The 5th international conference on particle physics and astrophysics

This is a review of a two-phase emission detector technology and recent progress in development of experimental programs based on this technology and goaled to search for dark matter, for novel neutrino physics and for double beta-decay. The review is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the outstanding experimental physicist Boris Anatolyevich Dolgoshein, in whose laboratory exactly 50 years ago the first two-phase emission detector has been created.
Today two-phase emission detectors found the best application in the most sensitive at the moment experiments searching for cold dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). A number of successful experiments arranged by ZEPLIN, XENON, LUX and PandaX collaborations with LXe emission detectors during 10 years period reduced allowed region of existence for WIMPs with mass of 40-50 GeV/c2 from 8.810-44cm2 (reported by XENON-10 collaboration in 2006) down to 1.110-46cm2 (reported by LUX collaboration at the end of 2016). Detector LZ of the second generation (G2) will be installed at Davis’ cage of the Homestake mine by joint collaboration of former LUX and ZEPLIN experiments and will use 6 ton LXe active mass emission detector in order to reach sensitivity below 10-47 cm2 for spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions. With the increasing detector mass and sensitivity, solar neutrino interactions become an irreducible source of background for WIMP search experiments. Multi-ton active mass WIMP detectors of the upcoming G3 generation shall become, even with naturally occurring isotope abundances, sensitive to double-beta decay at the modern level of sensitivity and solar neutrinos interactions via elastic coherent scattering off xenon nuclei. Detectors of G3 generation such as DarkSide-20k can achieve spin-independent cross sections for WIMPs as low as ~ 7.410-48cm2 (6.910-47cm2) for WIMPs of 1TeV/c2 (10TeV/c2 ) mass.
The RED-100 detector constructed at NRNU MEPhI can be used for investigation of recently discovered the elastic coherent electron neutrino scattering off heavy nuclei. The detector can be installed practically on the Earth's surface in vicinity to low energy neutrino sources such as NPP nuclear reactors or accelerators such as the Spallation Neutron Source.
The new LBNO (Long Baseline Neutrino Observatory) experiment intends to use large Liquid Argon (LAr) double-phase time projection chamber (DLAr TPC) as one of the detectors. The consortium at CERN is now active in the construction of a large demonstrator LBNO-DEMO DLAr TPC of 3x3x1 m3 active volume.
Thus the detector technology invented at MEPhI 50 years has demonstrated a great potential to be used in a variety of fundamental research programs.

In planetary atmospheres, runaway electron avalanches could happen due to large scale electric fields, which accelerate electrons to energies about 0,1 - 10 MeV. This phenomenon is not fully understood. Nowadays, most of the data is obtaining using satellites on low orbits. However, breakdown can also occur at altitudes of less than 30 km. In this case, most of the radiation is scattered without reaching the satellites on high orbits. The formation of charged particles in the atmosphere can affect the results of other experiments. It is important to have the most proper model of this phenomenon. Project goal is to create a stratospheric CubeSat format probe capable of collecting data about these events at an altitude of ~ 30 km and above. The purpose of experiment is to observe changes in the fluxes of both high - energy electrons and radiation, as well as an analysis of possible correlations of the measured parameters. We developed a concept of the probe, performed structural analysis of CubeSat CAD model and created a detector prototype, consisting of a thick polystyrene scintillation counter, wrapped with a mylar, and connected to two SiPM SensL MicroSB-30035-X13 to collect statistics.

In the present research, the analysis of experimental elastic scattering angular distributions data of alpha particles on 28Si nuclei carried out using SFRESCO computational code in the energy range from 18 to 240 MeV. The data were analyzed using phenomenological Woods–Saxon (WS) potential within the context of the optical model (OM). We created the real potentials in the double-folding (DF) calculations by folding the nucleon- nucleon (NN) interaction into nuclear matter density distributions of alpha projectile and the 28Si target. A density dependent version of M3Y interactions (CDM3Y6), which based on the G-matrix elements of the Reid (NN) potential, have been used. The imaginary potentials kept fixed for each energy during (DF) search as obtained from phenomenological imaginary (WS) potential part. The renormalization factor of folded potential Nr have been extracted at all energies. we have investigated the observed phenomena of anomalous large angle scattering (ALAS)at low energies and rainbow-like structure scattering at high energies for α+28Si nuclear system. The total reaction cross sections σ_R, the (real and imaginary) potential volume integrals (J_V and J_W) as well as the χ^2/N values have been obtained for fourteen energies. The theoretical (OM) and (DF) calculations of angular distributions in the entire angular range are in a good agreement with the experimental data.

GAMMA-400 space-based gamma-ray telescope represents the core of the scientific complex intended to perform a search for signatures of dark matter in the cosmic gamma-emission, measurements of diffuse gamma-emission characteristics, investigation of extended and point gamma-ray sources, studying of high energy component of gamma-ray bursts and solar flares emission. Prototypes of anticoincidence detector and two calorimeters were tested on synchrotron C-25P «PAKHRA» of Lebedev Physical Institute in Russia. The prototype of anticoincidence detectorconsists of strip of polyvinyltoluene scintillator ВС-408 with dimensions of 1280x100x10 mm3, the prototypes of calorimeters consist of CsI(Tl) crystals with sise of 330x50x20 and 450x36x36 mm3. All detectors prototupes used SiPM readout.The results of measurements of detectors characteristics are discussed in the work presented.

Development of a distributed system of the neutron detectors is required to estimate the neutron spectra in the CMS experimental cavern. The proposed neutron detector is based on the 6Li-enriched scintillator coupled to SiPM. During LHC Run 2, several detector samples were successfully commissioned at the CERN laboratory and tested in CMS environment with the set of Bonner spheres. To rescale collected data to the absolute value of the neutron flux the same SiPM-based detector samples with the set of Bonner spheres were calibrated at the CERN Radiation Protection calibration facility using Am-Be source. Afterwards, detector readings measured in the CMS radiation field can be deconvoluted to the neutron spectrum by means of the unfolding procedure.

The BM@N and MPD experiments in Dubna NICA facility will use the forward hadron calorimeters (FHCal) for centrality and reaction angle determination in the heavy ion collisions. FHCals are assembled from modules with lead/scintillator sampling structure and longitudinal readout segmentation. The light from each section in module is detected with separate MMPC with sensitive area 3x3mm2. In total, FHCal BM@N has readout 438 channels and 2 MPD calorimeters have 616 readout channels.
The algorithms and development of software for the Detector Control Systems (DCS) of these calorimeters in both experiments to control the biased MPPCs voltages and temperature of MPPCs and its integration into the main DCS of both experiments will be reported.
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (RFBR) Grants No. 18-02-40065 and No. 18-02-40081

The NA61/SHINE detector at the CERN SPS is undergoing a major upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 period (2019-2021). The upgrade is essential to fulfil the requirements of the new open charm measurement program. In this program detector will operate at a beam intensity increased by a factor of 10, which requires an upgrade of current Beam Position Detectors (BPDs). New BPDs should monitor lead and proton beam intensities with 10^5 Hz intensity. In a proposed poster, progress on design and development of front-end and readout electronics, as well as integration with the NA61/SHINE DAQ of the new BPDs based on Si strip detectors, will be presented.

The Forward Hadron Calorimeter is one of the sub-detectors of the BM@N experimental setup at JINR, Dubna. It consists of 54 lead-scintillator modules of two types with the transverse sizes 20x20 cm$^2$ and 15x15 cm$^2$. These two types of modules are subdivided into 10 and 7 individual longitudinal sections, respectively. Each section provides the independent light and amplitude signal readout with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). High signal to noise ratio of SiPM allows detection of cosmic rays with low energy depositions in FHCAL longitudinal sections. A method for cosmic muon track reconstruction is discussed. A procedure for energy calibration based on muon track length and energy deposition in each section is proposed. Experimental results of FHCAL cosmic calibration are presented.

At present, the BM@N experimental setup is prepared for the next stage of operation with light and heavy ion beams. The particles from ion collisions with very forward rapidity will be detected by Forward Hadron Calorimeter. To avoid the problems with the radiation damages and high beam intensities, the calorimeter has the central beam hole. The most of the bound fragments from ion reactions leak in this beam hole that leads to the ambiguity to the energy depositions for central and peripheral events. To identify these bound fragments, an additional detector, forward hodoscope will be installed in the calorimeter central hole. For the light/heavy ion beams the segmented scintillator/quartz hodoscopes will be used, respectively. The physics performance and the results of the tests of hodoscopes with electron beam and cosmic muons will be reported.

Scintillation detectors with organic scintillators are widely used for fast neutrons detection in high gamma ray background. This is a way to solve the problem of measuring the combined gamma-neutron background in a large number of studies: registration of backgrounds near accelerators; monitoring of spent nuclear fuel; monitoring of neutron flux in nuclear fusion installations; measurement of neutron yield from neutron generators.
Scintillation detectors with organic crystals or liquid scintillators are used for this purposes. The peculiarity of this type of detector is that the pulse shape depends on the type of the detected particle. Traditionally, the Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) histogram is used to determine the number of detected neutrons. The PSD parameter is calculated from the shape of the detector pulse and assigned to each pulse. A typical PSD histogram contains two peaks corresponding to neutrons and gamma rays that overlap in the region between the peaks. With this approach, it is impossible to identify each individual signal in the area between the peaks. Therefore, it is not possible to calculate the overall signal identification coefficient.
We have proposed a new method for the identification of neutrons and gamma quanta, which includes a combination of three signal separation algorithms: the traditional histogram PSD, the dependence of the area of signals on their amplitude, Tau histogram (tau means the fall constant of the detector pulses). This combination of three algorithms makes it possible to calculate the value of the signal identification coefficient.
To test a new method for identifying neutrons and gamma quanta, we used a Pu-Be neutron source, a scintillation detector with a p-terphenyl crystal and a CAEN DT5730 Digitizer (14 bit, 500 MHz). When a scintillation detector registered neutrons from a Pu-Be source, the signal identification coefficient was 89.8%.
A new method for identifying signals from a scintillation detector is used to register neutrons at the light ion accelerator.

