (816S (z-aa) (Mi1128+1132), B4d overprinted with a silver bar to remove the surtax | 1996 | Return of Halley's Comet; Halley's "premi�re carte m�t�orologique" (first meteorological map, in lower margin text) |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) | On stamp of SS1: stamp-on-stamp Russia 5433 [known illegal issue] | 2016 | "Edmund Halley"; (360th anniv. birth) |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS2 (a-b + 2 labels) [known illegal issue] | "Edmund Halley" (on stamp 'a') | |
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2018 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Cook Islands | 902 label (Mi? label) | Label from MS5 (902 (a-e + label)) | 1986 | "Return of Halley's Comet": "Sir Edmond Halley" |
| Czechoslovakia | 2554a fdc (Mi2809 fdc) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | 1985 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Djibouti | 610 (Mi459) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Djibouti | 610a (BL120A) i610a (BL120B) | SS1 (610) Imperforate SS1 (i610) | ||
| Djibouti | 610-611 fdc | One of two stamps and (multi-color printed) cachet (design like both stamps) on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown e (Mi none) Unknown ie | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2010 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2020 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Gambia | 604 (Mi?) | 1986 | "Halley's Comet" | |
| Gambia | 605 (Mi?) | |||
| Gambia | 606 (Mi?) | |||
| Gambia | 607 (Mi?) | |||
| Gambia | 608 (Mi?) | |||
| Gambia | 609 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (West) | 1456 fdc1 (Mi1273 fdc1) | (ESOC) cachet on FDC | 1986 | |
| Germany (West) | 1456 fdc2 (Mi1273 fdc2) | (?) cachet on FDC, also insert | "Edmund Halley" | |
| Ghana | 1029 (Mi1156) i1029 | Imperforate | 1987 | bust of Halley (at the lower left) |
| Ghana | 1030 (Mi1157) i1030 | Imperforate | ||
| Ghana | 1031 (Mi1158) i1031 | Imperforate | ||
| Ghana | 1128 (Mi1274) | 1029 surcharged | 1989 | bust of Halley (at the lower left) |
| Ghana | 1128a (Mi1278) | 1128 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Ghana | 1129 (Mi1275) | 1030 surcharged | ||
| Ghana | 1129a (Mi1279) | 1129 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Ghana | 1130 (Mi1276) | 1031 surcharged | ||
| Ghana | 1130a (Mi2180) i1130a | 1130 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo i1130 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Great Britain | 1133 (Mi1060) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: "Sir Edmund Halley" | |
| Great Britain | 1133 fdc | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1134 fdc | One of two stamps and (one of two) cancels on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc1 | One of four stamps and (Royal Mail)) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc2 | One of four stamps on FDC (Benham cachet) | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc3 | One of four stamps and (Benham) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc4 | One of four stamps and (British Interplanetary Society) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc5 | One of four stamps on FDC (CoverCraft cachet) | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc6 | One of four stamps on FDC (CoverCraft cachet and signature) | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc7 | One of four stamps and (pictorial) cancel on FDC (Mercury cachet) | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc8 | One of four stamps and (pictorial) cancel (different) and (Islington Archeology and History Society/Hawkwood Covers) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc9 | One of four stamps and (pictorial) cancel (different) and (Royal Mail/British Interplanetary Society) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc10 | One of four stamps and (RAF?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc11 | One of four stamps and (pictorial) cancel (different) and (Cotswold and Stuart) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1133-1136 fdc12 | One of four stamps and (pictorial) cancel (different) and (The London Planetarium) cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 2317_ms10 (Mi2341_IC) | On one label of MS10 (10x 2317 + 10 labels) | 2005 | |
| Great Britain | 2538+label (Mi2341_ICS+label) | From MS10 (10x 2538 + 10 labels) | 2008 | |
| Great Britain | 2538_cover1 (Mi?_cover1) | (Benham) cachet on cover | 2010 | |
| Great Britain | 2538_cover2 (Mi?_cover2) | Label and (pictorial) cancel and (Benham) cachet (different) on cover | ||
| Grenada | 1366 (Mi1462) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Grenada | 1367 (Mi1463) | |||
| Grenada | 1368 (Mi1464) | |||
| Grenada | 1369 (Mi1465) | |||
| Grenada | 1416 (Mi1503) | 1366 overprinted | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Grenada | 1417 (Mi1504) | 1367 overprinted | ||
| Grenada | 1418 (Mi1505) | 1368 overprinted | ||
| Grenada | 1419 (Mi1506) | 1369 overprinted | ||
| Grenada | B11 (Mi1971) | 1989 | "Halley's initial work on nebulae, 1676" | |
| Grenada | B13 (Mi1973) | Halley observes complete lunar cycle, 1720-1738" | ||
| Grenada | B14 (Mi1974) | "Halley publishes Newton's Principia, 1687" | ||
| Grenada | B15 (BL219) | Imperforate (only) SS1 | "Halley charts the southern skies, 1676" | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 744 (Mi753) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 745 (Mi754) | |||
| Grenada Grenadines | 746 (Mi755) | Return of Halley's Comet; (captions on 746 and 747 are reversed) | ||
| Grenada Grenadines | 747 (Mi756) | |||
| Grenada Grenadines | 787 (Mi797) | 744 overprinted in black | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Grenada Grenadines | 788 (Mi798) | 745 overprinted in silver | ||
| Grenada Grenadines | 789 (Mi799) | 746 overprinted in black | Return of Halley's Comet; (captions on 746 and 747 (and therefore on 789 and 790) are reversed) | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 790 (Mi800) | 747 overprinted in silver | ||
| Guinea Republic | 987 (Mi1109) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Guinea Republic | 987a (BL216) | SS1 (987) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 988 (Mi1110A) i988 (Mi1110B) | Imperforate | ||
| Guinea Republic | 988a (BL217) | SS1 (988) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 989b (Mi1106A-1111A) | MS6 (984-989) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 990 (BL212A) i990 (BL212B) | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL219A BL219B | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 (Mi1113A) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (Mi1113B) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Guinea Republic | BL220A BL220B | On stamp and in (upper) margin of SS1 On stamp and in (upper) margin of imperforate SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | B44 (BL326A, Mi1255A) | SS1 | 1989 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi4707A-4709A ms Mi4707B-4709B ms | MS3 (Mi4707A-4709A) Imperforate MS3 (Mi4707B-4709B) | 2007 | (350th anniv. birth, in 2006) |
| Guinea Republic | Mi4707-4709 ds | Strip of 3 deluxe sheets (Mi4707-4709) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi4707B_ms | Imperforate MS10 (10x Mi4707B) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi4708B_ms | Imperforate MS10 (10x Mi4708B) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi4709B_ms | Imperforate MS10 (10x Mi4709B) | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1221 | SS1 (Mi4767) | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1222 | SS1 (Mi4768) | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1223 | SS1 (Mi4769) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi7606 | One of MS6 (Mi7606-7611) | 2010 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi7606-7611_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1838 | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1838 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Hong Kong | 462 (Mi479) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Hong Kong | 461-464 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Hong Kong | 464a (BL6) | MS4 (461-464) | ||
| Hong Kong | 464a fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Hungary | 2977 (Mi3810A) i2977 (Mi3810B) | Imperforate | 1986 | |
| Ivory Coast | C99 (Mi888) | 1986 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2012 | (270th anniv. death) |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "Edmund Halley" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ms fdc | MS2 on FDC | ||
| Korea (North) | 2505 (Mi2676) | 1985 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Korea (North) | 2505 proof | Deluxe proof | ||
| Korea (North) | 2505 essay | Essay | ||
| Korea (North) | 2506 (Mi2677) | |||
| Korea (North) | 2506 proof | Deluxe proof (2506) | ||
| Korea (North) | 2507 (BL203) | SS1 | ||
| Korea (North) | 3878 (Mi?) | In (lower-middle) margin of MS3 (3878 (a-c)) | 1999 | Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Halley |
| Korea (North) | 3878 var | In (lower-middle) margin of MS3, red missing | ||
| Korea (North) | 4172d (Mi4504) | One of MS4 (4172 (a-d)) (BL505, Mi4501-4504), or two of booklet pane of 5 (4172e (4172 (a-c+2x d))) with booklet outside (front and back) | 2001 | |
| Korea (North) | 4172d maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Korea (North) | 4172d art | Artwork | ||
| Korea (North) | 4172d proof | Deluxe proof of 2 (2x 4172d) | ||
| Korea (North) | 4172a-d proof | One of deluxe proof of 4 (4172a-d) | ||
| Laos | 730b (Mi?) | One of pair (730 (a-b)) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Lesotho | 526 (Mi570) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Lesotho | 527 (Mi571) | |||
| Lesotho | 528 (Mi572) | |||
| Lesotho | 529 (Mi573) | |||
| Lesotho | 526-529 fdc | Four stamps and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Macedonia | 741 (Mi792) | 2017 | 275th anniv. death "Edmund Halley" | |
| Malagasy (DR) | 796a (BL47A) i796a (BL47B) | In (lower) margin of SS1 (796) In (lower) margin of imperforate SS1 (i796) | 1987 | Halley medallion; return of Halley's Comet |
| Malagasy (DR) | 798 (BL42A) i798 (BL42B) | On stamp of SS1 On stamp of imperforate SS1 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Madagascar | Unknown ss (BL?) | In (upper-left) margin of SS1 | 2010 | "Edmund Halley" |
| Maldive Islands | 1151 (Mi1164) i1151 | Imperforate | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Maldive Islands | 1152 (Mi1165) i1152 | Imperforate | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1153 (Mi1166) i1153 | Imperforate | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1154 (Mi1167) i1154 | Imperforate | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1155 (Mi1168) i1155 | Imperforate | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1210 (Mi1223) i1210 | 1151 overprinted in silver i1151 overprinted in silver | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Maldive Islands | 1211 (Mi1224) i1211 | 1152 overprinted in silver i1152 overprinted in silver | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1212 (Mi1225) i1212 | 1153 overprinted in silver i1153 overprinted in silver | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1213 (Mi1226) i1213 | 1154 overprinted in silver i1154 overprinted in silver | ||
| Maldive Islands | 1214 (Mi1227) i1214 | 1155 overprinted in silver i1155 overprinted in silver | ||
| Mali | 1035d (Mi2262) i1035d | One of MS4 (1035 (a-d)) (Mi2259-2262) One of imperforate MS4 (i1035 (a-d)) | 1999 | |
| Mali | Unknown ms (Mi unlisted) Unknown ims | MS2 (a-b) Imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2006 | |
| Mali | Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC Imperforate MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One stamp and in (right) margin of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Mali | Unknown fdc | MS2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2017 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Mali | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [probable illegal issue] | 2018 | "Edmond Halley" |
| Marshall Islands | 90+label (Mi66+label) | One of strip of 5 (90a (86-90) + 5 labels) (Mi62-66), or three of MS15 (90b (3x (86-90)) + 5 labels) | 1985 | "Edmund Halley" |
| Marshall Islands | 90a fdc | One of five stamps on FDC | ||
| Marshall Islands | 1206 (Mi?) | In (upper-right) margin of MS3 (1206 (a-c)) | 2018 | "Edmund Halley was the first to recognize that Comet Halley was a periodic comet" |
| Mauritania | 623 (BL66A) i623 (BL66B) | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Mauritius | 625 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Mexico | 1437 (Mi1982) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Mexico | 1437 card | FDC card front (Spanish), also back (English) | ||
| Mongolia | 1563 (BL?) | SS1 | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Mongolia | 1563 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Montserrat | 607 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Montserrat | 613c (Mi?) i613c | One of MS4 (613 (a-d)) One of imerforate MS4 (i613 (a-d)) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Montserrat | 656c (Mi?) i656c | One of MS4 (656 (a-d)), 613 (a-d) overprinted in red and black One of imperforate MS4 (i656 (a-d)), i613 (a-d) overprinted in red and black | 1987 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Netherlands (City Post) | None | (Black printed) cachet on three CityPost (local post) stamped FDC | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Nevis | 1185m (Mi1470) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (1185 (a-q + label)) (Mi1458-1474) | 2000 | 1705 - Halley predicts comet's return every 75 or 76 years |
| Nicaragua | 1484 (Mi2821) | 1985 | ||
| Nicaragua | 1985e (Mi3296) | One of MS16 (1985 (a-p)) (Mi3292-3307) | 1994 | |
| Niger | Unknown b (Mi none) Unknown ib | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS9 (a-i) | 1998 | "Halley" |
| Niger | Unknown ims proof1 | Imperforate MS9 (a-i) proof (black and white) | ||
| Niger | Unknown ims proof2 | Imperforate MS9 (a-i) proof (magenta) | ||
| Niger | Unknown ims proof3 | Imperforate MS9 (a-i) proof (blue) | ||
| Niger | Unknown ims proof4 | Imperforate MS9 (a-i) proof (green and yellow and blue) | ||
| Niger | Unknown ims proof5 | Imperforate MS9 (a-i) proof (final colors but missing some text and face values) | ||
| Niger | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | On stamp of SS1 On stamp of imperforate SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Niger | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | In (lower) margin of SS1 In (lower) margin of imperforate SS1 [known illegal issue] | 1998 | |
| Niuafo'ou (Tonga) | 64c (Mi67) | One of strip of 5 (64 (a-e)) (Mi65-69) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: "Edm. Halley" |
| Niuafo'ou (Tonga) | 65c (Mi72) | One of strip of 5 (65 (a-e)) (Mi70-74) | ||
| Norfolk Island | 381b (Mi382) | One of pair (381 (a-b)) (Mi381-382) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet; also "Edmond Halley" (in the FDC cancel) |
| Norfolk Island | 381 fdc | Pair and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | ||
| Norway | None | (Fredrikstad Filatelistklubb) cachet on cover | 1993 | "Halley" station |
| Ossetia (South) | Unknown (Mi?) Unknown imperf | From MS12 (12x single + 4 labels) Imperforate | 2001? | "E. Halley" |
| Palatine | None | Cinderella postal card, also information card | ~2010s | "Edmond Halley" |
| Paraguay | C642 (Mi3974) | Stamp from and in (middle-left and middle-right) margins of MS9 (C642a (5x C642 + 4 labels)) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Romania | C269 (Mi4228) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: "Edmund Halley" | |
| Romania | C269-C270 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Romania | C269 cover (Mi4228 cover) | Stamp on cover, also back | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: "Edmund Halley" |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2006 | (350th anniv. birth) |
| Russia (USSR) | 5434 (BL187) | In (upper-left) margin of SS1 | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Russia (USSR) | 5434 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| St. Helena | 316 (Mi303) | 1977 | ||
| St. Helena | 456 (Mi446) | 1986 | "The site of Halley's observatory on St. Helena" | |
| St. Helena | 457 (Mi447) | "Edmond Halley" | ||
| St. Helena | 458 (Mi448) | "Halley's planisphere of the southern stars" | ||
| St. Helena | 459 (Mi449) | "Halley's voyage to St. Helena in the Unity" | ||
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1791 (Mi3336-3339) | MS4 (1791 (a-d)) | 2008 | "Edmond Halley" |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1819 (BL638) | SS1 | ||
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1819 fdc (BL638 fdc) | SS1 on FDC | ||
| St. Vincent | 919 (Mi?) i919 | One of MS4 (921a (918-921)) One of imperforate MS4 (i921a (i918-i921)) | 1986 | |
| St. Vincent | 919 specimen | 919 overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | i919 proof | One of imperforate MS4 (i921a proof (918-921 proof)) | ||
| Samoa | 667 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Seychelles | 588 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Sierra Leone | 755 (Mi883) | 1986 | (320th anniv. birth) | |
| Sierra Leone | 815 (Mi943) | 755 overprinted | 1986 | |
| Sri Lanka | 785 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Togo | 1365 (BL286) | SS1 (stamp) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Togo | 1409 (BL291) | SS1, 1365 overprinted in silver | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Tonga | 616b (Mi933) | One of strip of 5 (616 (a-e)) (Mi932-936) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: "Edmond Halley" |
| Tonga | 616b specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Tonga | 616b proof1 | Monochrome proof (black) | ||
| Tonga | 616b proof2 | Color proof | ||
| Tonga | 617b (Mi938) | One of strip of 5 (617 (a-e)) (Mi937-941) | ||
| Tonga | 617b specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Tonga | 617b proof1 | Monochrome proof (black) | ||
| Tonga | 617b proof2 | Color proof | ||
| Uganda | 485 (Mi470) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Uganda | 486 (Mi471) | |||
| Uganda | 487 (Mi472) | |||
| Uganda | 488 (Mi473) | |||
| Uganda | 489 (BL58) | SS1 | ||
| Uganda | 519 (Mi499) | 485 overprinted | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet |
| Uganda | 520 (Mi500) | 486 overprinted | ||
| Uganda | 521 (Mi501) | 487 overprinted | ||
| Uganda | 522 (Mi502) | 488 overprinted | ||
| Uganda | 523 (BL64) | SS1, 489 overprinted | ||
| United States | None | Insert from cover, also insert back and cover front | 1986 | "Edmund Halley" |
| United States | 2131 cover (Mi? cover) | (Calupex'86/Calumet Stamp Club) cachet on cover, also detail | 1986 | "Halley's Comet" (Return of Halley's Comet) |
| United States | 2145 cover (Mi1753 cover) | (Official Aripex Cachet) cachet on cover | 1986 | "Edmund Halley" (Return of Halley's Comet) |
| Vanuatu | 425 (Mi?) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet | |
| Vietnam | 1599 (Mi?) i1599 | Imperforate | 1986 | (Return of Halley's Comet) |
| Zambia | 354 (Mi364) | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: Sculpture of Halley by Henry Pegram | |
| Zambia | 354-357 fdc | One of four stamps and (blue and black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Zambia | 404 (Mi411) | 354 overprinted in gold | 1986 | Return of Halley's Comet: Sculpture of Halley by Henry Pegram |
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Halley (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| Australia | 1985-01-04 1985-01-08 | Canberra ACT Canberra ACT | (Space Voyage purple and orange) cachet on MS-T5 launch cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| United States | 1985-01-07 | Barstow CA | (Space Voyage black and red) cachet on MS-T5 launch cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Japan | 1985-01-08 | Uchinoura | (Space Voyage purple and orange) cachet on MS-T5 launch cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Japan | 1985-01-08 | Usuda | (Space Voyage green and orange) cachet on MS-T5 launch cover | |
| Japan | 1985-01-08 | Usuda | (Space Voyage green and orange) cachet (different) on MS-T5 launch cover (but Planet-A depicted) | |
| Spain | 1985-01-08 | Madrid | (Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on MS-T5 launch cover | |
| French Guiana | 1985-07-02 | Kourou | (Space Voyage) cachet on Giotto launch cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Japan | 1985-08-19 | Uchinoura | (Space Voyage green and orange) cachet on Planet-A launch cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Australia | 1986-03-06 | Canberra ACT | (Space Voyage black and grey and red) cachet on Vega-1 event cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Spain | 1986-03-06 | Madrid | (Space Voyage blue and grey and red) cachet on Vega-1 event cover | |
| United States | 1986-03-06 | Pasadena CA | (Space Voyage brown and grey and red) cachet on Vega-1 event cover | |
| United States | 1986-03-06 | Barstow CA | (Space Voyage green and grey and red) cachet on Vega-1 event cover | |
| Japan | 1986-03-08 | Usuda | (Space Voyage black and red) cachet on Planet-A event cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Spain | 1986-03-08 | Madrid | (Space Voyage green and red) cachet on Vega-2 event cover | |
| United States | 1986-03-08 | Pasadena CA | (Space Voyage purple and red) cachet on Vega-2 event cover | |
| United States | 1986-03-09 | Pasadena CA | (Space Voyage purple and red) cachet on Vega-2 event cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| United States | 1986-03-09 | Barstow CA | (Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on Vega-2 event cover | |
| Australia | 1986-03-10 | Canberra ACT | (Space Voyage brown and red) cachet on Vega-2 event cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Japan | 1986-03-11 | Usuda | (Space Voyage purple and tan and orange) cachet on MS-T5 event cover | "Edmund Halley" |
| Germany (West) | 1986-03-13 | Darmstadt | (ESOC) cachet on Giotto event cover | |
| Australia | 1986-03-14 | Parkes NSW | (Space Voyage) cachet on Giotto event cover | "Edmund Halley" |
|
Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob
|
Johann Scheuchzer was a Swiss physician and naturalist who tried to bridge the gap between rationalism and biblical religious belief. He has been called a "religious naturalist".
As a young man he became interested in meteorology, astronomy and mineralogy and made numerous visits to the Swiss Alps, where he used a barometer in meteorological and altitude measurements. His three volume work Helvetiae historia naturalis oder Naturhistorie des Schweitzerlandes was first published in Z�rich in the years 1716-1718. In the first volume he treated Swiss mountains, in the second Swiss rivers, lakes and mineral baths, and in the third Swiss mineralogy, geology and meteorology.
However, as Scheuchzer grew older his thinking become more and more religious and he came to the conclusion that nature was the expression of the word of God. He worked to find scientific proofs of that conclusion. In his four volume epic Physica sacra (published from 1728 to1735) he presented his attempts to explain biblical events, and in particular the Flood, in scientific terms, and in fact some of his geological and glaciological findings (which he interpreted as proof of the Flood) were later confirmed in a non-religious context by other researchers.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greenland | 191 | 1989 | "Eriophorum scheuchzeri" (Latin name for Scheuchzer's cottongrass) | |
| Switzerland | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1977 |
|
Bering, Vitus
|
Vitus Bering was a Danish-born navigator and mariner who led expeditions of exploration for Russia in the 18th century. Russia began to explore its Arctic regions under Peter the Great, who commissioned Bering in 1724 to travel to eastern Russia. This expedition, the First Kamchatka Expedition, lasted from 1725 to 1730.
Russian weather had been mentioned in written sources such as the Russian Chronicles as early as the 13th century, but the first real weather observations were conducted only in the 18th century in conjunction with the Second Kamchatka Expedition, also known as the Great Northern Expedition. It was authorized by Empress Anna in 1732, and took place from 1733 to 1743 through several voyages undertaken by Bering, the overall expedition leader, and Aleksei Chirikov, his second-in-command. They explored northern and eastern Russia and the oceanic area between Russia and Alaska (which came to be known as the Bering Strait). The scientific work of the expedition was organized by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, who instructed the expedition leaders to take to take instrumented measurements of temperature and barometric pressure along with qualitative observations of clouds, thunderstorms and other natural phenomena. Instructions for the weather observers were written by Daniel Bernoulli, who was working in St. Petersburg at the time. As part of the expedition, a network of approximately 12 meteorological observing stations was set up across Siberia, from Kazan to Yakutsk. This network operated until about the middle of the century. Summaries of the weather observations from these stations were published in Louis Cotte's Trait� de m�t�orologie in 1774. A permanent network of Russian weather observing stations was set up only in the 1830s, following the work of Adolf Kupfer and Alexander von Humboldt.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 2395 (Mi2486) | 1991 | (250th anniv. death) | |
| Bulgaria | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2020 | |
| Chad | Unknown ms (Mi?) | In (center) margin of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | |
| Denmark | 277 (Mi266) | 1941 | 200th anniv. death | |
| Denmark | 277 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Denmark | 278 (Mi267) | |||
| Denmark | 279 (Mi268) | |||
| Denmark | 277-279 essay1 | Essay (yellow) | ||
| Denmark | 277-279 essay2 | Essay (red) | ||
| Denmark | 277-279 essay3 | Essay (green) | ||
| Denmark | 277-279 essay4 | Essay (blue) | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown d (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Grenada | 1951 (Mi2235) | 1991 | Bering discovers the Bering Sea; (250th anniv. death) | |
| Malawi | Unknown e (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2008 | |
| Nevis | 1185l (Mi1469) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (1185 (a-q + label)) (Mi1458-1474) | 2000 | "Vitus Bering" |
| Russia (USSR) | 886 (Mi856) | 1941 | 200th anniv. death | |
| Russia (USSR) | 887 (Mi857) | |||
| Russia (USSR) | 888 (Mi858) | |||
| Russia (USSR) | 889 (Mi859) | |||
| Russia (USSR) | 1905 (Mi1914) | 1957 | 275th anniv. birth | |
| Russia | 3281 (Mi3304) | 1966 | Bering's ship and map of voyage to Commander Islands | |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 1975 | Bering and 250th anniv. start of First Siberian Expedition |
| Russia (USSR) | 4924 (Mi5055) | 1981 | 300th anniv. birth | |
| Russia (USSR) | 4924 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Russia (USSR) | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | ? | bust of Bering |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | ? | bust of Bering |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | ? | monument to Bering |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | 1988 | monument to Bering |
| Russia (USSR) | 6019 (Mi6221) | 1991 | 250th anniv. Bering and Chirkof's voyage to Alaska; (250th anniv. death) | |
| Russia (USSR) | 6020 (Mi6222) | |||
| Russia | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 2006 | 325th anniv. birth |
| Russia | 7560 (Mi2076) | 2014 | Vitus Bering icebreaker (in Cyrillic text) | |
| St. Vincent Grenadines | 596 (Mi587) i596 | Imperforate | 1988 | "Vitus Bering" and ship St. Peter |
| St. Vincent Grenadines | 597 (Mi588) i597 | Imperforate | "Vitus Bering" in ice | |
| St. Vincent Grenadines | 604 (BL34) | SS1 | "Bering" and his north Pacific exploration routes | |
| United States | None | (?) cachet on cover | 1942 | 200th anniv. discovery of Alaska, in 1741; (250th anniv. death, in 1941) |
| United States | C131 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (?) cachet on FDC | 1991 | Bering Sea land bridge |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2011 | 270th anniv. death; (330th anniv. birth) |
|
de R�aumur, Ren�-Antoine Ferchault
|
Ren� de R�aumur was a French scientist and member of the French Academy of Sciences who worked in many different areas. His principal interest was the study of insects. One of his projects related the growth of insects to temperature. Possibly as a result of that work, he became interested in temperature measurement. He used diluted alcohol in his thermometer and assigned zero degrees as the freezing point of water. He determined the mark for each R�amur degree above zero by one one-thousandth of the volume of the liquid in the thermometer bulb and tube below the zero degree mark, and used a concentration of alcohol in his thermometer liquid such that it would boil at 80 degrees R�. By 1730 such a thermometer came to be known as the R�aumur alcohol thermometer, and the 0-80 degree scale as the degree R�aumur temperature scale (�R�, �Re, �R). Earlier temperature scales had been defined by Newton and Roemer.
After R�aumur`s time, researchers used different liquids in their thermometers, and some defined 80 degrees as the boiling point of water rather than alcohol. This resulted in much confusion. This is possibly why Lavoisier found, in 1776, that some temperature values provided by a R�aumur thermometer were not in agreement with those of more recent instruments. Mercury eventually became the standard liquid used in thermometers, and new temperature scales were defined by Fahrenheit and Celsius. Mercury thermometers can use the 0-80 degree scale, but by their design they are not R�aumur thermometers. They are given that name simply because of the scale.
In his work in Ecuador in the years 1735 - 1744, de La Condamine was one of the first to use the R�aumur thermometer. The R�aumur scale became popular in France, Germany, Russia and other parts of Europe. However, the Celsius 0-100 degree scale (as part of the metric system) was chosen as the standard by France and Sweden in the 1790s, and other countries soon followed. The R�aumur scale fell into general disuse, but lives on in some parts of Switzerland and Italy in the measurement of milk temperature for cheese production.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | None | (Text) cancel | 1890 | Rue R�aumur, Paris 16, France |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1992 | Opening of Manoir R�aumur |
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella | ? | |
| Germany | KM332 | 10 euro (silver coin) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale, thermometer; also degree R�aumur (°R�) temperature scale |
|
Hadley, George
|
George Hadley, a British lawyer, was a meteorologist at heart. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1735 and became responsible for all the meteorological correspondence and observations sent to the Society (mostly from Britain and Scandinavia). He studied the reported pressures and temperatures and from them tried to deduce general meteorological patterns.
Hadley was interested in the trade winds of the subtropical latitudes. They were well known to mariners but early scientists did not understand their physical causes. As early as 1678 Edmund Halley had attempted to describe the general circulation of the atmosphere, with emphasis on the trade winds and the monsoons, and to relate those circulations to differential solar heating over the Earth. Hadley extended Halley's work and published a monograph entitled "Concerning the Cause of the General Trade Winds" in 1735 in the Society's journal Philosophical Transactions (volume 39, pp 58-62). His ideas languished until they were rediscovered and recognized in 1793 by John Dalton.
It is now known that Hadley's theory had some weaknesses and incorrect details. However, it is still very useful as a simplified explanation and illustration of the trade winds. Hadley (and Halley) realized that the strong solar heating in the Earth's equatorial areas must cause a generalized rising of air, which then spreads out and migrates poleward at high levels before cooling and sinking. The return flow at low levels forms the trade winds. Hadley's key insight was to realize that the Earth's rotation causes moving objects to deviate to the right in the northern hemisphere so that the return flow toward the equator, rather than being directly from north to south (in the northern hemisphere), must be northeasterly. This pattern defines a "cell" of winds in a vertical slice of the atmosphere; it is known as a Hadley cell. It is part of what is called the "general circulation of the atmosphere", which is schematically illustrated in Dominica Scott 358 and Grenada Scott 495. In those two stamps, the arrows converging toward the equator (from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere) depict the trade winds. Hadley's insight was well ahead of his time; the directional deviation, now known as the Coriolis effect, was formalized by Gaspard Coriolis in 1835, one hundred years after Hadley's work
The Hadley Centre for Climate Change, a research group within the UK Met Office, was named in honour of George Hadley. A Martian crater has also been named after him. A lunar peak called Mons Hadley was named for his older brother, the mathematician John Hadley.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | 2013 | Hadley Crater on Mars, named after George Hadley (the cachet incorrectly identifies it as a lunar crater, and also incorrectly refers to it as Mons Hadley; the word "mons" refers to a mountain peak, and Mons Hadley, which does exist on the Moon, was named after Hadley's older brother, the mathematician John Hadley). |
|
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel
|
Daniel Fahrenheit was a German instrument maker who spent much of his working life in Holland. The young Fahrenheit was fascinated with instruments. He travelled through Europe and studied with various scientists and craftsmen. He spent a few years in London, where he became a member of the Royal Society and contributed papers to the Society on temperature, anemoscopes and barometers.
In 1708 he visited Roemer in Copenhagen. Roemer showed him his temperature scale, which had an upper fixed of point of 22.5�R� (the human body temperature, supposed constant) and a lower fixed point of 7.5�R� (the freezing point of water). Fahrenheit, no fan of "inconvenient and awkward fractions" according to his letters, modified Roemer's scale. He divided each degree into four parts, so that the lower fixed point became 30� (4x 7.5) and the upper fixed point became 90� (4x 22.5). On this scale the boiling point of water is 205�. He used this modified Roemer scale until around 1717 when he decided to make small changes to the fixed points, so that the freezing point of water became 32�F and the human body temperature became 96�F. On this changed scale the boiling point of water was 212�F. Fahrenheit made this change for a very practical reason. With fixed points of 32� and 96�, there were 64 degrees between the two, and a scale with 64 divisions could easily be drawn by successive subdivisions of the full interval into two equal parts, since 64 is a power of two. This procedure is not possible if the fixed points are 30� and 90�. Later when he discovered that the human body temperature is not constant (e.g. young people tend to have a higher body temperature than their elders), Fahrenheit simply redefined the upper fixed point as being equal to the boiling point of water, with the value of 212�F.
Fahrenheit is generally credited as the first person to make commercially-available reliable thermometers. His originally followed common practice and used alcohol in his thermometers, starting in around 1709. However, he was able to develop a method to purify mercury, and so in 1714 became the first person to take advantage of its properties for use in thermometers. Another of his improvements to thermometer design was the introduction of cylindrical bulbs to replace spherical ones. Fahrenheit seems to have been a good businessman, and his detailed technique for making thermometers remained a trade secret for some time. Perhaps the commercial availability and quality of his thermometers explain why his temperature scale became so widely accepted, while other scales remained in obscurity.
Among the other instruments which he devised were a constant-weight hydrometer and a 'thermobarometer' designed to estimate barometric pressure by determining the boiling point of water. The latter instrument is now known as the 'hypsometer' or 'hypsometric thermometer'. Fahrenheit is credited with the earliest invention of this instrument (in 1724). Around 1800 de Caldas independently re-invented it.
The United States is now the only major country that still clings to the degree Fahrenheit temperature scale. The vast majority of the rest of the world uses the degree Celsius temperature scale, which is the accepted international standard for everyday temperature measurement.
The table below includes only items with the name Fahrenheit spelled out. Many other items, indicated only by the symbol °F for degree Fahrenheit are available on the thermometers, temperatures and temperature units page.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fahrenheit (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Postal items with the symbol "°F" only are not included here; items with a number and symbol "°F" are listed in a separate temperature values and/or units section. | ||||
| Germany | 2808 (Mi3109) | From MS10 (2808a (10x 2808)) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale |
| Germany | 2808 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2808 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2808 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany | 2808 fdc4 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | KM332 | 10 euro (silver coin) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale, thermometer; also several other temperature scales |
| Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania | 226 (Mi214) | 1971 | Thermometer, (degree) "Fahrenheit" | |
| San Marino | 1429g (Mi?) | One of MS16 (1429 (a-p)) | 1998 | Fahrenheit 451 (book by Ray Bradbury) |
| San Marino | 1429 fdc | MS16 on FDC | ||
| Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) | None | Cinderella (tan) | 1960s | Monthly temperatures (�F); (degree) "Fahrenheit" |
| Palau | KM-unknown | $5. (silver coin) reverse, also obverse and case | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit temperature scale |
| United States | 1915 fdc (Mi1484 fdc) | (PCS golden-replica) insert from FDC, also front | 1981 | "27 million degrees Fahrenheit" |
| United States | 4053 fdc1 (Mi4098 fdc1) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 2006 | Mt. Washington has "an average temperature of about 27 degrees Fahrenheit" and "wind chills that have been known to reach 120 degrees [Fahrenheit] below zero" |
| United States | 4053 fdc2 (Mi4098 fdc2) | (Mystic Stamp Company) back of FDC, also front | Mt. Washington has "an average annual temperature of 26.5 degrees [Fahrenheit]"; "a record-setting minus 47 degrees Fahrenheit and wind chills as low as minus 120 degrees" have been observed | |
| United States | 4070 (Mi4115) 4070_back | One of MS40 (4072a (4033-4072)) (Mi4078-4117), also back | 2006 | Record temperature: "degrees Fahrenheit" (in text on back) |
| United States | 4070 fdc1 | Stamp on FDC (Mystic Stamp Company cachet), also back | ||
| United States | 4070 fdc2 | Stamp and (PCS golden-replica) cachet on FDC, also insert | ||
| United States | 4070 fdc3 | Stamp on FDC (PCS cachet) | ||
| United States | 4070 fdc4 | Stamp on FDC (ArtCraft cachet) | ||
| United States | SP1611 | (USPS) souvenir page (4033-4072), also back | ||
| United States | CP763 page1 | (USPS no.766) commemorative panel (4033-4072), also page2 | ||
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fahrenheit (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1978-05-20 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Space Voyage) cachet on Pioneer-12 launch cover | "to orbit Venus for eight months and study its heavy atmosphere and 900 Fahrenheit temperature" |
| United States | 1978-05-22 | Kennedy Space Center FL | (Space Voyage) cachet on Pioneer-12 launch cover | "to orbit Venus for eight months and study its heavy atmosphere and 900 Fahrenheit temperature" |
| Spain | 1978-12-04 | Valores, Suc. 35, Madrid | (Space Voyage) cachet on Pioneer-12 event cover | studied the "heavy atmosphere and 900 Fahrenheit temperature" of Venus |
|
Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas
|
Joseph Delisle was a French astronomer who is mainly remembered for the Delisle temperature scale. He lived in Russia from 1726 to 1747, where he did work in astronomy, cartography and ethnography. His cartographic work included preparing an atlas of the Russian Empire. He also prepared a map of the known parts of the north Pacific that was used by Vitus Bering in his exploration of that area.
In 1732 Delisle built a mercury thermometer for which he chose the boiling point of water as the fixed zero degree point. For lower temperatures, he defined a scale based on the contraction of mercury (in hundred-thousandths), with higher values at lower temperatures (an inverted scale, in which higher numbers represent "increasing cold"; in his early work Celsius also used an inverted scale, with zero as the boiling point of water and 100 as the freezing point). Delisle's original scale needed 2400 or 2700 graduations to handle the cold winters of St. Petersburg where he lived. In 1738 the German professor of medicine and anatomy Josias Weitbrecht (1702 - 1747) introduced a modification to Delisle's scale: Weitbrecht kept 0�D as the boiling point of water but assigned a value of 150�D as the freezing point. Though the scale was still inverted, the resulting smaller sizes of the temperature values were more in line with other temperature scales of the time. The Delisle temperature scale was used in Russia for almost 100 years.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | KM332 | 10 euro (silver coin) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale, thermometer; also degree Delisle (°D) temperature scale |
|
Diviš, Prokop
|
Prokop Diviš was a Czechoslovakian theologian who experimented with atmospheric electricity. He has been called the "European Franklin". He attempted to draw electricity from clouds and built a functional lightning conductor (lightning rod) at about the same time as Benjamin Franklin, but his work may not have been done completely independently of Franklin's work, which was already known in Europe in the early 1750s. (For example, in May of 1752 in France, Thomas Fran�ois d'Alibard conducted an experiment similar to Franklin's.)
In any case, a grounded lightning rod was erected by Diviš at Prenditz, Moravia in 1754. This was the first practical European lightning rod. Diviš petitioned the Emperor Franz-Josef in1755 to put up similar rods all over the country and thus protect the land from lightning, but the proposal was rejected on the advice of the mathematicians of Vienna. The lightning rod at Prenditz remained standing for 6 years, until it was torn down by an angry mob convinced that it had caused a drought.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czechoslovakia | 661 (Mi867) | 1954 | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 662 (Mi868) | |||
| Czechoslovakia | 661-662 fdc | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 661-662 essay | Essay | ||
| Czech Republic | None | (PostFila (Cesk� posta)) cachet on postal card | 1998 | 300th anniv. birth |
|
Bernoulli, Daniel
|
Daniel Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician and physicist (and the nephew of the mathematician Jacob Bernoulli). Daniel was a pioneer in the study of the movement of fluids. He is remembered mainly for Bernoulli's theorem, a statement of the conservation of energy for certain classes of fluids. One of its basic consequences is what is commonly known as the venturi effect, or the funnel effect (flow in the constriction of a funnel or venturi is faster, with lower pressures, than the flow away from the constriction). This effect can cause strong winds in some short, small-scale gaps in mountainous terrain. One example is the Nu'uanu Pali Pass that cuts through the steep and narrow Koolau Range of eastern Oahu, Hawaii. Northeasterly trade winds of 10 to 20 knots that funnel into the gap frequently accelerate to 40 knots or more in the pass itself. (But in longer gaps other physical processes, unrelated to Bernoulli's theorem, come into play that cause the strongest winds to actually be found at the exit of the gap). Bernoulli's theorem has also been used to explain some of the meteorological characteristics of the strong Santa Ana winds of California. Furthermore, it has been found useful in the study of katabatic jumps (areas where katabatic winds suddenly cease or weaken significantly). Yu et al (Yu, Y., C. Xiaoming, J. King and I. Renfrew. Numerical simulations of katabatic jumps in Coats Land, Antarctica. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 114(2), (2005), 413-437) used hydraulic theory and Bernoulli's theorem to estimate the surface pressure change across katabatic jumps observed in Antarctica. They found that the hydraulic theory consistently underestimates the pressure change while Bernoulli's theorem provides a satisfactory estimate.
Daniel Bernoulli spent some time working in Russia. The Second Kamchatka Expedition (also known as the Great Northern Expedition) was authorized by Empress Anna in 1732 and took place from 1733 to 1743 under the overall command of Vitus Bering. The goal was to explore northern and eastern Russia and the oceanic area between Russia and Alaska. The scientific work of the expedition was organized by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, who instructed the expedition leaders to take to take instrumented measurements of temperature and barometric pressure along with qualitative observations of clouds, thunderstorms and other natural phenomena. Daniel Bernoulli, who was working at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg at the time, wrote the necessary instructions for the weather observers.
In 1738 Daniel Bernoulli published his book Hydrodynamics, in which he discussed the kinetic theory of gases. He also provided the basic gas laws, including a simple form of the equation of state.
There are no known postal items that feature Daniel Bernoulli, but the table below includes some items that refer to his uncle Jacob Bernoulli.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | None | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage | 2012 | Jacob Bernoulli (Daniel Bernoulli's uncle) |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Cancel and cachet on stamped envelope | 1986 | Jacob "Bernoulli" (Daniel Bernoulli's uncle) |
| Switzerland | 939 (Mi1517) | 1994 | Jacob Bernoulli (Daniel Bernoulli's uncle) |
|
Celsius, Anders
|
Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer and mathematician who worked in thermometry and studied the Aurora Borealis.
Around 1701 Newton had proposed a temperature scale in which the lower fixed point was 0� and the upper fixed point was 12�. On this scale the boiling point of water was 33�. Celsius was probably aware of this work and built on it in 1742 by proposing a 100 degree scale between the freezing point of water (100� in his original scale) and the boiling point of water (0� in his original scale). He published this proposal in a paper entitled "Observations on two persistent degrees on a thermometer". It is not known what led him to associate the higher value with the colder fixed point, and vice versa. Perhaps he wanted to introduce more originality into his work, or perhaps he was influenced by the Royal Society's temperature scale (used until about 1725), in which the '0' was 'extreme hot' and '90' was extreme cold.
In any case, Celsius' proposed scale was intuitively backwards and was inverted soon after his death so that 0� was the lower fixed point and 100� the upper fixed point. In this way the modern Celsius scale was born. It was accepted as a standard, first in Sweden and France, and then across the globe. Temperature values measured in this scale were originally referred to as degrees "centigrade" ('centi' referring to one hundred, and 'grade' referring to degrees). However, in 1948 Celsius' name became the official temperature unit, when the Ninth General Conference of Weights and Measures declared that 'degrees centigrade' should thereafter be referred to as 'degree Celsius'. In the early 21st century, only the United States still clings to the Fahrenheit scale; the Celsius scale is the accepted international standard everywhere else.
Celsius was also interested in the Aurora Borealis. In 1724 he and his student Olaf Peter Hiorter noted that the Aurora Borealis are accompanied by deflections of a magnetic compass. This discovery confirmed the relationship between auroras and magnetic fields. Celsius' observations of the aurora were published in Nuremburg, Germany in 1733 in a work entitled Observations of the Northern Lights in Sweden.
In addition to the table below, another list of Celsius items is available on the SI (metric system) unit names page. For a single temperature-related item listed below (from Ghana), the name Celsius is spelled out. Many other items, indicated only by the symbol °C for degree Celsius, are available on the thermometers, temperatures and temperature units page.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postal items with the symbol "°C" only are not included here; items with a number and symbol "°C" are listed in a separate temperature values and/or units section. | ||||
| Cook Islands | KM1664 | $5. (silver coin) reverse, also obverse and case | 2014 | 270th anniv. death; also thermometer |
| Finland France | 741 sc1 2016 sc1 (Mi1002 sc1 Mi2561 sc1) | Cachet on dual-country souvenir card | 1986 | "Celsius" |
| Finland France | 741 sc2 2016 sc2 (Mi1002 sc2 Mi2561 sc2) | Cachet on dual-country souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2016 sc (Mi2561 sc) | Cachet on souvenir card | 1986 | "Celsius" |
| Germany | KM332 | 10 euro (silver coin) | 2014 | 300th anniv. (degree) Fahrenheit scale, thermometer; also degree Celsius (°C) temperature scale |
| Ghana | 573 (Mi633) | 1976 | Temperatures correctly given as degree "Celsius" | |
| Macedonia (North) | 807 (Mi866) | From MS9 (807a (9x 807)) | 2019 | 275th anniv. death "Anders Celsius", and thermometer |
| Macedonia (North) | 807 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (North Macedonia Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Nevis | 1185k (Mi1458) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (1185 (a-q + label)) (Mi1458-1474) | 2000 | "Anders Celsius invents centigrade thermometer" |
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | 2013? | |
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Sweden | None | Cinderella | ~1920 | Also thermometer |
| Sweden | 1402 (Mi1188) | One of booklet pane of 6 (1402a (6x 1402)) with booklet outside (front and back), also inside cover | 1982 | Also thermometer |
| Sweden | 1401-1402 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Sweden | 1401-1402 fdc2 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
|
de La Condamine, Charles Marie
|
Charles de La Condamine was a French geographer, explorer and mathematician who spent 9 years (1735 - 1744) in present-day Ecuador as part of the French Geodetic Mission in South America. The mission successfully measured the length of one degree along a meridian at the equator. This work, in combination with similar measurements made in Lapland by Maupertuis, showed that the Earth is oblate, as predicted by Newton, rather than spherical.
In addition to their geodetic work, La Condamine (with his colleagues des Odonnais and Bouguer) made measurements of temperature and barometric pressure during their time in South America. The Spaniard Jorge Juan, also part of the mission, estimated the heights of Andean peaks using a barometer. These men's measurements were the first meteorological observations made in what is now Ecuador. La Condamine used the R�aumur thermometer that had been invented only a few years before. He found, for example, that at Quito in 1738 the mean temperature was between 14 and 15 degrees R�aumur (17.5 - 18.75�C). von Humboldt later (in 1802) found a similar value of 18�C in one set of measurements, and a much cooler 14.4�C in another, while de Caldas in 1804 measured 15�C. Later measurements in the 1800s gave values similar to those of de Caldas.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecuador | 347 (Mi354) | 1936 | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center) | |
| Ecuador | 348 (Mi355) | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center); Jorge Juan (at right) | ||
| Ecuador | 349 (Mi356) | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center) | ||
| Ecuador | 350 (Mi357) | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center); Jorge Juan (at right) | ||
| Ecuador | 351 (Mi358) | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center) | ||
| Ecuador | C39 (Mi359) | 349 overprinted with A�REO | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center) | |
| Ecuador | C40 (Mi360) | 350 overprinted with A�REO | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center); Jorge Juan (at right) | |
| Ecuador | C41 (Mi361) | 351 overprinted with A�REO | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (center) | |
| Ecuador | C42 (Mi362) | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (at left) | ||
| Ecuador | RA42 (Mi?) | C42 overprinted and surcharged | 1938 | "Bicentenario de la Misi�n La Condamine"; La Condamine (at left); |
| Ecuador | 1138 (Mi?) | 1986 | 250th anniv. La Condamine mission to modern-day Ecuador to measure meridian arcs | |
| Ecuador | 1141a (Mi?) | One of four stamps in MS4 (1141 (a-d)) | ||
| Ecuador | 1320 (Mi?) | 1993 | 250th anniv. Maldonado-La Condamine Amazon expedition; "La Condamine" in text; (220th anniv. death, in 1994) | |
| Ecuador | 1321 (Mi?) | 250th anniv. Maldonado-La Condamine Amazon expedition; "La Condamine"; (220th anniv. death, in 1994) | ||
| Ecuador | 1322 (Mi?) | 250th anniv. Maldonado-La Condamine Amazon expedition; "La Condamine" (in text and in stamp); (220th anniv. death, in 1994) | ||
| Ecuador | 1320-1322 fdc | Three stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | 250th anniv. Maldonado-La Condamine Amazon expedition; (220th anniv. death, in 1994) | |
| Finland | 741 maxi (Mi1002 maxi) | (Grey printed) cachet on maxicard | 1986 | |
| Finland France | 741 fdc1 2016 fdc1 (Mi1002 fdc1 Mi2561 fdc1) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country FDC | 1986 | 250th anniv. missions to measure meridian arcs; La Condamine and Maupertuis |
| Finland France | 741 fdc2 2016 fdc2 (Mi1002 fdc2 Mi2561 fdc2) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country FDC (different) | ||
| Finland France | 741 fdc3 2016 fdc3 (Mi1002 fdc3 Mi2561 fdc3) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country FDC (different) | ||
| Finland France | 741 fdc4 2016 fdc4 (Mi1002 fdc4 Mi2561 fdc4) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country FDC (different) | ||
| Finland France | 741 sc1 2016 sc1 (Mi1002 sc1 Mi2561 sc1) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country souvenir card | 250th anniv. missions to measure meridian arcs; La Condamine (at right on French stamp); also Maupertuis (on both stamps) | |
| Finland France | 741 sc2 2016 sc2 (Mi1002 sc2 Mi2561 sc2) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country souvenir card (different) | ||
| Finland France | 741 sc3 2016 sc3 (Mi1002 sc3 Mi2561 sc3) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country souvenir card (different) | ||
| Finland France | 741 sc4 2016 sc4 (Mi1002 sc4 Mi2561 sc4) | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on dual-country souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2016 (Mi2561) | 1986 | 250th anniv. missions to measure meridian arcs; La Condamine and Maupertuis | |
| France | 2016 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2016 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC (different) | ||
| France | 2016 maxi1 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on maxicard | 250th anniv. missions to measure meridian arcs; La Condamine; also Maupertius (at left on stamp) | |
| France | 2016 maxi2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 2016 sc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on souvenir card | ||
| Monaco | None | (Text) cancel | 1953 | Condamine PO |
| Monaco | None | Meter | 1967 | Condamine PO |
| Monaco | 954 (Mi1153) | 1974 | Condamine district, Monaco | |
| Monaco | 954 essay | Signed essay | ||
| Monaco | 1823 (Mi?) | 1992 | Condamine market |
|
Franklin, Benjamin
|
"Some are weather-wise, some are otherwise!" This quip is attributed to Benjamin Franklin, one of the founding fathers of the United States. He was not only a political pioneer, but also a scientist with a keen interest in the weather. His work in atmospheric electricity led to his becoming the first American with an international scientific reputation. The body of his weather-related work represents a major 18th century contribution to the science of meteorology.
In Philadelphia, Franklin attempted to observe a lunar eclipse on 21 October 1743, but clouds that arrived from the southwest ahead of a storm covered the sky and hid the eclipse. This happened despite winds near the surface that were blowing from the northeast. Franklin noted this difference, and later learned from his brother that clouds from the same storm had not reached Boston until after the eclipse. Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia, and Frankin concluded that the storm as a whole must have been moving toward the northeast, despite the fact that the winds near the surface were from the northeast. This is the first recorded instance in which a scientist realized that the movement of a storm as a whole could differ from the motion of the air at the surface.
In 1749 Franklin observed updrafts of air, and concluded that they were due to local heating of the surface by the sun. He was one of the first to present this explanation for this phenomenon. Such updrafts lead to the summertime clouds now known as convective clouds.
Franklin was interested in the Gulf Stream: the temperature of its waters, and their direction and speed of flow, and in fact, published the first known map of the Gulf Stream.
Franklin also studied waterspouts. In his paper Waterspouts and Whirlwinds he included a diagram of showing his hypothesized structure of a waterspout (the diagram is reproduced on USA Scott 4022. Concerning their formation, he wrote that:
"The air immediately over it [the Gulf Stream], however, may receive so much warmth from it as to be rarefied and rise, being rendered lighter than the air on each side of the stream; hence those airs must flow in to supply the place of the rising warm air, and meeting with each other, form those tornadoes and waterspouts frequently met with, and seen near and over the stream."
Franklin understood the basic mechanism of formation of the extensive fogs that can occur over the western Atlantic off eastern Canada. He wrote that:
"as the vapour from a cup of tea in a warm room, and the breath of an animal in the same room, are hardly visible, but become sensible immediately when out in the cold air, so the vapour from the gulph [gulf] stream, in warm latitudes is scarcely visible, but when it comes into the cool air from Newfoundland, it is condensed into the fogs, for which those parts are so remarkable."
Franklin became interested in electricity after seeing magician Archibald Spencer`s demonstrations in 1743 in Boston, and in 1744 in Philadelphia. Franklin arranged to buy Spencer`s equipment and went into a sort of semi-retirement in order to study electricity. He corresponded with various people about his studies, including the English botanist Peter Collinson, who served as Franklin`s link to the Royal Society, and provided a Leyden jar (a device for collecting electricity - essentially a capacitor, or a "condenser" in older terminology) that Franklin could use, and also informed him of recent German electrical experiments. Franklin described his discoveries in a series of letters to Collinson, written from 1747 to 1750. Collinson in turn published them in 1751 in an 86-page book (Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America by Benjamin Franklin, printed by E. Cave, St. John`s Gate, London, 1751, full document available online here). The book was expanded and reprinted in 1753, a second edition appeared in 1754, a third edition in 1760, and a fourth edition in 1769 (that one was personally supervised by Franklin who was in London at the time). A fifth edition, which included new material not associated with electricity, was published in 1774. Taken as a whole, these editions are considered to be America`s most important scientific book of the 18th century.
Franklin`s fourth letter to Collinson described in some detail his observations and theories about electricity in the atmosphere and in clouds, and particularly in thunderstorms, which he called "thunder-gusts" (and which he described as "sudden forms of thunder and lightning, which are frequently of short duration, but sometimes produce mischievous effects.") Franklin proposed that what he called an "erect iron punch" or "point" (what would now be called a lightning rod) could be a useful protective device (from page 62 of the original Experiments and Observations), as follows:
"may not the knowledge of this power of points be of use to mankind, in preserving houses, churches, ships, etc. from the stroke of lightning, by directing us to fix on the highest parts of those edifices, upright rods of iron made sharp as a needle, and gilt to prevent rusting, and from the foot of those rods a wire down the outside of the building into the ground, or down round one of the shrouds of a ship, and down her side till it reaches the water? Would not these pointed rods probably draw the electrical fire silently out of a cloud before it came nigh enough to strike, and thereby secure us from that most sudden and terrible mischief?"
Franklin went on to propose an experiment to determine whether or not clouds with lightning are electrified (from page 63 of the original Experiments and Observations):
"To determine the question, whether the clouds that contain lightning are electrified or not, I would propose an experiment to be try'd where it may be done conveniently. On the top of some high tower or steeple, place a kind of sentry-box, (as in Fig. 9) big enough to contain a man and an electrical stand. From the middle of the stand, let an iron rod rise and pass bending out of the door, and then upright 20 or 30 feet, pointed very sharp at the end. If the electrical stand be kept clean and dry, a man standing on it when such clouds are passing low, might be electrified and afford sparks, the rod drawing fire to him from a cloud. If any danger to the man should be apprehended (though I think there would be none) let him stand on the floor of his box, and now and then bring near to the rod, the loop of a wire that has one end fastened to the leads, he holding it by a wax handle; so the sparks, if the rod is electrified, will strike from the rod to the wire, and not affect him." In more modern terms, Franklin hypothesized that electricity could be taken from thunderstorm clouds via a tall iron rod/aerial insulated from the ground. To do this, he proposed bringing a grounded lead with an insulated wax handle close to such a rod during a thunderstorm, and expected that an electric spark would then discharge from the rod to the grounding wire. He did seem to take a cavalier attitude to the possibility of electrocution, however.
Franklin then had the idea that a kite flying into a thunderstorm could give better access to the regions of lightning than a ground-based rod. This was the basis for his famous kite experiment, which probably took place in June 1752 in a field near Philadelphia. Franklin described the construction of the kite and the kite experiment in a letter written to Peter Collinson on 19 October 1752:
"Make a small cross of two light strips of cedar, the arms so long as to reach to the four corners of a large thin silk handkerchief when extended; tie the corners of the handkerchief to the extremities of the cross, so you have the body of a kite; which being properly accommodated with a tail, loop, and string, will rise in the air, like those made of paper; but this being of silk is fitter to bear the wet and wind of a thunder gust without tearing. To the top of the upright stick of the cross is to be fixed a very sharp pointed wire, rising a foot or more above the wood. To the end of the twine, next the key may be fastened. This kite is to be raised when a thunder-gust appears to be coming on, and the person who holds the string must stand within a door or window, or under some cover, so that the silk ribbon may not be wet; and care must be taken that the twine does not touch the frame of the door or window. As soon as any of the thunder clouds come over the kite, the pointed wire will draw the electric fire from them, and the kite, with all the twine, will be electrified, and the loose filaments of the twine, will stand out every way, and be attracted by an approaching finger. And when the rain has wetted the kite and twine, so that it can conduct the electric fire freely, you will find it stream out plentifully from the key on the approach of your knuckle. At this key the phial [i.e. the Leyden jar] may be charged: and from electric fire thus obtained, spirits may be kindled, and all the other electric experiments be performed, which are usually done by the help of a rubbed glass globe or tube, and thereby the sameness of the electric matter with that of lightning completely demonstrated."
The kite experiment allowed Franklin to prov that lightning is a form of electricity. Thomas-Fran�ois Dalibard proved the same thing in May of 1752 in France, but in a different way, using Franklin`s experimental design with a tall iron rod (see below for some details).
The results of Franklin's kite experiment were not formally published, however, until 1767, in Joseph Priestley's The History and Present State of Electricity (Franklin provided the description upon which Priestley based his text). Franklin's own book Experiments and Observations on Electricity, Made at Philadelphia in America.to Which are Added, Letters and Papers on Philosophical Subjects (London, 1769, which is the fourth edition of his book already referred to above) appeared two years later. This edition included his investigations on electricity, his kite experiments, and his invention of the lightning conductor (lightning rod).
In the early 1750s, Franklin erected a lightning rod atop his house and experimented with it. As described below, he connected the rod to two bells in such a way that during electrical storms sparks would fly and bells would ring in his house. It is said that his wife Deborah became so flustered by the sparks and the ringing bells that she asked him how to disconnect the system in a letter she wrote to him while he was in London.
Franklin described the lightning rod experiment in his home as follows:
The rod was "fixed to the top of my chimney and extending about nine feet above it. From the foot of this rod a wire (the thickness of a goose-quill) came through a covered glass tube in the roof and down through the well of the staircase; the lower end connected with the iron spear of a pump. On the staircase opposite to my chamber door the wire was divided; the ends separated about six inches, a little bell on each end; and between the bells a little brass ball, suspended by a silk thread, to play between and strike the bells when clouds passed with electricity in them. After having frequently drawn sparks and charged bottles from the bell of the upper wire, I was one night awakened by a loud crack on the staircase. Starting up and opening the door, I perceived that the brass ball, instead of vibrating as usual between the bells was repelled and kept at a distance from both; while the fire passed, sometimes in very large, quick cracks from bell to bell, and sometimes in a continued, dense, white stream, seemingly as large as my finger, whereby the whole staircase was inlightened with sunshine, so that one might see to pick up a pin."
Following Franklin's experiments in his own house, such lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall). They were so successful that people wanted to make lighting rods for themselves. Lighting rod apparel even became fashionable for a time! Franklin designed a model "thunder house" to showcase the effectiveness of his lightning rod. In it was a can filled with flammable gases. When static electricity was applied to the top of the house, the electricity traveled down a wire to the can where it made a spark which ignited the gases, blowing the lid of the can off with enough force to knock the roof off the house. However, with a lightning rod is attached to the top of the house, the static electricity was safely transported to the ground and the house was spared.
Prokop Divis erected the first practical European lightning rod in Moravia in 1754, two years after Franklin's first lightning rods in America.
The original Experiments and Observations that Collinson published in 1751 soon came to the attention of the French naturalist Comte de Buffon, who asked Thomas-Fran�ois Dalibard to translate it into French. He did so and published the French version, Exp�riences et Observations, in 1752. Dalibard (possibly together with de Buffon) was inspired to actually carry out Franklin`s suggested experiment using a tall iron rod, which he did at Marly-la-Ville on 10 May 1752. He is the first person known to have carried out this particular experiment. He used Franklin`s suggested setup with a 15-metre-long rod (myth has it that he used wine bottles to insulate the rod from the ground!) and a Leyden jar condenser, and was able to produce sparks in the presence of thunderstorms with lightning. The experiment was repeated one week later in Paris, by M. Delor, and again in July in England by John Canton. However, when Georg Wilhelm Richmann of St. Petersburg, who had already done pioneering work in atmospheric electricity, attempted a similar experiment in 1753, he was killed.
Dalibard included the results of his 1752 experiment in the French second edition of Exp�riences et Observations, which was published in 1756. Thanks to Dalibard, the French Academy of Sciences formally recognized the importance of Franklin`s work in suggesting that electricity is a part of thunderstorms, and that lightning rods could provide protection from lightning strikes. Dalibard finally met Franklin in person in 1767, during one of Franklin`s visits to France. The two are said to have become friends.
Franklin considered the Aurora Borealis, and concluded (erroneously) that it must be related to atmospheric circulation patterns.
Franklin happened upon the principle of refrigeration by observing that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one. In an experiment one warm day in Cambridge, England in 1758, Franklin and fellow scientist John Hadley experimented by continually wetting the ball of a mercury thermometer with ether and using bellows to evaporate the ether. With each subsequent evaporation, the thermometer read a lower temperature, eventually reaching 7�F (-14�C). Another thermometer showed the room temperature to be constant at 65�F (18�C). In his note Cooling by Evaporation, Franklin concluded that "one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."
Franklin was living in Paris in 1783 (he was the first American ambassador to France, from 1776 to 1785) when the volcano Laki in Iceland erupted (Iceland Scott 557). The eruption was known in Iceland as the Skaft�reldar (the Skaft� fires) and lasted eight months, from June 1783 to February 1784. In the second half of 1783, a persistent haze referred to as a "dry fog" covered Europe, and was observed to be the densest European dry fog since the eruption of volcano Eldgj�, in 934 AD. The following winter (1783-1784) was very cold both in Europe and in eastern North America. Franklin concluded that the eruption could be the cause of the dry fog and the subsequent cold weather. Several years of climate extremes followed in Europe, with the eruption as one probable cause.
"During several of the summer months of thc year 1783, when the effect of the sun's rays to heat the Earth in these northern regions should have been greater, there existed a constant fog over all Europe, and great part of North America. This fog was of a permanent nature; it was dry, and the rays of the sun seemed to have little effect towards dissipating it, as they easily do a moist fog, arising from water. They were indeed rendered so faint in passing through it, that when collected in the focus of a burning glass they would scarce kindle brown paper. Of course, their summer effect in heating the Earth was exceedingly diminished. Hence the surface was early frozen. Hence the first snows remained on it unmelted, and received continual additions. Hence the air was more chilled, and the winds more severely cold. Hence perhaps the winter of 1783-1784 was more severe than any that had happened for many years.
The cause of this universal fog is not yet ascertained. Whether it was adventitious to this Earth, and merely a smoke, proceeding from the consumption by fire of some of those great burning balls or globes which we happen to meet with in our rapid course round the sun, and which are sometimes seen to kindle and be destroyed in passng our atmosphere, and whose smoke might be attracted and retained by our Earth; or whether it was the vast quantity of smoke, long continuing to issue during the summer from Hecla in Iceland, and that other volcano which arose out of the sea near that island, which smoke might be spread by various winds, over the northern part of the world, is yet uncertain. It seems however worth the enquiry, whether other hard winters, recorded in history, were preceded by similar permanent and widely extended summer fogs. Because, if found to be so, men might from such fogs conjecture the probability of succeeding hard winter, and of the damage to be expected by the breaking up of frozen rivers in the spring; and take such measures as are possible and practicable, to secure themselves and [their] effects from the mischiefs that attended the last."
In this explanation, Franklin mentions Hecla (which erupted in 1768) and "another volcano which rose out of the sea"; one supposes that he must really have been referring to Laki. He was therefore one of the first (if not the first) to consider the effects of volcanic eruptions on the weather and climate, and to suggest that a useful technique to forecast cold winters could be based on those effects. The eruption of the volcano Tambora in 1815 confirmed these ideas: 1816 became the "year without summer" over parts of America and Europe.
In Paris on 27 August 1783, J.A.C. Charles launched the first balloon inflated with hydrogen gas. Franklin witnessed this launch and later described the crowd's extravagant speculations as to the uses to which such an invention could be put. Franklin considered that "possibly it may pave the way to some Discoveries in Natural Philosophy of which at present we have no Conception". Franklin was right: such balloons would soon be used (by Charles himself and others) as the earliest platforms from which measurements of variables such as temperature and humidity in the atmosphere above the surface could be made. These would indeed be new "Discoveries in Natural Philosophy".
Perhaps Franklin's contributions to science and to the politics of his country are best summarized in an epigram on a French bust of him, which states simply that "He wrested the flash of lightning from heaven and the scepter from the tyrants."
Postal items with reproductions of USA 1 are highlighted in yellow in the table below.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benjamin Franklin (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Anguilla | 1052 (Mi1083) | 2001 | Benjamin Franklin (seated, in black) | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 901 (Mi911) | 1985 | "Postmaster Ben Franklin" | |
| Argentina | 660 (Mi650) | 1956 | 250th anniv. birth "Benjamin Franklin" | |
| Argentina | 660 fdc | Stamp and (C�rculo Filat�lico de Liniers) cachet on FDC | ||
| Argentina | 660 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Bulgaria | 950 (Mi1007) | 1956 | ||
| Canada | 691 (Mi627) | 1976 | ||
| Canada | 2155 fdc (Mi2340 fdc) | (Pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC, also back | 2006 | 300th anniv. birth "Benjamin Franklin" |
| Comoro Islands | Unknown ss (BL505, Mi2323) Unknown iss | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | 2009 | Benjamin Franklin and lightning |
| Congo Republic | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown (Mi none) | 2003 | ||
| Cook Islands | 445 (Mi485) | From MS5 (445a (5x 445 + label)) | 1976 | "Ben Franklin" (signature) |
| Cook Islands | 447 (BL57, Mi487) | SS1 | Franklin (at right) | |
| Cook Islands | 910 (Mi1111) i910 | Stamp-on-stamp: USA 1, from MS8 (910b (8x 910)) Imperforate stamp-on-stamp: USA 1 | 1986 | |
| Cook Islands | 912 (Mi1113) i912 | From MS8 (912b (8x 912)) Imperforate | ||
| Cook Islands | 910-912 fdc | Two of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Cook Islands | 912a (Mi none) | MS3 (910-912) | ||
| Cook Islands | B119 (Mi1217) | 910 overprinted in silver | 1987 | |
| Cook Islands | B130 (Mi1219) | 912 overprinted in silver | ||
| Cook Islands | KM50 | $250 (gold coin) | 1989-1990 | Franklin (at left) |
| Cuba | C150 (Mi512) | 1956 | Franklin's kite in lightning storm | |
| Cuba | C150 fdc | Stamp and (brown and tan printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 814 (Mi1113) | 1956 | "Franklin" | |
| France | 814 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 814 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| France | 814 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 814 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 814 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | KM1442 | 0.25 euro (silver coin) | 2006 | "Benjamin Franklin" and lightning |
| Great Britain | 785 (Mi710) | 1976 | "Benjamin Franklin" | |
| Great Britain | None | Postal card | 1976 | |
| Great Britain | 2749 (Mi2890) | One of block of 10 (2756a (2747-2756)), or one of booklet pane of 4 (2754a (2748-2749+2x 2754)) (MH163), from 2756a presentation pack | 2010 | "Franklin" and lightning |
| Great Britain | 2756a fdc | One of block of 10 stamps on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2010 | (Franklin's key) |
| Grenada | 631 (Mi660A) | Also sheet of 5 (631a (5x 631 + label)) | 1975 | "Benjamin Franklin visits General Washington" |
| Grenada | C30 (Mi664) | Also sheet of 5 (C30a (5x C30 + label)) | "Benjamin Franklin" | |
| Grenada | 1771 (Mi2049) | 1989 | Disney Ben and me set | |
| Grenada | 1772 (Mi2050) | |||
| Grenada | 1773 (Mi2051) | |||
| Grenada | 1774 (Mi2052) | |||
| Grenada | 1775 (Mi2053) | |||
| Grenada | 1776 (Mi2054) | |||
| Grenada | 1777 (Mi2055) | |||
| Grenada | 1778 (Mi2056) | |||
| Grenada | 1779 (Mi2057) | |||
| Grenada | 1780 (BL232) | SS1 (Mi2058) | ||
| Grenada | 1781 (BL233) | SS1 (Mi2059) | ||
| Liberia | 3559 (BL?) | In (lower-left) margin of SS1 | 2020 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| Local Courier Post (USA) | None | Local post FDC | 1976 | Franklin and lightning |
| Maldive Islands | 2421j (Mi3380) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2421 (a-q + label)) (Mi3371-3387) | 2000 | "1751, Benjamin Franklin publishes his studies on electicity" (lightning) |
| Mali | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2019 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| Mexico | C521 fdc1 (Mi1528 fdc1) | (Red and blue and black printed) cachet (reproduction of USA 1) on cover | 1976 | |
| Nicaragua | 986 (Mi1860) | 1975 | Benjamin Franklin, painting by C.W. Peale | |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_d | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | (220th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Paraguay | 1696 (BL286, Mi2861) | On stamp of SS1, stamp-on-stamp: USA 1 | 1976 | |
| Romania | 1122 (Mi1604) | 1956 | "B. Franklin" | |
| Russia (USSR) | 1875 (Mi1888) | 1956 | ||
| Rwanda | Unknown h (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] | 1999 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| Samoa | 343 (BL3) | On stamp of SS1, stamp-on-stamp: USA 1 | 1971 | |
| Sierra Leone | 2847 (BL621, Mi4914) | SS1; stamp-on-stamp: USA 300 | 2006 | "Benjamin Franklin" and lightning |
| Sweden | 1453 (Mi1232) | Joint issue with USA 2036; from booklet pane of 5 (5x 1453) with booklet outside | 1983 | "B Franklin" |
| United States | 1 (Mi1) | 1847 | First US postage stamp | |
| United States | O1 (Mi_Dienstmarken 1) | 1873 | ||
| United States | 110 (Mi24) | 1875 | ||
| United States | 133 (Mi26) | 1880 | ||
| United States | 156 (Mi36II) | 1873 | ||
| United States | 206 (Mi36III) | 1881 | ||
| United States | 212 (Mi53) | 1887 | ||
| United States | 300 (Mi138A) | 1903 | ||
| United States | 331 (Mi162XAx) | 1908 | ||
| United States | 343 (Mi162XBx) | Imperforate | 1908 | |
| United States | 348 (Mi162XFx) | Coil stamp | 1908 | |
| United States | 422 (Mi201XA) | 1912 | ||
| United States | 460 (Mi202YbK) | 1915 | ||
| United States | 509 (Mi231C) | 1917 | ||
| United States | 512 (Mi234C) | 1917 | ||
| United States | 513 (Mi235C) | 1919 | ||
| United States | 518 (Mi240C) | 1917 | ||
| United States | 546 (Mi224W2C) | 1921 | ||
| United States | UX38 fdc | Printed stamp and (ASDA) cachet on postal-card FDC | 1931 | |
| United States | 947 (Mi555) | 1947 | Franklin (at right) | |
| United States | 947 fdc1 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 fdc2 | Stamp and (Ken Boll/Cachet Craft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 fdc3 | Stamp and (C. Stephen Anderson) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 fdc4 | Stamp and (Sanders) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 sdoi | Stamp and (Harry Ioor) cachet on SDOI (Second Day of Issue) cover | ||
| United States | 948 (BL9; Mi556-557) | Imperforate MS2 (948 (a-b)) | Franklin (at left) | |
| United States | None | Cinderella (with reproduction of USA 1) | 1947 | |
| United States | None | Cinderella | 1947 | Franklin (at left) |
| United States | None | Cinderella (different color) | ||
| United States | None | Cinderella (different color) | ||
| United States | 1073 (Mi694) | 1956 | Franklin taking lightning from the Sky, painting by B. West; 250th anniv. birth | |
| United States | 1073 fdc1 | Stamp on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc2 | Stamp and (Franklin Institute Station) cancel and (HF) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc3 | Stamp and (HF) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc4 | Stamp and (Fluegel Covers) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc5 | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc6 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc7 | Stamp and (Ken Boll/Cachet Craft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 fdc8 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1073 sc/fdc | (PCS) FDC on SC | ||
| United States | U536 | Printed stamp on stamped envelope | 1958 | |
| United States | U536 fdc | Printed stamp and (magenta printed) cachet on stamped envelope FDC | ||
| United States | U541 | Printed stamp on stamped envelope | 1960 | |
| United States | U541 fdc | Printed stamp and (Goldcraft Cachets) cachet on stamped envelope FDC | ||
| United States | None | Meter | 1961 | University of Pennsylvania, founded by Franklin |
| United States | 1435b fdc (Mi1046-1047 fdc) | (Black and red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on FDC, also detail (reproduction of USA 1) | 1971 | |
| United States | 1393D (Mi1086) | 1972 | ||
| United States | 1393D fdc1 | Stamp and (Virgil Crow) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1393D fdc2 | Stamp and (Sarzin metallic) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1393D fdc3 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1393D fdc4 | Stamp and (Cover Craft Cachets) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1393D fdc5 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1393D fdc6 | Stamp and (Colonial Cachet) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | SP299 | (USPS) souvenir page (1393D) | ||
| United States | 1474 (Mi1090) | Stamp-on-stamp: USA 1, from MS40 (1474c (40x 1474)) | 1972 | (Most of the FDC cachets include a reproduction of USA 1) |
| United States | 1474 fdc1 | Stamp and (Ross silver foil) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc2 | Stamp and (Covercraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc3 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc4 | Stamp and (HF) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc5 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc6 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc7 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC (different orientation) | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc8 | Stamp and (Mobile Philatelic Society) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc9 | Stamp and (Smithsonian National Museum of History and Technology) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc10 | Stamp and (George Washington Masonic Stamp Club) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1474 fdc11 | Stamp on FDC (Ernie Crager cachet) | ||
| United States | 1474 folder | FD Ceremony folder | ||
| United States | 1474+ page | (Reader's Digest) stamp collecting page | ||
| United States | SP318 | (USPS) souvenir page (1474), yellow; or orange? | ||
| United States | CP8 | (USPS no.7208) commemorative panel (block of 4 (4x 1474)) | ||
| United States | 1575 fdc1 (Mi1184 fdc1) | (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC (large-font cancel) | 1975 | |
| United States | 1575 fdc2 (Mi1184 fdc2) | (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC (small-font cancel) | ||
| United States | 1575 fdc3 (Mi1184 fdc3) | (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1575a fdc1 (Mi1182-1184 fdc1) | (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1575a fdc2 (Mi1182-1184 fdc2) | (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | SP372 | (USPS) souvenir page (1575a) | ||
| United States | CP56 | (USPS no.56) commemorative panel (1575a) | ||
| United States | 1585 fdc (Mi1323Aya fdc) | (Ranto/SP299) cachet on FDC, also back | 1977 | |
| United States | 1690 (Mi1277) | 1976 | ||
| United States | 1690 fdc1 | Stamp and (Hogg Cachet/Interphil'76) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1690 fdc2 | Stamp and extra (Canada 691) stamp and (Hogg Cachet/Interphil'76/Metropolitan First Day Cover Society) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States Fort Myers FL (USA) | 1690 fdc local fdc | Stamp and local post stamp and (black typed and red rubber-stamp) cachet on dual-cancel FDC | 1976 1976 | |
| United States | None | (Midwest Postage Stamp and Coin Show Station) cancel and (Midwest Postage Stamp and Coin Show/ATA) cachet (with reproduction of USA 1073) on cover | 1976 | "From Franklin's kite to Viking Mars Lander" (in cancel) |
| United States | None | (Midwest Postage Stamp and Coin Show Station) cancel and (Midwest Postage Stamp and Coin Show/ATA) cachet (with reproduction of USA 1073) on cover (different cancel date) | ||
| United States | 1753 (Mi1339) | From MS40 (1753a (40x 1753)) | 1978 | Franklin (at right) receiving a signed copy of the "French Alliance" document from Louis XVI (1785 porcelain sculpture by Charles Gabriel Sauvage) |
| United States | 1753 fdc1 | Stamp and (Ross silver foil) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc2 | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc3 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc4 | Stamp on FDC (Nova cachet) | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc5 | Stamp on FDC (C. Stephen Anderson cachet) | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc6 | Stamp and (Andrews) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc7 | Stamp on FDC (Marg cachet) | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc8 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc9 | Stamp on FDC (Fleetwood cachet, different) | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc10 | Stamp and (Cover Craft Cachets) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc11 | Stamp on FDC (? cachet) | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc12 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc13 | Stamp on FDC (Virgil Crow cachet) | ||
| United States | 1753 fdc14 | Stamp on FDC (Artopages cachet) | ||
| United States | SP448 | (USPS) souvenir page (1753) | ||
| United States | CP95 | (USPS no.95) commemorative panel (1753) | ||
| United States | 2036 (Mi1615) | Joint issue with Sweden 1453 | 1983 | "B Franklin" |
| United States | 2036 fdc1 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2036 fdc2 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet (different) on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2036 fdc3 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2036 fdc4 | Stamp and extra Sweden 1453 and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | SP608 | (USPS) souvenir page (2036) | ||
| United States | CP181 | (USPS no.180) commemorative panel (2036 bl4) | ||
| United States Sweden | 2036 fdc 1453 fdc | Stamps and (?) cachet on FDC | 1983 1983 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| United States | 2038 fdc1 (Mi1626 fdc1) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 1983 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| United States | 2038 fdc2 (Mi1626 fdc2) | (Aristocrat Cachets) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc3 (Mi1626 fdc3) | (Kenick Covers no.31) insert from FDC, also front | ||
| United States | CP183 | (USPS no.184) commemorative panel (2038) | ||
| United States | 2052 (Mi?) | From MS40 (2052a (40x 2052)) | 1983 | Benjamin Franklin (seated, in black) |
| United States | 2052 essay | Photo essay | ||
| United States | 2052 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc1 | Stamp and (HF) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc2 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc3 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet (different) on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc4 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc5 | Stamp and (PCS golden-replica) cachet on FDC, also back and insert | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc6 | Stamp and (ArtCraft/PCS) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc7 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC, also and insert and and insert outside | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc8 | Stamp and (Ham) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc9 | Stamp and (GAMM) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc10 | Stamp and (Doris Gold) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc11 | Stamp and (Kribbs Kover) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc12 | Stamp and (JLa) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2052 fdc13 | Stamp and (Colonial Cachet) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | SP624 | (USPS) souvenir page (2052) | ||
| United States | CP197 | (USPS no.196) commemorative panel (2052) | ||
| United States | 2052 cover (Mi? cover) | Stamp and (Colorano silk/ASDA) cachet on cover (Interpex'84 cancel) | 1984 | "Benjamin Franklin" |
| United States | 2145 (Mi1753) | From MS48 (2145a (48x 2145)) | 1985 | Stamp-on-stamp: partial reproduction of USA 206 |
| United States | 2145 fdc1 | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet (with reproduction of USA 206) on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc2 | Stamp and (Collins) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc3 | Stamp and (Mille hand-painted) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc4 | Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (with reproduction of USA 1) on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc5 | Stamp and (Gamm) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc6 | Stamp and (HF) cachet (with artistic reproduction of USA 206) on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc7 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet (with reproduction of USA 212) on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc8 | Stamp and extra (USA 947 and USA 1474) stamps and (Colorano silk) cachet (with reproductions of USA 1 and USA O1) on FDC | ||
| United States | 2145 fdc9 | Stamp and extra (USA 2036) stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet (with reproduction of USA 2036 fdc) on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | SP695 | (USPS) souvenir page (2145) | ||
| United States | CP243 | (USPS no.243) commemorative panel (2145) | ||
| United States | 2779 (Mi2390) | One of block of 4 (2782a (2779-2782)) (Mi2390-2393) | 1993 | |
| United States | P495 | 100 dollars (banknote) | 1993 | |
| United States | None | (Parforex-37) cachet (with reproduction of USA 1) on cover | 1997 | |
| United States | None | (Kenosha Stamp and Cover Club) cachet (with reproduction of USA 1) on cover | 1997 | |
| United States | 4021 (Mi4065) 4021_back | From block of 4 (4024a (4021-4024)) (Mi4065-4068), also 4024a back; or from MS20 (4024b (5x (4021-4024))) | 2006 | |
| United States | 4022 (Mi4066) 4022_back | |||
| United States | 4023 (Mi4067) 4023_back | |||
| United States | 4024 (Mi4068) 4024_back | |||
| United States | 4022 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (PCS golden-replica) cachet on FDC, also detail | ||
| United States | 4022 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Collins) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 4022 fdc3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 4022 fdc4 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 4022 fdc5 | Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 4024 fdc | Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | SP1605 | (USPS) souvenir page (4021-4024) | ||
| United States | CP758 | (USPS no.761) commemorative panel (4024a) | ||
| United States | None | (Purple pictorial) cancel (and various Franklin stamps and in cachet) on cover | 2006 | 300th anniv. birth |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2011 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2012 | "On May 10, 1752, Thomas-Fran�ois Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40-foot tall iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud" |
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benjamin Franklin (on satellite and launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1978-07-20 | Mars PA | (Black printed) cachet on Viking-1 anniversary cover, also annotated | "Benjamin Franklin's sojourn in Paris" |
|
Linnaeus, Carolus
|
Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist. He is also known as the 'father' of modern taxonomy. He explored the relationships between groups of organisms and individual species, and in fact, attempted to describe the natural world in its entirety. As part of this work, he was one of the first scientists to study the effects of climate on wildlife. He was also concerned with the impact of humans on nature, and would today probably call himself an environmentalist.