An application of deconvolution to signal peak finding in readout ASIC for GEM detectors is described. Unlike the traditional approach based on the use of an analog or digital peak detector, it is proposed to use the deconvolution technique to find the signal peak. In this case the digital data coming from the ADC are processed by a digital filter that deconvolves the data according to the transfer function of the analog channel. Such processing allows to identify the peak of the signal and also separate the overlaid pulses. That makes the higher rate capability in analog channels and reduces the amount of lost data.

Implementation aspects and design results for the digital filter built in the UMC 180 nm MMRF CMOS process are presented. The developed architecture allows to separate overlaid signals with minimum six ADC samples between input impulses.

The results of the study of the hardware function (HF) of the muon hodoscope (MH) URAGAN (MEPhI), based on mathematical modeling, are presented. A multi-parameter HF model has been formed. A hypothesis is accepted about the model function of the input distribution of the intensities of muon fluxes (MF). A functional is introduced that determines the difference between the matrix data of the URAGAN MH and the product of the AF model and the model function of the input distribution of the MF. A normalized AF and normalized muon fluxes intensities distribution functions (MFIDF) are introduced. To reduce the errors in the estimation of normalized HF and normalized variations of the MFIDF, a two-dimensional filtering algorithm based on approximating local piecewise-linear functions and a two-dimensional threshold filtering algorithm have been developed. Formulas for HF and MFIDF estimation are given. AF efficiency was estimated using mathematical modeling. Mathematical models of AF and time series of simulated input and output MFIDFs have been developed. Estimates of simulated model Forbush decreases in MF intensities are given. Modeling has shown the effectiveness of the developed approach to assessing HF. The results of testing the developed approach for assessing HF on the experimental data of the URAGAN MG are discussed, which have confirmed its effectiveness.

The mathematical model is discussed allowing the description of relativistic electron beam propagation in rared plasma. Such model may be applied for the analysis of the electron beam behavior in accelerators as well as under space conditions. The equation for the beam radius and the results of its numerical solution are presented.

The Compressed Baryonic matter Matter experiment (CBM) is one of the major experimental projects at the constructed FAIR facility in Darmstadt, Germany. It will explore strongly interacting nuclear matter at highest net-baryon densities in nucleus-nucleus interactions. A novel, free-streaming data acquisition system will be used at this experiment, which aggregates the data sent by the self-triggered front-end electronics of all CBM detector subsystems and sends them to an online compute farm for data reconstruction and selection in real time. To test and optimize the operation of the full CBM experiment at heavy ions high beam rates, the mini CBM (mCBM) was constructed and installed on SIS18 at GSI. The mCBM includes subdetectors of all CBM detector systems including one module of the Projectile Spectator Detector (mPSD) The mPSD FEE, system of readout and digitizing analog signals, as well as a time synchronization technique used by mPSD will be discussed. Preliminary mPSD response results at mCBM heavy ion beam tests will be presented.

The ATLAS collaboration at LHC has chosen the Large size multi-gap resistive strips Micromegas (MM) technology along with the small-strip Thin Gap Chambers (sTGC) for the high luminosity upgrade of the first muon station in the high-rapidity region, the so called New Small Wheel (NSW) project.
The NSW is expected to be installed in the ATLAS underground cavern in the current long shutdown.
After the R&D, design and prototyping phase, the series production MM and sTGC are being constructed.
At CERN, the final validation and integration of the modules in sectors composing the wheel is well advanced.
The achievement of the requirements for these detectors revealed to be even more challenging than expected, when scaling from the small prototypes to the large dimensions.
In this presentation the main challenges of the project, the adopted solutions and performance results will be reviewed.

A possible CP violation effects in neutral currents are predicted in a wide class of theories Beyond the Standard Model (BSM). If such a violation will be discovered, it may shed light on the problem of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. In this paper, an effective field theory (EFT) approach is used to parameterize the BSM $Z\gamma$ interaction. The optimal observables technique is applied to probe the CP violating EFT operator within the nTGC phenomenological model. Several cut requirements on the photon transverse momentum $p_T$ were considered in order to enhance the possible BSM signal.

The RED-100 detector is built to search for elastic coherent scattering electron antineutrino off xenon nuclei in forecoming experiment at the Kalinin NPP. The expected useful signals consist of a few electrons in 200 kg of liquid xenon medium. A new multi-stage technology is developed and tested at NRNU MEPhI for processing liquid xenon working medium in order to achieve more than 10 ms quasi-free electron lifetime before capture by electronegative impurities.

The processing consists of a few stages. In the first stage, liquid xenon is irradiated by the hard ultraviolet radiation generated by an electric high-voltage discharge in a liquid, for the purpose of decomposition of complex high-molecular impurities due to photolysis. At the second stage, a massive sample of liquid xenon is purified with nanodispersed titanium getter generated in the liquid by a high-voltage electric discharge between the titanium electrodes. At the third stage, which can run parallel to the first and second stages in time, the internal surfaces of the detector and gas communication lines are cleaned by repeatedly circulating the gaseous xenon through a hot metal getter in a closed loop. At the fourth stage, already during the operation of the detector, the liquid xenon is withdrawed from the filled detector, evaporated in a special heat exchanger, goes through the hot metal getter, and condensates into the detector by means of a heat exchanger. This stage is carried out simultaneously with a physical experiment and assumes a continuous measurement of the lifetime of electrons before capture by electronegative impurities to correct the experimental data obtained.

The developed multi-step technology has been demonstrated to be an effective method for obtaining necessary (satisfying highest experimental requirements) purity of raw xenon material contaminated during a previous isotope modification process.

A prototype analog channel with digital processing system for read-out signals coming from GEM detectors is presented. Each channel consists of a CSA, shaper and followed by a 10-bit ADC. Data from ADC processing by digital system based on an interpolator for finding the signal peaks in the digital domain. Interpolation allows us to find the fit curve function, which passes through a given set of points. Knowing function, it is possible to calculate the intermediate values near to the expected signal peak.

In order to select an interpolation algorithm several known approaches were considered. An interpolation of Lagrange polynomials has been chosen for implementation. The interpolator uses the 6-th order Lagrange interpolation polynomial. It keeps the accuracy of finding the signal peak within 1 LSB of the ADC having sampling frequency of 25 MHz at 200 ns peaking time of shaper.

The analog channel was designed in 180 nm CMOS MMRF process of UMC.

The task of detecting fast neutrons in the presence of gamma radiation is successfully solved using scintillation detectors with special organic scintillators. However, when operating with a scintillation detector near particle accelerators, there is a problem associated with the presence of a magnetic field near the accelerator.
A new efficient detector for mixed neutron and gamma fields is installed at the HELIS accelerator facility. This scintillation detector contains an organic crystal p-terphenyl and a Hamamatsu R6094 photomultiplier tube (PMT). The signals from the PMT output are digitized using a Flash Digitizer (14 bit, 500 MHz). USB interface embedded in to the Digitizer is used to communicate with the personal computer.
We studied the effect of the magnetic field of the HELIS accelerator facility on the parameters of the scintillation detector signals and on the efficiency of separating signals from neutrons and gamma quanta.
Cs-137 and Co-60 gamma sources were used to study changes in the amplitude and shape of the detector signals for different positions of the PMT’s dynode system relative to the magnetic field. The dependences of the amplitude and shape of the signals on the magnitude of the magnetic field are presented. It is shown that the magnetic field leads to a decrease in the amplitude and distortion of the signal shape.
Using the Cf-252 neutron source, the efficiency of separating signals from neutrons and gamma quanta depending on the magnitude of the magnetic field was studied. Figure of Merit (FOM) is a measure of the efficiency of separating signals from neutrons and gamma rays.
In the absence of a magnetic field, the efficiency of signal separation is FOM = 1.5. When a magnetic field is 0.5 mT, the signal separation efficiency decreases to FOM = 1. If a magnetic field is equal to ≈ 1 mT, it becomes impossible to separate the signals from neutrons and gamma quanta. The use of a PMT with a magnetic shield made of an amorphous alloy makes it possible to separate neutrons and gamma without deteriorating the FOM in magnetic fields up to 5 mT.
It has been demonstrated that a new scintillation detector with a magnetic shield effectively detects fast neutrons in gamma background at the HELIS accelerator facility.

The behaviour of a photon is strange. It possesses both wave nature and
particle nature. Some experiments show both behaviours of photons can
coexist simultaneously, while some other experiment state that both
properties do not coexist simultaneously. According to electromagnetic
theory, the rest mass of photon in free space is zero and also photon
has non zero rest mass, as well as wavelength-dependent. The very
recent experiment revealed its non-zero value is 10^ (-51) g. Even
experimental results concluded within matter (dispersive) shows its
imaginary rest mass. We have no exact answer as to why photon
incarnates itself with versatile mass. Here we try to theoretically
investigate about the rest mass of a photon when it touches the surface
of matter, it makes illusion and mathematically the rest mass is a
complex number that mass dubbed illusive mass. Rest mass of the
photon depends upon scalar curvature of the surface of matter and
wavelength of the photon. Photon itself reveals illusion posing with
mass because of its dual nature. Corresponding energy of the photon,
which imply the unknown form of the energy of the Universe i.e. one of
the forms of Dark Energy.