As part of the International Day for Biological Diversity, the inaugural Linnaeus lecture took place on 23 May 2007 at the Secretariat for the Commission on Biological Diversity in Montr�al. Mr. Yvo de Boer, the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Mr. Peter Bridgewater, the Secretary-General of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and Mr. Frederik Alfer, the Second Secretary at the Embassy of Sweden in Ottawa, were the guest speakers. The lecture, on "What Linnaeus would have thought of climate change?", focused on the links between climate change and biodiversity, a subject that Linnaeus would undoubtedly be studying if he were alive today.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Bulgaria | 998 (Mi?) | 1957 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Chad | BL388A BL388B | On stamp of SS1 (Mi2488A) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (Mi2488B) | 2004 | |
| Chad | BL395 | One of MS2 (Mi2488-2489) | ||
| Chad | Mi2488_ms4 | MS4 (4x Mi2488) | ||
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL none) Unknown iss | On stamp of SS1 [known illegal issue] On stamp of imperforate SS1 | 2015 | "Carl von Linn�" |
| Djibouti | Unknown e (Mi none) | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown b+selvedge (Mi none+selvedge) | One of MS3 (a-f) and selvedge [known illegal issue] | ||
| Germany (East) | 389 (Mi?) | 1958 | (180th anniv. death) | |
| Hong Kong | 901 (Mi?) | One of MS4 (904a (901-904)) | 2000 | "Pyrops candelarius (Linnaeus)" |
| Macedonia | 414 (Mi435) | From MS9 (414a (9x 414)) | 2007 | (300th anniv. birth) "Cale Linnaei" |
| Macedonia | 414 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Madeconia Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Marshall Islands | 1032r (Mi2941) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| New Caledonia | C162 (Mi?) | 1980 | "Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus" (dolphinfish) | |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_a | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | |
| Romania | 1218 (Mi?) | 1958 | (180th anniv. death) | |
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 1997 | "aquila chrisaetus Linnaeus, 1758" |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2009 | (230th anniv. death, in 2008) |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Unknown fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| San Marino | 1044 (Mi1274) | 1983 | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown d (Mi none) Unknown id | One of MS8 (a-h) One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (left) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (left) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | 2014 | |
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet (different) on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | ||
| Sweden | 294 (Mi273A) | perforated 12.5 vertically, from coil strip of 5 (294a (5x 294)) | 1939 | (160th anniv. death, in 1938) |
| Sweden | 294 maxi | Maxicard (294) | ||
| Sweden | 296 (Mi275A) | perforated 12.5 vertically, from coil strip of 5 (296a (5x 296)) | ||
| Sweden | 298 (Mi273B) | perforated on all 4 sides, from 298b or 298c booklet panes of 10 | ||
| Sweden | 298a imperf-left (Mi273Dl) | perforated on 3 sides, imperforate left, from booklet pane of 10 (298c), from pair (imperforate-left and perforated on all 4 sides) | ||
| Sweden | 298a imperf-right (Mi273Dr) | perforated on 3 sides, imperforate right, from booklet pane of 10 (298c), from pair (perforated on all 4 sides, and imperforate-right) | ||
| Sweden | 298a imperf-left+right | Imperforate left and imperforate-right, from booklet of 20 (10x (298a imperf-left+right)) | ||
| Sweden | 298d (Mi?) | Complete booklet, with booklet front and back | ||
| Sweden | None | (Grey-brown printed) cachet on cover | 1941 | "Carl von Linn�" |
| Sweden | 634 (Mi511A) | 1963 | "Hammarby: [the summer home of] Carl von Linn�" | |
| Sweden | 635 (Mi512A) | |||
| Sweden | 636 imperf-left (Mi511Dl) | From pair (imperforate-left and imperforate-right), from booklet of 20 (10x (636 imperf-left+righ)), also outside | ||
| Sweden | 636 imperf-right (Mi511Dr) | |||
| Sweden | 634-635+636 pair fdc | Four stamps and (Swedish Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Sweden | 1247a (Mi1022-1027) | Booklet pane of 6 (1242-1247), also booklet outside | 1978 | "Carl von Linn�" |
| Sweden | 1247a front | Booklet (different), page0/front, also page1, page2, page5 (possibly), and page6 (possibly) | ||
| Sweden | 1242-1247 fdc | Six stamps on FDC, also insert | ||
| Sweden | 1402 bk outside (Mi1188 bk outside) | Booklet outside (front and back) | 1982 | "Carl von Linn�" |
| Sweden | 1661 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | 1987 | (280th anniv. birth) |
| Sweden | 2549 (Mi2571) | 2007 | (300th anniv. birth) | |
| Sweden | 2550 (Mi2572) | |||
| Sweden | 2549-2550 fdc | Two stamps and (Swedish Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Sweden | 2549-2550 black | Blackprint (2549-2550) | ||
| Sweden | 2561 (BL24, Mi2588-2589) | On both stamps and in (lower) margin of MS2 (2561 (a-b)) | 2007 | 300th anniv. birth "Carl von Linn�" |
| Sweden | 2561a-b fdc | Two stamps and (text) cancel and (Swedish Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Sweden | 2561a-b black | Blackprint (2561a-b) | ||
| Sweden | 2561a-b card | Blackprint on card | ||
| Sweden | 2549-2550+2561 book | Book, page0/front, also page1-2 (with blackprint), page2, page3-4, page4, page4 (with blackprint), page5-6, and page7 | 2007 | 300th anniv. birth "Carl von Linn�" |
| Thailand | 1803 (Mi?) | One of MS4 (1805a (1802-1805)) | 1998 | "Panthera pardus Linnaeus" |
| Russia (USSR) | 1955 (Mi2048) | 1958 | 250th anniv. birth (in 1957); (180th anniv. death) | |
|
Euler, Leonard
|
Leonard Euler was a Swiss mathematician who studied a variety of problems in pure and applied mathematics. He worked extensively in the field of hydrodynamics, and in September 1755 presented a memoir entitled Principes g�n�raux du mouvement des fluides ("General principles of fluid motion") to the Acad�mie royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres of Berlin. This led to a paper published for a wider audience in 1757. In it, he described the concept of an internal pressure field in a fluid, which allowed him to apply Newton's second law of motion to infinitesimal fluid elements, and in turn to derive a set of hydrodynamical equations. In effect, his work formed the basis for the science of fluid motion, and Euler's equations have since found application in many studies of fluids, including studies of atmospheric flow and atmospheric turbulence.
Euler's name is attached to one common frame of reference used in fluid dynamics and atmospheric studies, known as the Eulerian frame of reference. In it, measurements are made at a fixed point in a moving fluid, and the equations of motion are written with reference to that fixed point. (The Lagrangian frame of reference is the other one that is commonly used).
Euler also had a passing interest in the aurora. In 1746, he suggested erroneously that the aurora consisted of "particles from the Earth's own atmosphere driven beyond its limits by the impulse of the sun's light and ascending to a height of several thousand miles". He believed that the aurora are common in polar regions because "near the Poles, these particles would not be dispersed by the Earth's rotation".
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Unknown f (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | |
| Chad | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Leonhard Euler" |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2010 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2010 | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2010 | |
| Germany (East) | 58 (Mi?) | 1950 | ||
| Germany (East) | 353 (Mi?) | 1957 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (East) | 353-354 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 2371 (Mi?) | 1983 | (200th anniv. death) | |
| Germany (East) | 2371 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (black printed and embossed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 2371 cover (Mi? cover) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on cover | 1983 | (200th anniv. death) |
| Germany | None 1 | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage | 2011 | |
| Germany | None 2 | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage (different) | ||
| Germany | None 3 | (Marke Individuell) personalized postage (different) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi6624-6628 fdc | Cachet on FDC | 2009 | |
| Guinea Republic | BL1696 | In (left) margin of SS1 | "Leonhard Euler" | |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL671A | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 | 2008 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL671A fdc BL671B fdc | SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Mi4448A Mi4448B | From MS5 (Mi4444A-4448A) Imperforate | 2009 | "Leonhard Paul Euler" |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL725A BL725B | In (lower-right) margin of SS1 In (lower-right) margin of imperforate SS1 | ||
| Korea (South) | 2425b (Mi?) | One of strip of 3 (2425 (a-c)), or one of strip of 3 (2425a-c + 3 labels), or from MS15 (2425d (5x 2415 + 3 labels)) | 2014 | |
| Korea (South) | 2425b fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Korea (South) | 2425b maxi | Maxicard (with stamp and label) | ||
| Korea (South) | None | Postcard and 2425b stamp, also back | 2014 | |
| Odessa | Local_ms | Local post MS4 (a-d) | 200? | |
| Romania | None | Cancel and cachet on postcard | 2007 | (300th anniv. birth) |
| Russia (USSR) | 1932 (Mi1936) | 1957 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Russia | None | (Brown printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 2007 | (300th anniv. birth) |
| Switzerland | B267 (Mi648) | 1957 | (250th anniv. birth) "Leonhard Euler" | |
| Switzerland | B267 cover (Mi648 cover) | Stamp and cachet on cover | 1957 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Switzerland | P53 | 10 franken (banknote), also back | 1979—1992 | "Leonhard Euler" |
| Switzerland | 1257 (Mi?) | 2007 | 300th anniv. birth, "Leonhard Euler" | |
| Switzerland | 1257 fdc | Stamp and (text) cancel and (black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Switzerland | 1257 strip | Selvedge on strip of 5 | ||
| Switzerland | 1257 block | First Day cancel on block of 4 stamps |
1This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
|
de Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc
|
Georges Buffon was a French naturalist, biologist, mathematician and the keeper of the Royal Botanical Garden near Paris. He studied a wide variety of scientific topics, and attempted in his Histoire naturelle, g�n�rale et particuli�re to present the entire sum of knowledge of natural history and related sciences in a single massive work.
Buffon noted that different regions could have distinct animals and plants despite similar environments. He believed that animal species originated in a "centre of creation" and that they could improve or degenerate during a movement away from that centre. He felt that such a spreading-out must have been facilitated by changes in the climate.
Buffon proposed that the flora and fauna of the New World were inferior to those of Europe, through, among other things, some defective characteristics of its climate. He wrote in the Histoire naturelle that "In America, therefore, animated Nature is weaker, less active, and more circumscribed in the variety of her productions; for we perceive, from the enumeration of the American animals, that the number of species is not only fewer, but, in general, that all the animals are much smaller than those of the Old Continent... In this New World, therefore, there is some combination of elements and other physical causes, something that opposes the amplification of animated Nature: there are obstacles to the development... These effects must be referred to the quality of the Earth and atmosphere, to the degree of heat and moisture, to the situation and height of mountains, to the quantity of running and stagnant waters, to the extent of forests, and, above all, to the inert condition of Nature in that country. In this part of the globe, the heat in general is much less, and the humidity much greater".
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison realized that this thesis had to be refuted if America were to be considered as a peer by the European nations. To this end, they conducted their own programs of weather observations as well as studies of American fauna.
In the late 1840s, Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity in Philadelphia and described his work in a series of letters written to the English botanist Peter Collinson from 1747 to 1750. Collinson in turn published them in 1751 in a book entitled Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America by Benjamin Franklin (published by E. Cave, St. John`s Gate, London, 1751). That book soon came to the attention of Buffon, who asked Thomas-Fran�ois Dalibard to translate it into French. He did so and published the French version, Exp�riences et Observations, in 1752. Dalibard (possibly together with Buffon) was inspired by an experiment that Franklin had suggested in one of his letters, in which a tall iron rod would serve to "attract" the electricity that he believed was present in thunderstorms. Dalibard carried out this experiment at Marly-la-Ville on 10 May 1752. He is the first person known to have done so, and succeeded in producing electrical sparks, thus proving the electrical nature of thunderstorms.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cameroun | 360 (Mi?) | 1962 | "Cobe de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope) | |
| Cameroun | 362 (Mi?) | |||
| Cameroun | 679 (Mi?) | 1980 | "Cob de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope) | |
| Cameroun | 889 (Mi?) | 679 overprinted "R�publique du Cameroun" | 1993 | "Cob de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope) |
| Cameroun | 889a | Booklet pane of 4 (4x 889) | 1993 | |
| Central African Republic | 236 (Mi?) | 1975 | "Cob de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope) | |
| Central African Republic | 236 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Central African Republic | 262 (Mi?) | 236 overprinted | 1977 | "Cob de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope); (270th anniv. birth) |
| Chad | BL381 | On stamp of SS1 (Mi2481) | 2004 | |
| Chad | BL391 | One of MS2 (Mi2480-2481) | ||
| Chad | Mi2481_ms4 | MS4 (4x Mi2481) | ||
| Congo (People's Republic) | 458 (Mi?) | 1978 | "Cobe de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope); (190th anniv. death) | |
| France | B241 (Mi874) | 1949 | ||
| France | B238-B243 fdc | One of six stamps on FDC | ||
| France | 915 (Mi1243) | 1959 | Five martyrs of the Buffon school | |
| France | 915 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.J. no.285) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 915 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 915 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| France | 2123 (Mi2676) | 1988 | Buffon's Histoire naturelle; 200th anniv. death | |
| France | 2124 (Mi2677) | |||
| France | 2125 (Mi2678) | |||
| France | 2126 (Mi2679) | |||
| France | 2123+2126 fdc | Two stamps and (text) cancel and (Jacques Hiver) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2124-2125 fdc | Two stamps and (text) cancel and (Jacques Hiver) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 4467 (Mi5650) | 2013 | Mus�e Buffon" | |
| France | 4469a (Mi5649-5652) | Booklet pane of 4 (4469a (4466-4469)), also booklet front with reproduction of 4467, and booklet back | "Buffon" (in text at left and Buffon depicted in upper-right margin) | |
| France | 5714 (Mi7395) | 2019 | "Grande Forge de Buffon" | |
| France | 5720a (Mi7390-7401) | Booklet pane of 12 (5720a (5709-5720)) with booklet outside | "Grande Forge de Buffon" (in text in the red panel of the outside of the booklet) | |
| Ivory Coast | 1014 (Mi?) | 1997 | "Cobe de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope); (290th anniv. birth) | |
| Togo | 338 (Mi232) | 1957 | "Le Cobe de Buffon" (Buffon's antelope); (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Togo | 339 (Mi233) | |||
| Togo | 340 (Mi234) | |||
| Togo | 341 (Mi235) | |||
| Togo | 342 (Mi236) |
|
Dalibard, Thomas-Fran�ois
|
Thomas-Fran�ois Dalibard was a French naturalist.
Benjamin Franklin studied electricity in the late 1740s and described his discoveries in a series of letters, written from 1747 to 1750, to English botanist Peter Collinson. Collinson in turn published them in 1751 in an 86-page book (Experiments and Observations on Electricity made at Philadelphia in America by Benjamin Franklin, printed by E. Cave, St. John`s Gate, London, 1751). Included in that book was the letter in which Franklin proposed an experiment to determine whether or not clouds with lightning are electrified - his idea was to use a tall iron rod, which he believed would "attract" the electrical energy from lightning.
Collinson's book Experiments and Observations soon came to the attention of the French naturalist Comte de Buffon, who asked Dalibard to translate it into French. He did so and published the French version, Exp�riences et Observations, in 1752. Dalibard (possibly together with de Buffon) was inspired to actually carry out Franklin`s suggested experiment using a tall iron rod, which he did at Marly-la-Ville on 10 May 1752. He is the first person known to have carried out this particular experiment. He used Franklin`s suggested setup, including a 15-metre-long rod (myth has it that he used wine bottles to insulate the rod from the ground!) and a Leyden jar condenser, and was able to produce sparks in the presence of thunderstorms, thus proving that they are indeed electrified. He was the first person to obtain such a result (Franklin's famous kite experiment, which provided the same proof in a different way, took place in June 1752).
Dalibard included the results of his May 1752 experiment in the French second edition of Exp�riences et Observations, which was published in 1756. Thanks to Dalibard, the French Academy of Sciences formally recognized Franklin`s pioneering work in suggesting that electricity is a part of thunderstorms, and that lightning rods could provide protection from lightning strikes. Dalibard finally met Franklin in person in 1767, during one of Franklin`s visits to France. The two are said to have become friends.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2012 | "On May 10, 1752, Thomas-Fran�ois Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40-foot tall iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud" |
|
Johnson, Samuel
|
Samuel Johnson was an English lexicographer and author of the first English dictionary. He once said that "when two Englishmen meet, their first talk is of the weather. They are in haste to tell each other what each must already know, that it is hot or cold, bright or cloudy, windy or calm". This preoccupation with the weather is of course not limited to the English; most cultures exhibit it to some degree. However, the marine climate of the British Isles, with rain-laden weather systems arriving mostly from the waters of the Atlantic, is notoriously gloomy and difficult to predict. It is perhaps for this reason that the behaviour described by Johnson is so common in England and the rest of the UK. Nothing much has changed since Johnson's time: the average Briton is apparently as obsessed as ever by weather and climate. A recent poll commissioned by Lloyds TSB Insurance found that 58% of Britons say that when talking to colleagues or strangers, the first subject of discussion will be complaints about the cold or the heat. Plus �a change, plus c'est la m�me chose...
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Britain | None | (Text) cancel | 1984 | 200th anniv. death "Doctor Johnson" |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) on cover | 1984 | (200th anniv. death) "Samuel Johnson" |
| Great Britain | 2700 (Mi2813) | One of MS10 (2701a (2692-2701)) (Mi2801-2813) | 2009 | (300th anniv. birth) |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ms (Mi?) | In (upper-left) margin of MS6 (a-f) | 2008 | "Samuel Johnson" |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) | In (upper) margin of SS1 |
|
Lomonosov, Mikhail V.
|
Mikhail Lomonosov was a pioneering Russian scientist who came to be known as the Father of Russian Science. He worked in a wide variety of scientific areas.
In 1732 Vitus Bering was placed in charge of five epic voyages of exploration of eastern and northern Russia and the Arctic ocean by the Empress Anna. They lasted from 1733 to 1742 and came to be known as the Great Northern Expeditions. Lomonosov helped organize these expeditions. He ensured that each ship had the necessary physical and astronomical instruments and developed special ship log books and meteorological log books. He wrote a book in 1763 that described the various explorations of the northern seas from the earliest expeditions to the Great Northern Expeditions. In it he presented his ideas on Arctic ocean currents, sea ice drift, sea ice type and the dependence of the freezing point on the salinity of the water. He also explained the role of the sun as an Arctic heat source and theorized that an exchange of heat through the ice from the water below to the atmosphere above could moderate the cold Arctic temperatures. In addition, he presented one of the first scientific explanations of the Aurora Borealis.
Around 1750, Lomonosov designed a rotational anemometer: a vertical wheel equipped with vanes (like a small water wheel) that was turned by the wind. This wheel was oriented into the wind by a large flag-shaped paddle that acted as a wind vane. By means of teeth and a cord, this motion was transmitted to a secondary wheel equipped with a speed scale. In addition, the instrument design included a source of mercury that was able to fall into various bins (small boxes) of wind direction. At least in theory, the distribution of wind direction in a given time period could be determined by measuring the amount of mercury that fell into each box during that period. Leon Battista Alberti was the first to experiment with an early form of anemometer in which the wind deflected a swinging plate. Similar instruments were later re-invented by Leonardo da Vinci in the late 1400s and Robert Hooke in the 1660s. The first modern wind measuring instrument, the rotating cup anemometer, was invented by Thomas Robinson in 1846.
The Lomonosov Moscow State University is the largest university in Russia. It was Lomonosov who suggested in a letter to the Count Ivan Shuvalov that a University should be established in Moscow. Lomonosov's plan was for three faculties: Philosophy, Law and Medicine. Shuvalev was a patron of the arts and sciences, and a favourite of the Empress Elizabeta Petrovna. He presented Lomonosov's plan to her, and she agreed, and decreed its creation on 25 January 1755. The University, long known as Moscow (State) University, was renamed in honour of Lomonosov in 1940.
See also the Mikhail Lomonosov satellite, which is also known as the MVL-300 satellite.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central African Republic | Unknown ms (Mi none) Unknown ims | MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] Imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth "Mikha�l Vassilievitch Lomonossov" |
| Central African Republic | Mi10911-10914_ms4 | MS4 (Mi10911-10914) | 2021 | "310th anniv. birth of Mikha�l Lomonossov" (in French text); (but his name is generally spelled "Lomonosov" in English) |
| Central African Republic | BL2297 | SS1 | ||
| Cuba | 3717 (Mi?) | 1996 | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 622 (Mi?) | 1953 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | |
| Djibouti | C130 (Mi274A) iC130 (Mi274B) | Imperforate | 1980 | Lomonosov Moscow State University (in background) |
| Djibouti | C130a (BL19A) iC130a (BL19B) | SS1 (C130) Imperforate SS1 (iC130) | ||
| Djibouti | 2485 (Mi4573-4575) | MS3 (2485 (a-c)) | 2021 | 310th anniv. birth "Mikhail Lomonossov" |
| Djibouti | 2490 (BL1572, Mi4576) | SS1 | ||
| Ghana | 1029 (Mi1156) i1029 | Imperforate | 1987 | |
| Ghana | 1128 (Mi1274) | 1029 surcharged | 1989 | |
| Ghana | 1128a (Mi1278) | 1128 overprinted with Halley's Comet logo | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi8339-8344_ms6 | MS6 (Mi8339-8344) | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth "Mikhail Lomonosov" |
| Guinea Republic | BL1949 | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi15762-15764_ms3 | MS3 (Mi15762-15764) | 2021 | 310th anniv. birth "Mikhail Lomonosov" |
| Guinea Republic | BL3512 | SS1 (Mi15765), stamp-on-stamp: Russia 5509 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2021 | 310th anniv. birth "Mikhail Lomonossov" |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Mali | Unknown d (Mi none) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2017 | "Mikhail Lomonossov" |
| Niger | Mi8041-8044_ms4 | MS4 (Mi8041-8044) (with reproductions of the reverse of 2 Russian silver coins (Y955 and year 2011) on stamp 'c', and with reproduction of Russia 6833 on stamp 'd') | 2021 | 310th anniv. birth "Mikhail Lomonosov" |
| Niger | BL1303 | SS1 | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_f | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | (300th anniv. birth) |
| Romania | B360 (Mi1048) | 1947 | ||
| Romania | 1447 (Mi2008) | 1961 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Romania | 1442+1445+1447 fdc | Stamp and (cyan and gold printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | 1443-1444+1446 fdc | (Cyan and gold printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | None | Postalcard, printed stamp (like 1447) | 1961 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Romania | C74 (Mi1825) | 1959 | "Lomonosov crater" (in Romanian and Russian text) | |
| Romania | 5111 maxi (Mi6365 maxi) | Annotated cachet on maxicard | 2009 | "Lomonosov" crater on Moon |
| Russia (USSR) | 326 (Mi298a) i326 (Mi298U) | Perforated 12 � Imperforate | 1925 | |
| Russia (USSR) | 326a (Mi298D) | Perforated 12 � x 12 | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 326b (Mi298C) | Perforated 13 � x 12 � | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 326c (Mi298E) | Perforated 13 � | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 327 (Mi299E) | Perforated 13 � | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 327a (Mi299A) | Perforated 12 � | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 988 (Mi964) | 1945 | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 1320 (Mi1311) | 1949 | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 1321 (Mi1312) | |||
| Russia (USSR) | 1322 (Mi1313) | Lomonosov Museum | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 1688 (Mi1691) | 1953 | Model of Lomonosov University | |
| Russia (USSR) | 1786 (Mi1780) | From MS4 (1786a (4x 1786)) | 1955 | 200th anniv. Lomonosov Moscow State University |
| Russia (USSR) | 1787 (Mi1781) | From MS4 (1787a (4x 1787)) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1955 | Lomonosov Moscow State University |
| Russia (USSR) | 1898 (Mi1908) | 1956 | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2310 (Mi2337) | 1960 | "Lomonosov" physical feature or crater | |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 196? | Lomonosov monument |
| Russia (USSR) | 2349 (Mi2358) | 1960 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (brown printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1960 | Lomonosov Moscow State University |
| Russia (USSR) | 2525 (Mi2532) | 1961 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | |
| Russia (USSR) | 2544 (Mi2550) | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Russia (USSR) | 2544 label | Label from MS? (?x 2544 + label) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 (Mi2551) | |||
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 label | Label from MS? (?x 2545 + label) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 maxi1 | Maxicard (but 1963 cancel) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 maxi2 | Maxicard (different; also 1963 cancel, different) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2546 (Mi2552) | |||
| Russia (USSR) | 2546 maxi | Maxicard (but 1963 cancel) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2544 cover1 (Mi2550 cover1) | Stamp and (blue rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 2544 cover2 (Mi2550 cover2) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on cover | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 cover1 (Mi2551 cover1) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (red-brown printed) cachet on cover | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 cover2 (Mi2551 cover2) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (red-brown printed) cachet on (blue) cover | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 cover3 (Mi2551 cover3) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (green and black printed) cachet on cover | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth; Lomonosov City Chinese Palace (in cachet) |
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 cover4 (Mi2551 cover4) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on cover | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 2545 cover5 (Mi2551 cover5) | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (magenta and black printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 2544-2546 cover (Mi2550-2551 cover1) | Two stamps and (pictorial) cancel and (green and orange printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (green and orange printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (magenta and tan printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth; Lomonosov Museum (in cachet) |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) and (brown and magenta printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1961 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Cyan and brown printed) cachet (different) on stamped envelope | 1961 | (250th anniv. birth); statue of Lomonosov (in cachet) |
| Russia (USSR) | 2625 (Mi2638) | 1962 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (airmail) stamped envelope | ~1966 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | 4154 (Mi4200) | 1973 | Lomonosov Moscow State University (in background) | |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Blue and grey printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1973 | Lomonosov Moscow State University (in background) |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Brown and blue printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1975 | Lomonosov monument |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Purple and gold printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1977 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | 4650 (Mi4723) | 1978 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1979 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Printed stamp and (blue and gold printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1980 | 225th anniv. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosov monument |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1980 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (airmail) stamped envelope | 1981 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1982 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1983 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1984 | Lomonosov festival |
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 (Mi5658) | 1986 | 275th anniv. birth; (see also Guinea BL3512) | |
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 maxi5 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 cover (Mi5658 cover) | (Pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on cover | 1986 | 275th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 envelope (Mi5658 envelope) | Printed stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1986 | Lomonosov bridge, Leningrad; 275th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1986 | Lomonosov bridge, Leningrad; (275th anniv. birth) |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope (different) | 1986 | 275th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Brown printed) cachet on stamped envelope (different) | 1986 | 275th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | Extra (Russia 5509) stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope (different) | 1986 | 275th anniv. birth |
| Russia (USSR) | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on stamped envelope | 1990 | Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ulyanovsk |
| Russia (USSR) | 5509 cover (Mi5658 cover) | (Pictorial) cancel and (black printed) cachet on cover | 1991 | 280th anniv. birth |
| Russia | 6118 (Mi281) | 1992 | Lomonosov Moscow State University | |
| Russia | 6833 (Mi1167) | 2004 | Catherine II watching a scientific presentation by Lomonosov | |
| Russia | 6881 (Mi1230) | From MS9 (6881a (9x 6881 + 3 labels)) | 2005 | 250th anniv. Lomonosov Moscow State University |
| Russia | 6881 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Russia | Y955 | 3 rouble (silver coin) reverse, also obverse | 2005 | 250th anniv. Lomonosov Moscow State University |
| Russia | 7319 (BL155, Mi1775) | SS1 | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth |
| Russia | 7319 fdc | SS1 and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Russia | 7319 folder | FDC folder, also inside | ||
| Russia | Y-unknown | 2 rouble (silver coin) reverse | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth |
| Togo | Mi3904-3907_ms4 | MS4 (Mi3904-3907) | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth |
| Togo | BL591 | SS1 | ||
| Vietnam | 3425 (Mi?) | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth | |
| Vietnam | 3425 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Vietnam | 3425 maxi | Maxicard |
|
Bošković, Rudjer Josip
|
Rudjer Bošković was a Croatian scientist who worked in a wide variety of disciplines. He wrote some 70 papers on many subjects including optics, astronomy, gravitation, meteorology and trigonometry. He also made observations of the Aurora Borealis, and following an episode in December 1837 estimated the height of the aurora to be about 1000 km. He also put forth some hypotheses about the causes of the aurora.
Here is the reference to one of his meteorological works: Sopra il Turbine che la notte tra gli XI e XII giugno del MDCCXLIX danneggio una gran parte di Roma (1749; Latin translation 1766) (On the whirlwind that on the night between 11 and 12 June 1749 damaged a large part of Rome)
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat Admin.) | 251 (Mi315) | From MS9 (251a (9x 251)) | 2011 | 300th anniv. birth |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat Admin.) | 251 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Croatia | 59 (Mi148) | 1943 | ||
| Croatia | 60 (Mi149) | |||
| Croatia | P16 | 1 dinar (banknote), also back | 1991 | |
| Croatia | P17 | 5 dinara (banknote) | ||
| Croatia | P18 | 10 dinara (banknote) | ||
| Croatia | P19 | 25 dinara (banknote) | ||
| Croatia | P20 | 100 dinara (banknote), also back | ||
| Croatia | P21 | 500 dinara (banknote), also back | ||
| Croatia | P22 | 1000 dinara (banknote), also back | ||
| Croatia | P23 | 2000 dinara (banknote), also back | 1992 | |
| Croatia | P24 | 5000 dinara (banknote), also back | ||
| Croatia | P25 | 10,000 dinara (banknote), also back | ||
| Croatia | P26 | 50,000 dinara (banknote) | 1993 | |
| Croatia | P27 | 100,000 dinara (banknote) | ||
| Vatican City | 1482 (Mi1720) | 2011 | "Rugerius Boscovich" | |
| Vatican City | 1482 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Filagrano) cachet on FDC | ||
| Yugoslavia | 595 (Mi940) | 1960 | ||
| Yugoslavia | 1834 (Mi2210) | 1987 | (200th anniv. death) "Ruger Boskovic" | |
| Yugoslavia | 1834 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on FDC |
|
Diderot, Denis
|
Denis Diderot was a French philosopher and writer. In the Encyclop�die, ou Dictonnaire raisonn� des Sciences, des Arts et des M�tiers (earliest edition published in 1751 in France by Diderot and d'Alembert), Diderot included one of the earliest definitions of modern meteorology. He wrote: "From the study, conducted with the senses, of wind, rain, hail, thunder, etc, consideration has passed to the determination of their origins, causes, effects, etc, and produced the science called meteorology". Diderot also discussed "meteors" (M�t�ores, comme vents, pluies, temp�tes, tonnerres, aurores bor�ales, etc - "Meteors", such as winds, rain, storms, thunder, the Aurora Borealis, etc). In the language of the time, "meteor" referred generally to "a body or an appearance of a body in the atmosphere that is formed from substances that float there". The modern word "meteorology" has as its root the word "meteor" in this sense. The Encyclopedia embodied the spirit of the Enlightenment, and Diderot's foreshadowing of the modern science of meteorology flowed natuarally from that spirit.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin | C629 (Mi?) | Dahomey C93, overprinted | 2005-2009? | |
| Cameroun | C320 (Mi?) iC320 | Imperforate | 1984 | (200th anniv. death) |
| Dahomey | C93 (Mi368) iC93 | Stamp and label Imperforate stamp and label | 1968 | |
| France | None | Cancel on postcard back | 1906 | |
| France | B323 (Mi1204) | 1958 | ||
| France | B323 proof | Artist's proof | ||
| France | B323 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B323 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B323 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B323 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | B323 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B323 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B323 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B323 maxi5 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1963 | 250th anniv. birth; (180th anniv. death, in 1964) |
| France | B565 (Mi2430) iB565 | Imperforate | 1984 | 200th anniv. death; (second cancel on fdc11 shows "Diderot au Ch�teau de la Chevrette") |
| France | B565 fdc1 | Stamp and (Paris) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc2 | Stamp and (Thiers PO) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc3 | Stamp and (Beauvais PO) cancel and cachet (similar) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc4 | Stamp and (Ales PO) cancel and cachet (similar) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc5 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (similar) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc6 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc7 | Stamp and (text meter) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc8 | Stamp and (Paris pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc9 | Stamp and (Paris pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc10 | Stamp and (Paris pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 fdc11 | Stamp and (Mantes la Jolie PO) cancel, plus non-FDC cancel) on FDC | ||
| France | B565 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | B565 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B565 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B565 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B565 sc1 | Souvenir card | ||
| France | B565 sc2 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | B565 sc3 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | B565 sc4 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | B565 card | Stamp and cancel on card | ||
| France | B565 card1 | PTT card | ||
| France | B565 card2 | PTT card (different) | ||
| France | B565 card3 | PTT card (different) | ||
| France | B565 cover (Mi2430 cover) | Stamp and cancel (same as second cancel in above item) and cachet (different) on cover | 1984 | 200th anniv. death; (second cancel on fdc11 shows "Diderot au Ch�teau de la Chevrette") |
| France | 2162c sc (Mi2726 sc) | Souvenir card | 1989 | "Diderot" |
| France | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 200x | |
| Maldive Islands | 1843b (Mi?) | One of MS8 (1843 (a-h + label)) | 1993 | (280th anniv. birth); (210th anniv. death, in 1994) |
| Monaco | 2213 (Mi?) | 2001 | Diderot (at right) | |
| Monaco | 2213 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Romania | 3591 (Mi?) | 1989 | ||
| Romania | 3589-3591 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Russia (USSR) | 2784 (Mi2809) | 1963 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 316 (Mi?) i316 | Imperforate | 1984 | (200th anniv. death) |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 316 ds | Deluxe sheet (316) | ||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 316 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC |
|
Juan, Jorge
|
Jorge Juan was a Spanish naval officer, astronomer and explorer. He studied various scientific subjects in the Spanish naval military academy and was chosen in 1734 to participate in the French Geodetic Mission in South America. It lasted 9 years, from 1735 to 1744, and successfully measured the length of one degree along a meridian at the equator. This work, in combination with similar measurements made in Lapland by Maupertuis, showed that the Earth is oblate, as predicted by Newton, rather than spherical. In addition, some members of the mission, led by de La Condamine, made the first meteorological measurements (of temperature and pressure) in what is now Ecuador. Juan himself measured the heights of various Andean mountains using a barometer.
In 1754 Juan founded the Marine Guards Company Observatory in C�diz. Some meteorological observations were made there, though they were not systematic and were not recorded. Before his death in 1773, Juan deplored the lack of interest in making meteorological observations and in taking care of the expensive meteorological instruments that had been imported from England. The original Observatory declined after Juan's death, but a new one completed in 1797 on the same site renewed Spanish meteorological and other scientific work and became known as the Spanish Nautical Observatory.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecuador | 348 (Mi355) | 1936 | Juan (at right); de La Condamine (in centre) | |
| Ecuador | 350 (Mi357) | |||
| Ecuador | C40 (Mi360) | 350 overprinted A�REO | ||
| Spain | 1809 (Mi2077) | 1974 | (200th anniv. death) | |
| Spain | None | Cancel on cover | 1985 | Juan and Ulloa and 250th anniv. beginning of the French Geodetic Mission |
| Spain | P166 | 10,000 pesetas (banknote) | 1992 | |
| Spain | 3317 (Mi?) | 2004 | Juan, and 250th anniv. Nautical Observatory |
|
d'Alembert, Jean Le Rond
|
Jean D'Alembert was a French mathematician who pioneered the use of partial differential equations in studies of fluid motion. His work on this topic first appeared in a study on winds entitled R�flexions sur la cause g�n�rale des vents (Thoughts on the Origins of the Winds) submitted to the Berlin Academy in 1747. In it, d'Alembert assumed that the winds were generated by tidal effects on the atmosphere and that heating played only a minor role. It is now known that solar heating is the ultimate driver of the atmospheric circulation and winds. Nevertheless, d'Alembert's work was mathematically sound and presented for the first time the equations of motion of an incompressible fluid on the two-dimensional Earth's surface represented in spherical coordinates.
Euler recognized the power of d'Alembert's methods and incorporated them into his own work on fluid motion.
With Diderot, d'Alembert was one of the first contributors to the French Encyclop�die, ou Dictonnaire raisonn� des Sciences, des Arts et des M�tiers.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Unknown e (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | |
| France | B332 (Mi1253) iB332 | Imperforate | 1959 | |
| France | B332 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B332 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B332 fdc3 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B332 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | B332 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B332 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 2162c sc (Mi2726 sc) | Souvenir card | 1989 | "d'Alembert" |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_a | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 |
|
Hell, Maximilian
|
Maximilian Hell was a Jesuit astronomer, mathematician, writer and director of the Central Observatory in Vienna. In 1767 he accepted an invitation from King Christian VII of Denmark and Norway to direct a scientific expedition to northern Norway with the primary goal of observing the transit of Venus and the subsequent eclipse. During the expedition, which lasted from 1768 to 1770, Hell studied the Aurora Borealis and developed a theory for their origin. He and his team also collected scientific data on biology, meteorology, oceanography, zoology, geography, natural history and linguistics for an encyclopedia of the Arctic regions that they hoped to publish. Unfortunately, the encyclopedia was abandoned because of the suppression of the Society of Jesuits in 1773.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czechoslovakia | 1670 (Mi?) | 1970 | 250th anniv. birth "Maximilian Hell" | |
| Czechoslovakia | 1670 proof | 1670 proof | ||
| Czechoslovakia | 1670 fdc | Stamp and (black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Slovakia | Unknown+label | 2020 | 300th anniv. birth "Maximilian Hell" | |
| Slovakia | Unknown+label fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Slovakia | Unknown+label sc | Souvenir card (stamp and coin) | ||
| Slovakia | KM-unknown | 10 euro (silver coin) reverse, also obverse | 2020 | 300th anniv. birth "Maximilian Hell" |
|
Kant, Immanuel
|
Immanuel Kant was a Prussian philosopher who was also interested in natural science. He published works on aesthetics and ethics and in a wide range of scientific fields including physics, astronomy, geology, meteorology, anthropology and psychology.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 356 (Mi?) | From booklet pane of 8 (356a (8x 356 + 2 labels)) | 1927 | |
| Germany (East) | 1542 (Mi?) | 1974 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (East) | KM53 | 20 marks (silver coin) | 1974 | (250th anniv. birth); (170th anniv. death) |
| Germany (West) | 831 (Mi?) | 1961 | ||
| Germany (West) | 1144 (Mi?) | 1974 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (West) | KM139 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1974 | (250th anniv. birth); (170th anniv. death) |
| Haiti | 414 (Mi?) | 1956 | ||
| Haiti | C105 (Mi?) iC105 | Imperforate | 1956 | |
| Haiti | C106 (Mi?) | |||
| Haiti | C107 (Mi?) | |||
| Haiti | C107a (Mi?) iC107a | MS3 (C105, C106 and a grey-black 1.25g value stamp of design similar to C105-C107) Imperforate MS3 (iC105, iC106 and a grey-black 1.25g value stamp of design similar to iC105-iC107) | ||
| Latvia | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 280th anniv. birth; (200th anniv. death) |
|
Cook, James
|
James Cook was an English explorer and scientist. His voyages to the Pacific, unprecented for the time in their scope, were both journeys of exploration and of science. Observations were made in a variety of scientific disciplines, from ethnology and anthropology through botany and biology to glaciology1 and meteorology. Cook's ships made the first recorded observations2,3 of the Aurora Australis (the Southern Hemisphere aurora) in 1773 during his second expedition (1772-1775). Among the members of that expedition were the astronomer and meteorologist William Wales and the naturalists J. R. Forster and his son Georg Forster.
1For example: Around 12 January 1773: "a thermometer was sent down 100 fathoms and when it came up the mercury was at 32 [�F] which is the freezing point, some little time after, being exposed to the surface of the Sea, it rose to 33� and in the open air to 36. Some curious and intresting experiments are wanting to know what effect cold has on Sea Water". The next day, according to Forster, "Capt Cook took a half pint pot filled it with small Ice to the very top and filled the interstices with water: then was the pot set before the fire. Some particles of Ice were standing above the Surface of the water and the brim of the pot so that it might be said it were more than full. As soon as the Ice began to melt the water sunk gradually in the pot, till at last there was not the least Ice left and the water was � of an Inch below the brim of the pot."
2Wales' observation: On 16 January 1773 William Wales, the astronomer, missed the first sighting of the Aurora Australis. The next day he recorded "I...found it to be the very same phenomenon which we call the Northern Lights in England. The natural state of the heavens, except in the S.E. quarter, and for about 10� of altitude all round the horizon, was a whitish haze, through which stars of the third magnitude were just discernable. All round, the horizon was covered with thick clouds, out of which arose many streams of a pale reddish light, that ascended towards the zenith. These streams had not that motion which they are sometimes seen to have in England but were perfectly steady, except a small tremulous motion which some of them had near their edges".
3An observation by the crew of the Adventure: In February 1773, Tobias Furneaux, master of the Adventure [the companion ship to Cook's Resolution] "kept between the Latitude of 52� and 53� South, had much Westerly winds hard gales with squalls, snow and sleet with a long hollow sea from the SW Quarter so that we judge there is no Land in that quarter... On the 26th [of February 1773] at night we saw a Meteor of an uncomon brightness in the NNW, it directed its' course to the SW with a very great light in the southern sky, such as is known to the Northward by the name Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights: We saw the Lights for several nights running; and what is remarkable we have seen but one Island of Ice since we parted company with the Resolution..."