A method for searching for heliospheric disturbances and Forbush decreases in time series of two-dimensional data matrices of the URAGAN muon hodoscope (MEPhI) using decision rules for sequences of confidence intervals is considered. A sequence of two-dimensional angular matrices of the muon hodoscope are interpreted as time series of random numbers, which are distributed according to the Poisson law. Formulas for calculating confidence intervals for estimating the mathematical expectations of observations of random Poisson numbers are given. The method for searching for heliospheric disturbances and Forbush decreases is based on calculating sequences of confidence intervals for estimating the mathematical expectations of the matrix hodoscope data for the reference and current time sites of observations. An algorithm for decision rules for detecting anomalies in muon data has been developed, depending on the given values of the confidence probabilities and the implementation of the comparison of the sequences of the reference and current confidence intervals. An algorithm for searching for local anomalies of the muon flux, based on the decision rules procedure, is proposed. The results of testing the method of searching for local anomalies of the muon flux for model observations of the matrix hodoscope data are presented, which confirm its satisfactory efficiency. The work of the proposed algorithm was tested on experimental observations of the URAGAN hodoscope, and acceptable results were obtained in the search for heliospheric disturbances and Forbush decreases.

A search for supersymmetry in events with four or more charged leptons (electrons, muons and taus) is presented. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to 139 fb-1 of pp collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. Four-lepton signal regions with up to two hadronically decaying taus are designed to target several supersymmetric models, while a general five-lepton signal region targets any new physics phenomena leading to a five charged lepton final state. Data yields are consistent with expectations and results are used to set upper limits on contributions from processes beyond the Standard Model. Exclusion limits are set at the 95% confidence level in simplified models of General Gauge Mediated supersymmetry,
where higgsino masses are excluded up to 550 GeV. In R-parity-violating simplified models with decays of the lightest supersymmetric particle to charged leptons, lower limits of 1.65 TeV, 1.23 TeV, and 2.58 TeV are placed on wino, slepton and gluino masses, respectively.

The solution of the problem how to register fast neutrons in the presence of intense gamma radiation is required when solving such fundamental and applied problems as registration of the neutron and gamma background in underground low-background experiments (the low background detectors of the neutrino and dark matter); beam diagnostic at particle accelerators; radiation monitoring at nuclear facilities, nuclear medicine; environmental monitoring.
To separate signals from neutrons and gamma quanta, scintillation detectors with organic scintillators are used. The best scintillators are organic crystals of stilbene and p-terphenyl. The efficiency of separating signals from neutrons and gamma quanta can be increased through the use of various methods of digital signal processing of the pulse shapes of the registered signals. A parameter traditionally called the Figure of Merit (FOM) is used to compare these methods.
The experimental setup consisted of a Pu-Be neutron source, a scintillation detector with organic monocrystal p-terphenyl, a Hamamatsu R6094 photomultiplier, a CAEN DT5730 Digitizer (500 MHz, 14bit), which store the shape of each pulse for the following digital processing.
A new “method of normalized signals” was developed. Four variants of the new method of normalized signals are described, which give the following FOM values: 1.6, 1.7, 1.75 and 2.1. The traditional method of signals separation on the same array of experimental data showed the efficiency FOM = 1.6. Note for comparison that for the widely used liquid scintillator BC-501A this value is FOM≈1.
The new method of signal separation is used to register fast neutrons in the installation dedicated for the development of a compact neutron generator, which is necessary for the calibration of low-background detectors of neutrinos and dark matter particles.

The modern trend in developing of the transmission x-ray scanners based on fast scintillators and SiPMs arrays combining gamma pulses counting and amplitude selection methods. Such scanners can be very attractive for medical imaging and human/luggage inspection. These applications require commercially available, cheap scintillators with high brightness, high density, good linearity and energy resolution. Additional important requirements are fast decay time and a low contribution from an afterglow. A one possible candidate for such application is interesting new scintillator material Gadolinium Aluminium Gallium Garnet doped by Ce–GAGG (Ce) crystals. The comparative study of several different GAGG(Ce) crystals from Japan C&A Corporation and Russian firm Fomos Materials have been tested with different photosensors and their linearity, energy resolution and photokinetics have been measured. The requirements for selection of the best crystals for X-ray transmission scanners will be formulated and results presented.

The future γ-ray telescope GAMMA-400 will provide fundamentally new data on discrete sources and spectra of γ-ray emissions and electrons + positrons due to it's unique angular and energy resolution in wide energy range from 20 MeV up to several TeVs.The gamma-ray telescope consists of the anticoincidence system, the converter-tracker, the time-of-flight system, the position-sensitive and electromagnetic calorimeters (CC1 and CC2), the scintillation detectors of the calorimeter (S3 and S4) and lateral anticoincidence detectors of the calorimeter LD. To extend the capabilities of the instrument to measure Gamma-Ray bursts, Monte-Carlo simulations were performed for lateral aperture of the instrument. The second-level trigger based on signals from CC2, LD, S3, and S4 allows registering of Gamma Ray Bursts in the energy range ~10 -300 MeV with high effective area about 1m^2

Using the Gribov-Glauber model for photon-nucleus scattering and a
generalization of the vector meson dominance model for the hadronic
structure of the photon, we calculate cross-sections of light and heavy
vector meson photoproduction in ultraperipheral Xe–Xe collisions at 5.44
TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. Analyzing the momentum transfer
distribution in this process, we examine the feasibility to extract the nuclear form factors of
various isotopes of Xe, which are needed in searches for dark matter
with Xenon-based detectors.

The muon spectrometer of the ATLAS detector will undergo a major upgrade in order to cope with the operational conditions at the high-luminosity LHC. The trigger and readout system will need to support Level-0 trigger rates of 1 MHz and a latency of 10 us.
The readout electronics of all the trigger and precision chambers will be replaced and the precision chambers, currently not included in the hardware trigger, will be integrated into the Level-0 trigger in order to sharpen the momentum threshold and increase the system redundancy.
New-generation RPC chambers will be installed in the inner barrel layer to increase the acceptance and robustness of the trigger. Some of the MDT chambers in the inner barrel layer will be replaced with new small-diameter MDTs. New TGC triplet chambers in the barrel-endcap transition region will replace the current TGC doublets to suppress the high trigger rate from random coincidences in this region. A major upgrade of the power system is also planned.
In this presentation the main detector technology developments of the project will be presented.

The previous theoretical studies in scope of Non-Inflationary Cosmology (NIC), regarding the program OLIMPIA and several theoretical aspects of heavy elements’ synthesis [1], previously have been carried out in frame of NIC’s concepts [2-6]. Recently, the theory of NIC revealed a new cosmological phenomenon concerning the possibility “gravitons’ entanglement” in the Universe [7], the broad review of which together with new prediction in favor of “initial cosmic quasi-particles” – mixture of carriers of correlated fundamental physical fields in their vacuum states, has initiated another brave idea. This hypothesis is directly concerning the possibility of the original phenomenon on “the large-scale entanglement of prototypes of astroparticles in the earliest Universe”.
Since the generation of primary particles in the rapidly evolving earliest Universe took place in parallel with primary substantial fluctuations, the changing parameters of the initial prototypes of astroparticles should have significantly differed from those steady-state parameters, which already are experimentally confirmed as characteristic parameters of indiscernible elementary particles of each identified family. Consequently, one may state that the initial fluctuated values of the primary parameters of astroparticles in the form of Gaussian distributions have been stabilized over time nearby these experimentally confirmed values via cosmological mechanism of large-scale quantum entanglement, likely realized initially between prototypes of astroparticles.
Physically it seems very realistic, that the corresponding time of “cosmological standardization process” for each family of proto-particles, similar to general statistical equilibrium process, have been extended in time. Besides still unknown physical essence of such a “stabilizing cosmological process”, it seems intuitively clear that the alleged processes of NIC and Modern Physics likely required an incomparably longer period of time, than the Weinberg’s hypothesis on “the first three minutes”, accepted in the Modern Cosmology.
Based on above mentioned, one may manifest that the discovery of new cosmological mechanisms of the creation and evolution of astroparticles should be studied more deeply and comprehensively, using the whole arsenals of Standard Model together with observational data. Of course, such a scenario at the earliest stages of the evolution of the Universe is able to reveal completely new horizons for the understanding not only the essence of cosmic objects’ generation scenario, but also the essence of the occurring within them original phenomena and processes.
Above all, these predictions could have advanced applications in galactic SMBH. Indeed, a quantum entangled and squeezed Bose-condensate, trapped inside the gravitational well of SMBH by means of “induced gravitational collapse” [2,3], probably could become large-scale coherent state which could turn into a more precise, transparent and efficient model for the sought-for source of high energies of galactic core, justifying the theoretical mechanism of galactic jet, previously considered in [1] in bare outlines.

References

[1] Avetissian A. K., “Footprints of Non-Inflationary Cosmology in Programs OLIMPIA and Synthesis of Heavy Elements”. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1390, 012084, 2019. [2] Avetissian A. K., “Cosmological Bang within Matter Era. Is the Generation of Galactic-Scale Mass Possible?”. arXiv: 0711.2969, 2007. [3] Avetissian A. K., “Cosmological bang as a consequence of a sudden change in the quantum statistics”. Astrophysics, 51 (1) 2008, 130. [4] Avetissian A. K., “Planck’s Constant Variation as a Cosmological Evolution Test for the Early Universe”. Gravitation and Cosmology, 15, 10, 2009. [5] Avetissian A. K., “The Cosmological New Scales as a Cornerstone for the Evolutionary Processes, Energetic Resources and Activity Phenomena of the Non-Stable Universe”. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, USA, San Francisco. 511, 236, 2017. [6] Avetissian A. K., “On the Fundamental Cosmological Scales in Matter Era”. Gravitation and Cosmology, 24(4), 375, 2018. [7] Avetissian A. K., Entangled gravitons? Prospective original scenarios in cosmology, Gravitation &Cosmology, 26 (1), 22, 2020.

We perform energy dependence study for underlying event activity in hadron-hadron collisions by using monte-carlo event generators HERWIG++, MADGRAPH and PYTHIA8 with different tunes. Study is performed at various energies between 1 TeV to 14 TeV. The underlying event activity is important for the complete understanding of standard model processes and also for the search of new physics beyond standard model. The study also provides inputs for testing and improving current QCD theories. A good understanding of underlying event activity is important for the complete simulation of the collision events at hadron colliders. The Z+jets events are privately generated using different event simulators. The generated Z-boson will be used as reference direction to define the regions sensitive towards underlying event activity. The underlying event activity is measured in terms of track multiplicity, average transverse momentum, particle and energy densities in the regions sensitive to underlying event activity for the different energies.

We present test-station designs for testing the latest version of a switch-mode power supply for the front-end electronics of the ATLAS hadronic Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) at the LHC. We further discuss the steps taken to test the new TileCal LVPS (Low Voltage Power Supply), using a custom-based software to perform tests and graphically display and record all performance metrics. The test station checks performances and electrical specifications laid out by the TileCal and ensures protection against over-temperature, over-voltage and over-current risks. This test station will be built above the previous generation of testing stations used in the initial production of the TileCal system and will power the next generation of upgraded LVPS hardware.

Known ideas about them are based on the behavior of particles in a cosmological vacuum. There are searches for particles that make up dark matter. These include axions, neutrinos, WIMP particles. Gravitation is explained by the law of universal gravitation. Repulsion of particles is not clear. The nature of repulsive forces is unclear. However, the runoff of galaxies from the Universe and the resulting blue lakes were discovered.
The cosmological vacuum is represented as an environment in which there are both real and virtual particles. In contrast to attempts to represent dark energy and dark matter in the form of individual particles, followed by their search, a streaming model was chosen to analyze the behavior of matter and the dark energy. It contains flows of ordinary matter, as well as flows in the form of dark matter and in the form of dark energy, both the movement of the field and the movement of the vacuum, as types of movement of matter.
The gravitation field sent to the vacuum by its source results in counter displacement of the vacuum. The source of the gravitation field projects in the form of a system, and the vacuum surrounding it is a medium. As the vacuum flow enters the system, it compensates for the energy loss of the field source to the radiation. With the help of this model, attempts have been made to explain the changes taking place with cosmic bodies, galaxies, blackmidyrs, their occurrence and evaporation, as well as the nature of the scattering of bodies indicated by redshift.

TAIGA-HiSCORE is an extensive air shower array of 121 Cherenkov detectors spread over an area of 1 km$^2$. It is designed to detect cosmic rays with energies from 50 TeV to 1000 PeV. Also TAIGA-HiSCORE is planned to use for gamma-ray astronomy in cooperation with the other setups of the TAIGA observatory. This work is dedicated to the analysis of the TAIGA-HiSCORE single-mode data. We consider a possibility to detect gamma-ray point source with excess of events from the source direction. For this purpose we propose a method for estimating the signal significance. It takes into account the angular acceptance of the TAIGA-HiSCORE setup. The method is tested on the Monte-Carlo toy model.

Up to date analysis of velocity and isotope distributions of light fragments obtained in the projectile fragmentation reactions of 18O at 35 MeV/nucleon on 9Be and 181Ta targets measured at COMBAS fragment separator at the U400M Research Facility in JINR [1] are presented. The results of velocity spectra analytical parametrization and isotopic ratios are compared with the ones obtained in the experiments presented in the literature [2,3]. The discussion of the different mechanisms involved in these types of the reactions is given.

[1] A.G. Artukh et.al. Multi-nucleon transfers in reactions 18O(35MeV/nucleon)+181Ta(9Be), 2020, Pepan Letters - submitted

[2] X. H. Zhang et.al. Projectile fragmentation reactions of 40Ar at 57 MeV/nucleon, 2012, Phys. Rev. C 85,024621

[3] M. Mocko, M. B. Tsang et.al. Projectile fragmentation of 40Ca, 48Ca, 58Ni, and 64Ni at 140 MeV/nucleon, 2006, Phys. Rev. C 74, 054612

Results of the 1D numerical simulations of the neutrino radiation in core-collapse supernova were analyzed. Simple analytical approximation of local angular distribution of neutrino momentum is suggested. The proposed approximation is verified on results of numerical simulation in different parts of supernova and at some values of times after a bounce. With well-known analytical approximation of neutrino energy distribution, the local distribution function of neutrino in supernova is constructed. Obtained results can be used for estimations of significance of neutrino processes in core-collapse supernova. The work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-72-10070).

We study some properties of kink solutions of a model with
non-polynomial potential obtained by deforming the well-known
$\phi^6$ field model. We consider the excitation spectrum
of the kink. We also discuss the properties of the `kink+antikink'
system as a whole that are not inherent to a solitary kink or antikink.

In the diffuse supernova neutrinos search and comprehensive geoneutrino analysis Borexino collaboration for the first time considered atmospheric neutrinos as a background source. Atmospheric neutrinos interact in many ways with the nuclei constituting the Borexino scintillator. Some of interactions can mimic the inverse beta-decay event signature used in these analyses, with expected yield of upto 1 event per year. Here we show the keypoints of complicated estimation of this background, together with its effect on the analyses results.

To predict and interprete the results of reactor antineutrino experiments, precise theoretical knowledge of the antineutrino spectrum is needed. Reactor antineutrinos are produced in beta-decay of fission products, so, in general, any correction to individual beta-spectra will show up in the resulting antineutrino spectrum.
We discuss the influence of atomic effects (such as screening, exchange and excitation) on reactor antineutrino spectra. We note that these effects may be particularly important for the conversion method, which is based on the transformation of experimental electron specta.

The Z \gamma \gamma and ZZ \gamma couplings in the SM and MSSM models were investigated. For the both models the form factors h3z, h3g, f5g were estimated, the values of which for the low-energy region were given earlier in the work “New and standard physics contributions to anomalous Z and gamma selfcouplings” . We have extended the considering energy range up to 14 TeV and investigated the possibility to exclude the forbidden energies ( and model parameters) from the last restrictions obtained at LHC. It was found that in order to constrain the MSSM model parameters, a measurement accuracy of the order 10^-7 is required. We also propose a method for constraining the parameters of other models and investigate the 2HDM model for this purpose.

In a wide class of accelerator experiments with charged particles, an important task is to determine the coordinates of their stops. In this paper, a method for determining the stops of pions and muons based on the use of semiconductor detectors (PCDs) has been proposed and experimentally tested. Based on the performed measurements, dependence has been obtained that allows determining the stopping point of the pion in the tagging system. These results can be used to optimize the thickness of monitor detectors.

Сonvolutional neural networks are currently used in various fields of science, technology, as well as in experiments related to particle physics. In this work, this technique was applied to create an alternative method and improve the existing method for position reconstruction in DarkSide-50 experiment.

There exist different representations of charged particle propagators in a constant magnetic field. Among the most useful are the Fock-Schwinger proper-time representation, both in the coordinate and momentum spaces, and the momentum-space representation with the expansion over the Landau levels. In this study we derive the missing coordinate-space representation for the propagator of a charged scalar particle as a series over Landau levels, where each expansion term explicitly decomposes into two factors. The first factor, the modified Bessel function of a second kind, depends only on time and z coordinate, with the z-axis chosen to be a direction of the magnetic field. The second factor, a product of a Laguerre polynomial and a damping exponential, depends on x and y coordinates, which form a plane perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.

To obtain final results one needs to perform data corrections for detector inefficiencies. Simple multiplication by a constant factor or bin-by-bin weighing does not account for event migration or event losses and gains. The deconvolution of distributions is provided in the Unfolding method by RooUnfold. This poster shows several tests of applying Unfolding techniques to 1d- and 2d-dimensional distributions on MC-generated data in NA61/SHINE acceptance. Results for the scaled variance of multiplicity distributions and strongly intensive quantities $\Delta[P_T, N]$, $\Sigma[P_T, N]$, and $\Sigma[N_F, N_B]$ are presented.
This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 17-72-20045. We thank all the members of the CERN NA61/SHINE Collaboration for the support and help.

After the Higgs boson discovery at the LHC additional precise measurements were performed testing compatibility with the Standard Model (SM). One of the most promising deviations from the SM is the possible CP violation in the Higgs sector that may have implications for the origin of the baryon asymmetry in the early Universe. In this paper, new kinematic observables are suggested to probe the CP properties of the Higgs boson. Associated ZH production with a four-lepton final state is studied analytically and numerically, and a sensitivity of these observables to the CP nature of the Higgs boson is demonstrated.