See the following web site for additional philatelic information on Captain Cook: Captain Cook's Philatelic Site
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cook (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Aitutaki | 171 (Mi?) | 1979 | 200th anniv. death | |
| Aitutaki | 172 (Mi?) | |||
| Aitutaki | 172a (BL?) | MS2 (172a (171-172)) | ||
| Albania | 2477b (Mi?) | One of block of 4 (2477 (a-d)) | 1995 | |
| Ascension Island | 235 (Mi?) | 1979 | "Captain Cook's voyages"; (200th anniv. death) | |
| Ascension Island | 236 (Mi?) | |||
| Ascension Island | 237 (Mi?) | |||
| Ascension Island | 238 (Mi?) | |||
| Australia | 376 (Mi?) | 1964 | ||
| Australia | 374-379 folder | Reproduction folder (374-379) | ||
| Australia | 414 (Mi376) | 1966 | ||
| Australia | 414 specimen | 414 overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Australia | 414 fdc | Stamp on FDC (WCS cachet) | ||
| Australia | 412-414 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC (WCS cachet) | ||
| Australia | 481a (Mi?) | Strip of 5 (477-481) | 1970 | 200th anniv. Cook in Australia |
| Australia | 481a fdc | Strip of 5 and (Parade Covers) cachet on FDC | ||
| Australia | 481a+482 fdc1 | Strip of 5 and stamp and (Australia Post) cachet on FDC (Melbourne VIC cancel) | ||
| Australia | 481a+482 fdc2 | Strip of 5 and stamp and (?) cachet on FDC (Ballarat VIC cancel) | ||
| Australia | 481a+482 fdc3 | Strip of 5 and stamp and (Excelsior) cachet on FDC (Frankston VIC cancel) | ||
| Australia | 481a+482 fdc4 | Strip of 5 and stamp and (Royal) cachet on FDC (Russell Street Philatelic VIC cancel) | ||
| Australia | 481a+482 fdc5 | Strip of 5 and stamp and (?) cachet on FDC (Russell Street Philatelic VIC cancel) | ||
| Australia | i481a+i482 fdc | Imperforate strip of 5 and imperforate stamp and (WCS) cachet on FDC (Brisbane QLD cancel) | ||
| Australia | 482 (Mi?) | |||
| Australia | 482a (BL?) | Imperforate MS6 (i477-i482) | ||
| Australia | 482a fdc | Imperforate MS6 and (Parade Covers) cachet on FDC | ||
| Australia | 482a op1 | Imperforate MS6 overprinted for ANPEX | ||
| Australia | 482a op1+cancel | Imperforate MS6 overprinted for ANPEX with cancel | ||
| Australia | 482a op2 | Imperforate MS6 overprinted for Melbourne airport | ||
| Australia | 1727b (Mi?) | One of MS3 (1727 (a-c)) One of imperforate MS3 (1727d) | 1999 | |
| Australia | 1727b maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Australia | None | (Pictorial) cancel with design similar to Australia 376 and Australia 414 | 2006 | |
| Australian Antarctic Territory | L21 (Mi?) | 1972 | 200th anniv. Cook's circumnavigation of Antarctica | |
| Australian Antarctic Territory | L22 (Mi?) | |||
| British Antarctic Territory | 45a (Mi?) | Watermarked 314 | 1973 | "James Cook" |
| British Antarctic Territory | 45 (Mi?) | Watermarked 373 | 1975 | "James Cook" |
| British Antarctic Territory | B1 (Mi?) | 1994 | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | B1-B4 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC (BAT Official cachet), also insert and insert back | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 391 (Mi463) | 2008 | ||
| Cambodia | 1237 (Mi?) | 1992 | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms (Mi?) Unknown ims | MS2 (a-b) Imperforate MS2 (a-d) | 2013 | "James Cook" |
| Chad | Unknown ms (Mi?) Unknown ims | MS2 (a-b) (different margins) Imperforate MS2 (a-d) (different margins) | ||
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Comoro Islands | 790 (Mi996) i790 (Mi996B) | More perforations than MS6 or SS1 | 1992 | |
| Comoro Islands | 790_from_ms6 (Mi996) i790_from_ms6 (Mi996B) | One of MS6 (795a (790-795)) (Mi996A-1001A) One of imperforate MS6 (i795a (i790-i795)) (Mi996B-1001B) | ||
| Comoro Islands | 790b (BL373A) i790b (BL373B) | On stamp of SS1 (790) On stamp of imperforate SS1 (i790) | ||
| Cook Islands | 63 (Mi?) | 1920 | ||
| Cook Islands | 85 (Mi?) | 1932 | ||
| Cook Islands | 132 (Mi?) | 1949 | ||
| Cook Islands | 138 (Mi?) | Cook statue | ||
| Cook Islands | 265 (Mi?) | 1969 | ||
| Cook Islands | KM13 | $100 (gold coin) reverse, also obverse | 1975 | "James Cook" (at left) |
| Cook Islands | 446 (Mi?) | From MS5 (446a (5x 446 + label)) | 1976 | |
| Cook Islands | 447 (BL?) | SS1 | Cook (at left) | |
| Cook Islands | 480 (Mi?) | 1978 | 200th anniv. Cook's arrival in Hawaii | |
| Cook Islands | 481 (Mi?) | |||
| Cook Islands | 482 (Mi?) | |||
| Cook Islands | 482a (BL?) | MS3 (480-282) | ||
| Cook Islands | 499 (Mi?) | 480 overprinted | 1978 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Cook Islands | 500 (Mi?) | 481 overprinted | ||
| Cook Islands | 501 (Mi?) | 482 overprinted | ||
| Cook Islands | 501a (Mi?) | MS3 (499-501), 482a overprinted | ||
| Cook Islands | KM23 | $250 (gold coin) | 1978 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Cook Islands | 510 (Mi?) | 1979 | 200th anniv. death | |
| Cook Islands | 511 (Mi?) | |||
| Cook Islands | 512 (Mi?) | |||
| Cook Islands | 513 (Mi?) | |||
| Cook Islands | 513a (BL?) | MS4 (stamps similar to 510-513, but black frames) | ||
| Cook Islands | 513a proof | Imperforate proof? (513a) | ||
| Cook Islands | KM62 | $50 (silver coin) reverse, also obverse | 1988 | |
| Cook Islands | KM46 | $50 (silver coin) reverse, also obverse | 1989 | |
| Cook Islands | KM50 | $250 (gold coin) | 1989-1990 | Cook (at right) |
| Cook Islands | KM358 | $10 (silver coin) reverse, also obverse | 1994 | |
| Cook Islands | KM419 | 1 cent (aluminum coin) | 2003 | |
| Cook Islands | KM1127 | 1 dollar (silver coin) | 2003 | |
| Cook Islands | KM672 | 5 dollars (silver coin) | 2009 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown i (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | "295th anniv. [of birth of] James Cook" |
| Djibouti | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| France | 6195 (Mi8143) | Self-adhesive, from booklet of 12 (6204a (6193-6204) (Mi8141-8152), with booklet outside | 2022 | "James Cook" |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 (Mi112) | 1976 | Bicentenary of Capt. Cook's voyage past Kerguelen Island | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 fdc3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (tan and black printed) cachet (design like stamp) on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 cover1 (Mi112 cover1) | Stamp on FDC (? cachet) | 1977 | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 cover2 (Mi112 cover2) | Stamp on FDC (? cachet, different) | 1977 | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C46 cover3 (Mi112 cover3) | Stamp on FDC (? cachet, different) | 1977 | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 66 (Mi111) | 1977 | "James Cook" | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 66 fdc1 | Stamp and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 66 fdc2 | Stamp and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 681 (Mi1161) | One of booklet pane of 7 (687a (681-687)) (Mi1161-1167), with booklet front | 2022 | "James Cook" |
| Gilbert Islands | 321 (Mi?) | 1979 | "Captain Cook's voyages"; (200th anniv. death) | |
| Gilbert Islands | 322 (Mi?) | |||
| Gilbert Islands | 323 (Mi?) | |||
| Gilbert Islands | 324 (Mi?) | |||
| Gilbert Islands | 321-324 fdc | Four stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 521 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | 1967 | |
| Great Britain | BK124 (Mi?) | Booklet front (booklet contains 5 panes: MH7e, 2x MH7c and 2x MH8a) | 1968-1970 | |
| Grenada | 1956 (Mi2240) | 1991 | "Captain John Cook"; (incorrect years for both the birth and death in text "1768-1771", whereas the correct years are 1728-1779!) | |
| Grenada Carriacou | 2327e (Mi?) | One of MS6 (2327 (a-f)) | 2001 | Cook and ship Endeavour |
| Hungary | 2534c (Mi?) | One of MS4 (2534 (a-d)) | 1978 | |
| Laos | 491 (Mi?) | 1983 | Cook and ship Endeavour | |
| Madagascar | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2018 | "Captain James Cook"; (290th anniv. birth); (240th anniv. death, in 2019) |
| New Caledonia | C114 (Mi?) | 1974 | ||
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 189 (Mi?) | One of strip of 3 (191a (189-191)) | 1974 | 200th anniv. discovery of New Hebrides by Cook |
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 192 (Mi?) | |||
| New Hebrides (French Admin.) | 208 (Mi?) | One of strip of 3 (210a (208-210)) | 1974 | 200th anniv. discovery of New Hebrides by Cook |
| New Hebrides (French Admin.) | 211 (Mi?) | |||
| New Zealand | 197 (Mi?) | 1935 | ||
| New Zealand | 230 (Mi?) | 1940 | ||
| New Zealand | 431 (Mi?) | 1969 | 200th anniv. Cook's landing in New Zealand | |
| New Zealand | 434a (Mi?) | MS4 (431-434) | ||
| New Zealand | 1413 (Mi?) | 1997 | ||
| Norfolk Island | 235 (Mi?) | 1978 | "Northernmost point of the voyages of Capt. James Cook, F.R.S., Aug 1778"; (250th anniv. birth); (200th anniv. death, in 1979) | |
| Norfolk Island | 236 (Mi?) | |||
| Norfolk Island | 235-236 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Norfolk Island | 240 (Mi?) | 1978 | 250th anniv. birth; (200th anniv. death, in 1979) | |
| Norfolk Island | 241 (Mi?) | |||
| Norfolk Island | 240-241 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Norfolk Island | 243a (Mi?) | Strip of 2 (243a (242-243)) | 1979 | 200th anniv. death; (250th anniv. birth, in 1978) |
| Norfolk Island | 245a (Mi?) | Strip of 2 (245a (244-245)) | ||
| Norfolk Island | 243a+245a fdc | Two strips of 2 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Paraguay | C383 (BL227) | In (upper-right) margin of imperforate SS1 | 1974 | "James Cook" |
| Paraguay | C383 muestra | C383 overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | C464 (BL?) | SS1 | 1978 | 250th anniv. birth; 200th anniv. death (in 1979) |
| Ross Dependency (NZ) | L31 (Mi32) | 1995 | Cook and ships Resolution and Adventure | |
| Rwanda | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | |
| St. Helena | 473 (Mi463) | 1986 | "James Cook" | |
| Samoa | 702 (Mi?) | 1987 | ||
| Solomon Islands | 381 (Mi?) | 1979 | "Captain Cook's voyages"; (200th anniv. death) | |
| Solomon Islands | 382 (Mi?) | |||
| Solomon Islands | 383 (Mi?) | |||
| Solomon Islands | 384 (Mi?) | |||
| South Georgia | 41 (Mi49) | 1975 | 200th anniv. Cook's discovery of South Georgia | |
| South Georgia | 42 (Mi50) | |||
| South Georgia | 43 (Mi51) | |||
| South Georgia | 41-43 fdc | Three stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Tonga | 532 (Mi842) | 1983 | Cook and his ship Resolution | |
| Tonga | 532 proof | Proof (monochrome) | ||
| Tonga | 532 and labels | Stamp and Captain Cook and Resolution labels | ||
| Tonga | 532 specimen1 | Stamp overprinted "specimen" and Captain James Cook label | ||
| Tonga | 532 specimen2 | Stamp overprinted "specimen" and Cook's ship Resolution label | ||
| Tonga | 532 specimen3 | Stamp overprinted "specimen" and Montgolfier brothers balloon label | ||
| Tonga | 533 (Mi843) | |||
| Tonga | 533 proof | Proof (monochrome) | ||
| Tonga | 533 and labels | Stamp and Captain Cook and Resolution labels | ||
| Tonga | 533 specimen1 | Stamp overprinted "specimen" and Captain James Cook label | ||
| Tonga | 533 specimen2 | Stamp overprinted "specimen" and Cook's ship Resolution label | ||
| Tonga | 533 specimen3 | Stamp overprinted "specimen" and Montgolfier brothers balloon label | ||
| Tonga | 534 and labels | Captain Cook and Resolution labels (with stamp) | ||
| Tonga | 535 and labels | Captain Cook and Resolution labels (with stamp) | ||
| Tonga | 536 (BL4, Mi846) | SS1 | ||
| Tonga | 536 black | SS1 blackprint | ||
| Tonga | 536 fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Tonga | O68 (Mi Dienstmarken 218) | 532 overprinted "official" | ||
| Tonga | O69 (Mi Dienstmarken 219) | 533 overprinted "official" | ||
| Tonga | O68 and label | 532 overprinted "official" and label | ||
| Tonga | O69 and label | 533 overprinted "official" and label | ||
| Tonga | O70 and label | Captain Cook label (with stamp) | ||
| United States | 1732 (Mi?) | 1978 | 200th anniv. Cook's arrival in Alaska | |
| United States | 1732 fdc | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1733 (Mi?) | 200th anniv. Cook's arrival in Hawaii | ||
| United States | 1733 fdc | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | SP440 | (USPS) souvenir page (1732-1733) | (As above for stamps) | |
| United States | CP91 | (USPS no.91) commemorative panel (1732-1733) | ||
| United States | C130 maxi (Mi2148 maxi) | (Unicover) maxicard back, also front | 1991 | "Captain Cook" |
| United States | C130 fdc (Mi2148 fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | ||
| United States | 4204 fdc (Mi4316 fdc) | (Fleetwood) back of FDC, also front | 2007 | "Captain James Cook named the southern lights Aurora Australis ... on his second voyage to Australia in 1772-75" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2010 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | |
| Vanuatu | 735 (Mi?) | 1999 | "Captain Cook and HMS Resolution" | |
| Vanuatu | 735a (BL?) | MS3 (733-735) | ||
| Wallis and Futuna | 205 (Mi297) | 187 overprinted in black | 1978 | "200th anniv. discovery of Hawaiian Islands by James Cook" (in French text) |
| Wallis and Futuna | 206 (Mi298) | 188 overprinted in black | ||
| Wallis and Futuna | C96 (Mi348) | 1979 | "200th anniv. death James Cook" | |
| Wallis and Futuna | C96 ds | Deluxe sheet (C96) | ||
| Wallis and Futuna | C96 fdc | Stamp and (text) cancel and (Wallis and Futuna Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cook (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1992-05-07 | Kennedy Space Center FL | Insert from STS-49 launch cover, and (Mission patch) front | "Captain James Cook" |
| United States | 1992-05-07 1992-05-16 | Kennedy Space Center FL Edwards AFB, CA | (Titusville Moonport Stamp Club) insert from STS-49 launch and landing cover, also front | "Captain James Cook" |
| United States | 1992-05-16 | Edwards AFB, CA | Insert from STS-49 landing cover, and (Mission patch) front | "Captain James Cook" |
|
de Bougainville, Louis-Antoine
|
Louis-Antoine De Bougainville was a French explorer, sea captain and scientist. From 1766 to 1769 he led the first French circumnavigation of the globe in two ships, the Boudeuse and the �toile. The expedition was one of the first of the great naval exploration trips to have a scientific component (through the presence of the naturalist Commerson and the astronomer Veron). A few years later Cook would build on this model in his own journeys around the world.
During his stay in the Strait of Magellan, which separates Tierra del Fuego from the mainland of South America, de Bougainville made meteorological, hydrographical and ethnographical studies (Reference: Museo Territorio, Ushuaia, Argentina). More generally, the expedition logs from his voyage around the globe contained astronomical, meteorological, hydrographical and navigational references.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascension Island | 260a (Mi257-260) | In (upper-right) margin of MS4 (257-260) | 1980 | "Louis de Bougainville" |
| Cambodia | 1236 (Mi?) | 1992 | ||
| Cameroun | P-unknown | 5 francs (banknote) | ~1946 | |
| Cameroun | P-unknown | 5 francs (banknote) specimen | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown h (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| France | B597 (Mi2659) | 1988 | "Bougainville" | |
| France | B597 fdc1 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B597 fdc2 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B597 fdc3 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B597 fdc4 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B597 fdc5 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions CEF) cachet (slightly different) on FDC | ||
| France | B597 maxi | (�ditions CEF) maxicard, also back | ||
| France | B597 card | (Left image in) cancel and cachet on exposition card | ||
| France | B593-B598 folder (Mi? folder) | FDC folder | ||
| France | B598a | Booklet pane of 6 (B593-B598) | ||
| French Polynesia | C47 (Mi?) iC47 | Imperforate | 1968 | |
| French Polynesia | C47 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| French Polynesia | C47a (BL?) | On one of MS3 | ||
| French Polynesia | Unknown (Mi?) | 2018 | 250th anniv. arrival "de Bougainville" in Tahiti | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | 322 (Mi?) | 2003 | ship Bougainville | |
| Grenada | 1952 (Mi2236) | 1991 | (180th anniv. death) | |
| Madagascar | Unknown proof (Mi? proof) | Signed-proof | 1995 | |
| Martinique | P27 | 5 francs (banknote) | 1947-1949 | |
| New Caledonia | 158 (Mi?) | 1928 | de Bougainville (at left) | |
| New Caledonia | 159 (Mi?) | 1938 | ||
| New Caledonia | 160 (Mi?) | 1940 | ||
| New Caledonia | 161 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 162 (Mi?) | 1933 | ||
| New Caledonia | 163 (Mi?) | 1939 | ||
| New Caledonia | 164 (Mi?) | 1940 | ||
| New Caledonia | 165 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 166 (Mi?) | 1940 | ||
| New Caledonia | 167 (Mi?) | 1933 | ||
| New Caledonia | 168 (Mi?) | 1938 | ||
| New Caledonia | 169 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 170 (Mi?) | 1939 | ||
| New Caledonia | 171 (Mi?) | 1940 | ||
| New Caledonia | 172 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 173 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 174 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 175 (Mi?) | 1928 | ||
| New Caledonia | 199 (Mi?) | 158 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | 1933 | de Bougainville (at left) |
| New Caledonia | 200 (Mi?) | 162 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 201 (Mi?) | 165 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 202 (Mi?) | 167 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 203 (Mi?) | 169 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 204 (Mi?) | 172 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 205 (Mi?) | 173 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 206 (Mi?) | 174 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 207 (Mi?) | 175 overprinted "Paris-Noumea" | ||
| New Caledonia | 239 (Mi?) | 159 overprinted "France Libre" | 1941 | de Bougainville (at left) |
| New Caledonia | 240 (Mi?) | 162 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 241 (Mi?) | 164 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 242 (Mi?) | 165 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 243 (Mi?) | 166 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 244 (Mi?) | 167 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 245 (Mi?) | 169 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 246 (Mi?) | 170 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 247 (Mi?) | 171 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 248 (Mi?) | 172 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 249 (Mi?) | 173 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 250 (Mi?) | 174 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | 251 (Mi?) | 175 overprinted "France Libre" | ||
| New Caledonia | Q5 (Mi?) | 158 overprinted "Colis Postaux" | 1930 | de Bougainville (at left) |
| New Caledonia | Q6 (Mi?) | 169 overprinted "Colis Postaux" | ||
| New Caledonia | P65 | 5000 francs (banknote) | 1971-1984 | |
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 127 (Mi?) | 1968 | ||
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 128 (Mi?) | |||
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 129 (Mi?) | |||
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 127-129 fdc | Three stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| New Hebrides (French Admin.) | 143 (Mi?) | 1968 | ||
| New Hebrides (French Admin.) | 144 (Mi?) | |||
| New Hebrides (French Admin.) | 145 (Mi?) | |||
| Papua New Guinea | 973 (Mi?) | 1999 | "Count de Bougainville - 1867" | |
| Papua New Guinea | 970-973 fdc | One of four stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| St. Helena | 469 (Mi459) | 1986 | "Louis-Antoine de Bougainville" | |
| St. Pierre and Miquelon | P22 | 5 francs (banknote) | 1946 | |
| Samoa | 290 (Mi?) | 1968 | 200th anniv. de Bougainville's visit to Samoa | |
| Samoa | 291 (Mi?) | |||
| Samoa | 292 (Mi?) | |||
| Samoa | 293 (Mi?) | |||
| Samoa | 703 (Mi?) | 1987 | ||
| Solomon Islands | 443 (Mi?) | In (lower) margin of MS4 (443 (a-d)) | 1981 | |
| Vanuatu | 734 (Mi?) | 1999 | ||
| Vanuatu | 735a (Mi?) | MS3 (733-735) | ||
| Vanuatu | 737a (Mi?) | MS3 (734, 736-737) | ||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 83 (Mi?) | New Caledonia 174 overprinted | 1930 | |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 84 (Mi?) | New Caledonia 175 overprinted | ||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | C45 (Mi?) | 1973 | ||
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | C45 proofs | Color proof strip |
|
Banneker, Benjamin
|
Benjamin Banneker was a self-educated American astronomer, surveyor and writer. Following his astronomical interest, he used his mathematical skills to make all the calculations necessary for an almanac. He published his first almanac in 1792. In it was information about eclipses and sunrise and sunset times along with weather forecasts, expected seasonal changes in the weather and ideas on weather-related subjects such as the planting of crops. His almanac became quite popular in America and was even known in England and France. Banneker published it yearly during a 10-year period.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 523 (Mi590) | 1982 | "Benjamin Banneker" (at left); (150th anniv. birth, in 1981) | |
| United States | 1804 (Mi1420) | 1980 | "Benjamin Banneker"; (150th anniv. birth, in 1981); "The telescope in the background was used to make astronomical and tide calculations and weather predictions for Banneker's yearly almanac" (in text on back of (PCS) souvenir card) | |
| United States | 1804 fdc1 | Stamp and (Gaber House) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc2 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc3 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc4 | Stamp and (Bill Ressl) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc5 | Stamp and (Gill Craft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc6 | Stamp and (Marq) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc7 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc8 | Stamp and (Reader's Digest) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc9 | Stamp and (ArtCraft/Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc10 | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc11 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc12 | Stamp and (Sandra Haimerl hand-painted) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc13 | Stamp and (Andrews multi-color) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc14 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc15 | Stamp and (Grusz hand-drawn) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc16 | Stamp and (Grusz hand-drawn) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc17 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc18 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc19 | Stamp and (PCS golden-replica) cachet on FDC, also insert | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc20 | Stamp and (Weddle HP) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc21 | Stamp and (Watercolor Co. un-colored) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc22 | Stamp and (Webcraft addon cachet added in 2012) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc23 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc24 | Stamp and (Spectrum) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc25 | Stamp and (LWJ) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc26 | Stamp on FDC (Ranto cachet), also back | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc27 | Stamp on FDC (Ranto cachet, different) | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc28 | Stamp and (Colonial) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc29 | Stamp and (Aristocrat Cachets) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc30 | Stamp and (Ellis) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc31 | Stamp and (C. Thompson?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc32 | Stamp and (Black Heritage Series) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 fdc33 | Stamp and (Carrollton no.97) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1804 sc | (PCS) souvenir card, also back | ||
| United States | SP482 | (USPS) souvenir page (1804) | ||
| United States | CP124 | (USPS no.124) commemorative panel (1804) | ||
| United States | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 6th anniv. Banneker Museum |
| United States | 5658 cover (Mi? cover) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on cover, also back | 2022 | "Benjamin Banneker" |
|
Cavendish, Henry
|
Henry Cavendish was an English physicist and chemist.Following Priestley, he conducted many experiments with gases and was the first to determine a rough composition of the atmosphere: approximately 4/5 "phlogisticated air" (mostly nitrogen in modern terms) and 1/5 "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen). Cavendish also showed that water is composed of "inflammable air" (hydrogen) and dephlogisticated air.
Cavendish was interested in applied sciences, including various aspects of meteorology. He made studies of heat in the mid-1770s. Using the Royal Society's meteorological instruments he developed corrections to be applied to thermometer readings to make them more accurate. In 1783 he published a method to determine the freezing point of mercury (which can freeze in very cold conditions, rendering mercury thermometers useless at those temperatures). He is also credited with the invention of the maximum and minimum thermometer, for which he was awarded the Royal Society's gold medal.
Jeffries and Blanchard made a balloon ascent on 30 November 1784, during which Jeffries made multiple atmospheric measurements and also took samples of the air at different levels. Cavendish agreed to carry out a chemical analysis of the samples to determine the composition of the air at those various levels.
At one time Cavendish was a member of a committee charged with devising the best method of protecting the powder magazine at Purfleet from lightning. He also developed a theory of partial pressures before Dalton, but never published it.
In a work published in 1790, he estimated the height of the aurora to be 80-112 km using triangulation (On the height of the luminous arch which was seen on 23 February 1784. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 80, 101, 1790).
After his death, Cavendish's estate was used in part to establish the Cavendish Laboratory, in whose early years there was a tradition of meteorological work. For example, Sir William Napier Shaw lectured in meteorology and conducted meteorological research at the Laboratory. His work included the study of instruments for measuring the dewpoint of the air.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | (280th anniv. birth; 200th anniv. death, in 2010) |
| Spain | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 2006 | Cavendish and "D�a de la Qu�mica" |
|
Washington, George
|
George Washington was the first President of the United States. Born in 1732 into a well-to-do Virginia family, he grew up in the family plantation at Mount Vernon. He would always be a farmer at heart even during his long service to his country.
Washington left a prodigious 36 volumes of diaries. They include many weather observations and comments on the weather, a topic that apparently fascinated him, probably because of his rural farming background.
His weather observations were irregular and unstructured rather than being organized along scientific lines. He had few instruments: the principal one was his magnificent weather vane, which serves to this day atop the cupola at Mount Vernon. This imposing instrument is in the shape of a dove, some 40" long and with a wingspan of 35".
Although Washington mentions "falling weather" now and again in his diaries, he had no barometer to measure the atmospheric pressure. It appears that two barometer-thermometer instruments now on display at Mount Vernon are connected to him only through his descendents.
Washington did have at least one thermometer, which hangs today in his original bedroom. It is thought that in his time it was located in the East Hall outside his study. Made by Joseph Gatty, a New York instrument maker, this thermometer was able to record the day's high and low temperatures. Washington began to record temperatures in his diaries in January 1785. It appears that many or most of his temperature measurements were made inside his mansion, while some others were made outdoors. His diaries usually do not specify the location of the observations, though in some cases there are clues. For example, on 19 January 1785 he recorded a temperature of 48�F in the morning, at noon and at sunset. These reading were likely made indoors. On other occasions there are discrepancies between his recorded temperatures and his general observations of the weather. For example, he wrote on 26 May 1785 that the weather was warm until about 5:00 PM when clouds and high wind brought about a marked change in the temperature of the air. Yet his three (probably indoor) readings for the day are 65�, 68�, and 67�F. On 7 December 1785 he is more specific: "Thermometer at 52 in the Morning and 59 at Noon, but removing it afterwards out of the room where the fire was, into the East Entry leading in to my Study, this circumstance with the encrease of the cold fell the mercury to 42". Washington may not have realized or cared that the useful measurements for a scientific record are those made in the outside atmosphere where they are unchanged by human activity. This was in contrast to the consistent, careful approach to weather measurements of his contemporary Thomas Jefferson. However, some of Washington's extremely cold readings probably indicate that the thermometer was outdoors in those cases. For example, he wrote on 5 February 1788 of weather so cold that the mercury did not rise out of the bulb of the thermometer all day. This was one of the coldest days of the century, when near Philadelphia the temperature registered only 17�F below zero.
In matters of weather, Washington could be very persistent. For example, on 30 April 1785 he was unable to personally record the weather because of a trip to Richmond, so he put Mrs. Washington in charge of the thermometer: "Mercury (by Mrs. W's account) in the Morning at 68, at Noon 69, and at Night 62." In 1793 he instructed farm manager William Pearce that "as it is not only satisfactory, but may be of real utility to know the state of the weather as to heat and cold, [and] drought or moisture, prefix, as usual, at the head of every week's report a meteorological account of these. The Thermomiter which is at Mount Vernon will enable you to do the first."
Much Washington lore is related to the weather. He was seasick for days during a stormy voyage to Barbados; he suffered cold cruel winters at Valley Forge and Morristown; the carriage roads on which he traveled for years and years were often dusty or muddy. On 9 March 1797 he left Philadelphia for the last time after years of political toil to return for good to his beloved Mount Vernon. One entry in his diary for that day was simply: "Wind changed to No. Wt. blew very hard and turned very cold." Even the end of his life has a weather connection: it is possible that an ill-advised horseback ride in a December storm contributed to his demise: he died on 14 December 1799 of a throat infection that was possibly a consequence of that braving of the elements.
Postal items with reproductions of USA 2 are highlighted in yellow in the table below.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Anguilla | 1050 (Mi1081) | 2001 | "George Washington" | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1713 (Mi1872) | 1993 | "George Washington mailing 1st airmail letter - Jean Blanchard's 'Passport' - 1793" | |
| Canal Zone (USA) | 97 (Mi?) | 1927 | ||
| Ecuador | C589 (Mi?) | 1976 | ||
| Ecuador | C590 (Mi?) | |||
| Grenada | 631 (Mi660A) | Also sheet of 5 (631a (5x 631 + label)) | 1975 | "Benjamin Franklin visits General Washington" |
| Laos | 269 (Mi425) | 1976 | "George Washington" (at upper-left) | |
| Laos | 269e (BL?) | SS1 (269) | ||
| Liberia | 3559 (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 | 2020 | "George Washington" |
| Mali | 333 (Mi704) | Stamp-on-stamp: USA 2 | 1979 | |
| Mali | C446 (Mi?) | 1982 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Mexico | 827 (Mi921) | Stamp-on-stamp: USA 2 | 1947 | |
| Mexico | C168 (Mi923) | Stamp-on-stamp: USA 2 | ||
| Mexico | C521 fdc1 (Mi1528 fdc1) | (Red and blue and black printed) cachet (reproduction of USA 2) on cover | 1976 | |
| Mexico | C521 fdc2 (Mi1528 fdc2) | (Black printed) cachet (reproduction of USA 2) on (airmail) cover | ||
| Paraguay | 1696 (BL?) | On stamp of SS1, stamp-on-stamp: USA 2 | 1976 | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 523 (Mi590) | 1982 | "George Washington" (at right); (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Turks and Caicos | 526a (Mi593) | Stamp from SS1 (526) (BL38), stamp-on-stamp: USA 2 | ||
| United States | 2 (Mi?) | 1847 | ||
| United States | 14 (Mi?) | 1855 | ||
| United States | 158 (Mi?) | 1873 | ||
| United States | 210 (Mi?) | 1883 | ||
| United States | 332 (Mi?) | 1908 | ||
| United States | 381 (Mi?) | 1911 | ||
| United States | 704 (Mi?) | 1932 | (200th anniv. birth) | |
| United States | 721 (Mi?) | 1932 | (200th anniv. birth) | |
| United States | KM164 | 25 cents (silver coin) | 1932—1975 | |
| United States | 947 (Mi?) | 1947 | Washingon (at left) | |
| United States | 947 fdc1 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 fdc2 | Stamp on FDC (Ken Boll/Cachet Craft cachet) | ||
| United States | 947 fdc3 | Stamp and (C. Stephen Anderson) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 fdc4 | Stamp and (Sanders) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 947 sdoi | Stamp and (Harry Ioor) cachet on SDOI (Second Day of Issue) cover | ||
| United States | 948 (Mi?) | Imperforate MS2 (948 (a-b)) | Washingon (at right) | |
| United States | None | Cinderella | 1947 | Washington (at right) |
| United States | None | Cinderella (different color) | ||
| United States | None | Cinderella (different color) | ||
| United States | 1435b fdc (Mi1046-1047 fdc) | (Black and red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on FDC, also detail (reproduction of USA 2) | 1971 | |
| United States | 1952 (Mi?) | 1982 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| United States | 2145 fdc1 (Mi1753 fdc1) | (ArtCraft) cachet (with reproduction of USA 210) on FDC | 1985 | |
| United States | 2145 fdc2 (Mi1753 fdc2) | (Colorano silk) cachet (with reproduction of USA 2) on FDC | ||
| United States | P496 | 1 dollar (banknote) | 1995 | |
| United States | None | (Kenosha Stamp and Cover Club) cachet (with reproduction of USA 2) on cover | 1997 | |
| United States | None | (Parforex-37) cachet (with reproduction of USA 2) on cover | 1997 | |
| United States | KM290+ | 25 cents (copper-nickel coin) | 1999—> | |
| Wallis and Futuna | 187 (Mi?) | 1976 | "Washington" | |
| Wallis and Futuna | 187 ds | Deluxe sheet (187) | ||
| Wallis and Futuna | 187 fdc1 | Stamp and (Wallis and Futuna Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Wallis and Futuna | 187 fdc2 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back and insert | ||
| Wallis and Futuna | 205 (Mi297) | 187 overprinted in black | 1978 | "Washington" |
|
Priestley, Joseph
|
Joesph Priestley was an English theologian and scientist. He investigated the properties of gases and discovered several new gases including, in 1774, one that he called "dephlogisticated air". He felt that it was in some sense an especially pure form of air, but did not further investigate its characteristics. For this work, he is generally credited with the discovery of oxygen, though he did not use that term.
Lavoisier and Cavendish continued Priestley's experiments with air. Cavendish determined that air is composed of approximately 80% "phlogisticated air" and 20% "dephlogisticated air". Lavoisier determined some properties of those two component gases: one supports combustion and oxidation (dephlogisticated air, that he named oxyg�ne) and the other is inert (phlogisticated air - nitrogen - that he named azote).
In the late 1700s, Erasmus Darwin, James Watt, Matthew Boulton, Josiah Wedgwood and Priestley formed an informal group known as the Lunar Society. The friends met to discuss topics of current interest in chemistry, mineralogy, meteorology, astronomy, and physics.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maldive Islands | 2421i (Mi3379) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2421 (a-q + label)) (Mi3371-3387) | 2000 | "1774, British scientist Joseph Priestly discovers oxygen" |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_h | One of MS8 (a-h + label) | 2011 | |
| United States | 2038 (Mi1626) | From MS50 (2038a (50x 2038)) | 1983 | 250th anniv. birth |
| United States | 2038 essay | Photo essay (2038) | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc1 | Stamp and (PCS) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc2 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc3 | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc4 | Stamp and (HF) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc5 | Stamp and (HF) cachet (slightly different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc6 | Stamp and (Reader's Digest) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc7 | Stamp and (Reader's Digest) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc8 | Stamp and (Koslow/Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc9 | Stamp and (Gage's Coin and Stamps) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc10 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc11 | Stamp and (Cover Craft Cachets) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc12 | Stamp and (Doris Gold) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc13 | Stamp and (Marq) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc14 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc15 | Stamp and (ATA Chemistry Study Unit) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc16 | Stamp and (Aristocrat Cachets) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc17 | Stamp and (PCS golden-replica) cachet on FDC, also insert | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc18 | Stamp and (Gill Craft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc19 | Stamp and (CG) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc20 | Stamp and (Computer Cover) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc21 | Stamp and (Collins) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc22 | Stamp and (Colonial Cachet) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc23 | Stamp and (Joseph L. Bianchini) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc24 | Stamp and (Bucknell University) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc25 | Stamp and (New Direxions) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc26 | Stamp and (Carrollton no.223) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc27 | Stamp and (Ham) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc28 | Stamp and (Kenick Covers no.31) cachet on FDC, also insert | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc29 | Stamp and (C&C) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc30 | Stamp and (Tudor House) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 program | (USPS) FDOI program, also front, agenda, and back | ||
| United States | SP610 | (USPS) souvenir page (2038) | ||
| United States | CP183 | (USPS no.184) commemorative panel (2038) | ||
| United States | 2038 cp | (PCS?) commemorative panel (2038) | ||
| United States | 4519 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | 2011 | SS Joseph Priestley |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | 280th anniv. birth |
|
Wales, William
|
William Wales was an English astronomer who was sent to Fort Prince of Wales on Hudson Bay to observe the transit of Venus that took place 3 June 1769. The journal of the expedition (Journal of a Voyage, made by Order of the Royal Society, to Churchill River, on the North-west Coast of Hudson's Bay; of Thirteen Months Residence in that Country; and of the voyage back to England in the Years 1768 and 1769) shows that Wales was not just an astronomical observer; he also describes also the fauna and flora, the geography, the people and the weather. He was the first scientist to spend a winter at the Bay and to make regular weather observations in Canada. A publication treating the meteorological work of this expedition was written in 1770 by Wales and Joseph Dymond: Observations on the State of the Air, Winds, Weather, etc. made at the Prince of Wales's Fort, on the North-West Coast of Hudson's Bay, in the Years 1768 and 1769. (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, l, 137-78).
Wales also participated as astronomer and meteorologist in Captain James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific (1772 - 1775).
During that trip, the artist William Hodges made a painting, from on board the Resolution, of the Cape of Good Hope. It was said at the time that "the theory of condensation that related altitude, wind, temperature and rainfall was at this time only beginning to be fully understood. Its dramatic demonstration at the Cape deeply interested the meteorologist Wales, as its adequate pictorial portrayal clearly excited the artist Hodges".
Also during that trip, on 16 January 1773 Wales recorded missing the first sighting of the Aurora Australis (southern lights). However, the next night he did observe them, and wrote: "I...found it to be the very same phenomenon which we call the Northern Lights in England. The natural state of the heavens, except in the S.E. quarter, and for about 10� of altitude all round the horizon, was a whitish haze, through which stars of the third magnitude were just discernable. All round, the horizon was covered with thick clouds, out of which arose many streams of a pale reddish light, that ascended towards the zenith. These streams had not that motion which they are sometimes seen to have in England but were perfectly steady, except a small tremulous motion which some of them had near their edges".
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 479 fdc (Mi420 fdc) | (Cole Cover) cachet on FDC | 1968 | 200th anniv. first fixed meteorological readings in Canada; "William Wales, scientist, astronomer, explorer" |
| New Hebrides (British Admin.) | 190 (Mi?) | One of strip of 3 (191a (189-191)) | 1974 | 200th anniv. discovery of New Hebrides by Cook |
| New Hebrides (French Admin.) | 209 (Mi?) | One of strip of 3 (210a (208-210)) | 1974 | 200th anniv. discovery of New Hebrides by Cook |
|
Lagrange, Joseph Louis
|
Joseph Lagrange was a French mathematician. His name is associated with one common frame of reference used in fluid dynamics and atmospheric studies, known as the Lagrangian frame of reference. In it, measurements are made following fluid motion, and the equations of motion are written with reference to a point moving with the flow. (The Eulerian frame of reference is the other one that is commonly used). In modern meteorological work, the Lagrangian approach has been found to be very useful in NWP (numerical weather prediction) models of the atmosphere.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | 869 (Mi1182) i869 | Imperforate | 1958 | |
| France | 869 ds | Deluxe sheet (869) | ||
| France | 869 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 869 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 869 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 869 fdc4 | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC (blank/no cachet) | ||
| France | 869 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 869 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 869 maxi3 | (�ditions G Parison & B Regnier) maxicard, also back | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_f | One of MS8 (a-h + label) | 2011 |
|
Watt, James
|
James Watt was a Scottish instrument maker and inventor. During his work which led to the invention of the steam engine, he learned much about the properties of water vapour and steam, and independently discovered that a latent heat of vaporization is associated with the change of phase of water from liquid to gas. He also tabulated the vapour pressure of water as a function of temperature before the work of Clapeyron. Both these concepts are important in meteorology.
In the late 1700s, Erasmus Darwin, Matthew Boulton, Josiah Wedgwood, Joseph Priestley and Watt formed the Lunar Society. It was an informal group of friends that met to discuss the latest topics in chemistry, mineralogy, meteorology, astronomy and physics.
To honour his scientific work, Watt's name was given to the SI (International System of Units) unit of power. One watt is equal to one joule per second. See the SI (metric system) unit names page for other persons after whom metric units were named.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 2205c (Mi2294) | One of strip of 4 (2205 (a-d)) (Mi2292-2295) | 1986 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Albania | 2205a-d fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Albania | 2206 (BL87) | On (center) label of SS1 | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1605B (Mi1671) | 1992 | ||
| Barbuda | 1367 (Mi?) | Antigua and Barbuda 1605B overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | 1993 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 126e (Mi189) | One of booklet pane of 7 (126 (a-g + 2 labels)) (Mi185-191) | 2000 | (180th anniv. death, in 1999) |
| Burundi | 1245b (Mi?) i1245b | One of MS4 (1245 (a-d)) One of imperforate MS4 (i1245 (a-d)) | 2012 | |
| Chad | Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "James Watt"; (280th anniv. birth, in 2016) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (same) | 2009 | (190th anniv. death) |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2012? | |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1 (different), also front (different) | 2012? | |
| Cuba | 3718 (Mi?) | 1996 | (260th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | early-1900s | |
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) (different) | early-1900s | |
| Great Britain | 2646 (Mi?) | One of pair (2646a (2645-2646)) | 2009 | |
| Great Britain | 2645-2652 pack | Presentation pack | ||
| Great Britain | P393 | 50 pounds (banknote) | 2011 | Watt (at right) |
| Grenada | 1538 (Mi1690) | 1987 | Watt (mis-identified as "Rudolf Diesel" in text); (250th anniv. birth, in 1986) | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 912 (Mi?) | 1987 | Rudolf Diesel (incorrectly inscribed "James Watt"); (250th anniv. birth, in 1986) | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown e (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2009 | |
| Lesotho | 1213a (Mi1579) | On one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of MS6 (1213 (a-f)) (Mi1579-1584) | 1999 | James Watt (ship, in text) |
| Macedonia | 561 (Mi590) | From MS9 (561a (9x 561)) | 2011 | 275th anniv. birth |
| Macedonia | 561 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Macedonia Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Maldive Islands | 2421d (Mi3374) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (2421 (a-q + label)) (Mi3371-3387) | 2000 | "1769, James Watt, Scottish engineer an inventor, perfects steam engine"; (180th anniv. death, in 1999) |
| Maldive Islands | 2421d maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Mali | 538 (Mi1071) i538 | Imperforate | 1986 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Mali | 538 ds | Deluxe sheet (538) | ||
| Mali | 581 (Mi?) | 538 overprinted | 1992 | (250th anniv. birth, in 1936) |
| Marshall Islands | 1032i (Mi2932) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| Mozambique | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2019 | 200th anniv. death "James Watt" |
| Mozambique | Unknown fdc | MS4 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_c | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1851e (Mi?) | One of MS6 (1851 (a-f)) | 2008 | |
| Sierra Leone | 2296b (Mi3554) | On one stamp and in (right) margin of MS2 (2296 (a-b)) (Mi3883-3554) | 2000 | (180th anniv. death, in 1999) |
| Sierra Leone | 2517e (Mi4155) | One of MS6 (2517 (a-f)) (Mi4151-4156) | 2002 | "James Watt" |
| Togo | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS4 (a-d) | 2019 | 200th anniv. death "James Watt" |
| Togo | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Uganda | 566 fdc (Mi556 fdc) | (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC, also back | 1987 | (250th anniv. birth, in 1986) |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 341 (Mi511) i341 | Imperforate | 1986 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | 341 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC |
1This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
|
Herschel, Frederick William
|
Frederick William Herschel was an English astronomer and the discoverer of the planet Uranus.
He also had some interest in climate. In the late 1700s he hypothesized about physical processes that might affect the climate, such as cooling due to volcanic or meteoric dust veils in the atmosphere, or warming due to increased solar activity. Benjamin Franklin also had the same idea about volcanic eruptions as possible precursors of cold temperatures and in particular of very cold winters such as the one he experienced in France in 1783-1784 after and during the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Laki (that eruption took place from June 1783 to February 1784). Herschel was more interested in the effects of the sun, and noted that in years during which many dark spots appeared on the face of the sun there were often bountiful harvests of wheat. Herschel published some articles about possible solar effects on climate in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society between 1780 and 1801. The article of 1801 posed the question of whether or not any relation could be found between solar activity (as represented by the occurrence of sunspots) and the price of corn. Herschel was unable to provide a conclusive answer.