Coronal holes generate a high speed solar wind. This wind is the cause of magnetic storms on the Earth during the years of low solar activity. Also a high speed solar wind creates disturbances in the interplanetary magnetic field. The disturbance may reflect cosmic rays hitting it in the direction of the Earth. As a result, it is possible to observe an increase in the flux of cosmic rays on the Earth before the arrival of the disturbance.
The paper identifies a criterion for early detection of the response of the muon hodoscope URAGAN (MEPhI, Moscow) to coronal holes in years of decreased solar activity (2009-2010, 2018-2019). It was found that the region of increased cosmic ray intensity is visible before the main sequence of regions of increasing and decreasing cosmic ray intensities in GSE maps in 60% of the cases. In future, this will be used as one of the criteria for predicting magnetic storms.

We deduce the $D$-nucleon interactions from the even odd QCD sum rules. Unifying the chiral SU(3) model, we study the in-medium mass splitting between pseudoscalar $D$ and $\bar D$ meson in the hot and dense asymmetric nuclear matter. The medium modified quark and gluon condensates are evaluated from the chiral SU(3) model and further plugged into the even odd QCD sum rules to compute the in-medium mass of pseudoscalar $D$ meson. We find that the mass of both $D$ and $\bar D$ meson increase with the medium density. We calculate the $D$ meson mass in centroid approximation and compared it with the mass of $D^+(D^0)$ and $D^-(\bar D^0)$ meson. By plugging the in-medium mass of $D$ and $\bar D$ meson in the mass splitting formula, $\Delta m^*$(=$m_{D}^*$-$m_{\bar D}^*)$, we observe non-negligible splitting in the $D$ and $\bar D$ mass which increases appreciably as a function of nuclear density. The medium modified mass is further used to study the decay width of higher charmonia states decaying into $D \bar D$ pairs using $^3 P_0$ model

The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope is planned for the launch at the end of this decade on the Navigator service platform designed by Lavochkin Association on an elliptical orbit with following initial parameters: an apogee ~300000, a perigee ~500 km, a rotation period ~7 days and inclination of 51.4º. The apparatus is expected to operate more than 5 years, reaching an unprecedented sensitivity for the search of dark matter signatures and the study of the unresolved and so far unidentified gamma-ray sources. An electronics system, which consists of 16 front end electronics modules and the main processing unit with a total power consumption of about 400 W, has been developed for providing fast trigger and veto for the data taking to the experiment. The communication between front end modules, main processing unit and scientific data acquisition system of the gamma ray telescope is performed via high-speed SPACEWIRE network. To assure the long-term reliability in space environment, a series of critical issues such as the radiation hardness, thermal design, components and board level quality control, warm and cold redundancy are taken into consideration. The main design concepts for the system, measurements setups together with test results are presented.

We consider the change in the asymptotic behavior of solutions
of the type of flat domain walls in field-theoretic models with
a real scalar field. We show that when the model is deformed by
a bounded deforming function, the exponential asymptotics
of the corresponding kink solutions remain exponential, while
the power-law ones remain power-law. However, the parameters of
these asymptotics, which are related to the wall thickness, can
change.​

The dynamics of a space endowed by a metric of the 3-dimensional sphere in the framework of f(R)-gravity acting in D=4 from the creation at high energies is studied. Spaces of finite size are found as a result of exact solution of the classical equations of motion. The influence of the parameter values and initial conditions on the behavior of the solution is discussed. Generalization of the theory to other dimensions are also considered. The main objective is to find conditions which lead to the large size of main space and small size of an extra dimensions.

In the paper, the photons absorption rate in a relatively
strong magnetic field in the Compton process taking into account the
resonance on the virtual electron are calculated. A comparative analysis
obtained result with a nonresonance case was carried out.

The calculation results of the evolution of the cluster of primordial black holes based on the Fokker-Planck equation with neglecting of the gas accretion onto black holes are presented. In addition, we consider how a massive black hole located within the cluster center affects on its evolution. Despite it creates an additional potential in the central region of the cluster and might capture surrounding black holes, a negligible growth rate of a central black hole was shown for 1 Gyr. Furthermore, we find a significant (approximately tenfold) expansion of the cluster.

The Tile Computer on Module (TileCoM) mezzanine board is one of the auxiliary boards of the Tile PreProcessor (TilePPr) for the Phase-II Upgrade of the readout electronics of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter. This board will be responsible for interfacing the Trigger Data Acquisition (TDAQ) system and TilePPr for system monitoring and configuration. This includes configuration and monitoring of the Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) carrier and Compact Processing Module (CPM) onboard sensors through I2C and Gigabit Ethernet. This contribution presents firmware developments on an embedded Linux for the ZYNQ System-on-Chip (SoC) targeting an Avnet Ultra96-V2 Zynq UltraScale+MPSoC evaluation board. This test bench will serve as a basis for the development of the main functionalities of the TileCoM mezzanine board to interface TilePPr and TDAQ system of the Tile Calorimeter.

Magnetic clouds affect the intensity of galactic cosmic rays. The diffusion mechanism is usually considered as the formation mechanism for Forbush decrease (FD) in a magnetic cloud. An FD is an observed decrease in the intensity of cosmic rays. There is a new theory of FD formation, in which the mechanism is the loss of particle energy in the electromagnetic field of a magnetic cloud. The shape of the FD spectrum is calculated for a wide range of particle energies in the 2004 July 27 event. According to the measurements of the global networks of ground-based neutron monitors and muon telescopes, synchronous changes in the FD amplitude in time indicate that the FD is formed in a magnetic cloud for all energies. However, the calculated FD spectrum differs from the obtained one from measurements. The reasons for the difference can be: 1) the mechanism of formation is the diffusion mechanism; 2) the method for determining the spectrum, using the notion of mean or median energy, needs additional studies.

In this work, the experimental data on thermal neutron flux registered by the “Neutron” setup on the Earth's surface for the period from May 2015 to February 2019 were analyzed. The Forbush decreases (FD), arising from the influence of solar activity on the flux of cosmic rays, as well as the lunar cycles associated with an increase of the release of radioactive radon due to the occurrence of a lunar tidal wave, were studied.

The “Neutron” setup, which is a part of the Experimental Complex NEVOD (MEPhI, Moscow), is designed to register the thermal neutrons flux on the Earth's surface. It is in operation in a continuous mode since 2010. The setup includes four identical neutron detectors based on the inorganic scintillator 6LiF+ZnS (Ag). Due to the different location of the detectors (from – 3 m to 10.5 m relative the ground surface) and their high sensitivity to thermal neutrons, it was possible to study various phenomena that affect the background neutron flux near the surface. The counting rate of each detector was corrected for the barometric pressure effect.

As a result of the analysis of the setup data during the specified period, 20 FD were found, for each of them the FD amplitude and recovery time were estimated. The comparison with the results of FD studies in data of two other setups: the Moscow neutron monitor (MNM) and the muon hodoscope URAGAN (MEPhI, Moscow) was made. Comparison showed that the FD amplitudes of "Neutron" are comparable with those of MNM (on average, less by about 30%), and about 1.5 times more than for URAGAN. The counting rate recovery of “Neutron” detectors is much faster than for MNM and URAGAN.

Also, the epoch superposition method was used to study lunar waves: semidiurnal tidal wave (M2) with a period of 24 hours 50 minutes, and synodic month wave with a period of ~ 29.53 days. For the synodic month wave there is a clear increase in the counting rate during the full moon for the first detector located in the building basement. For the other three detectors, the effect is less.

Based on the explicit formulas found for the kink solutions of the $\phi^8$ model, we show that for certain values of the constants, kink-like solutions with power-law asymptotics arise in the model, describing, in particular, thick domain walls. Objects of this kind could be of interest for modern cosmology.

One of the consequences of Einstein’s general theory of relativity is bending of light as it passes through a gravitational field and it has been one of the first and most important results of general relativity. Some of the most important applications of gravitational lensing in cosmology are to study the large-scale distribution of matter and dark matter in the universe and specifying the Hubble and other cosmological parameters. Besides, we can use this phenomenon to study black holes. Examining the path of light in a very strong gravitational field of a black hole can provide a huge amount of information about the geometry and characteristics of the surrounding space.

On the other hand, the path of light rays, extent, and shape of gravitational lensing, are directly related to the type of background geometry in which light is emitted. Since the theory of general relativity in very high energies and very strong gravitational fields is expected to be corrected, researchers have been looking at the phenomenon of gravitational lensing in the context of alternative theories for general relativity to find out the needed corrections for the results of general relativity and These corrections are likely to be more significant in a very strong gravitational field of a black hole.

Among the various theories that have been proposed for correcting the gravity in high energies, gauge theories of gravity have great importance. One of the important results of these theories is changing the geometry for the background in general relativity, Riemannian space-time, to a kind of non-Riemannian geometry in which, in addition to curvature, there is also torsion. Such theories include the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory, Poincaré gauge theory of gravity, Teleparallel gravity and Conformal gauge theory of gravity (Weyl). In all of these theories, the presence of torsion coupled to spin of a matter can affect the path of light rays and correct the results of gravitational lensing.

In this work, we want to study the effects of non-Riemannian geometry on the gravitational lensing of a black hole, and in particular the effects of torsion and spin in this context.