Herschel was also the first person to deduce that an atmosphere must exist on Mars. He observed curious white spots at the Martian poles that changed with time. Since the inclination of the Martian axis of rotation was similar to that of Earth, he concluded that the Martian seasons should resemble those of Earth, so that the Martian white spots could be interpreted as polar snow, which in turn meant that there must be an atmosphere to allow the snow to form and fall.
William Herschel's son John Herschel was an astronomer who had a strong interest in meteorology.
See also the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO) satellite, which is an ESA space telescope that will investigate the history of how stars and galaxies formed and to study how they continue to form in our own and other galaxies.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herschel (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Altai | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also blackprint MS8 (a-f), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | (190th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Austria | None (Mi?) | Personalized postage | 2009 | W. Herschel's telescope |
| Central African Republic | 844 (Mi1269A) i844 (Mi1269B) | Imperforate | 1987 | "William Herschel" |
| Central African Republic | 844a (BL408A) i844a (BL408B) | SS1 (844) Imperforate SS1 (i844) | ||
| Central African Republic | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d) | 2023 | "Le t�lescope de William Herschel de 1789" |
| Chad | Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "William Herschel" |
| China (People's Republic) | None | Postal card back1, also front | 2010 | |
| Comoro Islands | 413 (Mi507) i413 | Imperforate | 1979 | |
| Comoro Islands | 413a (BL205) i413a | SS1 (413) Imperforate SS1 (i413) | ||
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Mi2192A Mi2192B | One of MS3 (Mi2191A-2193A) vertical, or one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of MS3 (Mi2191A-2193A) horizontal One of imperforate MS3 (Mi2191B-2193B) vertical, or one stamp and in (lower-left) margin of imperforate MS3 (Mi2191B-2193B) horizontal | 2013 | Also "M31 Herschel" (vertical MS3), also HSO |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown e (Mi none) Unknown ie | One of MS6 (a-f) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2010 | "William Herschel" |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | C245 (Mi764A) | 1981 | ||
| Gabon | C245 fdc | Stamp and (EDILA?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Gabon | C247a (BL42, Mi764C-766C) | On one of MS3 (C245-C247) | ||
| Gabon | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] | 2020 | "William Herschel" |
| Germany (East) | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1981 | W. Herschel and 200th anniv. his discovery of Uranus. |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 2011 | |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) and cachet (different) on cover | 2011 | |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on cover | 2011 | |
| Great Britain | 616 (Mi543) | 1970 | William Herschel (at left); John Herschel, William Herschel's son (at right); also William Herschel's telescope (in background); "Sir William Herschel" (in cancel text) | |
| Great Britain | 616 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet (design similar to stamp) on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | Cachet on cover | 1981 | |
| Great Britain | 1337 (Mi1297) | 1990 | W. Herschel's telescope (at right in stamp) | |
| Great Britain | 1337 card | PHQ card | ||
| Great Britain | 1337 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc1 | One of four stamps on FDC (Cotswold and Stuart / BPCPA cachet, Greenwich cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc2 | One of four stamps on FDC (Mercury cachet; Greenwich cancel, different), also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc3 | One of four stamps on FDC (Mercury cachet; Armagh cancel), also back | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc4 | One of four stamps on FDC (Royal Mail cachet, Brighton, East Sussex cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc5 | One of four stamps on FDC (Royal Mail cachet, Northampton cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1336-1339 fdc6 | One of four stamps on FDC (Benham cachet, Armagh, N. Ireland cancel) | ||
| Great Britain | 1375a+1377a fdc (Mi1337-1340 fdc) | (Cotswold Philatelics Ltd.) insert from FDC, also front | 1991 | "Britain's William Herschel telescope" |
| Great Britain | 2075 fdc1 (BL15 fdc1) | (Royal Mail) cachet on FDC | 2002 | W. Herschel's telescope |
| Great Britain | 2075 fdc2 (BL15 fdc2) | (Silver pictorial) cancel and (Benham) cachet on FDC | "Sir William Herschel" | |
| Great Britain | None | (Black pictorial) cancel | 2002 | W. Herschel's telescope |
| Great Britain | 3938-3945 booklet (Mi4532-4539 booklet) | Pane1 from Prestige Booklet (3938-3945) | 2020 | Sir W. Herschel's 40 feet reflector" (in left margin); "William Herschel's 40-foot telescope [was] the largest telescope ever constructed" |
| Great Britain | 3938-3945 booklet | Label from pane4 of Prestige Booklet (3938-3945), also pane4 | William Herschel's 40-foot reflector telescope | |
| Great Britain | 3938-3945 pack | Insert from Presentation Pack (3938-3945), also front and back | portrait of William Herschel and diagram of his 40-foot reflector telescope | |
| Grenada | 1999d (Mi?) | One of MS9 (1999 (a-i)) | 1991 | |
| Grenada | i1999d proof | Imperforate proof, one of imperforate MS9 proof (i1999 (a-i)) | ||
| Guernsey (Great Britain) | 449-452 fdc (Mi518-521 fdc) | Insert from FDC, also insert back and FDC front | 1991 | "William Herschel" |
| Guinea Republic | 1862e (Mi3552) | One of MS12 (1862 (a-l)) (Mi3548-3559) | 2000 | W. Herschel's telescope |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) [known illegal issue] | 1998 | Halley's Comet theme, but shows William Herschel |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown a fdc | Stamp and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Unknown ss (BL?) Unknown iss | SS1 [known illegal issue] Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | BL1392 | SS1 | 2007 | |
| Guinea Republic | BL1392 fdc | SS1 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5067-5069_ms3 | On one of MS3 (Mi5067-5069) | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5067-5069_ms3 fdc | MS3 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5734 | From MS6 (Mi5733-5738) | 2008 | "William Herschel" |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5737 | |||
| Guinea Republic | Mi5733-5738_ms6 fdc | MS6 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi7611 | One of MS6 (Mi7606-7611) | 2010 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi7606-7611_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | BL671A | In (lower) margin of SS1 | 2008 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | BL671A fdc BL671B fdc | SS1 on FDC Imperforate SS1 on FDC | ||
| Ivory Coast | C100 (Mi889) | 1986 | ||
| Ivory Coast | C100a (BL?) | Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Ivory Coast | Unknown ss (BL none) | On stamp of SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2012 | (190th anniv. death) "Frederick William Herschel" |
| Ivory Coast | Unknown fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| Korea (North) | 2842 (BL247) | In (left) margin of SS1 | 1989 | Also W. Herschel's telescope |
| Madagascar | Unknown a (Mi none) Unknown ia | One of MS4 (a-d) [known illegal issue] One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2018 | "William Herschel" |
| Madagascar | Unknown ims fdc | Imperforate MS4 on FDC | ||
| Madagascar | Unknown a-d fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Mali | C424 (Mi?) iC424 | Imperforate | 1981 | |
| Marshall Islands | 963e (Mi2571) | Two of MS10 (963 (2x (a-e))) (2x (Mi2567-2571)) | 2010 | (mis-spelled "Hirschel" in text) |
| Nevis | 1185e (Mi1462) | One stamp and in (left) margin of MS17 (1185 (a-q + label)) (Mi1458-1474) | 2000 | "William Herschel" |
| Nicaragua | 1488 (Mi2825) | 1985 | "Telescopio de Herschel" | |
| Nicaragua | 1985g (Mi3298) | One of MS16 (1985 (a-p)) (Mi3292-3307) | 1994 | |
| Paraguay | C549 (Mi3708) | 1984 | "Telescopio de W Herschel"; (year of death is incorrectly printed as "1882") | |
| Redonda (Antigua) | Unknown (Mi?) | 1986 | "Caroline Herschel" (William's sister, was also an astronomer) | |
| Rwanda | Unknown f (Mi none) | One of MS15 (a-o) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | W. Herschel's telescope |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Unknown ims | In (right) margin of imperforate MS6 (ia-if) | 2006 | |
| St. Vincent | 2700g (Mi4644) | One of MS9 (2700 (a-i)) (Mi4638-4646) | 1999 | W. Herschel's telescope |
| Sierra Leone | 1167d (Mi1359) | One of MS9 (1167 (a-i)) (Mi1356-1364) | 1990 | |
| Sierra Leone | 1167 fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown h (Mi none) Unknown ih | One of MS8 (a-h) One of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | 2011 | (190th anniv. death, in 2012) "William Herschel" |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (upper-left) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (upper-left) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Sierra Leone | Unknown margin (Mi none margin) | In (right) margin of MS8 (a-h) (different) In (right) margin of imperforate MS8 (a-h) | ||
| Spain | None | (Multi-color printed) cachet on (un-canceled) (Spanish Post) stamped envelope (from 2011) | 2013 | |
| Ukraine | Unknown ms (Mi?) | MS9 (a-i) | 2020 | Also William Herschel's telescope (in background) |
| United States | 2570 fdc (Mi2185 fdc) | (Artmaster) back of FDC, also front | 1991 | Uranus "was first discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel" |
| United States | 2572 fdc (Mi2187 fdc) | (Artmaster) back of FDC, also front | Uranus "was first discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel" | |
| United States | 2577a fdc (Mi2183-2192 fdc) | (Artmaster) back of FDC, also front | Uranus "was first discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel" | |
| United States | 3384 fdc1 (Mi3280 fdc1) | (Fleetwood/Chris Calle) cachet on FDC | 2000 | |
| United States | 3384 fdc2 (Mi3280 fdc2) | (Fleetwood/Chris Calle) cachet (and signature) on FDC | 2000 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on FDC | 2013 | 275th anniv. birth "Sir William Herschel" |
1This postal card is only one of a large number of similar cards issued by China for various scientists. No effort is made to list all such cards.
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herschel (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1985-11-04 | Pasadena CA | (Space Voyage) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover | "William Herschel" |
| Australia | 1986-01-24 | Canberra ACT | (Space Voyage blue and red) cachet on Voyager-2 launch cover | "William Herschel" |
| United States | 1986-01-24 | Pasadena CA | (Space Voyage green and red) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover | |
| United States | 1986-01-24 | Barstow CA | (Space Voyage black and orange) cachet on Voyager-2 event cover | |
| French Guiana | 2009-05-14 | Kourou | (Lollini?) cachet on Herschel / HSO launch cover | |
|
de Saussure, Horace B�n�dict
|
Horace De Saussure was a Swiss physicist and alpinist who combined his love of mountains with his scientific training. He carefully studied the geology, chemistry and meteorology of the Alps. He believed that weather observations taken at high altitudes in the mountains could be of great importance to the science of meteorology, and made careful observations of pressure, temperature and humidity at different altitudes. He even carried barometers and thermometers to some mountain summits. At the top of Mont Blanc in 1787, for example, he found that the air pressure was represented by a reading of "16 inches and one line". He also measured the composition and transparency of the air at different heights, as well as the strength of solar radiation.
De Saussure developed many of the instruments that he used to make his observations. He built a cyanometer for measuring the blueness of the sky and a diaphanometer for judging of the clearness of the atmosphere. He tinkered with anemometers, and adapted thermometers to measure temperatures other than the usual air temperature. For example, he inserted the thermometer bulb into a piece of wet sponge and then swung the thermometer rapidly so that it revolved in a circle. In modern terminology, this instrument is known as a wet bulb thermometer. It measures the wet bulb temperature which, in combination with the dry bulb temperature (the usual air temperature measurement from a thermometer whose bulb is not moistened), can be used to calculate the relative humidity and the dew point of the air. De Saussure also measured temperatures in the ground, to the greatest depths to which he could drive his thermometer staves, and showed that the summer heat took six months to reach a depth of 30 feet (9 m) into the ground. He also measured water temperatures, and showed that the water at the bottom of deep lakes is cold and has little change in temperature during the four seasons. These measurements were made possible by a novel invention: he used thermometers wrapped in insulating material so that the observed value from within the ground or lake would change very little as the instrument was raised to the surface. De Saussure also considered precipitation and estimated its effects on streams, rivers, lakes and glaciers.
As a result of his work in hygrometry, de Saussure was the first to show that air expands and decreases in density with increasing moisture content. Not only did he experiment with a wet bulb thermometer, but also he experimented tested various types of hygrometer. This research culminated in his invention of the hair hygrometer in around 1775. It is for this invention that he is best remembered. In his book Essais sur l'Hygrom�trie, published in 1783, he discussed the general principles of hygrometry, presented the results of his experiments with various hygrometers, and described his hair hygrometer. He also discussed the principles of evaporation and presented some meteorological applications of his research.
De Saussure also experimented with an insulated box topped by three layers of glass, and found that solar energy entering through the glass would heat the box. This early solar oven came to the attention of the French mathematician Jean-Joseph Fourier in the 1820s, who hypothesized that the Earth's atmosphere acts in a manner similar to those panes of glass: it lets solar energy in, but blocks some of the outgoing energy emitted by the Earth. The temperature in the oven therefore must rise. The atmosphere is more complicated, of course, but Fourier's observation, for which a glass-walled greenhouse is an analogy, is recognized as the first statement of what is now called the atmospheric "greenhouse effect". John Tyndall made the first experimental measurement of this effect in 1859.
De Saussure also did some work in atmospheric electricity. He found diurnal variations in atmospheric electricity in measurements made between 1785 and 1788, and stated that "in winter, the season during which I have the best observations of serene [i.e. fair weather] electricity undergoes an ebb and flow like the tides, which increases and decreases twice in the span of twenty-four hours. The times of greatest intensity are a few hours after sunrise and sunset, and the weakest before sunrise and sunset".
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | None | Cachet on stamped envelope, also detail | 200? | de Saussure (at left) |
| Monaco | 1558 (Mi1781) | 1986 | 200th anniv. 1st ascent of Mont Blanc; de Saussure (at left) | |
| Monaco | 1558 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Switzerland | P55 | 20 franken (banknote) | 1978 |
|
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh
|
Rev. Manasseh Cutler was an American Congregationalist clergyman and scientist. As a scientist his reputation was second only to that of Benjamin Franklin. Cutler became a lawyer, studied medicine and also found time for research in astronomy, meteorology and botany. He contributed some small papers on astronomy and meteorology to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which he was elected as a member in 1781.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 795 (Mi?) | 1937 | Cutler (at left) | |
| United States | 795 essay | Essay | ||
| United States | 795 fdc1 | Stamp and (Sidenius) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 795 fdc2 | Stamp on FDC (Dyer color cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc3 | Stamp on FDC (Grimsland cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc4 | Stamp on FDC (Linprint cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc5 | Stamp on FDC (Rice cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc6 | Stamp on FDC (Plimpton color cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc7 | Stamp on FDC (? cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc8 | Stamp on FDC (Harry Ioor cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc9 | Stamp on FDC (? cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc10 | Stamp on FDC (? cachet, changed colors) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc11 | Stamp on FDC (? cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc12 | Stamp on FDC (? cachet) | ||
| United States | 795 fdc13 | Stamp on FDC (Roessler cachet) |
|
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph
|
Georg Lichtenberg was a German scientist who taught at the University of G�ttingen and became a leading German expert in many scientific fields including chemistry, geology, physics, meteorology and astronomy. His friends and admirers included Goethe and Kant.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 1749 (Mi1616) | 1992 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Germany | 1749 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1749 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1749 fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1749 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| Germany | 1749 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Germany | 1749 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) |
|
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas
|
Marie Condorcet was a French philosopher and writer. He wrote that "Hardly a fiftieth part of those men to whom nature has given talent receive the education necessary to make use of their talent; and that, therefore, the number of men destined to push back the frontiers of the sciences by their discoveries will grow in the same proportion (as universal education increases). We shall show how this quality of education, and the equality that will arise among nations, will speed up the advances of those sciences whose progress depends on observations repeated in greater number over a larger area; all that mineralogy, botany, zoology, meteorology can be expected to gain thereby; and finally what an enormous disproportion exists, in these sciences, between the weakness of the means that nevertheless have led us to so many useful and important truths, and the great scope of the means men will in the future be able to deploy".
This text shows that he understood that sciences such as meteorology depend upon repeated observations over a large area, and also that he was optimistic that the future would bring great advances in many sciences including meteorology. This optimism was consistent with his belief in social progress and in the 'perfectibility' of Man.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | None | Cinderella | 1914 | Battleship Condorcet |
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1947 | Condorcet Monument (in Ribemont, France) |
| France | None | Cachet on card | 1947 | Condorcet Monument (in Ribemont, France) |
| France | 2162c (Mi2726) | One of MS4 (2162 (a-d)) (Mi2724-2727) | 1989 | |
| France | 2162c fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions CEF) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc3 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc4 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc5 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc6 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (M.N. Goffin) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc7 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc8 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2162c fdc9 | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC (black and blue and red printed cachet) | ||
| France | 2162c fdc10 | Stamp and (text) cancel on FDC (black printed cachet) | ||
| France | 2162c maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 2162c maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 2162c maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 2162c maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 2162c sc1 | Souvenir card | ||
| France | 2162c sc2 | Souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2162 fdc1 | MS4 and (Editios J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2162 fdc2 | MS4 on FDC (blue and red printed cachet) | ||
| France | 2162 fdc3 | MS4 on FDC (�ditions P.J. cachet) | ||
| France | 2162 sc1 | MS4 souvenir card, also back | ||
| France | 2162 sc2 | MS4 souvenir card (different) | ||
| France | 2310 maxi (Mi2917 maxi) | (Black printed) cachet on maxicard | 1992 | "Condorcet" |
| France | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 200? | Condorcet Monument (in Ribemont, France) |
| Romania | 5111 maxi (Mi6365 maxi) | Annotated cachet on maxicard | 2009 | "Condorcet" crater on Moon |
|
de Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent
|
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was a French chemist who is often referred to as the "father" of modern chemistry. In 1774, Joseph Priestley described to Lavoisier his experiments with air and his discovery of what he called "dephlogisticated air". Cavendish then determined that air is composed of approximately 80% "phlogisticated air" and 20% "dephlogisticated air". Lavoisier in turn measured some properties of those two component gases: one supports combustion and oxidation (dephlogisticated air, that he named oxyg�ne) while the other is inert (phlogisticated air - nitrogen - that he named azote). Lavoisier also conducted experiments with water, and concluded in 1782 that it is composed of hydrogen (Cavendish's "inflammable air") and oxygen.
Lavoisier's second scientific love was meteorology. At the age of 20 he began making barometric observations in his home, and later expanded this work to include observations of air pressure, temperature, moisture content and wind speed and direction. In an idea well ahead of its time (that would be echoed by Lamarck in the early 1800s and von Humboldt in the late 1830s), he advocated the creation of a worldwide network of weather observing stations, and was involved in the creation of an informal network of weather correspondents in France and elsewhere in Europe. This network supplied the Journal de Paris with weather observations that it began to publish in 1777. "With all this information," Lavoisier wrote, "it is almost always possible to predict one or two days in advance, within a rather broad range of probability, what the weather is going to be; it is even thought that it will not be impossible to publish daily forecasts which would be very useful to society" (Oeuvres, 3, 771, published 1865).
In 1776, Lavoisier found that some temperature values provided by the R�aumur thermometer (devised in 1732) were not in agreement with those obtained with more recent instruments. He therefore defined precise rules for the fabrication and graduation of thermometers and provided twelve standard models to the Academy of Sciences.
Lavoisier also studied atmospheric electricity and the formation of thunder and in 1781 with Laplace and Volta demonstrated that hydrogen, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide and water vapor, in passing from the liquid to the vapor state, emitted electrical charges that could be measured with an electrometer. With Benjamin Franklin, Lavoisier installed lightning rods on the roof of Saint-Paul's Church.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | |
| Chad | Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Antoine Lavoisier"; (220th anniv. death, in 2014) |
| Chad | Unknown fdc Unknown ifdc | MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 on FDC | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown c (Mi?) Unknown ic | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | |
| Djibouti | Unknown ms fdc | MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1943 | Lavoisier Exposition in Paris, Nov 1943 through Jan 1944 |
| France | None | Cancel on cover (different) | 1943 | Lavoisier Exposition in Paris, Nov 1943 through Jan 1944 |
| France | 464 (Mi595) i464 | Imperforate | 1943 | (200th anniv. birth) |
| France | 464 proof | Signed proof | ||
| France | 464 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 464 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 464 card1 | Card | 1943/1944 | Lavoisier Exposition in Paris, Nov 1943 through Jan 1944 |
| France | 464 card2 | Card (different) | ||
| France | 464 card3 | Card (different) | ||
| France | 464 card4 | Card (different) | ||
| France | 464 card5 | Card (different) | ||
| France | 464 card6 | Card (different) | ||
| France | 464 postcard | Postcard, also back | ||
| France | None | (Red text) meter on cover | 1988 | Lavoisier bookstore scientific books |
| France | None | Cachet on cover, also back | 2011 | Lavoisier online bookstore |
| France | None | (Blue text) meter | 2012 | Lavoisier online bookstore |
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | pre-WWI | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 911 (Mi?) | 1987 | ||
| Iceland | None | (Black rubber-stamp) cachet on postcard back | 1911 | Lavoisier cruiser (military ship) |
| Malawi | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) | 2008 | |
| Maldive Islands | 1389 (Mi?) | 1990 | Lavoisier and his wife | |
| Mali | 476 (Mi?) i476 | From imperforate MS10 (i476a (10x i476)) | 1983 | 200th anniv. Lavoisier's determination of the composition of water |
| Mali | 476 ds | Deluxe sheet (476) | ||
| Marshall Islands | 1032l (Mi2935) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| Niger | Unknown ms (Mi?) Unknown ims | In (lower-left) margin of MS2 (a-b) In (lower-left) margin of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2012 | |
| Rwanda | Unknown h (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on postal card | 2011 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card | 2011 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card | 2011 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card | 2011 | |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card | 2011 | |
| Romania | None | Cachet on postal card | 2011 | |
| San Marino | 1024 (Mi1254) | From MS40 (1024a (40x 1024)) | 1982 | "Antoine L. Lavoisier" |
| San Marino | 1024 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| San Marino | 1024 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| San Marino | 1024-1026+1028 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC (Venetia cachet) | ||
| Togo | Unknown ss (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 | 2011 | |
| Togo | Unknown fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc (Mi1626 fdc) | (Aristocrat Cachets) cachet on FDC | 1983 | "Lavoisier" |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | 270th anniv. birth |
|
Jefferson, Thomas
|
Thomas Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence, a founding father of the United States and the third President of that country. He and his friend James Madison (who later became the fourth US president) were very interested in meteorology, partly for its intrinsic scientific value and partly because they felt that they had to refute the French naturalist Buffon's published claim that American nature was somehow inferior to that of Europe, due to a supposedly inferior climate. As a result, Jefferson and Madison made a large number of weather observations during their lives.
Jefferson made regular weather observations at his home in Monticello from 1772 to 1778. During those same years the president of William and Mary College in Williamsburg, Virginia, the Reverend James Madison (cousin of James Madison the future US president), took his own weather observations in Williamsburg. In 1777 and 1778 Jefferson and Reverend Madison co-operated and took the first known simultaneous weather observations in America.
Jefferson was a dedicated weather observer who kept careful records. He even took an observation at 6:00 AM on 4 July 1776, and then again later in the afternoon that same day, and duly recorded the maximum temperature in Philadelphia as 76 degrees Fahrenheit on the first day of existence of the new republic, though it is possible that this observation was taken indoors. This was the practice of the time as prescribed from England by Dr. James Jurin, secretary of the Royal Society of London, who advocated placing the thermometer "in a room which faces the north, where there is very seldom if ever any fire in the fireplace". Washington and Madison also followed this practice in their early observations. However, the Americans eventually realized that observations should be taken out of doors, away from any man-made influence on the readings. Furthermore, Jefferson came to understand the effect that direct sun would have on temperature observations. In 1790, before moving to a new house, he wrote to his son-in-law T. Randolph: "I have not begun my meteorological diary; because I have not yet removed to the house I have taken. I remove tomorrow: but as far as I can judge from its aspects there will not be one position to be had for the thermometer free from the influence of the sun both morning and evening. However, as I go into it, only till I can get a better, I shall hope ere long to find a less objectionable situation."
Jefferson was also interested in how weather, and especially extreme weather, might affect the affairs of man and society. He lived in Paris as American ambassador to France during the years before the outbreak of the French revolution, and commented on the long and severe European winter of 1788-1789: "...while labouring under the want of money for even ordinary purposes, in a government which required a million of livres a day, and driven to the last ditch by the universal call for liberty, there came on a winter of such severe cold as was without example in the memory of man, or in the written records of history. The mercury was at times 50 degrees below the freezing point of Fahrenheit and 22 degrees below that of R�aumur. All outdoor labour was suspended, and the poor, without the wages of labour, were of course without either bread or fuel. The government found its necessities aggravated by that of procuring immense quantities of firewood, and of keeping great fires at all the cross streets, around which the people gathered in crowds, to avoid perishing with cold... ". In 1801 he expressed a similar idea in a letter to W. Dunbar: "I have often wondered that any human being should live in a cold country who can find room in a warm one. I have no doubt but that cold is the source of more sufferance to all animal nature than hunger, thirst, sickness, and all the other pains of life and of death itself put together."
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Anguilla | 1051 (Mi1082) | 2001 | "Thomas Jefferson" | |
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | Unknown ss (BL?) | SS1 | 2006 | "Thomas Jefferson" |
| Grendada Grenadines | 914 (Mi?) | 1987 | (160th anniv. birth, in 1986) | |
| Grendada Grenadines | 917 (Mi?) | |||
| Guinea Republic | 1101 (BL?) | SS1 | 1988 | |
| Laos | 269 (Mi425) | 1976 | "Thomas Jefferson" (at lower-left) | |
| Laos | 269e (BL?) | SS1 (269) | ||
| Micronesia | 172 (Mi?) | 1993 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 1687 (BL?) | SS1 | 2007 | |
| Uganda | 500 (Mi?) | 1986 | Jefferson Memorial | |
| United States | 12 (Mi5) | 1856 | (30th anniv. death) | |
| United States | 30 (Mi?) | 1861 | ||
| United States | 67 (Mi?) | 1861 | ||
| United States | 76 (Mi?) | 1863 | (120th anniv. birth) | |
| United States | U89-U92 | Printed stamps on stamped envelopes | 1870-1871 | |
| United States | 139 (Mi?) | 1870 | ||
| United States | 161 (Mi?) | 1873 | (130th anniv. birth) | |
| United States | UO39 | Printed stamp on stamped envelope | 1873 | |
| United States | U189 | Printed stamp on stamped envelope | 1875 | |
| United States | 209 (Mi?) | 1882 | ||
| United States | UX8 | Postal card | 1885 | |
| United States | UX9 | Postal card | 1886 | |
| United States | 228 (Mi?) | 1890 | ||
| United States | UX12 | Postal card | 1894 | |
| United States | 275 (Mi?) | 1895 | ||
| United States | UX14 | Postal card | 1897 | |
| United States | 310 (Mi?) | 1903 | (160th anniv. birth) | |
| United States | 324 (Mi?) | 1904 | ||
| United States | UX27 | Postal card | 1914 | |
| United States | UX29 | Postal card | 1917 | |
| United States | UX30 | Postal card | 1918 | |
| United States | UX31 | Postal card, UX29 surcharged | 1920 | |
| United States | UX32 | Postal card, UX29 surcharged | 1920 | |
| United States | UX33 | Postal card, UX29 surcharged | 1920 | |
| United States | UX34 | Postal card, UX29 surcharged | 1920 | |
| United States | UX35 | Postal card, UX29 surcharged | 1920 | |
| United States | 561 (Mi?) | 1923 | (180th anniv. birth) | |
| United States | 590 (Mi?) | 1926 | (100th anniv. death) | |
| United States | 667 (Mi?) | 1929 | ||
| United States | 807 (Mi?) | 1938 | ||
| United States | 851 (Mi?) | 1939 | ||
| United States | KM192 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 1938—1942 | |
| United States | KM192a | 5 cents (silver coin) | 1942—1945 | |
| United States | KMA192 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 1946—2003 | |
| United States | UX39 | Postal card, UX27 surcharged | 1952 | |
| United States | UX41 | Postal card, UX27 surcharged | 1952 | |
| United States | 1033 (Mi?) | 1954 | ||
| United States | 1033 fdc1 | Stamp and (Ken Boll/Cachet Craft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1033 fdc2 | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1033 fdc3 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1055 (Mi?) | Coil stamp | 1954 | |
| United States | 1055 fdc1 | Stamp and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1055 fdc2 | Stamp and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1047 (Mi?) | 1956 | Jefferson's home, Monticello; (130th anniv. death) | |
| United States | 1278 (Mi?) | 1968 | ||
| United States | 1278A | Booklet pane of 8 (8x 1278) | ||
| United States | 1278A fdc | Booklet pane on FDC | ||
| United States | 1435b fdc (Mi1046-1047 fdc) | (Black and red and blue rubber-stamp) cachet on FDC, also detail (reproduction of USA 12) | 1971 | |
| United States | 1510 (Mi?) | 1973 | ||
| United States | 1510 fdc | Stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1510c fdc | Booklet pane of 8 (8x 1510) and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1520 fdc | Coil stamp and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1687b (Mi?) | One of MS5 (1687 (a-e)) | 1976 | Jefferson (at left); (150th anniv. death) |
| United States | 1757e fdc (Mi? fdc) | Extra (1033) stamp on FDC | 1978 | |
| United States | 1779 (Mi?) | 1979 | ||
| United States | 2038 fdc (Mi1626 fdc) | (Kenick Covers no.31) insert from FDC, also front | 1983 | "Thomas Jefferson" |
| United States | 2145 fdc (Mi1753 fdc) | (Colorano silk) cachet (with reproductions of USA 12 and USA 76 on FDC | 1985 | |
| United States | 2185 (Mi?) | 1993 | "Thomas Jefferson" | |
| United States | 2185 fdc1 | Stamp and (LRC) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2185 fdc2 | Stamp and (RWI) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 2185 fdc3 | Stamp and (Mystic Stamp Company) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 2216c (Mi?) | One of MS9 (2216 (a-i)) | 1986 | (140th anniv. death) |
| United States | P497 | 2 dollars. (banknote) | 1995 | |
| United States | P516 | 2 dollars (banknote) | 2003 | |
| United States | None | Cachet on cover | 2004 | |
| United States | None | Cancel on cover | 2004 | |
| United States | KM360 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 2004 | |
| United States | KM361 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 2004 | |
| United States | KM368 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 2005 | |
| United States | KM369 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 2005 | |
| United States | KM381 | 5 cents (nickel coin) | 2006—> | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2011 | |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 | 270th anniv. birth |
|
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
|
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a French botanist and zoologist who also had scientific interest in meteorology, chemistry, geology and paleontology. He wrote a number of articles related to meteorology, including his first known publication in any field (in 1776): Memoir on the Principal Phenomena of the Atmosphere.
Lamarck felt that climate necessarily influenced animal life, and so must be one of the principal environmental factors in the process of evolution. He speculated that changes in the atmosphere were due to atmospheric tidal effects caused by the sun and the Moon. He believed that the total depth of the atmosphere was in the range of 66-80 km, and noted that clouds, winds, rain, thunderstorms, fog, hail and all other common meteors were limited to the lowest part of the atmosphere (a layer he estimated to be about 10 km deep, the 'troposphere' in modern terms).
Lamarck published his Annuaires m�t�orologiques from 1799 to 1810. These works had some similarities to weather almanacs and were destined in part for the use of people such as farmers, doctors and mariners. Each volume included his estimate of the probabilities of different weather for different time periods. However, each volume also presented some of his general ideas about meteorology, such as his proposed cloud classification (see below). Thus these works were more than mere weather almanachs.
Lamarck proposed the first system of cloud classification in 1802, in the Annuaire m�t�orologique (Volume 3) and in a paper entitled "On Cloud Forms". He noted that "it is not in the least amiss for those who are involved in meteorological research to give some attention to the form of clouds; for, besides the individual and accidental forms of each cloud, it is clear that clouds have certain general forms which are not all dependent on chance, but on a state of affairs which it would be useful to recognize and determine". He initially proposed five cloud types "related to general causes which are easily ascertained":
- Hazy clouds (en forme de voile);
- Massed clouds (attroup�s);
- Dappled clouds (pommel�s);
- Broom-like clouds (en balayeurs);
- Grouped clouds (group�s).
In the Annuaire for 1805 he proposed a more detailed classification: 12 different categories and a total of 20 different cloud types. However, Lamarck's system was not taken up by others, possibly because of its unusual terminology combined with its relatively large number of categories. The Englishman Luke Howard proposed his own cloud classification in 1803, and it became widely accepted, while Lamarck's system disappeared into history.
In the Annuaire for 1807 Lamarck proposed the creation of a French central meteorological bureau that would collect data from different observatories and then use the data to produce weather forecasts. An attempt to do this through the French medical academy and directed by Lamarck had already been made in 1801; it was discontinued soon thereafter. The first national French meteorological bureau, the Bureau central m�t�orologique, would not formally come into existence until 1878, following some 20 years of work by Urbain LeVerrier to build its various components. Morse's electric telegraph, which would permit the rapid diffusion of weather data in the 1850s and thereafter, was a key development without which central weather bureaus could not exist. Lamarck's idea was simply some 50 years ahead of its time.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also blackprint MS8 (a-f), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | |
| Chad | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck"; (270th anniv. birth, in 2014) |
| France | None | Cinderella | 1940s? | |
| France | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1979 | 150th anniv. death |
| France | None | Cancel on cover | 1989 | 160th anniv. death |
| Romania | None | Cancel on cover | 2004 | 260th anniv. birth |
| United States | SP1549 back | Back of (USPS) souvenir page (3878), also front | 2004 | "Lamarck"; 260th anniv. birth |
|
Jeffries, John
|
John Jeffries was an American physician and scientist-adventurer with an interest in meteorology. He began a daily weather record in Boston in 1774, and so was one of the first Americans to make regular weather observations. (Two other early American weather observers were Thomas Jefferson, whose weather record at his home at Monticello extends from 1772 to 1778, and James Madison, who with his father made some 16,000 observations at their home in Montpelier from 1784 to 1802). Jeffries also made two balloon flights in Europe with the French aeronaut J.-P. Blanchard in 1784 and 1785. On his return to Boston in 1789, he recommenced his weather observations, which he continued to make until 1814.
In a memorandum to the Royal Society in 1786, Jeffries outlined his objectives for those balloon flights: "I wished to see the following points more clearly determined: First, the power of ascending or descending at pleasure, while suspended, and floating in the air. Secondly, the effect which oars, or wings, might be made to produce towards this purpose, and in directing the course of the Balloon. Thirdly, to determine the state and temperature of the atmosphere at different heights from the Earth; And fourthly, by observing the varying course of the currents of air, or winds, at certain elevations, to throw some new light on the theory of winds in general".
Jeffries and Blanchard made their first flight on 30 November 1984. Jeffries had with him a mercury barometer, a thermometer, a hygrometer and an electrometer. He also had special air flasks for sampling the air at different levels. Henry Cavendish had agreed to carry out the analysis of those samples. The flight lasted about one hour and the balloon traveled almost 30 km from London to Dartford. At regular intervals, Jeffries made observations of height, direction of motion, air temperature and humidity, electrical charge, the appearance of the clouds and the horizon line. He also took the air samples for Cavendish. He found that the temperature decreased with height, from 11�C at the ground to -2�C at 9000 feet (2740 m). He also recorded a steady decrease of pressure with height, and noted large variations in humidity as the balloon rose. This was the second balloon flight which had as a goal to make scientific measurements of the atmosphere (in the first, on 1 December 1783, J.A.C. Charles used a barometer and a thermometer to measure the pressure and temperature of the air).
In their second flight, on 7 January 1785, Jeffries and Blanchard became the first people to cross the English Channel by air; they flew from Dover to Calais in about 2� hours. The balloon flew so low that to avoid hitting the water the aeronauts were forced to throw nearly everything overboard, including most of the clothes they were wearing! Jeffries had planned to make additional atmospheric observations during this flight, but unfortunately the instruments were jettisoned along with everything else.
Jeffries wrote an account of his two balloon trips in a book entitled Narrative of Two Aerial Voyages. It was published in London in 1786.
In honour of Jeffries and his meteorological work, February 5 (his birth date) has been designated National Weatherpersons Day in the US It also marks the contribution of all those whose work culminates in weather services for the public, including observers, forecasters, researchers and broadcasters.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jeffries (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Anguilla | 543 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Barbuda | 580 (Mi661) | 19831 | "Blanchard and Jeffries' flight, 7 January 1785"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 126b (Mi186) | One of booklet pane of 7 (126 (a-g + 2 labels)) (Mi185-191) | 2000 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Cambodia | 415 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Central African Republic | 609 (Mi?) i609 | Imperforate | 19831 | J.P. Blanchard and his balloon crossing the English Channel (with Jeffries) |
| Comoro Islands | C124 (Mi683) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Cook Islands | 762 (Mi949) | Stamp and label | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Cook Islands | 765 (BL143) | SS1 | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Cook Islands | 766c (Mi?) | One of MS5 (766 (a-e)) (BL144), 762 surcharged | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Czechoslovakia | C91 (Mi2398) | 1977 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Fujeira | Mi622A Mi622B | Imperforate | 1971 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Fujeira | Mi742A Mi742B | Mi622A overprinted in red Mi622B overprinted in red | 1971 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Fujeira | Mi742A-744A fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Great Britain | None | (MoF no.83) cachet on cover | 1980 | 195th anniv. Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing of the English Channel |
| Great Britain | 1073j fdc | (Benham) cachet on MS9 (2x 890c + 2x 974 + 4x 1073 + 1084) FDC | 1985 | "The Blanchard and Jeffries balloon" |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1985 | 200th anniv. Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Grenada | 1522 (Mi1606) | 1987 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Korea (North) | 2255d (Mi2314) | One of MS5 (2255 (a-e + label)) (BL136) | 19822 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Kyrgyzstan | Unknown i (Mi?) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2000 | 1785 "Blanchard and Jeffries, 1785" (balloon crossing of the English Channel) |
| Laos | 460 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Libya | 1144d (Mi1212) | One of strip of 6 (1144 (a-f)) (BL80) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Madagascar | 1390c (Mi2046) | One of MS9 (1390 (a-i)) (Mi2044-2052) | 1998 | 1785 "Blanchard et Jeffries" (balloon crossing of the English Channel) |
| Mongolia | C165 (Mi?) | 19822 | "1785 - Blanchard - France"; balloon crossing the English Channel (with Jeffries) | |
| Netherlands | None | (Black printed) cachet on postcard | 1944 | Balloon used by Blanchard and Jeffries to cross the English Channel in 1785 (not 1784 as in the text) |
| Nicaragua | BL111 | In (upper-centre) margin of SS1 | 1980 | Balloon used by Blanchard and Jeffries to cross the English Channel |
| Nicaragua | C1041 (Mi?) | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Nicaragua | 2298 (Mi4089) | SS1 | 1999 | Blanchard and description of Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon flight across the English Channel in January 1785. However, the balloon at the upper-right is the one Blanchard used in his first ascent 2 March 1784 |
| Paraguay | C383 (BL227) | On stamp of imperforate SS1 | 1974 | "7 Jan 1785, Blanchard and Jeffries, first crossing of the English Channel in a balloon" (in Spanish text) |
| Paraguay | C383 muestra | C383 overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Poland | 2434 (Mi2730) | 1981 | "J. Blanchard, J. Jeffries, 1785"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Rwanda | 1187 (Mi1271) | 19842 | "Blanchard et Jeffries, 1-7-1785"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 704b (Mi834A-836A_ms12) | In (lower-right) margin of MS12 (4x (703a+703b+704)) | 19831 | "John Jeffries" |
| United States | 2032 fdc (Mi1617 fdc) | (Edsel) cachet on FDC | 19831 | Jeffries and barometer; Jeffries and Blanchard (in text) |
| United States | 2032-2033 fdc (Mi1617-1618 fdc) | Cachet on FDC (also with C54) | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Upper Volta | 620 (Mi887) | 19831 | Jeffries; Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Upper Volta | 620a (BL63) | SS1 (620) | ||
| Vanuatu | 356 (Mi?) | 19831 | "1785 - Blanchard and Jeffries"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Vietnam | 1265 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Yemen (People's Democratic Republic) | 316d (Mi342) | One of MS4 (316 (a-d)) (BL17), or one of deluxe MS4 (316 ds (a-d)) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
1All items issued in 1983 commemorate the general theme of the 200th anniversary of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon. It took place on 21 November 1783. On that date, Pil�tre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes rose in a hot air balloon and flew approximately 9 km from the centre of Paris to the suburbs in about 25 minutes.
2200th anniversary (in 1983) of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon (for items issued in 1982 or 1984)
3200th anniversary of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon the United States, by Jean-Pierre Blanchard (for items issued in 1993).
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jeffries (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1965-02-11 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Sarzin) cachet on LES-1 launch cover | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
|
Monge, Gaspard
|
Gespard Monge was a French mathematician and member of the Acad�mie des Sciences. He also worked in other scientific fields such as physics, chemistry and meteorology, and contributed studies in those areas to the Acad�mie. He studied the composition of water, which he was able to deduce at about the same time as Lavoisier.