It is found that the gravitational scale factor $(М_1/М_2)$ can act in the luminosity $(L)$ of the DDLES component.$М$ is the mass of the DDLES component. For any DDLES indexes $(1)$ and $(2)$ indicate its first and second components, respectively. Namely, $L_1 = \eta^{\ast}{}_{(1)}M_1{}^4(М_1/М_2)^{1/2}$ and $L_2 = \eta^{\ast}{}_{(2)}M_2{}^4/(М_1/М_2)^{1/2}$, where $М_1/М_2 \geq 1$ and $\eta^{\ast}$ is the reduced luminosity of the DDLES component in the absence of the action of the gravitational scale factor. It is found that the distribution of the DDLESes along the coordinate axis $\log(\eta^{\ast}{}_{(1)}/\eta^{\ast}{}_{(2)})$ has four most probable values, which are defined by the step of 0.050. It follows that in each of these DDLESes there is some quantum physical system which creates the quantum gravitational effect along this axis. A general gravitational mass of any such DDLES is proposed as this quantum physical system.This gravitational mass is also the measuring instrument of $М_1$ and $М_2$.

It is found that the gravitational scale factor $(М_1/М_2)$ can act in the absolute evolutionary expansion of the DDLES component.$М$ is the mass of the DDLES component. For any DDLES indexes $1$ and $2$ indicate the first and second DDLES components, respectively.Namely, for the radii of these components it is true that $R_1 \propto 1/(М_1/М_2)^{\omega}$ and $R_2 \propto (М_1/М_2)^{\omega}$, where $\omega$ is 0, 1, 3/2 and $(М_1/М_2) \geq 1$. It is found that the distributions of the DDLESes along the coordinate axes $\log(R_1/R_2)$ and $\log((GM/R)_1/(GM/R)_2)$ have six and three peaks, the positions of which are defined by the steps of 0.0085 and 0.0248, respectively. The peaks are created by the populated areas of the temporal coordinated relative evolutionary expansion of the first and second DDLES components. Thus, in any DDLES the relative evolutionary expansion of the first and second DDLES components is, in particular, their transitions along the coordinate axes $\log(R_1/R_2)$ and $\log((GM/R)_1/(GM/R)_2)$ between these areas with their temporary localization in the latter. In this case, the gravitational scale factor can additionally compress and expand, respectively, the first and second DDLES components. Therefore, the evolutionary expansion of any DDLES component is complicated, although orderly.

The Forward Wall detector (FW) is one of the important detector subsystems in the
HADES setup at GSI. The FWall is used to determine the collision centrality and event
plane orientation in nucleus-nucleus reactions. This FW consists of 288 individual
scintillator detectors, has total transverse size 176 x 176 cm2 and is placed at the beam
axis at 7m from the target. The PMTs are used for light readout from each FWall
scintillator detector. The amplitude and time calibration procedure of FW scintillator
detectors based on matching of the recorded signals with a certain charge of the charged
spectators in Ag+Ag collisions at an energy of 1.58 AGeV will be presented.

The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter ($|eta| < 1.7$) of the ATLAS experiment, made out of iron plates and plastic scintillators. The TileCal is divided into three cylinders along the beam axis, each of which is azimuthally segmented into 64 wedge-shaped modules, staggered in the $\phi$ direction. TileCal online software is a set of Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) software, and its main purpose is to readout, transport and store physics data originating from collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The ATLAS Local Trigger Interface (ALTI) module is a new electronic board, designed for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, a part of the Timing, Trigger and Control (TTC) system. It is a 6U VME module which integrates the functionalities of four legacy modules, currently used in the experiment: Local Trigger Processor, Local Trigger Processor interface, TTC VME bus interface and the TTC emitter. ALTI module will provide the interface between the Level-1 Central Trigger Processor and the TTC optical broadcasting network to the front-end electronics of each of the ATLAS sub-detectors. There is a need to develop and integrate the ALTI software in the Tile online software. Performance tests and maintenance of the ALTI module software will be carried out during the Long Shutdown 2 period, in preparation for Run 3 data-taking period.

The interactions between $\eta$-meson and nucleons are studied by the unification of chiral SU(3) model and chiral perturbation theory. The $\eta$ and nucleon interactions for the next to leading order terms are derived by expanding the $\eta N$ interaction Lagrangian term within the chiral perturbation theory. Using the chiral SU(3) model, we calculate the in-medium scalar density, $\rho_s$ for different values of temperature, $T$, isospin asymmetry, $I$, and nucleonic density, $\rho_N$. Further, by clubbing the $\eta N$ equation of motion with the scalar density, the in-medium mass and optical potential of $\eta$ meson is derived. The asymmetric matter affects are introduced through the scalar-isovector field $\delta$ and the vector-isovector field $\rho$. We find attractive mass-shift of the $\eta$ meson which becomes more attractive with the increase in density. The negative mass-shift indicates the possibility of the formation of $\eta$-mesic nuclei.

The goal of the project is to investigate the new effect consisting in fission fragment's brake-up while passing the solid-state foil. According to the previous experiments [1-3], it is expected that masses of some brake-up residuals correspond to magic nuclei, such as 128,132Sn, 144Ba. The project aims to detect all products of the fragment's brake-up in coincidence using the latest generation of hybrid particle pixel detector Timepix3 with the «Katherine» readout device [4]. It permits simultaneous determination of (x, y) coordinates of the detected products with m resolution as well as their energy and time-of-flight, which provides their angular and mass correlations with high resolution. Long-term measurements of angular and mass correlations of the products will be performed at FLNR (JINR) with ultra-thin sources of 252Cf. Some test experiments with the Timepix3 detector are also planned to be performed at the IC-100 accelerator. The first results of using such detectors in FLNR will be presented.

Kaons and antikaons in multi-phase transport model

Department of Physics, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,Jalandhar (Punjab) 144 011, India

Abstract

We investigate the impact of medium modifications of kaons and antikaons on their rapidity distributions, production ratio as well as the flow pattern using A Multi-Phase transport (AMPT) model. The medium modified masses of kaons and antikaons, which are used as input in AMPT model, are calculated using the chiral SU(3) mean field model. Within chiral SU(3) model along with the Weinberg Tomozawa term, the contribution of explicit symmetry breaking term and three range terms is incorporated to study their impact on the above listed experimental observables. The repulsive contribution to the masses of K+ meson from the Weinberg term and one range term dominate over the attractive contribution from explicit symmetry breaking as well as other two range terms. For the K- meson repulsive contribution comes from first range terms only whereas all other terms have attractive contribution. Considering all these features from chiral effective model on properties of K+ and K- mesons, we explore the splitting in the flow of kaons and antikaons.

The Double Chooz experiment has obtained its most precise measurement of the neutrino mixing angle θ13 so far exploiting for the first time its multi-detector (far and near) configuration. The improvement of this value relies on the increase of statistics as well as a major reduction of reactor and detection systematics thanks to the iso-flux configuration and a novel detection technique, called "Total neutron Capture". This new method enhances neutrino detection by exploiting the neutron captures on all available nuclei (Gd-n, H-n C-n) resulting in the increase of the detection volume by the factor of 3 and reduction of some major systematics. The main analysis carried out to perform the latest measurements will be presented, as detailed in latest publication in Nature Physics 2020: “First Double Chooz Measurement via Total Neutron Capture Detection”

Application of machine learning (ML) algorithms in high-energy physics is evolving rapidly. One of the ways to improve the analysis of experimental data is to optimize track selection criteria. UsingMonte Carlo simulations, one can train ML classifiers to separate correctly reconstructed primary tracks from secondary and fake tracks based on their features such as a number of clusters in TPCs, distance of closest approach to an interaction vertex etc.

In this contribution we present the procedure of track selection optimization based on ML techniques and applied to EPOS1.99 simulations of proton-proton interactions obtained via Shine Offline Framework. In case of a complex geometry of an experimental facility such as NA61/SHINE improvement of track selection leads to a modification of the kinematical acceptance.

This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 17-72-20045. We thank to the support and help from all the members of the CERN NA61/SHINE Collaboration.

The paper presents analysis of showers with energy E = 5-50 EeV and zenith angle less than 60 degrees. A quantitative estimate was obtained for muons with a threshold greater than 1 GeV at different distances from the shower axis, and the fraction of muons at a distance of 600 m from the axis. An empirical relationship was found between the fraction of muons and the longitudinal development of the shower — with the depth of the development maximum $X_{max}$. The dependence of the average depth of the maximum of the cascade curve $X_{max}$ on the shower energy E was found. The fluctuations of $X_{max}$ were estimated at fixed energies. Experimental data and calculations by the QGSJETII-04 model for a proton and an iron nucleus were used to estimate the mass composition of cosmic rays of highest energies.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, CP violation arises due to a single complex phase in the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix. Precise measurements of the CKM parameters therefore constrain the Standard Model, and may reveal new physics effects. The measurement of the time–dependent decay rates of Bs -> J/ψϕ provides a theoretically clean method for extracting CP–violating weak mixing phase phi_s.
This poster will present the most recent results from ATLAS on the CP-violating mixing phase phi_s and on several other parameters describing the Bs meson system.

The measurements of the prompt and non-prompt differential cross-sections of J/ψ and ψ(2S) mesonsin high transverse momentum range are reported. The measurements of the non-prompt fractions of ψ(2S) and J/ψ, and prompt and non-prompt production ratios of ψ(2S) to J/ψ are also presented. The analysis is performed using pp collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector at √s = 13 TeV during Run 2 of the LHC, corresponding to 139/fb of integrated luminosity.

The TAIGA Gamma-Observatory is a new hybrid detector, located in the Tunka Valley. It is being created to solve a wide range of fundamental problems of very high energy gamma astronomy and astroparticle physics. In order to obtain a clear image in the IACT, which is necessary for evaluating the event parameters and gamma-hadron separation, it is very important to correctly adjust the telescope optics. The report presents the results of the development of the TAIGA-IACT method for aligning segmented of IACT mirrors using the Bokeh effect, with which it is possible to observe the images of mirrors on the screen. The results obtained will be used in the future to calibrate the telescopes of the TAIGA-IACT installation.

The paper presents an analysis of the characteristics of muons with a threshold greater than 1 GeV in showers with energies greater than 5 EeV and zenith angles less than 60 degrees. The analysis is based on the registration data of extensive air showers of the Yakutsk array. Estimation of muons at different distances from the shower core, fraction of muons $\rho_\mu / \rho_{\mu+e}$ at a distance of 600 m are obtained. An empirical relationship is found between the fraction of muons and longitudinal development - the depth of the maximum development of the air shower $X_{max}$. Calculations of the fraction of muons are performed using the QGSjetII-04 hadronic interaction model for different primary nuclei, and compared with the data. Mass composition of primary particles is estimated by muon component. Several showers were found in the sample, with a low content of muons, which possibly is produced by ultrahigh energy gamma rays.

A new effect has been taken into account which has ever been used before in physics, this effect related to two different fields, Quantum physics, and General Relativity. This effect takes name: Time Dilatation as an Effect of Approaching Planck Length, this effect is completely different from the gravitational time dilatation in general relativity and time dilatation due to closing to the speed of light in special relativity. The new effect becomes obvious and strong for the particles that have high energies and very small diameters. Experiments in particle physics and astrophysics had got conclusion that the particles may travel faster than the speed of light in vacua, such as the MINOS experiment and Fermilab1979 in particle experiments and supernova SN1987A and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) in the astronomy field. And that seems to violate the theory of relativity, but this theory can explain all these unusual observations easily and doesn't violate the theory of relativity.

The experiment was conducted at the HI-13 tandem accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) in Beijing. Two different methods of deuteron detection were used: 1) a Q3D magnetic spectrometer at small angles (5–19 degrees in lab. system); 2) at medium and large angles - ΔE-E technique. Differential cross sections of the $^{9}$Be(d,d)$^{9}$Be scattering at E(d) = 23 MeV were obtained for the following states: g.s, 2.43 MeV, 2.78 MeV, 3.05 MeV, 3.82 MeV, 4.7 MeV, 5.59 MeV, 6.38 MeV, 6.76 MeV and 7.94 MeV. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the properties of the $^{9}$Be excited states, in particular, 3.82 MeV state with proposed spin-parity of $\frac{3}{2}^{-}$[1], 5.59 MeV ($\frac{3}{2}^{-}$) and 4.7 MeV ($\frac{3}{2}^{+}$).

[1] Smith R et al 2016 Phys. Rev. C 94 014320

An analysis of vector-boson-fusion production of Higgs bosons in the H → WW* → eνμν decay channel is presented. The proton-proton collision data used in this result were produced at the LHC with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector between 2015 and 2018, corresponding to the full Run 2 integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. Novel multivariate techniques are employed to isolate the signal from background processes. The analysis methodologies and the results will be presented.

The movement of an electron in the nucleus field of a hydrogen atom consisting of one proton in a stationary orbit representing a circle is known to occur without radiation. The curvature of the orbit is determined by the action of the electric field of a practically fixed proton on a moving electron. A flat case is considered when the orbit circumference lies in a fixed plane of rotation. The trajectory of the electron is a broken line consisting of equal segments. The lengths of the segments are determined from the relation of uncertainties for the pulse and coordinates. The pulse is equal to the mass of the electron multiplied by the speed of light. It is assumed that the eoectron phase periodically transitions from state (E, t) to state (p, r). The increment of the pulse under the action of an electric field in the direction orthogonal to the electron pulse is equal to the quotient of dividing the Planck constant by the electron rest energy. Random component is excluded for simplicity. The trajectory of the electron turns into a polygon. The same approach was used to quantize the dynamics of the electron in the condenser. The radiation was simulated by turning the orthogonal pulse gain when it was rotated in a magnetic field, resulting in shortening of the electron pulse. This shortening led to the transition of part of the kinetic energy of the electron into radiation. Thus, it is shown that the given simplified quantization mechanism can be applied to electron dynamics, both without radiation and with radiation.

In the physics of cosmic rays, there has always been a question about the primary particles that generate extensive air showers. This was especially true for particles with highest energies, since it is unclear nature of sources and mechanisms in outer space that produces such particles.

To study the nature of particles with energies greater than 5 EeV, the database of the Yakutsk array was analyzed. The experiment has been operating continuously for 50 years, and during this period, unique material has been collected on the main components of air showers: the electron-photon component, muons, Cherenkov and radio emissions. Showers coming one after the other are highlighted (let’s call them “double showers”) within a time interval of 1-20 hours. Some periodicity was found in the registration of such showers during the daily observation cycle with an average time of T = 6-8 hours. The characteristics of the selected showers: energy, zenith and azimuthal angles were found to be close in magnitude. Consequently, we can assume the same origin nature of the primary particles that initiate such EASs. The existing discrepancy in the arrival time of showers at the Earth's level can be attributed to the participation in various processes in outer space: the interaction of particles with different charges with galactic magnetic field, acceleration of particles due to the frictional mechanism, followed by re-emission with higher energy, and time delay at the shock front. If this hypothesis is correct, then the analysis of such air shower events will make it possible to obtain information on the processes of interaction of shock waves with the matter of the Universe.

The other possibility is that particles can be produced due to surfing of charged particles on electromagnetic waves, which is one of the main and effective mechanisms for generating jets of ultrarelativistic particles with energies $10^9$-$10^{22}$ eV in cosmic plasma. The other possibility is that the particles can be produced in pairs during the interaction of protons with the cosmic microwave background – the GZK effect. Then one should expect double showers produced by two gamma rays. An analysis of the muon component in these events can provide an answer to this question.

The tracking code PyCAMFT [1] is developed which may be applied effectively while the online isotope separators (ISOL) created. The advantages of the code are discussed. The examples of the simulation of the multicomponent beam dynamics by means of the PyCAMFT are presented.

1. Prokopieva A.S., Shalyutin I.A., Popov D.D., Barminova H.Y. Visualization of the dynamics of ion bunches with complicated structure in magnetic fields by means of 3Ds Max// Scientific Visualization, v9(5), 78-85 (2017).

Three-body $NN\bar K$ model for the "$ppK^-$" quasi-bound kaonic cluster is considered on the basis of the configuration space Faddeev equations. A single-channel approach is used taking into account the difference of nucleon and kaon masses as well as the charge independence breaking of nucleon-nucleon interaction. ​Two sets of the particle configurations, $ ppK^-$, $np \bar {K^0}$ and $nn{\bar K}^0$, $npK^-$, are presented as charged and neutral systems according to total isospin projections. We formulate an $AAB$ model for each configuration. ​
The calculations are performed with $NN$ and $N\bar K$ phenomenological isospin dependent potentials. The mass and energy spectra are calculated. The mass deference effect was found to be not significant, less then 1 MeV.
The Coulomb force contribution of the $ppK^-$ configuration is computed. The attraction effect of the $NN$ interaction ​is shown
and exchange term related to permutation of identical particles is evaluated.​ The spatial distribution of the particles in the systems is given.

Correlation femtoscopy provides information about the space-time structure and evolution of the fireball created in ultrarelativistic ion-ion collisions. The dependence of the femtoscopic radii on the transverse pair momentum and
charged particle multiplicity of an event reflects the mechanism of collective behaviour. In this work, the femtoscopic radii of the charged pions were calculated from the Monte Carlo models for Au+Au and p+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200~GeV and compared to each other at the similar multiplicities. The physics implications of this comparison will be discussed.

The Tunka-Grande scintillation array is part of the TAIGA Gamma Observatory. It is intended for investigation of energy spectrum and mass composition of primary cosmic rays in the energy range 10PeV–10EeV and the search for diffuse cosmic gamma rays. The TAIGA-HiSCORE Cherenkov array aims at observing gamma-rays wiht the energy from 1 TeV. TAIGA-Muon low-threshold scintillation detector array is a network of surface and underground detectors for registration charge particles of EAS. Currently, 3 clusters have been deployed. The first cluster is running in test mode. It is assumed that in the future the total area of the TAIGA-Muon will be about 2000 sq. m. and it will search astrophysical gamma-rays in the energy range from 100 TeV together with the Tunka-Grande scintillation array and the Cherenkov experiments of the TAIGA Gamma Observatory. To evaluate the possibility of collaboration between Tunka-Grande, TAIGA-Muon and TAIGA-HiSCORE, a simulation was performed using the CORSIKA and Geant4 software packages. The current status of model-based studies is presented and assessed the prospects for joint operation of the arrays.