Monge participated in Napoleon's campaign in Egypt, where he studied the physical cause of desert mirages. He explained that they were related to the layer of superheated air next to the desert surface: the boundary between this air and the cooler, denser air just above causes light rays from the sky to bend upward and into the eye of the observer, instead of moving in a straight line and striking the sand. This creates the illusion of water in the distance (the observer interprets the light as water on the sand). Monge's paper explaining the phenomenon appeared in 1800 in the M�moires sur l'�gypte of the Egyptian Institute. It was still being cited 70 years later by the French scientific writer Flammarion.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | B279 (Mi968) | 1953 | ||
| France | 2232a (Mi2803) | One of MS4 (2232 (a-d)) (BL10, Mi2803-2806) | 1990 | |
| France | 2232a fdc | (Pictorial) cancel and (red and brown and black printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2232a fdc2 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2232a fdc3 | (Pictorial) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2232a fdc4 | (Pictorial) cancel and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 2232a maxi | Maxicard | ||
| France | 2232a folder | FDC folder | ||
| France | None | (Blue rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 2011 | B. E. M. Monge (ship, named after Gaspard Monge) |
| San Marino | 1020 (Mi1250) | 1982 | (probably) Monge in background (upon receipt of Napoleon's offer of Treaty of Friendship with San Marino, which Monge then delivered to San Marino on 7 February 1797) | |
| Senegal | None | (Black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 2011 | B. E. M. Monge (ship, named after Gaspard Monge) |
|
Volta, Alessandro
|
Alessandro Volta was an Italian physicist who invented the battery. He also made important contributions to meteorology and the study of gases, notably with his discovery of methane.
At the tender age of 18 Volta began his studies of electricity. He examined Benjamin Franklin's investigations into static electricity and concluded that Franklin was indeed correct when he stated that lightning is a form of static electricity.
In 1783 Volta showed that air expands at a constant rate with increasing temperature. He published this result, but his paper was ignored and forgotten. The relationship was re-derived by Charles in 1787 (who did not publish it) and by Gay-Lussac in 1802 (who did publish it). It is now most commonly known as Charles' Law.
As part of his research into batteries, Volta developed several new devices. One of them, the straw electrometer, was designed to measure atmospheric electricity.
To honour his scientific work, Volta's name was given to the SI (International System of Units) unit of electric potential. See the SI (metric system) unit names page for other persons after whom metric units were named.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afars and Issas | C105 (Mi170) | 1977 | (150th anniv. death) | |
| Altai | Unknown b (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | |
| Cyrenaica | 25 (Mi?) | Italy 188 changed color and overprinted | 1927 | 100th anniv. death |
| Cyrenaica | 25 o/p omitted (Mi?) | Italy 188 changed color but overprint omitted | ||
| Cyrenaica | 26 (Mi?) | Italy 189 changed color and overprinted | ||
| Cyrenaica | 27 (Mi?) | Italy 191 changed color and overprinted | ||
| Djibouti | C107 (Mi?) | Afars and Issas C105 overprinted; from MS10 (C107a (10x C107)) | 1977 | 150th anniv. death |
| Eritrea | 102 (Mi125) | Italy 188 changed color and overprinted | 1927 | 100th anniv. death |
| Eritrea | 103 (Mi126) | Italy 189 changed color and overprinted | ||
| Eritrea | 104 (Mi127) | Italy 191 changed color and overprinted | ||
| Italy | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | 1899 | 100th anniv. Voltaic pile |
| Italy | None | Cinderella (poster stamp, different color) | 1899 | 100th anniv. Voltaic pile |
| Italy | 188 (Mi259) | 1927 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Italy | 189 (Mi260) | |||
| Italy | 190 (Mi261) | |||
| Italy | 191 (Mi262) | |||
| Italy | None | Postal card, also back | 1927 | 100th anniv. death |
| Italy | 526 (Mi784) | 1949 | "150th anniv. Voltaic pile" (in Italian text) | |
| Italy | 527 (Mi785) | 1949 | ||
| Italy | 909 fdc (Mi1180 fdc) | (Filagrano) back of FDC, also front | 1965 | "The invention of Volta's voltaic pile led to the idea of continuous transmission of electricity" (in Italian text) |
| Italy | 1873 (Mi2205) | 1992 | "A. Volta" | |
| Italy | 1873 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Filagrano) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 1873 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Venetia) cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 1873 fdc3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (Circolo Filatelico G. Marconi) cachet (reproduction of stamp) on FDC card, also back | ||
| Italy | 2309 (Mi2560) | 1999 | ||
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2011 | |
| San Marino | 1042 (Mi1272) | 1983 | "Alessandro Volta" | |
| San Marino | 1042 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Solomon Islands | 172 (Mi?) | MS4 (1772 (a-d)) | 2015 | 270th anniv. birth |
| Solomon Islands | 1790 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Somalia | 97 (Mi?) | Italy 188 changed color and overprinted | 1927 | 100th anniv. death |
| Somalia | 98 (Mi?) | Italy 189 changed color and overprinted | ||
| Somalia | 99 (Mi?) | Italy 191 overprinted | ||
| Trieste (Italy) | 53 (Mi76) | Italy 526 overprinted | 1949 | Voltaic pile |
| Trieste (Italy) | 54 (Mi77) | Italy 527 overprinted | 1949 | |
| Tripolitania | 25 (Mi?) | Italy 188 changed color and overprinted | 1927 | 100th anniv. death |
| Tripolitania | 26 (Mi?) | Italy 189 changed color and overprinted | ||
| Tripolitania | 27 (Mi?) | Italy 191 changed color and overprinted | ||
| United States | None | (Text) cancel on postcard, also back | 1908 | Volta CA (post office) |
|
Charles, Jacques Alexandre C�sar
|
J.A.C. Charles was a French chemist, physicist and aeronaut. On 27 August 1783 he tested his un-manned hydrogen balloon and along with Benjamin Franklin watched it rise into the atmosphere. On 1 December 1783 Charles and Nicolas Robert made the first manned ascent in a hydrogen balloon in his balloon La Charli�re (the earlier ascent of Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes on 21 November 1783 was made in a hot air balloon). Charles made a second flight that same day, without Robert, in which he ascended to approximately 3000 m. He had a barometer and thermometer with which he made some measurements of the pressure and the temperature of the air. This was, in effect, the first scientific balloon flight since it provided the very first meteorological sounding information. In that flight, Charles' barometer fell by some nine inches as the balloon rose, and the temperature dropped from 50�F (10�C) at the surface to 20�F (-7�C) at the highest level reached.
In 1787 Charles discovered the relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature (at a constant volume the pressure of a gas is proportional to its temperature in kelvins), though he never published the work. Volta had already published in 1783 a similar result, but his work was ignored or forgotten. Gay-Lussac later referred to Charles' work and re-derived the law and published it in 1802. It is generally known as Charles' law, but has also been referred to Gay-Lussac's law.
Note: Charles' balloon, La Charli�re, is mentioned frequently in the table below.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Andorra (French Admin.) | 304 (Mi331) i304 | Imperforate | 19831 | La Charli�re (at right) |
| Andorra (French Admin.) | 304 ds | Deluxe sheet (304) | ||
| Belgium | 1146 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Cachet on FDC | 19831 | La Charli�re |
| Bernera | Local_c (Mi?) | One of local post MS4 | 19831 | La Charli�re, 1783 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 216a (Mi292) | On label from MS8 (216a (8x 216 + label)) | 2003 | La Charli�re |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 265 (Mi352) | From MS8 (265a (8x 265 + label)) | 2005 | La Charli�re (at upper-left) |
| Burundi | 1073 (Mi?) i1073 | In (left) margin of MS4 (1073 (a-d)) In (left) margin of imperforate MS4 (i1073 (a-d)) | 2012 | La Charli�re |
| Central African Republic | 614 (BL256) | SS1 | 19831 | Charles and La Charli�re (at left) |
| Central African Republic | C286 (BL236) | In (upper-right) margin of SS1; also detail | 19831 | The inset in the upper-right margin includes the date of the first manned free hot-air balloon flight (21 November 1783) and the initials of the two men who were aboard (Pil�tre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes) but the balloon shown is not their balloon: it most closely resembles J.A. Charles` balloon La Charli�re |
| Central African Republic | 1331h (Mi2473) | One of MS8 (1331 (a-h)) (Mi2466-2473) | 2000 | "J.A.C. Charles 1st hydrogen balloon 1783" |
| Chad | BL61 | In (lower-left) margin of SS1 (Mi684) | 1973 | (Similar to) La Charli�re |
| Chad | C263 (Mi963) | 19831 | "MM Charles et Robert - 1.12.1783"; La Charli�re | |
| Cuba | 2576 (Mi?) | 19831 | La Charli�re | |
| Ecuador | 1059 (Mi1966) | 19842 | La Charli�re | |
| Ecuador | 1060 (BL111) | In (lower-right) margin of SS1 | ||
| France | 1863+label card (Mi2387+label card) | Black cancel on special postal card | 19831 | Charles and La Charli�re |
| France | 1863+label cover (Mi2387+label cover) | Cachet on cover, also annotated | La Charli�re | |
| France | 1864 (Mi2388) | From MS20 (1864a (10x (1863-1864) + 10 labels)) | 19831 | "J. Charles" and "M-N Robert"; La Charli�re; "Montgolfi�re de Charles et Robert" (in the first FDC cachet); "Ascension en ballon de J. Charles et N. Robert" (in the third FDC cachet) |
| France | 1864 fdc | Stamp and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1864+label fdc1 | Stamp and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1864+label fdc2 | Stamp and (La Numismatique fran�aise) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1863-1864 fdc1 | One of two stamps and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC card | (As above for stamp); La Charli�re; "J. Charles, M-N Robert" (in cachet) | |
| France | 1863-1864 fdc2 | One of two stamps and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1863-1864 fdc3 | One of two stamps and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC card | ||
| France | 1864 card1 | Stamp and (violet pictorial) cancel and cachet on special card | 19831 | (As above for stamp); "Jacques Alexandre C�sar Charles"; La Charli�re; "200th anniv. first flight in a hydrogen balloon made by Professor Charles and his mechanic Robert on 1st December 1783"; bust of Charles (in the cancel) |
| France | 1864 card2 | Stamp and (black pictorial) cancel and (?) cachet on special card | ||
| France | 1864 card3 | Stamp and (?) cachet on special card | "Charles" | |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel on (airmail) cover | 19831 | "Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
| France | None | Cancel (different) | 19831 | "Bicentenaire de Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
| France | None | Cancel (different) | 19831 | "Charles et Robert, 1 D�c 1783"; La Charli�re |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C81 (Mi192) | One of strip of 2 (C82a (C81-C82 + label)) (Mi192-193) | 19842 | "J. Charles" and "N. Robert" and La Charli�re |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C82a fdc | Strip of 2 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | 676 (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 | 1974 | Similar to La Charli�re (but different basket and in a tropical environment) |
| Guinea Republic | BL67 | In (upper and right) margins of SS1 | 19831 | Charles and Robert's 1st ascent in a hydrogen balloon, 1.12.1783; balloon La Charli�re |
| Guinea-Bissau | 443 (Mi651) | 19831 | La Charli�re | |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1764_ms16 (Mi?) | In (upper-left) margin of MS16 (4x (a-d)) | 2016 | La Charli�re |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1764 pack | On presentation pack front, also detail | ||
| Ivory Coast | C72 (Mi773) | 19831 | La Charli�re | |
| Korea (North) | 2255c (Mi2313) | One of MS5 (2255 (a-e + label)) (BL136) | 19822 | La Charli�re landing at Nesle, 1 December 1783 |
| Kyrgyzstan | Unknown c (Mi?) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2000 | La Charli�re |
| Latvia | CB11 (Mi?) CB11a | Imperforate | 1932 | "Charli�re, 1783" (but the depicted balloon resembles Charles Green's Royal Vauxhall) |
| Laos | 459 (Mi647) | 19831 | La Charli�re | |
| Madagascar | 1390b (Mi2045) | One of MS9 (1390 (a-i)) (Mi2044-2052) | 1998 | Charles and Robert, 1783 and La Charli�re |
| Mauritania | 523 (Mi778) | 19831 | La Charli�re | |
| Monaco | J45 (Mi52) | One of pair (J45a (J45+J54)) | 1953 | La Charli�re |
| Monaco | 1368-1369 sc (Mi1579-1580 sc) | (�ditions CEF) souvenir card | 1983 | "Charles et Robert" |
| Mongolia | C60 (Mi845) | 1974 | Two depictions of La Charli�re (in one, the sails are incorrect) | |
| Netherlands | None | Cancel on postcard | 1943 | La Charli�re (at right) |
| Netherlands | None | Postcard, back | 1943 | Charles and Robert's balloon La Charli�re landing at Nesle, 1 December 1783 |
| Niger | C319 (Mi826) | 19831 | "1-12-1783 - Ballon � hydrog�ne" (La Charli�re) | |
| Niger | C319 ds | Deluxe sheet (C319) | ||
| Nicaragua | 2300 (Mi4087) | SS1 | 1999 | Charles and his flight with Robert in La Charli�re |
| Paraguay | 2104a label1 (Mi3704 label1) | One of three labels from MS6 (2104a (6x 2104 + 3 labels) | 19831 | Charles and his flight with Robert in La "Charli�re" (in 1783, not "1784") |
| Penhyrn | 255a (Mi347_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 255 + label) | 1983 | Charles and Robert and La Charli�re |
| Penhyrn | 256a (Mi348_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 256 + label) | ||
| Penhyrn | 257a (Mi349_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 257 + label) | ||
| Penhyrn | 258a (Mi350_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 258 + label) | ||
| Penhyrn | 259a (Mi351_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 259 + label) | ||
| Rwanda | 1185 (Mi1269) | 19842 | "Charles et Robert, 1-12-1783"; La Charli�re (at left) | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 704b (Mi834A-836A_ms12) | In (left) margin of MS12 (4x (703a+703b+704)) | 19831 | "J.A.C. Charles" |
| Somalia | Mi750 | 1999 | La Charli�re | |
| Surinam | 657 (Mi1054) | 19831 | La Charli�re | |
| Surinam | 655-657 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 573 (Mi?) | 19831 | World`s first un-manned hydrogen balloon ascent, 27 August 1783 in Paris (the balloon was built for Charles by the Robert brothers) | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 573-576 proofs | One of four imperforate proofs in folder, with outside (front and back) | ||
| United States | 2032 fdc (Mi1617 fdc) | (DRC) cachet on FDC | 19831 | La Charli�re (in centre of cachet) |
| United States | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1985 | La Charli�re |
| United States | None | Cancel on cover | 1990 | La Charli�re (the smaller of two balloons in the cancel) |
| Upper Volta | 619 (Mi886) | 19831 | Charles; Charles' and Robert's flight, 1783; La Charli�re | |
| Upper Volta | 619a (BL62) | SS1 (619) | ||
| Upper Volta | 623 (BL59) | In (lower) margin of SS1 | 19831 | "Charles 1783" |
| Vanuatu | 355 (Mi?) | 19831 | "1783 - J.A.C. Charles"; La Charli�re | |
| Vietnam | 2621 (Mi2695) | 1995 | "La Charli�re, 1-12-1783" | |
| Yemen (People's Democratic Republic) | 316b (Mi340) | One of MS4 (316 (a-d)) (BL17), or one of deluxe MS4 (316 ds (a-d)) | 19831 | La Charli�re |
| Zaire | 1161 (Mi868) | 1984 | "1783 - Ballon de Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re | |
| Zaire | 1414 (Mi1089) | 1161 surcharged | 1994 | "1783 - Ballon de Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
1All items issued in 1983 commemorate the general theme of the 200th anniversary of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon. It took place on 21 November 1783. On that date, Pil�tre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes rose in a hot air balloon and flew approximately 9 km from the centre of Paris to the suburbs in about 25 minutes.
2200th anniversary (in 1983) of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon (for items issued in 1982 or 1984)
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles (on satellite and launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1978-07-20 | Mars PA | (Black printed) cachet on Viking-1 anniversary cover, also annotated | J.A.C. Charles' balloon La Charli�re |
|
von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang
|
Johann von Goethe was a German poet and philosopher who also had a wide variety of scientific interests, including meteorology.
Goethe's poetry and philosophy sometimes treated weather-related subjects. For example, he said "Soul of man how equal to water! Fate of man how equal to wind!", thus equating the dynamism of water and air to that of Man. This is reminiscent of Heraclitus, who considered wind, water and life and concluded that "everything flows" (panta rhei).
In 1775 von Goethe entered the court of the Duchy of Weimar, where he worked in various government offices. As a member of the cabinet, he was able to indulge his scientific pursuits. For example, his interest in the weather led him to set up an early weather station in the Duchy. This was the precursor of a weather observing network in the Duchy, which in turn was a precursor of modern state meteorological services in Europe.
During his travels around Europe, Goethe discovered a simple water barometer known as a weather glass and introduced it to the German-speaking countries. His promotion of the instrument linked it to him and it became known in Europe as the Goethe barometer. His personal weather glass is still found in his former home (now the Goethe Museum) in Weimar, Germany.
Goethe had long been fascinated by clouds and their forms, and enthusiastically adopted the cloud classification system introduced by the Englishman Luke Howard in 1803. He used it in his own weather journals as well as in the Weimar observation network. Goethe later included in his meteorological writings the poem Howard's Ehrenged�chtnis (To the Honoured Momory of Howard) consisting of four strophes: 'Stratus', 'Cumulus', 'Cirrus' and 'Nimbus'. He also published an essay, Wolkengestalt nach Howard (Cloud Shapes according to Howard), as well as the German language translation of an autobiographical memoir written by Howard at his request. For Goethe, Howard was "the first to hold fast conceptually the airy and always-changing form of clouds, to limit and fasten down the indefinite, the intangible and unattainable and give them appropriate names".
Several books or treatises have been written about von Goethe's work in meteorology, including:
- Paulus, R., 1982, Goethe und die Meteorologie, Mitt. DMG, 1/82, 21-24.
- Schneider-Carius, Karl, Goethes Erlebnis und Erforschung der atmosph�rischen Erscheinungen, In: Jahrbuch der Goethe-Gesellschaft N.F. 21 (1950), 276-309.
- Schneider-Carius, Karl, Wetterkunde - Wetterforschung. Geschichte ihrer Probleme und Erkenntnisse in Dokumenten aus drei Jahrtausenden, Freiburg/M�nchen: Karl Alber 1955 (Orbis Academicus II/9).
- Sommerhalder, Mark, "Pulschlag der Erde!" Die Meteorologie in Goethes Naturwissenschaft und Dichtung. Bern u.a.: Lang 1993 (Z�richer germanistische Studien 36).
- Wasielewski, Waldemar von, Goethes meteorologische Studien, Leipzig 1910.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | ? | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2264b (Mi?) | One of MS3 (2264 (a-c)) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 2265 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 289 (Mi380) | From MS8 (289a (a-h + label)) | 2007 | 175th anniv. death |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 289 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Bulgaria | 4077 (Mi?) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Central African Republic | 518 (Mi836) i518 | Imperforate | 1982 | "J.W. von Goethe"; (150th anniv. death) |
| Central African Republic | 643 (Mi?) | 1984 | ||
| Chad | 487 (Mi?) i487 | Imperforate | 1984 | |
| Chile | 1291-1292 fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Text) cancel and (green and black printed) cachet on FDC | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Comoro Islands | 549 (Mi?) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) | |
| Comoro Islands | 550 (Mi?) | |||
| Congo (People's Republic) | 638 (Mi?) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) | |
| Congo (People's Republic) | 638 ds | Deluxe sheet (638) | ||
| Dominica | 2156b (Mi?) | On one stamp and in (upper-right) margin of MS3 (2156 (a-c)) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Dominica | 2156 fdc | MS3 on FDC | ||
| Dominica | 2157 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | Unknown d (Mi?) | One of strip of 4 (a-d) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| France | 863 (Mi1173) | 1957 | "Goethe" | |
| France | 863 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 863 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | 863 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 863 proof1 | Color proof | ||
| France | 863 proof2 | Blue and brown proof | ||
| France | 863 proof3 | Color proof (red) | ||
| France | 863 proof4 | Color proof (green) | ||
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | early-1900s | |
| Germany | 351 (Mi?) | 1926 | ||
| Germany | 352 (Mi?) | 1927 | ||
| Germany | 358 (Mi?) | 1926 | ||
| Germany | 365 (Mi?) | 358 overprinted | 1927 | |
| Germany | None | Cinderella | 1932 | (100th anniv. death) |
| Germany | None | Postal card | 1932 | 100th anniv. death |
| Germany (West) | B306 (Mi?) | 1949 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Germany (West) | B307 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (West) | B308 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella | late 1950s? | |
| Germany (West) | 833 (Mi?) | 1961 | "Goethe" | |
| Germany (West) | 833 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Germany (West) | 833 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Germany (West) | 833 maxi3 | Maxicard (different), also back | ||
| Germany (West) | 833 fdc1 | Stamp and (?) cachet (with reproduction of Germany-Russia 10NB10) on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 1369 (Mi?) | 1982 | "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"; (150th anniv. death) | |
| Germany (West) | 1369 fdc | Stamp and (pictorial and text) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | KM156 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Germany (West) | None | Cancel and cachet on postcard | 1983 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Germany (West) | None | Cancel and cachet (different) on postcard | 1983 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Germany | None | Cancel and cachet and coin (KM156) on cover, also back | 1992 | |
| Germany | None | Cancel and cachet and coin (KM156) on cover, also back | 1994 | |
| Germany | None | Cachet and coin (KM156) on cover (different) | 1994 | |
| Germany | 1844 (Mi1934) | One of booklet pane of 10 (1844a (10x 1884)) | 1997 | Goethe-Schiller Monument; Goethe (at left) |
| Germany | 1844 specimen | 1844 overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Germany | 1844 fdc1 | Stamp and (Deutsche Post) cachet on FDC, also back | ||
| Germany | 1844 fdc2 | Stamp and (ETABO) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1844 fdc3 | Stamp and (Deutscher Philatelic Service) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany | 1844a bk | Booklet front, from booklet pane of 10 (1844a (10x 1844)) | ||
| Germany | 1844 postalcard1 (Mi1934 postalcard1) | Printed stamp on postal card | ||
| Germany | 1844 postalcard2 (Mi1934 postalcard2) | Printed stamp on postal card (different) | ||
| Germany | 1844 ss1 | (BDPh) cinderella ss1 and (pictorial) cancel | 1997 | |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (BDPh) cachet on cover | 1997 | |
| Germany | 2024 (Mi2028I) | 1999 | Von Goethe (second from the left) | |
| Germany | 2024 card | Printed stamp on postal card, also back | ||
| Germany | 2052 (Mi2073) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe" | |
| Germany | 2052 folder1 | Folder | ||
| Germany | 2052 folder2 | Folder (different) | ||
| Germany | 2052 sc | Stamp and (signature) cancel and cachet on souvenir card | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Germany | None | Cachet on postal card | 1999 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Germany | 1844 card (Mi1934 card) | Printed stamp on postal card (different) | 1999 | Goethe-Schiller Monument; Goethe (at left) |
| Germany | KM197 | 10 euros (silver coin) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Germany | 2123 (Mi?) | 2001 | 50th anniv. Goethe Institute | |
| Germany | 2276 (BL?) | MS2 (2276 (a-b)) | 2004 | 150th anniv. premi�re Goethe's Faust |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2007 | 175th anniv. death |
| Germany | 3046 (Mi3393) | 2018 | ||
| Germany (East) | 966 (Mi?) | 1967 | Goethehaus in Weimar | |
| Germany (East) | KM25 | 20 marks (silver coin) | 1969 | (220th anniv. birth) |
| Germany (East) | 1471 (Mi?) | 1973 | ||
| Germany (East) | 2245a (Mi?) | One of MS2 (2245 (a-b)) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Germany (East) | KM85 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1982 | Goethe's cottage; (150th anniv. death) |
| Germany (East) | 2833 (Mi?) | From booklet pane of 10 (2833a (10x 2833)) | 1990 | Goethe-Schiller Monument; Goethe (at left) |
| Germany (East) | 2833 postalcard1 (Mi? postalcard1) | Printed stamp on postal card | 1990 | Goethe-Schiller Monument; Goethe (at left) |
| Germany (East) | 2833 postalcard2 (Mi? postalcard2) | Printed stamp on postal card (different) | 1990 | Goethe-Schiller Monument; Goethe (at left) |
| Germany (French Admin.) | 4N11 (Mi?) | 1945 | ||
| Germany (Baden) | 5NB12 (Mi?) | 1949 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Germany (Baden) | 5NB13 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Baden) | 5NB14 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Rhine Palatinate) | 6NB7 (Mi?) | 1949 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Germany (Rhine Palatinate) | 6NB8 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Rhine Palatinate) | 6NB9 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Wurttemburg) | 8NB9 (Mi?) | 1949 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Germany (Wurttemburg) | 8NB10 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Wurttemburg) | 8NB11 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N61 (Mi?) | 1949 | (200th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N62 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N63 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N185 (Mi?) | 1961 | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N185 fdc1 | Stamp and (black and blue printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N185 fdc2 | Stamp and (FIDACOS) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB6 (Mi?) | 1949 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB7 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB8 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB9 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB10 (Mi?) | |||
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB11 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Germany (Russia) | 10NB13 (Mi?) | (200th anniv. birth) | ||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N7 (Mi98A) | 1945 | ||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N7a (Mi98B) | 16N7 imperforate | ||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N7b (BL?) | MS4 (16N2+16N4+16N6-16N7) | ||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N8 (Mi99A) | |||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N8a (Mi99B) | 16N8 imperforate | ||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N9b (Mi108) | One of MS5 (16N9 (a-e)) (BL3Ax) | 1946 | |
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N9fb (Mi?) | One of MS5 (16N9f (a-e)) (BL3Bya), watermarked | ||
| Germany (Thuringia) | 16N9b error (Mi108 error) | One of MS5 (16N9 var (a-e)) (BL3BFI), color error | ||
| Germany (Weimar) | KM76 | 3 marks (silver coin) | 1932 | (100th anniv. death) |
| Germany (Weimar) | KM77 | 5 marks (silver coin) | ||
| Ghana | 2140b (Mi3013) | One of MS3 (2140 (a-c)) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Ghana | 2141 (BL383, Mi3015) | SS1 | ||
| Grenada | 2858b (Mi?) | One of MS3 (2858 (a-c)) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Grenada | 2860 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | 879 (Mi976) | 1984 | ||
| Guinea Republic | 879a (BL84) | On stamp and in (right) margin of SS1 (879) | ||
| Guinea Republic | 1608b (Mi2675) | On one stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (1608 (a-c)) (Mi2674-2676) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Guinea Republic | 1609 (BL621, Mi2677) | SS1 | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi6573 | One of MS6 (Mi6568-6573) | 2009 | (260th anniv. birth) |
| Guyana | 3413b (Mi?) | One of MS3 (3413 (a-c)) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Guyana | 3414 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Hungary | CB5 (Mi1025) | 1948 | ||
| Hungary | 2777 (BL?) | SS1 | 1982 | 150th anniv. death |
| Hungary | 2777 fdc | SS1 and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Hungary | None | Postal card (gold) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Hungary | None | Postal card (blue) | ||
| Italy | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1988 | 200th anniv. Goethe's visit to Italy |
| Italy | 2304 (Mi?) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Italy | 2304 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Italy | 2304 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Italy | 2304 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Italy | 2304 maxi2 | Maxicard (Lanciano cancel) | ||
| Italy | 2304 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Italy | 2929 (Mi?) | 2009 | von Goethe (at left); (260th anniv. birth) | |
| Ivory Coast | 626 (Mi?) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) | |
| Korea (North) | 2071 (Mi?) | 1981 | Goetz von Berlichingen, subject of poem by von Goethe; von Goethe at right; (150th anniv. death, in 1982) | |
| Korea (North) | 2134 (Mi?) | Stamp-on-stamp: France 863 | 1981 | |
| Korea (North) | 2199 (Mi2259) i2199 | From MS9 (2199a (9x 2199)) From imperforate MS9 (i2199a (9x i2199)) | 1982 | 150th anniv. death |
| Korea (North) | 2200 (Mi2260) i2200 | From MS9 (2200a (9x 2200)) From imperforate MS9 (i2200a (9x i2200)) | ||
| Korea (North) | 2201 (Mi2261) i2201 | From MS9 (2201a (9x 2201)) From imperforate MS9 (i2201a (9x i2201)) | ||
| Korea (North) | 2202 (Mi2262) i2202 | From MS9 (2202a (9x 2202)) From imperforate MS9 (i2202a (9x i2202)) | ||
| Korea (North) | 2203e (Mi2267) | From MS5 (2203 (a-e + label)) (Mi2263-2267) | ||
| Korea (North) | 2203 label (Mi? label) | |||
| Korea (North) | 2204 (BL121) | SS1 | ||
| Korea (South) | 1964 (Mi?) | 1999 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Korea (South) | 1964 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Korea (South) | 1964 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Korea (South) | 1965 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Korea (South) | None | (Red pictorial) meter on cover | 1999 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Liechtenstein | 723 (Mi?) | 1981 | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1151 (Mi?) | 1999 | "J.W. Goethe"; (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Liechtenstein | 1151 maxi (Mi?) | Maxicard, also back | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1152 (Mi?) | |||
| Liechtenstein | 1152 maxi (Mi?) | Maxicard, also back | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1151-1152 fdc | Two stamps and (Liechtenstein Post) cachet on FDC | ||
| Luxembourg | 593 (Mi?) | 1977 | ||
| Luxembourg | 593 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Luxembourg | 593-596 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Luxembourg | 1020 (Mi?) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Maldive Islands | 671 (Mi?) | 1977 | Goethe (at left) | |
| Mali | C467 (Mi?) iC467 | Imperforate | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Mali | C467 ds | Deluxe sheet (C467) | ||
| Mali | C467 proof | Signed proof | ||
| Moldova | 322 (Mi326) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Moldova | 322 fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Moldova | 551 (Mi577) | From MS10 (551a (10x 551)) | 2007 | |
| Moldova | 548-551 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Niger | 578 (Mi788) | 1982 | (150th anniv. death) | |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_g | One of MS8 (a-h + label) | 2011 | (180th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Paraguay | 953 (Mi1577) i953 (Mi1585) | Imperforate with changed color | 1966 | |
| Paraguay | 953 muestra i953 muestra | On stamp, overprinted "muestra" On imperforate stamp with changed color, overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | i954 muestra (Mi1578 muestra) | In (right) margin of imperforate, overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | 956 (Mi1580) i956 (Mi1588) | Imperforate with changed color | ||
| Paraguay | 956 muestra i956 muestra | On stamp, overprinted "muestra" On stamp and in (right) margin of imperforate with changed color, overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | i957 muestra (Mi1581 muestra) | In (right) margin of imperforate, overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | i958 muestra (Mi1582 muestra) | In (right) margin of imperforate, overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | 958a (BL85) i958a (BL86) | In (lower-left) margin of SS1 In (lower-left) margin of imperforate SS1 with changed color | ||
| Paraguay | 958a muestra i958a muestra | In (lower-left) margin of SS1, overprinted "muestra" In (lower-left) margin of imperforate SS1 with changed color, overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | 2445 (Mi4621) | 1993 | paintings of Goethe | |
| Paraguay | 2446 (Mi4622) | |||
| Paraguay | 2445-2446 fdc | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Paraguay | 2451 (Mi4627) | 2445 overprinted | 1993 | |
| Paraguay | 2452 (Mi4628) | 2446 overprinted | ||
| Paraguay | 2451-2452 fdc | Two stamps on FDC | ||
| Philippines | 3378 | Block of 4 (3378 (a-d)) | 2011 | Goethe Institute; (180th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Romania | 3135c (Mi?) | One of MS4 (3135 (a-d)) | 1983 | |
| Romania | 3135 fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Romania | 3135c card | Stamp and cancel and cachet on card | 1991 | |
| Romania | 4304 (Mi?) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) | |
| Romania | 4304-4305 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Romania | 4304 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 1999 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel on cover (different) | 1999 | 250th anniv. birth |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 612 (Mi695A) i612 (Mi695B) | Imperforate | 1981 | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 613 (BL57A, Mi696A) i613 (BL57B, Mi696B) | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 654 (Mi765) i654 | Imperforate | 1982 | 150th anniv. death |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 655 (BL91A, Mi766A) i655 (BL91B, Mi766B) | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | Mi3509 | One of MS6 (Mi3506-3511) | 2008 | |
| St. Vincent | 2709b (Mi4702) | One stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (2709 (a-c)) (Mi4702+4704-4705) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| St. Vincent | 2709b (Mi4702) | One stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (2710 (2709b+2710 (a-b))) (Mi4701-4703) | ||
| St. Vincent | 2711 (BL493, Mi4706) | SS1 | ||
| St. Vincent | 2712 (BL494, Mi4707) | SS1 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2229b (Mi3311) | One stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (2229 (a-c)) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Sierra Leone | 2229b (Mi3311) | One stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (2230 (2229b+2230 (a-b)) | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2231 (BL425, Mi3315) | SS1 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2232 (BL426, Mi3316) | SS1 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2794c (Mi?) | One of MS3 (2794 (a-c)) | 2005 | Goethe-Schiller Monument; Goethe (at left) |
| Togo | C190 (Mi953) iC190 | Imperforate | 1972 | 140th anniv. death |
| Togo | C190 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Togo | C190 ds | Deluxe sheet (C190) | ||
| Togo | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS3 (a-c) | 2011 | |
| United States | 2018 fdc1 | (Quinn no.8) cachet on FDC (Vienna VA cancel), also back | 1982 | Von Goethe (at the right in the cachet) |
| United States | 2018 fdc2 | (Quinn no.8) cachet on FDC (Washington DC cancel) | ||
| United States | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1999 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Uruguay | 1146 (Mi1673) i1146 | Imperforate | 1983 | 150th anniv. death "J.W. Goethe" |
| Uruguay | 1146 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Uruguay | 1146 var | 1146 missing gold | ||
| Uruguay | 1147a (BL54) i1147a | MS4 (1144-1147) Imperforate MS4 (i1144-i1147) | ||
| Upper Volta | 316 (Mi?) | 1973 | ||
| Upper Volta | 642 (Mi925) | 1983 | 150th anniv. death | |
| Zambia | 794b (Mi956) | One stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (794 (a-c)) (Mi955-957) | 1999 | (250th anniv. birth) |
| Zambia | 795 (BL56, Mi958) | SS1 |
|
Berthollet, Claude-Louis
|
Claude-Louis Berthollet was a French chemist who in the early 1800s wanted to find out how the composition of the atmosphere changed with altitude. Laplace was also interested in this question, and in 1804 proposed that the French Academy of Sciences fund scientific balloon flights that would make the required measurements. The proposal was accepted, and in August of that year Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac (a student and lab assistant of Berthollet) and Jean-Baptiste Biot rose to some 4000 m in a balloon over Paris. In September of that year, Gay-Lussac made a second flight, this one solo. Air samples collected near the highest level reached, around 7000 m, were later analyzed and found to have the same composition as air at the ground.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | 464 card (Mi595 card) | Card | 1944 | "Berthollet" |
| France | 872 (Mi1185) | 1958 | (210th anniv. birth) | |
| France | 872 ds | Deluxe sheet (872) | ||
| France | 872 proof1 | Proof | ||
| France | 872 proof2 | Artist proof | ||
| France | 872 proof3 | Artist proof (color) | ||
| France | 872 fdc1 | (Text) cancel and (�ditions P.J.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 872 fdc2 | (Text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 872 fdc3 | (Text) cancel and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 872 maxi1 | (�ditions_Bourgogne) maxicard, also back part1 and back part2 | ||
| France | 872 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | 872 maxi3 | (�ditions G. Parison & B. Regnier) maxicard, also back | ||
| France | 872 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) |
|
Laplace, Pierre-Simon
|
Pierre-Simon Laplace was a French mathematician and astronomer. His name is used to refer to a particular mathematical function that is now widely used in meteorology: the "Laplacian".
Laplace needed to know how his astronomical observations were affected by the refraction of light caused by the atmosphere. To determine this, he needed vertical profiles of temperature and moisture. Some such measurements had been made outside France, but in 1804 Laplace proposed to the French Academy of Sciences that funds be allotted for balloon flights that would make the necessary measurements within the country. Claude-Louis Berthollet, who wanted to find out how the composition of the atmosphere changes with altitude, supported the proposal. The Academy agreed, and in August 1804, Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac (Berthollet's student and lab assistant) and Jean-Baptiste Biot rose in a hot air balloon to some 4000 m over Paris while making observations of the atmosphere. Gay-Lussac made another ascent in September of that year. In these flights it was found that the air became drier with height, while the temperature decreased.
As a result of this work, Laplace was able to deduce a hypsometric equation (an equation that relates atmospheric pressure to geometric height, given known profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity). His formula was later used by other researchers. For example, Angot, Hergesell and Rykatchef showed in a study published in Part 1 of the 1896 Memoirs of the French Central Meteorological Bureau that while a single hypsometric equation valid for a deep layer of the atmosphere would be complex and difficult to derive, such a layer could be divided into thin sub-layers, each of which could then be treated with Laplace's simpler equation. The results for all the layers could then simply be summed to obtain an accurate solution.
Laplace also did some initial work on the laws that govern atmospheric pressure tides. This work was later extended by Kelvin and generalized by Rayleigh and Margules.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congo Republic | Unknown a (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2016 | "Pierre Simon de Laplace" |
| France | B298 (Mi1057) | 1955 | "Laplace" | |
| France | B298 fdc1 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B298 fdc2 | Stamp and (text) cancel and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B298 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | B298 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Germany | None | Cinderella (poster stamp) | early-1900s | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5842A Mi5842B | One of MS6 (Mi5838A-5843A) One of imperforate MS6 (Mi5838B-5843B) | 2008 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi5838A-5843A_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi7645A | One of MS6 (Mi7641A-7646A) | 2010 | |
| Guinea Republic | Mi7641A-7647A fdc | One of seven stamps on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi7641A-7646A_ms6 fdc Mi7641B-7646B_ms6 fdc | MS6 on FDC Imperforate MS6 on FDC | ||
| Mozambique | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS6 (a-f) One of imperforate MS6 (a-f) | 2001 | |
| Mozambique | Unknown ss (BL?) | On stamp of SS1 | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local label | One of MS8 (a-h + label) | 2011 |
|
Madison, James
|
James Madison was the fourth president of the United States. He and his friend Thomas Jefferson were keenly interested in meteorology, partly from a strict scientific viewpoint and partly because they felt that they had to refute the French naturalist Buffon's published claim that American flora and fauna were somehow inferior to those of Europe, due to a supposedly inferior climate.
Jefferson, who made weather observations at Monticello from 1772 to 1778, encouraged Madison to make his own observations. As a result Madison and his father recorded some 16,000 weather observations at Montpelier (their home) from 1784 to 1802. Before 1787, Madison's thermometer was located inside his house. This was standard practice at the time (following the instructions of the Englishman Dr. James Jurin, secretary of the Royal Society of London, who advocated placing the thermometer "in a room which faces the north, where there is very seldom if ever any fire in the fireplace"). However, Madison came to the conclusion in the winter of 1786-1787 that his observed temperatures could be inconsistent with what was happening outside (for example, the Madison family weather diary for 10 December 1786 noted that trees were covered in ice and that the thermometer dropped from 30 degrees Fahrenheit to 22 when put "on the porch"). As a result, on 16 February 1787 Madison moved his thermometer outdoors to the porch. This action was a bold step forward for the times, representing as it did a break with overseas authority. It of course immediately changed the character of Madison's temperature observations, which then showed much larger diurnal differences than had been the case previously. It can be said that in meteorology as in politics, Madison was among the American founders of measures that represented a revolution against British practices.
Madison's weather observations are far more complete than those of Jefferson, in number and type (Madison regularly observed both temperature and precipitation). Researchers from University of Virginia and the University of Arkansas have recently taken advantage of Madison's work in their development of a history of precipitation over central Virginia during the past two centuries (Druckenbrod, D., M. Mann, D. Stahle, M. Cleaveland, M. Therrell and H. Shugart, 2003: Late Eighteenth-Century Precipitation Reconstructions from James Madison's Montpelier Plantation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84(1) (January 2003), 57-71). The authors used tree rings from a Montpelier forest to estimate Virginia precipitation in the late 18th and 19th centuries, and calibrated their tree ring data from the beginning of that period with Madison's actual observations of precipitation. They then connected the resulting reconstruction to modern observations, resulting in a precipitation record over 200 years long. They concluded that from Madison's time there has been a shift in Virginia from May to June in the timing of the main spring precipitation. Madison's temperature observations have also been compared to modern observations, with the conclusion that the climate in Virginia was probably cooler in the late 18th century than it is now, particularly in summer.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Central African Republic | 880 (Mi1306A) i880 (Mi1306B) | Imperforate | 1988 | "James Madison" |
| Central African Republic | BL430 (BL?) | |||
| Grenada | 1557 (BL?) | SS1 | 1987 | "James Madison" |
| Laos | 269 (Mi425) | 1976 | "James Madison" (at lower-right) | |
| Laos | 269e (BL?) | SS1 (269) | ||
| United States | 262 (Mi?) | 1894 | ||
| United States | 277 (Mi?) | 1895 | ||
| United States | 312 (Mi?) | 1903 | ||
| United States | 479 (Mi?) | 1917 | ||
| United States | 808 (Mi?) | 1938 | ||
| United States | 843 (Mi?) | 1939 | ||
| United States | 843 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 843 fdc2 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | None | (Text) cancel | 1942 | Madison WI (post office) |
| United States | 2145 fdc (Mi1753 fdc) | (Colorano silk) cachet (with reproduction of USA 479) on FDC | 1985 | |
| United States | 2216d (Mi?) | One of MS9 (2216 (a-i)) | 1986 | (150th anniv. death) |
| United States | 2875a (Mi?) | MS4 (4x 2875) | 1994 | |
| United States | 3545 (Mi?) | 2001 | ||
| United States | 3545 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
|
Blanchard, Jean-Pierre
|
Jean-Pierre Blanchard was a French aeronaut who made some 60 balloon flights during his life. Two of them were made with the American physician and scientist John Jeffries.
In their first flight together on 30 November 1784, they flew about one hour and travelled almost 30 km from London to Dartford. Jeffries made some observations of the atmosphere. He found that the temperature decreased with height, from 11�C at the ground to -2�C at 9000 feet (2740 m). He also recorded a steady decrease of pressure with height, and noted large variations in humidity as the balloon rose.
In their second flight, on 7 January 1785, Blanchard and Jeffries became the first people to cross the English Channel by air; they flew from Dover to Calais in about 2� hours. The balloon flew so low that to avoid hitting the water the aeronauts were forced to throw nearly everything overboard, including most of the clothes they were wearing! Jeffries had planned to make additional atmospheric observations during this flight, but unfortunately the instruments were jettisoned along with everything else.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blanchard (on non-launch-cover postal items) | ||||
| Anguilla | 543 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1713 (Mi1872) | 19933 | World's first airmail via Blanchard's balloon, Philadelphia PA to Woodbury NJ, 1793 | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1715 (Mi1873) | |||
| Antigua and Barbuda | 1719 (BL272) i1719 | SS1 Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Barbuda | 580 (Mi661) | 19831 | "Blanchard and Jeffries' flight, 7 January 1785"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Barbuda | 1448 (BL227) | SS1, Antigua and Barbuda 1719 overprinted "Barbuda Mail" | 1994 | World's first airmail via Blanchard's balloon, Philadelphia PA to Woodbury NJ, 1793 |
| Belize | 679 (BL?) | SS1 | 19831 | "Blanchard"; (in upper margin) the balloon he used in his first ascent 2 March 1784; (at left) his Chelsea balloon on 2 November 1784 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serb Admin.) | 126b (Mi186) | One of booklet pane of 7 (126 (a-g + 2 labels)) (Mi185-191) | 2000 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Burundi | 1073b (Mi?) i1073b | One of MS4 (1073 (a-d)) One of imperforate MS4 (i1073 (a-d)) | 2012 | Blanchard's balloon used in his first ascent, 2 March 1784 |
| Cambodia | 415 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Central African Republic | 609 (Mi?) i609 | Imperforate | 19831 | J.P. Blanchard and his balloon crossing the English Channel (with Jeffries) |
| Chad | 451 (Mi979) i451 | Imperforate | 19831 | Blanchard and Chelsea balloon (1784) |
| Chad | 451a (BL66) i451a | SS1 (451) Imperforate SS1 (i451) | ||
| Chad | C264 (Mi?) | 19831 | "J.P. Blanchard, Berlin, 1788"; balloon | |
| Comoro Islands | C124 (Mi683) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Cook Islands | 762 (Mi949) | Stamp and label | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Cook Islands | 765 (BL143) | SS1 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Cook Islands | 766c (Mi?) | One of MS5 (766 (a-e)) (BL144), 762 surcharged | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Czechoslovakia | C91 (Mi2398) | 1977 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Dominica | 1577 (BL244) | SS1 | 19933 | Blanchard's balloon, 1793 in the US |
| France | 1863 cover (Mi2387 cover) | (Fleetwood) back of cover, also front | 1983 | "Jean-Pierre Blanchard" made the "first manned balloon flight in America" on "January 9, 1793". |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1987 | "Jean-Pierre Blanchard" and "First crossing of the English Channel in a balloon" (in French text) |
| France | 3260f (Mi4175) | One of MS6 (3260 (a-f)) (BL65, Mi4170-4175) | 2006 | "Blanchard - Ballon � rames" (the balloon he used in his first ascent 2 March 1784) |
| Fujeira | Mi622A Mi622B | Imperforate | 1971 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Fujeira | Mi742A Mi742B | Mi622A overprinted in red Mi622B overprinted in red | 1971 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Fujeira | Mi742A-744A fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Gambia | 1388 (BL?) | SS1 | 1993 | Blanchard's balloon used in his first ascent, 2 March 1784 |
| Germany | None | Postcard back, also front | ? | "Blanchard in N�rnberg, 1787" |
| Ghana | 1564 (BL223) | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 | 1993 | "Blanchard's hot air balloon, 1793" (in the USA) |
| Ghana | 1934c (Mi2509) | One of MS3 (1934 (a-c)) | 1997 | "Pierre Blanchard, 1784, first airmail flight" |
| Great Britain | None | (MoF no.83) cachet on cover | 1980 | 195th anniv. Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing of the English Channel |
| Great Britain | 1073j fdc (Mi? fdc) | (Benham) cachet on MS9 (2x 890c + 2x 974 + 4x 1073 + 1084) FDC | 1985 | "The Blanchard and Jeffries balloon" |
| Great Britain | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1985 | 200th anniv. Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Grenada | 1522 (Mi1606) | 1987 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Grenada | 2285 (Mi2691) | 1993 | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail delivery; liftoff of Blanchard's balloon from Philadelphia | |
| Grenada | 2286 (Mi2692) | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail delivery; "Blanchard carried a passport from President George Washington" | ||
| Grenada | 2287 (BL356) | SS1 | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail delivery and 1st gas balloon flight in America; "Blanchard's balloon approaches Deptford, NJ" | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 1620 (Mi1816) | 1993 | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail delivery; "Blanchard's balloon crosses the Delaware River" | |
| Grenada Grenadines | 1621 (Mi1819) | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail delivery; "Blanchard carried a passport of introduction from George Washington" | ||
| Grenada Grenadines | 1622 (BL291) | SS1 | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail delivery and 1st gas balloon flight in America; "Blanchard's balloon" | |
| Guinea-Bissau | Unknown (Mi?) | In (upper) margin of SS1 | 2005 | Blanchard's balloon used in his first ascent, 2 March 1784 |
| Korea (North) | 2255d (Mi2314) | One of MS5 (2255 (a-e + label)) (BL136) | 19822 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Kyrgyzstan | Unknown i (Mi?) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2000 | 1785 "Blanchard and Jeffries, 1785" (balloon crossing of the English Channel) |
| Laos | 460 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Libya | 1144d (Mi1212) | One of strip of 6 (1144 (a-f)) (BL80) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Madagascar | 1390c (Mi2046) | One of MS9 (1390 (a-i)) (Mi2044-2052) | 1998 | 1785 "Blanchard et Jeffries" (balloon crossing of the English Channel) |
| Mongolia | C165 (Mi?) | 19822 | "1785 - Blanchard - France"; balloon crossing the English Channel (with Jeffries) | |
| Netherlands | None | (Black printed) cachet on postcard | 1944 | Balloon used by Blanchard and Jeffries to cross the English Channel in 1785 (not 1784 as in the text) |
| Nicaragua | BL111 | In (upper-centre) margin of SS1 | 1980 | Balloon used by Blanchard and Jeffries to cross the English Channel |
| Nicaragua | C1041 (Mi?) | In (upper-right) margin of SS1 | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
| Nicaragua | 2298 (Mi4089) | SS1 | 1999 | Blanchard and description of Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon flight across the English Channel in January 1785. However, the balloon at the upper-right is the one Blanchard used in his first ascent 2 March 1784 |
| Paraguay | C383 (BL227) | On stamp of imperforate SS1 | 1974 | "7 Jan 1785, Blanchard and Jeffries, first crossing of the English Channel in a balloon" (in Spanish text) |
| Paraguay | C383 muestra | C383 overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | C532 (BL385) | In (lower-right) margin of SS1 | 19831 | Balloon used by Blanchard in his first ascent, 2 March 1784 |
| Poland | 2434 (Mi2730) | 1981 | "J. Blanchard, J. Jeffries, 1785"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Poland | 2643 (Mi2939) | 1984 | Blanchard's balloon flight in Poland in 1790 | |
| Redonda (Antigua) | Unknown ss (BL?) | In (upper) margin of SS1 | 19831 | "Blanchard in America, 1793" |
| Rwanda | 1185 (Mi1269) | 19842 | "Blanchard, 2-3-1784" (at right is the balloon Blanchard used in his first ascent 2 March 1784) | |
| Rwanda | 1186 (Mi1270) | Blanchard and his wife in the gondola of their balloon | ||
| Rwanda | 1187 (Mi1271) | "Blanchard et Jeffries, 1-7-1785"; balloon crossing the English Channel | ||
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 555 (Mi?) | 1979 | "Blanchard, 1784"; balloon used in his first ascent 2 March 1784 | |
| St. Thomas and Prince Islands | 704b (Mi834A-836A_ms12) | In (left) margin of MS12 (4x (703a+703b+704)) | 19831 | "Jean-Pierre Blanchard" |
| St. Vincent | 1867 (Mi?) | 19933 | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail; "Jean-Pierre Blanchard - balloonist Blanchard carried a passport of introduction from President Washington" | |
| St. Vincent | 1867 specimen | Overprinted "specimen" | ||
| St. Vincent | 1871 (Mi?) | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail; liftoff of Blanchard's balloon from Philadelphia | ||
| St. Vincent | 1874 (Mi?) | On stamp and in (lower-right) margin of SS1 | Bicentennial of 1st (USA) airmail; "Blanchard's balloon"; "Jean-Pierre Blanchard - 1st gas balloon flight in America - 9 January 1793" | |
| St. Vincent | 1874 specimen | SS1 overprinted "specimen" | ||
| Sierra Leone | 890 (Mi1011) | 1987 | "Blanchard's balloon - first US balloon flight" | |
| Uganda | 974d (Mi1042) | One of MS9 (974 (a-i)) (Mi1039-1047) | 1992 | Blanchard's balloon |
| United States | 1556 cover (Mi1164 cover) | (Aripex'75) cachet on cover (1556 perfin stamp) | 1975 | "Jean Blanchard's balloon - 1793" |
| United States | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1976 | America's first manned (balloon) flight, 1793 (by Blanchard) |
| United States | 2032 fdc (Mi1617 fdc) | (Edsel) cachet on FDC | 19831 | Jeffries and barometer; Jeffries and Blanchard (in text) |
| United States | 2032 fdc2 (Mi1617 fdc2) | (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | Blanchard and balloon (Philadelphia, 9 January 1793) | |
| United States | 2032-2033 fdc (Mi1617-1618 fdc) | (Edsel) cachet on FDC (also with C54) | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| United States | 2035 fdc (Mi1620 fdc) | (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | Blanchard and balloon (Philadelphia, 9 January 1793) | |
| United States | 2035a fdc1 (Mi1617-1620 fdc1) | (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | Blanchard and balloon (Philadelphia, 9 January 1793) | |
| United States | 2035a fdc2 (Mi1617-1620 fdc2) | (Multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | Blanchard's balloon in the US (probably represents America's first successful balloon flight in Philadelphia, 9 January 1793, as in the FDC in the above entry) | |
| Upper Volta | 620 (Mi887) | 19831 | Jeffries; Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Upper Volta | 620a (BL63) | SS1 (620) | ||
| Vanuatu | 356 (Mi?) | 19831 | "1785 - Blanchard and Jeffries"; balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Vietnam | 1265 (Mi?) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel | |
| Vietnam | 2622 (Mi2696) | 1995 | Blanchard's balloon, used in his first ascent 2 March 1784 | |
| Yemen (People's Democratic Republic) | 316d (Mi342) | One of MS4 (316 (a-d)) (BL17), or one of deluxe MS4 (316 ds (a-d)) | 19831 | Blanchard and Jeffries' balloon crossing the English Channel |
1All items issued in 1983 commemorate the general theme of the 200th anniversary of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon. It took place on 21 November 1783. On that date, Pil�tre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes rose in a hot air balloon and flew approximately 9 km from the centre of Paris to the suburbs in about 25 minutes.
2200th anniversary (in 1983) of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon (for items issued in 1982 or 1984)
3200th anniversary of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon the United States, by Jean-Pierre Blanchard (for items issued in 1993).
| Country | Cancel Date | Cancel Location | Type of Item | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blanchard (on satellite launch covers) | ||||
| United States | 1965-02-11 | Cape Canaveral FL | (Sarzin) cachet on LES-1 launch cover | Blanchard's balloon, used in his first ascent 2 March 1784 |
|
Forster, Johann Georg Adam
|
Johann Forster was a German naturalist, botanist, ethnographer and writer who, with his father, accompanied Captain James Cook on his second expedition (1772-1775).
The expedition visited Australia, whose climate Forster described and compared to that of South Africa in 1786 in his book Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany-Bay (New Holland and the English Colony at Botany Bay): "From the above-mentioned latitudes, it may be seen that this country lies within good climatic zones. Its northern areas, which lie 12 degrees within the Tropics and so are exposed to the direct rays of the sun, suffer occasionally from excessive heat; but beyond the Tropic of Capricorn up to the latitude of 43 degrees South, the climate is temperate and to be compared, for instance, to the Cape of Good Hope. Even the southernmost point of van Diemen's land, which is situated a full 9 degrees farther south than the African Cape, seems to be favoured in the same degree, probably because there are no snowy mountains like those that lie to the north of the Cape, which cool the atmosphere and give a penetrating sharpness to the wind". Forster also commented on the Australian bush fires that he saw, and that still occur in Australia and elsewhere, particularly in areas affected by drought. He wrote that "he who knows the steppe fire in Russia will be able to imagine the terrifying speed with which fire spreads through dry grass in New Holland".
Forster also noted the general climatological principles that the western borders of continents in temperate latitudes are always warmer than corresponding latitudes of their eastern borders, and also that temperatures are milder in the vicinity of the sea than in the interior of continents. Von Humboldt would later (in 1817) include these ideas in his work Des Lignes Isoth�rmes et de la Distribution de la Chaleur sur le Globe (On Isotherms and the Distribution of Heat around the Globe) and would illustrate them with his 'isothermal lines' which he introduced in that work.
The German Democratic Republic (DDR) and then Germany had a research station in Antarctica that was named after Forster. It was closed and removed in 1996.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falkland Islands Dependency (NZ) | 1L98 (South Georgia Mi?) | 1985 | Johann Georg's father, J. R. Forster | |
| Falkland Islands Dependency (NZ) | 1L99 (South Georgia Mi?) | |||
| Falkland Islands Dependency (NZ) | 1L97-1L100 fdc | Two of four stamps and cachet on FDC | Johann Georg Forster and his father, J.R. Forster | |
| Germany (East) | 1998 (Mi?) | 1979 | Forster; Cook's ship Resolution | |
| Germany (East) | 2667 (Mi?) | 1988 | Georg Forster Antarctic Research Station | |
| Germany (East) | 2667 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Germany (East) | 1998 cover1 (Mi? cover) | (Black pictorial) cancel and (black rubber-stamp) cachet and (violet penguin) cachet and (name in red) cachet on cover | 1988 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
| Germany (East) | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (purple rubber-stamp) cachet on postal card | 1988 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
| Germany (East) | 2667 cover (Mi? cover) | Stamp and (text) cancel and cachet on cover | 1988 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
| Germany (East) Russia (USSR) | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover (with Russian stamp) | 1989 | Georg Forster station ozone research |
| Germany (East) | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (violet) cachet on cover | 1989 | Georg Forster station ozone research |
| Germany (East) | 2667 cover (Mi? cover) | (Black pictorial) cancel and (purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1990 | Georg Forster Antarctic station; and GEOMAUD I |
| Germany (East) | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1990 | Georg Forster station |
| Germany (East) | 1998 cover2 (Mi? cover) | (Black pictorial) cancel and (black circular rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1990 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
| Germany (East) | None | (Black rubber-stamp) cachet | 1990 or 1991 | Georg Forster station and ship Polarstern |
| Germany | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (black rubber-stamp) cachet on postcard | 1990 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
| Germany | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (blue circular rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1991 | Georg Forster station; and GEOMAUD II |
| Germany | None | (Black pictorial) cancel and (purple rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1991 | Georg Forster station |
| Germany | None | (Upper-middle) and (lower-left) cachets on cover | 1993 | Georg Forster station on Antarctic map |
| India | None | (Lower-left black) cachet on cover | 1994 | Georg Forster station |
| Russia | None | (German blue circular) cachet on cover | 1993 | Georg Forster station on Antarctic map |
| South Africa | None | (Upper-left black) cachet on cover | 1995 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
| South Africa | None | (Lower of two purple) cachet on cover | 1996 | Georg Forster Antarctic station |
|
Staszic, Stanislaw
|
Stanislaw Staszic was a Polish scientist and priest who became known as the father of Polish geology and mining. He designed the salt graduation towers in Ciechocinek which were built to produce salt from the abundant brine in the area. The first two were constructed in the period 1824-1828, and the third in 1859. The brine was pumped to the tops of the towers and then allowed to trickle down their side walls where it evaporated due to the effects of solar radiation and the wind. The salt from the brine was left behind. Furthermore, the procedure released iodine and moisture into the air. This changed the microclimate of the tower area, making it more like a marine environment than a continental one. People came to Ciechocinek to take advantage of the therapeutic properties of the local air, and the town became a major health resort with many sanatoriums for people with various health problems that could be treated by inhaling the iodine-rich air. This was an early example of a manmade change of the microclimate.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland | None | Cachet on postal card | 1938 | |
| Poland | None | Cachet on postal card | 1947 | |
| Poland | 511 (Mi694) | 1951 | ||
| Poland | 1341 (Mi?) | 1965 | Staszic Palace; (210th anniv. birth) | |
| Poland | None | Printed stamp on postal card | 1965 | (210th anniv. birth) |
| Poland | P153 | 50,000 zlotych (banknote) | 1969 | |
| Poland | None | Cancel on cover | 1976-03-28 | 150th anniv. death |
| Poland | None | Cancel (different) on postal card | 1976-02-20 | "Year of Staszic"; (150th anniv. death) |
| Poland | None | Cancel (different) on postal card | 1976-07-22 | "Year of Staszic"; (150th anniv. death) |
| Poland | None | Cancel (different) on postal card | 1976-10-09 | "Year of Staszic"; (150th anniv. death) |
| Poland | None | Cancel (different) on postal card | 1976-12-05 | Staszic Museum; Year of Staszic; (150th anniv. death) |
| Poland | None | Cancel on cover | 1978-12-02 | 2nd Staszic Philatelic Expo |
| Poland | None | Cancel on postal card | 1980-12-14 | 3rd Staszic Philatelic Expo |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel and (brown overprinted) cachet on postal card | 1982-12-04 | 4th Staszic Philatelic Expo |
| Poland | None | Postal card | 1984 | |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel on postal card | 1984-05-12 | 5th Staszic Philatelic Expo |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) and (green overprinted) cachet on postal card | 1984-05-19 | 5th Staszic Philatelic Expo |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) on cover | 1984-05-19 | |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) on cover | 1984-10-13 | |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 1985-05-20 | |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 1985-06-01 | Staszic's salt graduation tower at Ciechocinek |
| Poland | None | (Pcitorial) cancel | 1985-10-05 | |
| Poland | None | (Pictorial) cancel on postal card | 1985-12-15 | |
| Poland | None | Cancel; also detail | 1986-06-01 | "Staszicfjellet" or Staszic Mountain; (160th anniv. death) |
| Poland | None | Cachet (exists in blue or brown), also detail | 1986 | 160th anniv. death "Staszicfjellet" |
| Poland | None | Cancel on postal card | 1986-09-20 | 400th anniv. Lyceum "Stanislaw Staszic" |
| Poland | None | Cachet on postal card | 1994 | 75th anniv. Staszic Academy of Mining and Metallurgy |
| Poland | None | Cancel and cachet on postal card | 1996-04-29 | Staszic and his salt graduation tower at Ciechocinek |
| Poland | None | Cachet on postal card | 1999 | "Stanislawa Staszica" |
| Poland | None | Printed stamp on postal card | 2000 | Staszic Museum; (245th anniv. birth) |
| Poland | None | Printed stamp and cachet on postal card | 2005-11-04 | 250th anniv. birth |
|
Nelson, Horatio
|
Horatio Nelson was a Royal Navy flag officer. He won a number of significant naval victories, culminating in the defeat of the combined French and Spanish Armada in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. However, he was killed in that battle.
Nelson had a keen appreciation of the weather and its effects. While at sea he was known to keep a personal meteorological journal whose entries included the day, date, time, barometer reading, wind speed and wind direction.
On his deathbed aboard his flagship Victory after being grievously wounded by a French sniper at Trafalgar, Nelson still had the presence of mind to notice a growing swell. Despite the fine weather at that time, he concluded that bad weather was imminent and ordered his ships to anchor to avoid being driven ashore by the coming storm. The order was not carried out but the tempest did indeed arrive during the night. It raged for three days during which some British ships were nearly lost and 12 of 16 captured enemy ships were lost.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. | ||||
| Antigua | 246 (Mi?) | 1970 | Nelson and HMS Boreas | |
| Antigua | 246a (Mi?) | Watermark change | ||
| Antigua | 250 (Mi?) | 1970 | Nelson and HMS Victory | |
| Antigua | 371 (Mi?) | One of MS5 (373A (369-373)) | 1975 | Nelson and HMS Boreas; (170th anniv. death) |
| Barbados | 102 (Mi?) | 1905 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Barbados | 103 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 104 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 105 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 106 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 107 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 108 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 110 (Mi?) | 1905 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Barbados | 111 (Mi?) | |||
| Barbados | 112 (Mi?) | |||
| British Indian Ocean Territory | 301 (Mi?) | One of MS6 (302a (297-302)) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | 315 (Mi391) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) | |
| Central African Republic | 1454 (Mi?) | 2003 | ||
| Central African Republic | 1454a (BL?) | SS1 (1454) | ||
| Gibraltar | 394 (Mi?) | Also booklet front | 1980 | 175th anniv. death |
| Gibraltar | 395 (Mi?) | |||
| Gibraltar | 396 (Mi?) | |||
| Gibraltar | 396a (BL?) | SS1 (396) | ||
| Gibraltar | 397 (Mi?) | |||
| Gibraltar | 766 (Mi?) | Also booklet front (Mi? booklet front) | 1998 | "Nelson - The Battle of the Nile" |
| Gibraltar | 1028 (Mi?) | MS2, from dual-country presentation pack with Isle of Man; contains Isle of Man 1127a | 2005 | 200th anniv. death |
| Great Britain | 993 (Mi920) | 1982 | "Lord Nelson" | |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1082a (Mi?) | From strip of 2 (1082 (a-b)) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1082b (Mi?) | |||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1083a (Mi?) | From strip of 2 (1083 (a-b)) | ||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1083b (Mi?) | |||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1084a (Mi?) | From strip of 2 (1084 (a-b)) | ||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1084b (Mi?) | |||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1085a (Mi?) | From strip of 2 (1085 (a-b)) | ||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1085b (Mi?) | |||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1086 (Mi?) | MS2 (1086 (a-b)) | ||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1127 (Mi?) | MS2, from dual-country presentation pack with Gibraltar; contains Gibraltar 1028a | 2005 | 200th anniv. death |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | KM1283 | 1 crown (silver coin) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | KM1284 ? | 1 crown (silver coin) different | ||
| Lesotho | 1381 (Mi?) | MS4 (1381 (a-d)) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) |
| Lesotho | 1382 (BL?) | SS1 | ||
| Nauru | 545 (Mi?) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) | |
| Rwanda | Unknown f (Mi none) | One of MS12 (a-l) [known illegal issue] | 2009 | |
| Solomon Islands | 1034 (Mi?) | 2005 | 200th anniv. Battle of Trafalgar; (200th anniv. death) | |
| Tristan da Cunha | 904 (Mi?) | 2010 | ||
|
Webster, Noah
|
Noah Webster was an American lexicographer, editor and author.
In his 1799 essay "On the Supposed Change in the Temperature of Winter" Webster criticized the popular opinion of the time, in America and Europe, that the climate, especially in winter, had become warmer. He argued that "we have no reason to suppose that the inclination of the Earth's axis to the plane of its orbit has ever been varied; but strong evidence to the contrary. If this inclination has always been the same, it follows that the quantity of the solar rays, falling annually on the particular country, must have always been the same. Should these data be admitted, we are led to conclude that the general temperature of every climate, from the Creation to this day, has been the same, subject only to small annual variations, from the positions of the planets in regard to the Earth, or the operations of the element of fire in the globe and its atmosphere".
Webster had no way of knowing that variations in the Earth's orbital parameters related to climate changes do, in fact, occur over various time scales as shown by Milutin Milanković some 130 years later.
Webster did believe, however, that the climate had at least become more variable, and in particular could change in response to agricultural cultivation. In the same 1799 essay he wrote that "it appears that all the alterations in a country, in consequence of clearing and cultivation, result only in making a different distribution of heat and cold, moisture and dry weather, among the several seasons. The clearing of lands opens them to the sun, their moisture is exhaled, they are more heated in summer, but more cold in winter near the surface; the temperature becomes unsteady, and the seasons irregular." Arago had similar ideas, and wrote in 1836 that an important change in the physical aspect or the nature of the cultivation at any location could bring about a change its mean temperature. These ideas relate to what would be called in modern terms the 'microclimate' and its variations. Webster explained that forests and trees must moderate the summer heat and prevent the ground from being "scorched" by the sun, as well as protecting the land from strong winds. He concluded that cleared land would be hotter in summer and colder in winter than forested land, which would result in larger temperature swings from winter to summer.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominica | 776 (BL?) | SS1 | 1982 | "Noah Webster" (in various locations in surrounding margin text); (140th anniv. death, in 1983) |
| United States | 1121 (Mi?) | 1958 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| United States | 1121 fdc1 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (Ken Boll/Cachet Craft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc2 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (Fleetwood) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc3 | Stamp and (small font, 4-line) cancel and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc4 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (Artmaster) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc5 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (Fluegel Covers) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc6 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (ArtCraft) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc7 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (ArtCraft) cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc8 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc9 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (HF) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc10 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (The Aristocrats/Day Lowry) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc11 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc12 | Stamp and (small font, 4-line) cancel and (Capitol Novelty) cachet on postcard FDC, also back | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc13 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (C. Stephen Anderson) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc14 | Stamp and (large font, 3-line) cancel and (Velvatone) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc15 | Stamp and (Connecticut Philatelic Society) cachet on FDC, also insert | ||
| United States | 1121 fdc-card | Stamp and (small font, 4-line) cancel and (Connecticut Philatelic Society) cachet on FDC card |
| Scoresby, William Sr
|
|
William Scoresby Sr. was an Arctic navigator, explorer and whaling captain. He did much to improve the techniques of Arctic marine navigation, including introducing the crow's nest, which he used as a high vantage point on his ship from which a better idea of the state of the surrounding ice could be gained.
William Scoresby Jr., following in his father's footsteps, made regular visits to northern waters in the early nineteenth century. Encouraged by contacts with scientists of the day, he made observations of ocean temperature, meteorological phenomena, atmospheric refraction, ice conditions and snow crystals. The idea that an open polar sea existed was still common in his time, but Scoresby Jr. rejected it. Instead, he suggested that ice-free conditions might recur once every ten or twenty years, after encountering much less ice than usual off the east coast of Greenland between 74� and 80� North in 1817.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 2181 (Mi?) | 2002 | "Larus scoresbii" | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 203 (Mi?) | 1993 | HMS William Scoresby | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 217 (Mi?) | 1994 | HMS William Scoresby (ship) | |
| British Antarctic Territory | 214-217 fdc | One of four stamps on FDC (BAT Official cachet) | ||
| British Antarctic Territory | 397 (Mi469) | 2008 | ship William Scoresby | |
| Falkland Islands | 90 (Mi?) | 1938 | RRS William Scoresby | |
| Falkland Islands | 831 (Mi?) | 2003 | "Larus Scoresbii" | |
| Falkland Islands Dependencies | 1L25 (Mi?) | 1954 | RRS William Scoresby | |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C75 (Mi179) | One of strip of 3 (C75a (C73-C75)) (Mi177-179), or five of MS15 (C75b (5x (C73-C75))) | 1983 | "Scoresby Sund" |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C75 ds | Deluxe sheet (C75) | ||
| Greenland | None | Cachet on cover | 1961 | "Scoresby Land" |
| Greenland | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1973 | "Scoresbysund" |
| Greenland | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1974 | "Scoresbysund" |
| Greenland | None | Cachet on cover | 1982 | "Scoresby Sund" |
| Greenland | None | (Text) cancel and cachet on cover | 1985 | "Scoresbysund" |
| Greenland | None | (Text) cancel and cachet (different) on cover | 1985 | "Scoresbysund" |
| Greenland | 164 cover (Mi? cover) | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1986 | "Scoresbysund" |
| Greenland | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1987 | "Scoresbysund" |
| South Georgia | 45 (Mi53) | 1976 | ship William Scoresby |
|
Robert, Marie-No�l Nicolas
|
Marie-No�l Robert was a French balloon builder who with his brother Anne-Jean constructed (under the supervision of J.A.C. Charles) the balloon that came to be known as La Charli�re. On 1 December 1783 near Paris he flew with Charles in La Charli�re to a height of about 3000 m. They carried a barometer and a thermometer to measure the pressure and the temperature of the air, making this not only the first manned hydrogen balloon flight but also the first balloon flight to provide meteorological measurements of the atmosphere above the Earth's surface.
Note: The table below includes items that mention Robert's name, and those referring to the Robert brothers' balloon flight with Colin Hullin. Other items showing the balloon La Charli�re (in which Robert flew with Charles) but without the name "Robert" are found in the Charles table.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central African Republic | C282 (Mi938) | 19831 | The Robert brothers' and Colin Hullin's balloon, 19 September 1784 | |
| Central African Republic | C282 ds | Deluxe sheet (C282) | ||
| Central African Republic | C282 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Chad | C263 (Mi963) | 19831 | "Charles et Robert; 1.12.1783"; La Charli�re | |
| France | 1864 (Mi2388) | From MS20 (1864a (10x (1863-1864) + 10 labels)) | 19831 | "J. Charles" and "M-N Robert"; La Charli�re; "Montgolfi�re de Charles et Robert" (in the first FDC cachet); "Ascension en ballon de J. Charles et N. Robert" (in the third FDC cachet) |
| France | 1864 fdc | Stamp and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1864+label fdc1 | Stamp and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1864+label fdc2 | Stamp and (La Numismatique fran�aise) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1863-1864 fdc1 | One of two stamps and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC card | (As above for stamp); La Charli�re; "J. Charles, M-N Robert" (in cachet) | |
| France | 1863-1864 fdc2 | One of two stamps and (�ditions J.F.) cachet on FDC | ||
| France | 1863-1864 fdc3 | One of two stamps and (�ditions CEF) cachet on FDC card | ||
| France | 1864 card1 | Stamp and (violet pictorial) cancel and cachet on special card | 19831 | (As above for stamp); "Ain� Robert" (except "Ain�" ("Elder") is incorrect; it was the younger Robert brother, Marie-No�l Nicolas Robert, who accompanied Charles); La Charli�re; "200th anniv. first flight in a hydrogen balloon made by Professor Charles and his mechanic Robert on 1st December 1783" |
| France | 1864 card2 | Stamp and (black pictorial) cancel and cachet on special card | ||
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel on (airmail) cover | 19831 | "Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | 19831 | "Bicentenaire de Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
| France | None | (Pictorial) cancel (different) | 19831 | "Charles et Robert, 1 D�c 1783"; La Charli�re |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C81 (Mi192) | One of strip of 2 (C82a (C81-C82 + label)) (Mi192-193) | 19842 | "J. Charles" and "N. Robert" and La Charli�re |
| French Southern and Antarctic Territories | C82a fdc | Strip of 2 on FDC | ||
| Guinea Republic | Mi943 | 19831 | Robert brothers; also the balloon they flew with Colin Hullin, 19 September 1784 | |
| Guinea Republic | BL67 | SS1 | ||
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1764_ms16 (Mi?) | In (upper-left) margin of MS16 (4x (a-d)) | 2016 | La Charli�re |
| Isle of Man (Great Britain) | 1764 pack | On presentation pack front, also detail | ||
| Madagascar | 1390b (Mi2045) | One of MS9 (1390 (a-i)) (Mi2044-2052) | 1998 | "1783 Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
| Monaco | 1368-1369 sc (Mi1579-1580 sc) | (�ditions CEF) souvenir card | 1983 | "Charles et Robert" |
| Netherlands | None | Postcard, back | 1943 | Charles and Robert's balloon La Charli�re landing at Nesle, 1 December 1783 |
| Nicaragua | 2300 (Mi4087) | SS1 | 1999 | Charles and his flight with Robert in La Charli�re |
| Paraguay | 2104a label1 (Mi3704 label1) | One of three labels from MS6 (2104a (6x 2104 + 3 labels) | 19831 | Charles and his flight with Robert in La "Charli�re" (in 1783, not "1784") |
| Paraguay | C530 label (Mi? label) | Label from MS5 (C530 (a-e + 4 labels)) (Mi3617) | 19831 | The Robert brothers' and Colin Hullin's balloon, 19 September 1784 |
| Penhyrn | 255a (Mi347_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 255 + label) | 1983 | Charles and Robert and La Charli�re |
| Penhyrn | 256a (Mi348_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 256 + label) | ||
| Penhyrn | 257a (Mi349_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 257 + label) | ||
| Penhyrn | 258a (Mi350_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 258 + label) | ||
| Penhyrn | 259a (Mi351_ms5) | On (left) selvedge of MS5 (5x 259 + label) | ||
| Rwanda | 1185 (Mi1269) | 19831 | "Charles et Robert; 1.12.1783"; La Charli�re (at left) | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 573 (Mi?) | 19831 | World`s first un-manned hydrogen balloon ascent, 27 August 1783 in Paris (the balloon was built for J.A.C. Charles by the Robert brothers) | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 573-576 proofs | One of four imperforate proofs in folder, with outside (front and back) | ||
| Upper Volta | 619 (Mi886) | 19831 | Charles' and Robert's flight, 1783; portrait of Charles; La Charli�re | |
| Upper Volta | 619a (BL62) | On stamp and in (lower) margin of SS1 (619) | 19831 | Charles' and Robert's flight, 1783; portrait of Charles and La Charli�re (on stamp); the Robert brothers' and Colin Hullin's balloon, 19 September 1784 (in lower margin) |
| Zaire | 1161 (Mi868) | 1984 | "1783 - Ballon de Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re | |
| Zaire | 1414 (Mi1089) | 1161 surcharged | 1994 | "1783 - Ballon de Charles et Robert"; La Charli�re |
1All items issued in 1983 commemorate the general theme of the 200th anniversary of the first manned balloon ascent in an untethered balloon. It took place on 21 November 1783. On that date, Pil�tre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes rose in a hot air balloon and flew approximately 9 km from the centre of Paris to the suburbs in about 25 minutes.
|
Dalton, John
|
John Dalton was an English chemist who developed the first useful atomic theory of matter around 1803. He was however fascinated by meteorology from an early age and made weather observations and kept a meteorological journal throughout his life. By the end of his life, it contained some 200,000 observations.
Dalton presented papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society on topics including general meteorology (e.g. rainfall, dew, evaporation, the formation of clouds, the distribution and character of atmospheric moisture, the concept of the dew point), the Aurora Borealis and meteorological instruments (the barometer, thermometer and hygrometer). One of these papers, presented in March of 1799, bore the title "Experiments and Observations to Determine Whether the Quantity of Rain and Dew is Equal to the Quantity of Water carried off by the Rivers and Raised by Evaporation; with an Enquiry into the Origin of Springs" (Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 5(2), 1802). In it, Dalton outlined the increasingly common use of rain gauges in England and presented rainfall data for various locations, taking care to separate counties into inland and coastal sections. He concluded that the inland counties have less rain than those near the sea, particularly in western England. He also estimated the yearly amount of water that flows to the sea from the rivers of England and Wales along with the amount of dew being deposited on the ground.
Dalton's interest in meteorology fostered his work on gases. In 1801 he formulated his law of partial pressures which came to be known as 'Dalton's Law': the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to them sum of the pressures that would be exerted by individual gases occupying the same volume. He published this result in 1802 in the paper "Experimental Essays on the Constitution of Mixed Gases; on the Force of Steam or Vapour from Water and other Liquids in Different Temperatures, both in a Torricellian Vacuum and in Air; on Evaporation; and on the Expansion of Gasses by Heat". In this article he also established a relationship between vapour pressure and temperature.
From his early days Dalton was fascinated by the Aurora Borealis, which he first observed as a boy in the Kendal and Keswick areas of England. In a book entitled Meteorological Observations and Essays (first published in 1793) he summarized his observations of the aurora made during the period 1786 to 1793, including details of their appearance, brightness and movement. He concluded that there must exist some relation between the aurora and the Earth's magnetic field.
Dalton also considered the trade winds, and concluded that their existence was related to the rotation of the Earth. Essentially, his argument was that the trades must be deflected toward the west, because "in approaching the equator they constantly pass over surfaces of the Earth having a greater and greater velocity of rotation, and so, as it were, tend to lag behind". Dalton arrived at this conclusion independently in 1793, unaware that Hadley had already proposed it in 1735. When he became aware of this fact, Dalton did acknowledge Hadley's work.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin | Unknown ms (Mi none) | MS3 (a-c) [known illegal issue] | 2016 | "250th anniv. birth" (in French text) |
| Benin | Unknown ss (BL none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | ||
| Djibouti | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2006 | |
| Malagasy (DR) | 1100c (Mi1480) | One of MS16 (1100 (a-p)) | 1993 | (150th anniv. death, in 1994) |
| Mali | Unknown b (Mi none) | One of MS2 (a-b) [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Marshall Islands | 1032q (Mi2940) | One of MS20 (1032 (a-t)) (Mi2924-2943) | 2012 | |
| Niger | Unknown a (Mi?) Unknown ia | One of MS2 (a-b) One of imperforate MS2 (a-b) | 2012 | |
| Redonda (Antigua) | None | Cachet on cover | 1987 | "Meteorology was the first love of this color blind chemist" |
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 2003 | 200th anniv. Dalton's atomic theory of matter |
| Togo | Unknown ss (BL?) | In (lower) margin of SS1 | 2011 | |
| Togo | Unknown fdc | SS1 on FDC | ||
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2013 |
|
Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph
|
Jean-Baptiste Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist. Among his many contributions he showed that any continuous function can be broken down into combinations of trigonometric functions in a technique that was named Fourier analysis. It is widely used in modern numerical analysis and computations.
In the early 1820s Fourier calculated that the Earth should be colder than it is if the only source of heat were the solar energy available to be absorbed by the surface of the planet. He also considered other possible heat sources (the internal heat of the Earth itself and interstellar radiation) but found that they could not supply enough heat either. He then studied an experiment that had been conducted by Horace de Saussure, who installed glass panes separated by air layers in an insulated vase and allowed sunlight to enter the vase. The sunlight went through the glass panes and air layers. De Saussure observed that the resulting temperatures inside the vase were higher at deeper levels under more layers of glass. Fourier hypothesized that the Earth's atmosphere might be acting as an "insulator" like those panes of glass. The atmosphere is more complicated, of course, but Fourier's observation, for which a glass-walled greenhouse is an analogy, is recognized as the first statement of what is now called the atmospheric "greenhouse effect". John Tyndall made the first experimental measurement of this effect in 1859. It is now known that due to the greenhouse effect, the mean surface temperature of the Earth, which is about 15�C, is approximately 33�C warmer than it would be if there were no atmosphere.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Unknown h (Mi?) | One of MS8 (a-h), also from imperforate MS8 (a-h), and from self-adhesive MS28 | 2011 | (180th anniv. birth, in 2010) |
| Germany (East) | 1900 (Mi2312) | Also detail | 1978 | "Fourier Spektrometer" |
| Germany (East) | 1900 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 1898-1900 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 2530 (Mi3007) | One of block of 4 (2531a (2528-2531)) (Mi3005-3008), or four of MS16 (2531b (4x (2528-2531))), also detail | 1986 | "Fourier Spektrometer" |
| Liechtenstein | Unknown (Mi?) | Personalized postage | 2014 | |
| Netherlands | 1358 personalized (Mi2784 personalized) | Personalized postage | 2013 | "Fourier" |
|
Cuvier, Georges L�opold Chr�tien Fr�d�ric Dagobert
|
Georges Cuvier was a French naturalist who established that some past life forms such as the woolly mammoth had indeed become extinct. He then suggested that mass extinctions could occur as a result of "revolutionary" (i.e. catastrophic) changes in environmental conditions. Cuvier suggested that the most recent "revolution" (that others equated with Noah's flood) involved a sudden, intense and widespread rush of water that changed the sea level, killed the mammoths and buried them under a layer of detritus. This was followed according to Cuvier by a sudden severe cooling of the atmosphere that froze the mammoths and began an Ice Age (Louis Agassiz would later propose an alternative theory for the formation of Ice Ages). Cuvier suggested that after such climate-related cataclysms, God would create new organisms to replace the extinct ones.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belize | 751 (Mi?) | 1985 | "Cuvier's kinglet" | |
| Chad | Unknown b (Mi?) Unknown ib | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2015 | "Georges Cuvier" |
| Comoro Islands | Unknown a (Mi?) | One of MS4 (a-d) | 2010 | |
| France | B430 (Mi1672) iB430 | Imperforate | 1969 | (200th anniv. birth) |
| France | B430 ds | Deluxe sheet (B430) | ||
| France | B430 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| France | B430 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B430 fdc3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B430 fdc4 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B430 fdc5 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B430 fdc6 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| France | B430 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| France | B430 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B430 maxi3 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B430 maxi4 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| France | B430 sc | Souvenir card | ||
| France | B429-B431 sc | One of three on souvenir card | ||
| France | Unknown (Mi?) | Card and cancel | 1989 | (220th anniv. birth) |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown c (Mi?) | From MS6 (a-f) | 2008 | "Georges Cuvier" |
| Guinea Republic | Unknown f (Mi?) | |||
| Mali | Unknown (Mi none) | SS1 [known illegal issue] | 2010 | |
| Monaco | 1853d (Mi?) | One of MS4 (1853 (a-d)) | 1993 | "Baleine B�cune de Cuvier"; (160th anniv. death, in 1992) |
| Monaco | 1853d fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Monaco | 1853d fdc2 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_b | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | (180th anniv. death, in 2012) |
| Tongo | Local | 2007 | "Cuvier's gazelle" | |
| Vietnam | 3285 (Mi?) | 2007 | "Cuvier" | |
| Vietnam | 3285 fdc | Stamp on FDC |
|
von Humboldt, Alexander
|
Alexander von Humboldt was a German naturalist, physical scientist and geographer who has been described as the last universal scholar in the field of the natural sciences. Darwin described him as the "greatest scientific traveler who ever lived". Meteorology and climatology were among Humboldt's many scientific interests.
In 1798, von Humboldt and the botanist Aim� Bonpland planned a major scientific expedition to South America. In 1799 they obtained permits to travel in the Spanish colonies from the Spanish king himself. After five months in Madrid spent studying the local climate and flora (the same work they planned to accomplish during their travels) they departed on 5 June. The expedition lasted from 1799 to 1804. They visited the Canary Islands, Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru (Lima was the southernmost point of their journey) and Mexico before arriving in the US on 18 May 1804 as a guest of President Thomas Jefferson, who was greatly interested in Humboldt's research. Although this visit lasted only six weeks, Humboldt made a great impression on America, and his name is still found across the US in, for example, the names of towns and counties.
Various instruments for meteorological and related observations were an integral part of the expedition. Humboldt had two mercury barometers, several thermometers, a rain gauge, two hygrometers (for humidity measurements), a cyanometer (for measuring the blue color of the sky), a hypsometer (for determining the temperature at which water boils at different altitudes) and an eudiometer (for measuring the volume of gases). In addition, Humboldt had instruments designed to measure the Earth's magnetic field.
During the expedition, Humboldt did a variety of work related to meteorology and climatology. He climbed South American mountains to study the relationship between temperature and altitude. He made temperature measurements at Quito in 1802 and found a mean temperature of 18�C in one set and 14.4�C in another, and acted as a mentor for de Caldas who made his own temperature measurements at Quito in 1804. Humboldt considered the origins and movements of tropical storms (this work provided clues that would later be useful in the studies of mid-latitude storms). He made measurements of the ocean current that flows along the west coast of South America, which became known as the Humboldt Current. He also made measurements of the Earth's magnetic field, and in particular how it varied with latitude. All these studies were in addition to extensive work in other scientific fields including botany.
In Lima, in what is now Peru, Humboldt and Bonpland met Czech botanist and explorer Tade�š Haenke, who encouraged them to publish their work on the influence of climate on plants. In 1807, it appeared under the title Geographie der Pflanzen in den Tropen-L�ndern: ein Naturgem�lde der Anden (The Geography of Plants in Tropical Lands: a Portrait of Nature in the Andes).
Humboldt returned to Europe in August 1804. In the fall of that year, he worked with Gay-Lussac at the �cole Polytechnique. Their collaboration led to the result that came to be known as Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes. It states that when gases are combined to form other gases, then if all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure, the ratio of the volumes of the initial gases to those of the products can be expressed as whole numbers. This work was published in 1805 (Humboldt, A. and J.-L. Gay-Lussac, 1805: "Exp�riences sur les moyens eudiom�triques et sur la proportion des principaux constituents de l'atmosph�re", Annales de chimie, 53, 239-259).
Humboldt lived mostly in Paris until 1827, when he returned permanently to Berlin. He continued to take readings of the magnetic field, and noticed in December 1805 that it exhibited strong variations during the presence of the Aurora Borealis. This led him to coin the term Magnetischer Sturm (magnetic storm) which is still used today. He would continue to be interested in magnetism throughout his life, and after returning to Berlin continued to use magnetometers to make geomagnetic field measurements. He corresponded with K. F. Gauss who also was doing research into magnetism. Von Humboldt was convinced that simultaneous magnetic measurements at different locations could help determine whether magnetic storms were of terrestrial origin or whether they depended on external factors such as the Sun. The first such experiment was carried out at two locations (Paris and Freiburg in Saxony) in 1828
The French scientist Arago, through his long friendship with Humboldt, was encouraged by to write articles on meteorology and physical geography (e.g. Meteorological Essays with an Introduction by Baron Alexander von Humboldt, London, 1855).
Shortly after his return to Berlin, Humboldt was invited to Russia by the tsar, and in 1829 he went on a scientific expedition to Siberia. While there he made meteorological and magnetic measurements and discovered what is now called permafrost. On his return to St. Petersburg, he advocated the creation of a Russian network of magnetic and meteorological observing stations. He based this idea partially on the way meteorological data were published in the American Meteorological Register. To this end, he wrote that "If only, following this fine example [i.e. the Register], there could be similar calibrated thermometer observations at the behest and expense of a mighty monarch in the eastern part of our old continent - in the widespread space, equal to half the lunar surface, between the Vistula and the Lena ...; then all of climatology would gain a new and improved stature in a few years". By 1835 such a network was in place across northern Asia. Humboldt was able to use the resulting data to conclude that most of Russia has a "continental" climate (one found in the interiors of continents where the temperature extremes are greater than elsewhere due to the lack of a moderating influence from an ocean). However, Humboldt's larger goal was a worldwide network, and to this end he convinced the British authorities to establish permanent magnetic observatories in British colonies around the world: Canada, St. Helena, the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, Jamaica and Australia. Sir Edward Sabine, the network director, would later correlate the cycles of magnetic storms and sunspots following the discovery of an 11 year sunspot cycle by the German astronomer Samuel Heinrich Schwab in 1843. The idea of international cooperation through worldwide networks of observing stations taking simultaneous scientific observations is one of Humboldt's legacies. He was the first to formulate such an idea (primarily for magnetic observations) and to see it through to completion. The approach would later be taken up by others (such as Karl Weyprecht, the "father" of the International Polar Years) and applied to multiple geophysical disciplines including meteorology.
Humboldt spent much of the time from 1804 to 1827 in Paris developing and publishing scientific results from his journey to the Americas. This included of course meteorology and climatology. He was a member of the Soci�t� d'Arcueil, a group of physical scientists who met regularly from 1806 to 1822 to discuss scientific issues of the time (its members were Arago, Berard, Berthollet, Biot, Chaptal, De Candolle, Dulong, Gay-Lussac, Humboldt, Laplace, Poisson, and Thenard). In the third volume of the M�moires de Physique et de Chimie de la Soci�t� d'Arcueil, he published in 1817 a paper entitled Des Lignes Isoth�rmes et de la Distribution de la Chaleur sur le Globe (On Isotherms and the Distribution of Heat around the Globe). This seminal paper presented Humboldt's ideas on climatology. In it, he showed how the climates of various locations could be compared through the introduction of "isothermal lines": lines on a map joining places having the same mean annual temperature. Humboldt knew that climate was much more than simply a function of latitude. He noted that the early American settlers were unprepared for the harshness of the climate of eastern North America despite having arrived from similar European latitudes. Georg Forster had observed in Australia during Cook's second voyage that the western portion of the continent was warmer than the corresponding latitudes of its eastern side. Other climatic controlling factors pointed out by Humboldt included the altitude and the presence or absence of a nearby large body of water such as an ocean. He also understood in a general sense the effects of the various atmospheric currents, which he compared to oceanic currents. He stated that the atmospheric currents flow in determined directions, and have a strong influence on the climate of each area. In his paper he produced a map of isothermal lines for much of the Northern Hemisphere. With respect to that map, he said "thus we see that circles of equal annual heat, or - to use a new term - isotherms, are not parallel to the equator but ... they cut the geographic parallels under a variable angle slantwise". This was a revolutionary idea. The important factors influencing the climate, related to both geographical and atmospheric considerations, were incorporated in Humboldt's map in a concise visual manner and could be deduced from it. The idea of isothermal lines, singularly original for the time, was nothing less than the introduction of a scientific approach to the study of climatology. Humboldt can therefore be considered as the "father" of modern climatology.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chad | Unknown h (Mi none) | One of MS9 (a-i) | 2009 | (240th anniv. birth); (150th anniv. death) |
| Chad | Unknown fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc | MS9 on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown d (Mi?) Unknown id | One of MS4 (a-d) One of imperforate MS4 (a-d) | 2009 | (240th anniv. birth); (150th anniv. death) |
| Chad | Unknown ss (BL?) | Imperforate SS1 | ||
| Chad | Unknown fdc | One of four stamps on FDC | ||
| Chad | Unknown ms fdc Unknown ims fdc | MS4 on FDC Imperforate MS4 and cachet on FDC | ||
| Chile | 1291 (Mi?) | 1999 | 200th anniv. Humboldt's arrival in S. America | |
| Chile | 1292 (Mi?) | |||
| Chile | 1291-1292 fdc1 | Two stamps on FDC | ||
| Chile | 1291-1292 fdc2 | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Chile | 1532 (Mi?) | 2009 | Humboldt penguin | |
| Colombia | 713 (Mi?) | 1960 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Colombia | 714 (Mi902) | |||
| Colombia | 715 (Mi?) | |||
| Colombia | C357 (Mi?) | |||
| Colombia | C358 (Mi?) | |||
| Colombia | C359 (Mi?) | |||
| Colombia | C411 (Mi?) | 713 overprinted | 1961 | 100th anniv. death |
| Colombia | C413 (Mi?) | 715 overprinted | ||
| Colombia | C513 (Mi?) | 1969 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Colombia | C513 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Cuba | 1433 (Mi?) | 1969 | (200th anniv. birth) | |
| Cuba | 1434 (Mi?) | |||
| Cuba | 1435 (Mi?) | |||
| Cuba | 1433-1435 fdc1 | Three stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Cuba | 1433-1435 fdc2 | Three stamps and cancel (different) and cachet on FDC | ||
| Cuba | 4118 (Mi4322) | 2000 | 200th anniv. Humboldt's visit to Cuba | |
| Cuba | 4119 (Mi4323) | |||
| Cuba | 4118-4119 fdc | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Cuba | 5448 (Mi?) | 2013 | ||
| Cuba | 5448 misperf | Mis-perforated | ||
| Cuba | 5448-5449+5452 fdc | One of three stamps on FDC | ||
| Dominican Republic | Unknown+label (Mi?+label) | 2019 | 250th anniv. birth | |
| Ecuador | C341 (Mi995) | 1959 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Ecuador | 1571 (Mi2563) | 2001 | ||
| Ecuador | Unknown strip (Mi?) | Strip of 5 stamps | 2019 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N93 (Mi?) | 1953 | Wilhelm von Humboldt, brother of Alexander | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N93 fdc | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N155 (Mi171) | 1959 | (100th anniv. death) | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N155 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N155 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N155 fdc3 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N249 fdc (Mi? fdc) | 1969 | 200th anniv. birth | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 (Mi346) | Common design with Venezuela C1012 | 1969 | 200th anniv. birth |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 essay | Photo essay | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 fdc3 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 fdc4 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 fdc5 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N281 fdc6 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) Venezuela | 9N281 fdc C1012 fdc | Dual-country FDC | 1969 | 200th anniv. birth |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N499 (Mi731) | 1985 | Wilhelm von Humboldt, brother of Alexander | |
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N499 maxi1 | Maxicard | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N499 maxi2 | Maxicard (different) | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N499 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N499 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (Berlin) | 9N499 fdc3 | Stamp and cancel and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 59 (Mi261) | 1950 | ||
| Germany (East) | 430 (Mi684) | 1959 | (100th anniv. death) | |
| Germany (East) | 431 (Mi685) | |||
| Germany (East) | 430-431 fdc | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 430-431 postcard | Two stamps and cancel and cachet on picture postcard back, also front | ||
| Germany (East) | 522 (Mi797) | 1960 | 150th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin | |
| Germany (East) | 523 (Mi798) | 150th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin (the design was later used in a (pictorial) cancel in 1985) | ||
| Germany (East) | 521-522 fdc | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | 150th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin | |
| Germany (East) | 520+523-524 fdc | One of three stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 520-524 fdc | Two of five stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | P22 | 5 marks (banknote), also back | 1964 | "Alexander v Humboldt" (on front); "Humboldt University" (on back) |
| Germany (East) | KM18 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1967 | Wilhelm Humboldt, brother of Alenander |
| Germany (East) | 1079 (Mi?) | 1969 | (200th anniv. birth) | |
| Germany (East) | 1078-1079 fdc | One of two stamps on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 1215 (Mi1584) | 1970 | Archeological work in Sudan by Humboldt University | |
| Germany (East) | 1216 (Mi1585) | |||
| Germany (East) | 1217 (Mi1586) | |||
| Germany (East) | 1218 (Mi1587) | |||
| Germany (East) | 1219 (Mi1588) | |||
| Germany (East) | 1220 (Mi1589) | |||
| Germany (East) | 1221 (Mi1590) | |||
| Germany (East) | 1215-1217+1219 fdc | Four stamps on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 1218+1220-1221 fdc | Three stamps on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | None | Cachet on cover | 1972 | Humboldt University |
| Germany (East) | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1980 | Humboldt penguin |
| Germany (East) | 2363 (Mi2816) | 1983 | Humboldt (at left) | |
| Germany (East) | None | Cachet on PPO postal card | 1984 | |
| Germany (East) | None | Cancel and cachet (same) on PPO postal card | 1984 | |
| Germany (East) | None | Cachet on PPO postal card (different) | 1984 | |
| Germany (East) | None | Cancel and cachet on postcard | 1984 | Humboldt and part of letter of application to Freiburg Mining Academy |
| Germany (East) | 2508 (Mi2980) | 1985 | 175th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin | |
| Germany (East) | 2508-2509 fdc | One of two stamps and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 2508-2509 folder | Stamp and reproduction and cancel and illustration on FDOI folder | ||
| Germany (East) | None | (Pictorial) cancel on cover | 1985 | 175th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin (same design as East Germany 523) |
| Germany (East) | None | (Text) cancel on cover | 1985 | 175th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin |
| Germany (East) | None | (Pictorial) cancel on cover | 1985 | 175th anniv. Humboldt University, Berlin |
| Germany (East) | 2812 (Mi3324) | 1990 | 100th anniv. Natural History Museum of Humboldt University | |
| Germany (East) | 2813 (Mi3325) | From MS4 (2813a (4x 2813)) | ||
| Germany (East) | 2814 (Mi3326) | |||
| Germany (East) | 2815 (Mi3327) | |||
| Germany (East) | 2816 (Mi3328) | |||
| Germany (East) | 2812-2814 fdc | Three stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (East) | 2815-2816 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (West) | 800 (Mi309) | 1959 | (100th anniv. death); (see also Germany (Saar) 322) | |
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella | late 1950s? | |
| Germany (West) | None | Cinderella (different) | late 1950s? | |
| Germany (West) | KM120 | 5 marks (silver coin) | 1967 | A. Humboldt (at right), W. Humbolt, his brother (at left) |
| Germany (West) | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1989 | Alexander von Humboldt (sailing ship) |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 1999 | Humboldt art exposition |
| Germany | None | (Pictorial) cancel | 2008 | Alexander von Humboldt (sailing ship) |
| Germany | 3123 (Mi3492) | From MS10 (3123a (10x 3123)) | 2019 | 250th anniv. birth |
| Germany | 3123+cancel | Stamp and (FD pictorial) cancel | ||
| Germany | 3123 fdc1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel (different) on FDC card | ||
| Germany | 3123 fdc2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and (ETABO) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Saar) | 322 (Mi448) | 1959 | (100th anniv. death); (see also Germany (West) 800) | |
| Germany (Saar) | 322 fdc1 | Stamp and (LBS) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Saar) | 322 fdc2 | Stamp and (�ditions P.A.C.) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Saar) | 322 fdc3 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Saar) | 322 fdc4 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| Germany (Saar) | 322 maxi | Maxicard, also back | ||
| Guatemala | 650 (Mi?) | 2011 | "In memorium - von Humboldt - 1769-1859" | |
| Liechtenstein | 1022 (Mi1079) | 1994 | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1022 maxi | Maxicard | Humboldt's painting Travelers in the Andes (from his book Vues des cordill�res et monuments des peuples indig�nes de l'Amerique (Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of America)) | |
| Liechtenstein | 1022 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1023 (Mi1080) | |||
| Liechtenstein | 1023 fdc | Stamp on FDC | ||
| Liechtenstein | 1023 maxi | Maxicard | Frontispiece of Humboldt and Bonpland`s work Geographie der Pflanzen in den Tropen-L�ndern: ein Naturgem�lde der Anden (The Geography of Plants in Tropical Lands: a Portrait of Nature in the Andes) | |
| Liechtenstein | 1022-1023 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Malawi | Unknown b (Mi?) | One of MS6 (a-f) | 2008 | (150th anniv. death, in 2009) |
| Mexico | 908 (Mi?) | 1960 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Mexico | 2176 (Mi2817) | 1999 | 200th anniv. Humboldt's arrival in the Americas | |
| Mexico | 2176 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Mexico | 2176 folder | FDC folder | ||
| Mozambique | Mi3420-3425_ms6 | MS6 (Mi3420-3425) | 2009 | (150th anniv. death) |
| Mozambique | BL282 | SS1 | ||
| Netherlands | None | Cachet on cover | 2000 | Alexander von Humboldt (sailing ship) |
| Northern Territories Local Post (Japan) | Local_d | One of local post MS6 (a-f) | 2011 | |
| Paraguay | C383 (BL227) | In (upper-right) margin of imperforate SS1 | 1974 | "Alexandre Humboldt" |
| Paraguay | C383 muestra | C383 overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Paraguay | 1689 (Mi?) | 1976 | Alexander von Humboldt (sailing ship) | |
| Paraguay | 1689 muestra | Overprinted "muestra" | ||
| Peru | 853 (Mi?) | 1985 | Humboldt's penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) | |
| Peru | 935 (Mi?) | 1988 | BIC Humboldt (research ship) | |
| Peru | None | (Purple and black rubber-stamp) cachet on cover | 1988 | "Humboldt"; First Peruvian Antarctic Expedition and BIC Humboldt (research ship) |
| Peru | None | (Black printed) cachet on cover, also back | 1989 | Second Peruvian Antarctic Expedition and BIC Humboldt (research ship) |
| Peru | 1349 (Mi?) | Stamp and label | 2002 | 200th anniv. Humboldt's arrival in Peru; Humboldt and BIC Humboldt (research ship) |
| Peru | 1349 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Peru | 1349a (Mi?) | T�te-b�che pair (2x 1349) | ||
| Peru | 1614 (BL?) | In (upper-left) margin of MS2 (1614 (a-d)) | 2008 | BIC Humboldt (research ship) |
| Poland | None (Fisher catalog CP86:37) | Cachet on postal card, also detail | 1938 | von Humboldt (at far right) |
| Romania | 3135b (Mi?) | One of MS4 (3135 (a-d)) | 1983 | |
| Romania | 3135 fdc | MS4 on FDC | ||
| Romania | 3135b card | Stamp and cancel and cachet on card | 1991 | |
| Romania | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1999 | 140th anniv. death |
| Romania | None | Cancel (different) and cachet (different) on cover | 1999 | (140th anniv. death); Humboldt Foundation members and Nobel Prize winners |
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope | 2003 | 50th anniv. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation |
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | ||
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | ||
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | ||
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | ||
| Romania | None | Cachet on stamped envelope (different) | ||
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on cover | 2003 | Humboldt Foundation symposium |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on cover | 2003 | Humboldt Foundation symposium |
| Romania | 3135b card1 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet on card | 2003 | 50th anniv. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (on cancel) |
| Romania | 3135b card2 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on card | ||
| Romania | 3135b card3 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on card | ||
| Romania | 3135b card4 | Stamp and (pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on card | ||
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet on postal card | 2009 | (150th anniv. death); (240th anniv. birth) |
| Romania | None | (Pictorial) cancel and cachet (different) on postal card | 2009 | (150th anniv. death); (240th anniv. birth) |
| Romania | 5111 maxi (Mi6365 maxi) | Annotated cachet on maxicard | 2009 | "Humboldt" crater and "Mare Humboldtianum" on Moon |
| Russia (USSR) | 2196 (Mi2224) | 1959 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Saar | 322 (Mi448) | 1959 | (100th anniv. death) | |
| Saar | 322 maxi | Maxicard | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc2 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc3 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc4 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc5 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc6 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Saar | 322 fdc7 | Stamp and cachet (different) on FDC | ||
| Spain | 1747-1751 cover (Mi? cover) | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1999 | 200th anniv. Humboldt's visit to Canary Islands |
| Spain | None | Cinderella on cover | 2004 | Alexander von Humboldt (sailing ship) |
| Togo | Mi4309 | One stamp and in (upper-left) margin of MS3 (Mi4309-4311) | 2011 | |
| Tonga | KM153 | 1 pa'anga (silver coin) | 1993 | |
| Umm al Qiwain | Mi633 | 1972 | Humboldt penguins | |
| United States | None | Cancel and cachet on postal card | 1888 | Humboldt County IA |
| United States | None | (Text) cancel on postcard | 1906 | Humboldt AZ (post office) |
| United States | 567 precancel | Precancel on stamp | 1923 | Humboldt TN (post office) |
| United States | None | (Text) cancel | 1934 | Humboldt MI (post office) |
| United States | None | (Red text) meter on cover | 1961 | Humboldt State College, Arcata CA |
| United States | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 1962 | Humboldt IA airport dedication |
| United States (Nevada) | 86L11 | Local post stamp | ? | Humboldt Express, Carson City, Nevada |
| Uruguay | 1097 (Mi1610) | 1981 | ||
| Uruguay | 1097 fdc1 | Stamp and cancel on FDC | ||
| Uruguay | 1097 fdc2 | Stamp and cancel on FDC (different) | ||
| Venezuela | 743 (Mi?) | 1960 | 100th anniv. death | |
| Venezuela | 744 (Mi?) | |||
| Venezuela | 745 (Mi?) | |||
| Venezuela | C709 (Mi?) | |||
| Venezuela | C710 (Mi?) | |||
| Venezuela | C711 (Mi?) | |||
| Venezuela | C1012 (Mi1800) | Common design with Germany (Berlin) 9N281 (Mi?) | 1969 | 200th anniv. birth |
| Venezuela | C1012 fdc | Stamp and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Venezuela Germany (Berlin) | C1012 fdc 9N281 fdc | Dual-country FDC | 1969 | 200th anniv. birth |
| Venezuela | 1016-1027 (Mi?) | Set of 12 | 1973 | 10th anniv. Humboldt Planetarium |
| Venezuela | 1030a (Mi?) | Strip of 3 (1028-1030) | ||
| Venezuela | 1030a fdc | Strip of 3 and cancel and cachet on FDC | ||
| Venezuela | 1616g (Mi?) | One of MS10 (1616 (a-j)) | 2000 | Humboldt Peak |
1Local catalog number
|
Lewis, Meriwether
|
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were American explorers who undertook an epic journey of discovery across the northern United States and to the Pacific Ocean from 1804 to 1806. Thomas Jefferson was the force behind the voyage. He hoped it would provide knowledge about "the climate, as characterized by the thermometer; the proportion of rainy, cloudy and clear days; the winds prevailing at different seasons; and the dates at which particular plants put forth or lose their flowers or leaves".
The American West was mostly an unknown land at the time. Lewis and Clark encountered rivers that "shut up with ice," violent winds, flash floods and, in the High Plains of the Dakotas, a day in which there was an abrupt temperature change of 59�F in an eight hour period.
Lewis and Clark were the first to make scientific measurements of the weather of the western US They had three thermometers at the beginning of the expedition, which they carefully calibrated. They measured the temperature each day, at sunrise and again at 4 pm, from 19 September 1804 through 6 September 1805 (when their last thermometer finally broke in the Bitterroot Mountains near what is now the Montana-Idaho border). These temperature measurements were carried out across what are now South Dakota, North Dakota and Montana. Convinced of the scientific value of their work, they made careful records of their observations, in duplicate (in case one copy would be lost or damaged). In what is now Oregon, Lewis noted that "I am confident that the climate here is much warmer than in the same parallel of latitude on the Atlantic Ocean". They described the winter weather on the Oregon coast in their journals as "horrible" and "miserable" because of the constant rain.
Lewis and Clark were truly pioneers, both as explorers and as scientists. Their exploration of the American West was a seminal event in American history.
Reference:
Solomon, S., and J. Daniel, 2004: Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Meteorological Observers in the American West, Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 85(9), 1273-1288)
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| This list is an incomplete sample of the numerous postal items that contain this person. Items are generally for both Lewis and Clark; a few refer only to one or the other. |
||||
| Comoro Islands | 165 (Mi257) | 1976 | Lewis and Clark expedition | |
| Comoro Islands | 165a (BL12) | On stamp of SS1 (165) | ||
| Cook Islands | KM107 | $50 (silver coin) reverse, also obserse | 1988 | |
| Cook Islands | KM201 | $50 (gold coin) | 1992 | |
| Dominica | 2430 (Mi?) | 2003 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition | |
| Dominica | 2431 (Mi?) | |||
| Dominica | 2432 (Mi?) | |||
| Dominica | 2433 (Mi?) | |||
| Dominica | 2434 (Mi?) | |||
| Dominica | 2435 (Mi?) | |||
| Dominica | 2436 (Mi?) | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; "Lewis after the Expedition" | ||
| Dominica | 2437 (Mi?) | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition | ||
| Dominica | 2438 (BL?) | SS1 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; Lewis | |
| Dominica | 2439 (BL?) | SS1 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; Clark | |
| Grenada | 3465a (Mi?) | From MS3 (3465 (a-c)) | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; Lewis |
| Grenada | 3465c (Mi?) | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; Clark | ||
| Laos | 269B (Mi427) | 1976 | "Lewis et Clark - La Conqu�te de l'Ouest" (with depiction of the expedition in the centre of the stamp) | |
| Laos | 269Bc (BL?) | SS1 (269B) | ||
| Marshall Islands | 833a-c (Mi?) | Strip of 3 from MS9 (833d (3x 833a-c)) | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| Marshall Islands | 840a-c (Mi?) | Strip of 3 from MS9 (840d (3x 840a-c)) | ||
| Marshall Islands | 845a-c (Mi?) | Strip of 3 from MS9 (845d (3x 845a-c)) | ||
| Marshall Islands | 885 (Mi?) | Pair (885 (a-b)) | 2006 | Lewis and Clark expedition |
| Sierra Leone | Unknown d (Mi?) | From MS4 (a-d) | 2008 | Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | None | (Black printed) cachet on cover, also back | 1904 | 100th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | None | Cinderella set | 1905 | Issued for Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition (Portland, Oregon, June-October 1905 |
| United States | 1063 (Mi?) | 1954 | 150th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition | |
| United States | 1063 fdc1 | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1063 fdc2 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1063 fdc3 | Stamp and (?) cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 1063 fdc4 3854 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Two stamps and cachet on dual-cancel FDC | 1954 2004 | 150th (and 200th) anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | None | (Blue and grey printed) cachet on cover | 1963 | "SSBN-644 Lewis and Clark Sea Trials" |
| United States | UX91 | Postal card | 1981 | Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | UX91 fdc1 | Printed stamp and (? Haly) cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc2 | Printed stamp and (Farnum) cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc3 | Printed stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc4 | Printed stamp and (Kribbs Kard) cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc5 | Printed stamp and cachet (different) on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc6 | Printed stamp and (DRC) cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc7 | Printed stamp and cachet (different) on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc8 | Printed stamp on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc9 | Printed stamp and (TM Weddle hand-painted) cachet on postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | UX91 fdc10 3854 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Printed stamp and stamp and cachet on dual-cancel postal-card FDC | ||
| United States | None | Cancel and cachet on cover | 2003 | Lewis (on cancel); both (on cachet) |
| United States | None | Cancel and cachet on cover (different) | 2003 | Clark (on cancel); both (on cachet) |
| United States | 3782 cover (Mi? cover) | Cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 (Mi?) | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition | |
| United States | 3854 fdc1 | Stamp and (Colorano silk) cachet on FDC (Sioux City IA cancel) | ||
| United States | 3854 fdc2 | Stamp and (Collins) cachet on FDC (Pierre SD cancel) | ||
| United States | 3854 fdc3 | Stamp and (Bevil) cachet on FDC (Washburn ND cancel) | ||
| United States | 3854 fdc4 1063 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Two stamps and cachet on dual-cancel FDC | 2004 1954 | |
| United States | 3854 fdc5 UX91 fdc (Mi? fdc) | Printed stamp and stamp and cachet on dual-cancel postal-card FDC | 2004 1981 | |
| United States | 3854 cover1 | Stamp and (Atchison KS) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover2 | Stamp and (Big Timber MT) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover3 | Stamp and (Chamois MO) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover4 | Stamp and (Jefferson City MO) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover5 | Stamp and (Missouri Valley IA) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover6 | Stamp and (Portage des Sioux MO) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover7 | Stamp and (State Park Station, Onawa IA) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover8 | Stamp and (Three Forks MT) cancel and cachet on cover | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3855 (Mi?) | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; Lewis | |
| United States | 3855 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | 3856a | Booklet pane of 10 (5x (3855-3856)) from Bk297 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition | |
| United States | 3856 (Mi?) | 2004 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition; Clark | |
| United States | 3856 fdc | Stamp and cachet on FDC | ||
| United States | SP1549 back | Back of (USPS) souvenir page (3878), also front | 2004 | "Lewis and Clark" |
| United States | KM361 | 5 cents (nickel coin) keelboat design | 2004 | (200th anniv.) Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | KM369 | 5 cents (nickel coin) Pacific view design | 2005 | (200th anniv.) Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover1 (Mi? cover1) | Stamp and (Bison Station, Hazen ND) cancel and cachet on cover | 2005 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3854 cover2 (Mi? cover2) | Stamp and (Bison Station, Hazen ND) cancel and cachet on cover, also insert | 2005 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3855 cover (Mi? cover) | Stamp and (Sacagewea Station, Richland WA) cancel and cachet on cover | 2005 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | 3856 cover (Mi? cover) | Stamp and (Jefferson City MO) cancel and cachet on cover | 2006 | Lewis and Clark Homeward Bound; 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | None | (Boone National Guard Station KY) cancel and cachet on cover | 2006 | 200th anniv. Lewis and Clark expedition |
| United States | None | (Coverscape) cachet on cover | 2011 | (205th anniv.) Lewis and Clark expedition |
|
de Caldas, Francisco Jos�
|
Francisco de Caldas, trained as a lawyer, developed an interest in science in the late 1700s. He mastered the rudiments of astronomy and meteorology through independent study even though he had no books to guide him. He then constructed a barometer and used it to make pressure measurements.
The 'hypsometer' (or 'hypsometric thermometer') is an instrument that can measure altitude indirectly, through the use of a thermometer to measure the temperature of boiling water at that altitude followed by the application of relationships between the boiling point of water and atmospheric pressure and between atmospheric pressure and altitude. The instrument can be traced back to Fahrenheit in 1724. De Caldas was unaware of that earlier work, and independently invented the hypsometer some time before the visit of Alexander von Humboldt to Colombia in 1801.
Von Humboldt tutored de Caldas in meteorology and astronomy and computational techniques, and perhaps also influenced him to expand his scientific interests to include botany and geography. In 1802 von Humboldt made temperature measurements at Quito and found the mean temperature to be 18�C in one set of observations, and 14.4�C in another. Two years later, de Caldas made his own measurements, and came up with a value of 15�C. Later measurements in the 1800s gave values similar to those of de Caldas.
De Caldas was appointed Director of the Bogota Observatory in 1805. He instituted programs of astronomical and meteorological observation, taught local students and published a weekly scientific journal.
His politics were radical for the time. He advocated independence from Spain and as a result was executed by the Spanish military in 1816.
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colombia | 335 (Mi231) | 1910 | (140th anniv. birth) | |
| Colombia | 339 (Mi239) | 1917 | "Caldas"; (100th anniv. death, in 1916) | |
| Colombia | 339 ds | Deluxe sheet (339) | ||
| Colombia | 339 proof1 | Signed proof (black) | ||
| Colombia | 339 proof2 | Signed proof (orange) | ||
| Colombia | 402 (Mi300) | 1926 | (110th anniv. death) | |
| Colombia | 402 proof | Signed proof (olive) | ||
| Colombia | 410 (Mi320) | 402 overprinted | 1932 | |
| Colombia | 410a (Mi?) | 402 inverted overprint | ||
| Colombia | 410b (Mi?) | 402 double overprint | ||
| Colombia | O3 (Mi_O43) | 402 overprinted in black | 1937 | |
| Colombia | 473 (Mi409) | 1939 | (170th anniv. birth, in 1940) | |
| Colombia | 518 (Mi447) | 1944 | ||
| Colombia | 518a (Mi?) | Imperforate pair (517-518) | ||
| Colombia | C146 (Mi508) | 1947 | (130th anniv. death, in 1946) | |
| Colombia | 680 (Mi827) | 1958 | ||
| Colombia | C309 (Mi828) | |||
| Colombia | C310 (Mi829) | |||
| Colombia | 680+C309 fdc | Two stamps and cachet on FDC | ||
| Colombia | 680+C309-C310 fdc | Three stamps and cachet (same) on FDC | ||
| Colombia | 683 (Mi?) | 1958 | ||
| Colombia | 684 (Mi?) | |||
| Colombia | P401b | 20 pesos oro (banknote) | 1960 | |
| Colombia | P401c | 20 pesos oro (banknote), also back | 1961-1965 | |
| Colombia | P409a | 20 pesos oro (banknote), also back | 1966-1973 | |
| Colombia | P409d | 20 pesos oro (banknote), also back | 1979-1983 | |
| Colombia | 1204 (Mi?) | MS12 (1204 (a-l + 8 labels)) | 2003 | Departmento de Caldas |
| Colombia | 1243 (BL62) | MS2 (1243 (a-d)) | 2005 | 100th anniv. Departmento de Caldas; (190th anniv. death, in 2006) |
| Colombia | 1243a-b fdc | Two stamps from MS2 and (multi-color printed) cachet on FDC | ||
| Colombia | 1495a (Mi?) | MS4 (4x 1495) | 2018 | 75th anniv. "Universidad de Caldas" |
|
Howard, Luke
|
Luke Howard was an English chemist and pharmacist with a passion for the weather. His weather observations led to the publication in 1818 of his book The Climate of London (the first book to present the climatology of an urban setting). His Seven Lectures on Meteorology (1837) was the first modern textbook on weather. He also published A cycle of eighteen years in the seasons of Britain in 1842, and Barometrographia in 1847.
Howard's meteorological observations in and around London were the first indication of an urban heat island effect. In The Climate of London (page 147), he wrote that "the mean temperature of the climate ... is strictly about 48.50� Fahr., but in the denser parts of the metropolis, the heat is raised, by the effect of the population and fires, to 50.50�; and it must be proportionately affected in the suburban parts. The excess of the Temperature of the city varies through the year, being least in spring, and greatest in winter; and it belongs, in strictness, to the nights; which average three degrees and seven tenths warmer than in the country; while the heat of the day ... falls, on a mean of years, about a third of a degree short of that in the open plain." The importance of Howard's groundbreaking results was recognized by T.J. Chandler in his book The Climate of London which was published in 1965. Indeed, Chandler dedicated his book to Howard, whom he describes as "the pioneer of urban climatic studies".
The United Kingdom's earliest meteorological society, the Meteorological Society of London, came into being in 1823, and Howard was present at its inaugural meeting in the London Coffee House on 15 October of that year (he was not a member of a subsequent society of the same name formed in 1848). The British Meteorological Society was founded on 3 April 1850, and Howard became one of its vice-presidents approximately one month later.
Howard's major contribution to the science of meteorology was his introduction of the cloud classification system that lies at the heart of the modern cloud classification system. He became known as the "man who named the clouds".
Howard loved nature, weather and clouds from an early age. Between May and August of 1783, the skies of Europe were filled with the "Great Fogg", a haze composed of dust and ash from volcanic eruptions of Eldeyjar and Laki-Skaptar in Iceland, and Asama Yama in Japan. Howard was fascinated by this event, and he became a devoted observer of the atmosphere, combining his visual observations with information from a thermometer and barometer for over 30 years in London. (That same "Great Fogg" led Benjamin Franklin to hypothesize that large amounts dust and ash in the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions could be related to subsequent long periods of cold weather). In the course of his observations, Howard noted certain common characteristics of clouds, and developed a cloud classification system based on them. In December 1802, he presented his system to the Askesian Society in London. He proposed descriptive categories with Latin names, in an approach similar to that of Linnaeus in the plant and animal kingdoms. Howard's three basic categories were Cumulus ("heap"), Stratus ("layer") and Cirrus ("curl of hair"). A fourth category, Nimbus ("rain"), denoted "a cloud in the act of condensation into rain, hail or snow". According to Howard, "while any of the clouds, except the nimbus, retain their primitive forms, no rain can take place; it is by observing the changes and transitions of cloud form that weather may be predicted". Howard summarized his work in 1803 in his Essay on the Modifications (i.e. "Classification") of Clouds.
The French botanist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck had proposed his own cloud classification system in 1802. However, it was Howard's system that quickly gained wide acceptance both in Britain and abroad. One of its biggest supporters was the German poet, philosopher and scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. He used Howard's classification in his weather journals, and also in the Duchy's weather observing network, and also dedicated poems and an essay to Howard and his clouds.
Howard wondered whether or not it might be possible to document changes in climate through human memory, but concluded that such memories were too unreliable to lead to convincing conclusions. To this end, he wrote in The Climate of London:
"The result of my experience is, on the whole, unfavourable to the opinion of a permanent change having taken place of latter times, either for the better or the worse, in the climate of this country; our recollection of the weather, even at the distance of a few years, being very imperfect, we are apt to suppose that the seasons are not what they formerly were; while in fact, they are only going through a series of changes such as we may have heretofore already witnessed and forgotten".
| Country | Catalog Number | Type of Item | Year of Issue | Notes on Content |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falkland Islands | 1153 (Mi?) | 2015 | "The Namer of Clouds, Luke Howard, 1772 - 1864"; (150th anniv. death, in 2014) | |
| Falkland Islands | 1154 (Mi?) | |||
| Falkland Islands | 1155 (Mi?) | |||
| Falkland Islands | 1156 (Mi?) | |||
| United States | 3878 (Mi3865-3879) 3878 back | MS15 | 2004 | Howard and his work are briefly described on the back of this sheet |
| United States | SP1549 | (USPS) souvenir page (3878), also back | (As above for stamps) | |
| United States | CP719 page1 | (USPS no.722) commemorative panel (3878), also page2 | ||
| United States | UX421-UX435 booklet UX421-UX435 back | Postal card booklet of 20, 15 different (UX421-UX435) | The description of Howard and his work are repeated on the back of the booklet |
|
Beaufort, Sir Francis
|
Francis Beaufort was an English naval officer who became Admiral of the Navy and later Hydrographer of the Navy. Early in his career at sea, he began to keep a meteorological journal in the form of brief comments on the general weather scene. He would continue this practice until his death. Beaufort's name is familiar to all mariners for his Wind Force Scale and his Weather Notation coding, which he devised in the early years of his command, starting around 1805. The Wind Force Scale on was based on Beaufort's observations of the effects of the wind on fully-rigged frigates at sea, and originally consisted of 14 degrees of wind strength, from calm to hurricane. Beaufort outlined the details of the Wind Force Scale in a memorandum to Commander Robert Fitzroy in 1831. Fitzroy would write "all honor to Beaufort, who used and introduced this succinct method of approximation by scale..."
The Weather Notation coding was made the standard for the British fleet for all log entries in 1833. In 1838, the British Admiralty officially made the use of the Beaufort wind scale, with 13 degrees of wind strength, mandatory for all ships' log entries.
In August 1872 at the International Meteorological Conference in Leipzig, delegates debated the question "what scale should be employed for the force of the wind when it is not determined by actual measurement but only by estimation?" The First Conference on Marine Meteorology in London in 1874 answered this question by recommending the Beaufort scale for general use in wind estimation in weather observations. However, to do so it was necessary to consider wind phenomena over the land as well as at sea. A modified Beaufort scale for estimated winds was therefore adopted for international use in weather telegraphy later in 1874 in Utrecht at a meeting of the International Meteorological Committee.
The Beaufort scale is the oldest organized method of judging wind force and speed. It is still in use today, in modified form, by mariners around the world.
The Beaufort Wind Force Scale
| Beaufort wind force | Wind speed (knots) | WMO descriptive term | Wave height (feet) | Wind effect on the sea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | Calm | 0 | Sea like a mirror |
| 1 | 1 - 3 | Light air | 0.25 | Ripples with appearance of scales; no foam crests |
| 2 | 4 - 6 | Light breeze | 0.5 - 1 | Small wavelets; crests of glassy appearance, not breaking |
| 3 | 7 - 10 | Gentle breeze | 1 - 3 | Large wavelets; crests begin to break; scattered whitecaps |
| 4 | 11 - 16 | Moderate breeze | 3 - 5 | Small waves, becoming longer; numerous whitecaps |
| 5 | 17 - 21 | Fresh breeze | 6 - 8 | Moderate waves, taking longer form; many whitecaps; some spray |
| 6 | 22 - 27 | Strong breeze | 9 - 13 | Larger waves forming; whitecaps everywhere; more spray |
| 7 | 28 - 33 | Near gale | 13 - 19 | Sea heaps up; white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks |
| 8 | 34 - 40 | Gale | 18 - 25 | Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift; foam is blown in well-marked streaks |
| 9 | 41 - 47 | Strong gale | 23 - 32 | High waves; sea begins to roll; dense streaks of foam; spray may begin to reduce visibility |
| 10 | 48 - 55 | Storm | 29 - 41 | Very high waves with overhanging crests; sea takes white appearance as foam is blown in very dense streaks; rolling is heavy and visibility is reduced |
| 11 | 56 - 63 | Violent storm | 37 - 52 | Exceptionally high waves; sea covered with white foam patches; visibility further reduced |
| 12 | 64+ | Hurricane | 45+ | Air filled with foam; sea completely white with driving spray; visibility greatly reduced |
Beaufort's weather journal entries became a regular part of his daily routine, ultimately increasing in frequency to observations at