The spectroscopy of charmonium-like mesons with masses above the 2_mD open charm threshold has been full of surprises and remains poorly understood [1]. The currently most compelling theoretical descriptions of the mysterious XYZ mesons attribute them to hybrid structure with a tightly bound cc\bar diquark [2] or cq(cq)\bar tetraquark core [3 - 5] that strongly couples to S-wave DD\bar molecular like structures. In this picture, the production of a XYZ states in high energy hadron collisions and its decays into light hadron plus charmonum final states proceed via the core component of the meson, while decays to pairs of open-charmed mesons proceed via the DD\bar component.
These ideas have been applied with some success to the XYZ states [2], where a detailed calculation finds a cc\bar core component that is only above 5% of the time with the DD\bar component (mostly D0D0\bar) accounting for the rest. In this picture these states are compose of three rather disparate components: a small charmonium-like cc\bar core with r_rms < 1 fm, a larger D+D- component with r_rms = ħ/(2µ+B+)^1/2 ≈ 1.5 fm and a dominant component D0D0 with a huge, r_rms = ħ/(2µ0B0)^1/2 > 9 fm spatial extent. Here µ+(µ0) and B+(B0) denote the reduced mass for the D+D- (D0D0\bar) system and the relevant binding energy |m_D + m_D - M_X(3872)| (B+ = 8.2 MeV, B0 < 0.3 MeV). The different amplitudes and spatial distributions of the D+D- and D0D0 components ensure that the X(3872) is not an isospin eigenstate. Instead it is mostly I = 0, but has a significant (~ 25 %) I = 1 component.
In the hybrid scheme, XYZ mesons are produced in high energy proton-nuclei collisions via its compact (r_rms < 1 fm) charmonium-like structure and this rapidity mixes in a time (t ~ ħ/δM) into a huge and fragile, mostly D0D0, molecular-like structure. δM is the difference between the XYZ meson mass and that of the nearest cc\bar mass pole core state, which we take to be that of the χc1(2P) pure charmonium state which is expected to lie about 20 ~ 30 MeV above M_X(3872) [6, 7]. In this case, the mixing time, cτ_mix 5 ~ 10 fm, is much shorter than the lifetime of X(3872) which is cτ_X(3872) > 150 fm [8].
The experiments with proton-proton and proton-nuclei collisions with √S_pN up to 26 Gev and luminosity up to 10^32 cm^-2s^-1 planned at NICA may be well suited to test this picture for the X(3872) and other XYZ mesons. In near threshold production experiments in the √S_pN ≈ 8 GeV energy range, XYZ mesons can be produced with typical kinetic energies of a few hundred MeV (i.e. with γβ ≈ 0.3). In the case of X(3872), its decay length will be greater than 50 fm while the distance scale for the cc\bar → D0D*0 transition would be 2 ~ 3 fm. Since the survival probability of an r_rms ~ 9 fm “molecular” inside nuclear matter should be very small, XYZ meson production on a nuclear target with r_rms ~ 5 fm or more (A ~ 60 or larger) should be strongly quenched. Thus, if the hybrid picture is correct, the atomic number de-pendence of XYZ production at fixed √S_pN should have a dramatically different behavior than that of the ψ', which is long lived compact charmonium state.
The current experimental status of XYZ mesons together with hidden charm tetraquark can-didates and present simulations what we might expect from A-dependence of XYZ mesons in proton-proton and proton-nuclei collisions are summarized.
References
[1] S. Olsen, Front. Phys. 10 101401 (2015)
[2] S. Takeuchi, K. Shimizu, M. Takizawa, Progr. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2015, 079203 (2015)
[3] A. Esposito, A. Pilloni, A.D. Poloza, arXiv:1603.07667[hep-ph]
[4] M.Y.Barabanov, A.S.Vodopyanov, S.L.Olsen, A.I.Zinchenko, Phys. Atom. Nuc. 79, 1, 126 (2016)
[5] M.Yu. Barabanov, A.S. Vodopyanov, S.L. Olsen, Phys. Scripta 166 014019 (2015)
[6] N. Isgur, Phys. Rev. D 32, 189 (1985)
[7] K. Olive et al. (PDG), Chin. Phys. C 38, 090001 (2014)
[8] The width of X(3872) is experimentally constrained to be Г X(3872) < 1.2 (90% CL) in S.-K. Choi et al (Belle Collaboration), Phys. Rev. D 84, 052004 (2011)

The Multy Purpose Detector (MPD) is constructing to study of properties of the hot and dense matter created in heavy-ion collisions in the energy range of 4-11 A*GeV where the maximum baryonic density is expected. Crucial detector in the new experimental setup is a large-sized barrel electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal), designed for precise spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons. Taking into account the requirements of high energy resolution, dense active medium with the small Moliere radius and high segmentation of ECal, the Shashlyk-type electromagnetic calorimeter with projective geometry has been selected.
The mass production of ECal modules has been started. In this talk, we report about methods and technologies for the quality control of ECal modules and their components.

It is found that the distributions of the DDLES components along the coordinate axes $(GM/R)/H^2$ and $\log(g)$ have five and four peaks, the positions of which are defined by the steps of 1.177 and 0.069, respectively. $M$ and $R$ are the mass and radius of the DDLES component, respectively. Moreover, $H = 145.5 km/s$ and $g = GM/R^2$. The peaks are created by the populated areas of the temporal slowdown of the absolute evolutionary expansion of the DDLES component. Thus, the absolute evolutionary expansion of any DDLES component is, in particular, its transitions along the coordinate axes $(GM/R)/H^2$ and $\log(g)$ between these areas with its temporary localization in the latter. In this regard, the quantum gravitational effects are found along these coordinate axes. For any DDLES indexes $1$ and $2$ indicate its first and second components, respectively. It is found that the distributions of the DDLESes along the coordinate axis $\log(g_1/g_2)$ has four peaks, the positions of which are defined by the step of 0.0305. The peaks are created by the populated areas of the temporal coordinated relative evolutionary expansion of the first and second DDLES components. The same quantum gravitational effects are also found along the axes $\log((GM/R)_1/(GM/R)_2)$ and $\log(R_1/R_2)$. Thus, in any DDLES the relative evolutionary expansion of its first and second components is, in particular, their transitions along the coordinate axes $\log(g_1/g_2)$, $\log((GM/R)_1/(GM/R)_2)$, $\log(R_1/R_2)$, between these areas with their temporary localization in the latter. The symmetric separation of the populated area of the temporal coordinated relative evolutionary expansion of the first and second DDLES components into three such areas is found at $(GM/R)_1/(GM/R)_2 = 1$. It follows that in any DDLES there are some quantum physical systems which create the quantum stepwise absolute and relative evolutionary expansions of the first and second DDLES components. A general gravitational mass of any DDLES and the gravitational masses of its two components are proposed as these quantum physical systems.

It is found that the distribution of the DDLESes along the coordinate axis $M_1/M_2$ has six peaks, the positions of which are defined by the step of 0.0155. $M$ is the mass of the DDLES component. For any DDLES indexes 1 and 2 indicate its first and second components, respectively, and $М_1/М_2 \geq 1$. These peaks are created by the populated areas of the coordinated formation of the first and second DDLES components. The symmetric separation of one of these populated areas into three such areas is found at $M_1/M_2 = 1.0169 \pm 0.0005$. The effects are found due to the fact that the formation of the first and second DDLES components is coordinated. In this regard, there is some quantum physical system which creates this coordinated formation. Moreover, such system exists already before the formation of component bodies from baryonic matter. A general gravitational mass of any DDLES is proposed as the quantum physical system.This gravitational mass is also the measuring instrument of $M_1$ and $M_2$.Hence, the formation of the first and second DDLES components begins with the formation of the general gravitational mass of their own DDLES. Then the general gravitational mass begins to capture the gravitational masses of any atoms. Moreover, it captures not any, but an agreed amount of them, while coordinating the formation of the bodies of the first and second DDLES components from baryonic matter.

It is found that the distribution of 254 detached double-lined eclipsing systems along the coordinate axis of the second degree of the relative orbital velocity of their first and second components has two peaks about $H^2$, $2H^2$, where $H = 145.5 km/s$. The distribution of 2195 spiral galaxies along the coordinate axis of the second degree of the "plateau" orbital velocity of galaxy stars has three peaks about $(1/2)H^2$, $H^2$, $2H^2$. Thus, detached double-lined eclipsing systems and spiral galaxies rotate like the quantum hard rotator. The planets of the Solar System rotate like the quantum Kepler rotator. For each of these planets, the semi-major axis of the orbit $a$ is $(GM/H^2)n^2$, where $M$ is the mass of the Sun and $n$ is the number of the orbit. For Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto $n$ equals 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 15, 21, 27 and 31, respectively. In this case, the average difference between the calculated and empirical values of $a$ is $3.0\%$ with the maximum value of $7.3\%$ for Venus. From the analysis of the planet orbits of the Solar System it is determined that $(GM/H^2)n^2$ is valid when $Gm/n^2 \geq 1190$ $km^3/s^2$, where $m$ is the planet mass. For the biggest bodies of the Solar System, Jupiter and the Sun, $(Gm/R)/H^2$ and $(GM/R)/H^2$ are 1/12 and 9 with an error of $0.4\%$ and $0.08\%$, respectively. $R$ is the radius of a big body. In this regard, it is proposed that with an increase in the mass of any big body $M$, this body is compressed so that its reduced radius $R/GM$ decreases stepwise, taking quantum values of $n(n + 1)/H^2$, $n^2/H^2$, $1/H^2n^2$, $1/H^2n(n + 1)$. Along the coordinate axis $M$, the lower boundary of the validity of this law is determined by Jupiter and Saturn. For stars, the validity of the law depends on the energy release of nucleosynthesis. Existence of the law is found in stars less than 1.55 and more than 14.10 solar masses.

The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is a sampling hadronic calorimeter and an essential part of the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The active material is made of plastic scintillating tiles, and the light produced in the scintillators is transmitted to the photomultiplier tubes by wavelength shifting fibres. During the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) program, the luminosity can reach a value seven times higher than the one that TileCal was designed for. Two critical points that affect the detector performance are the increased exposure to radiation that will degrade the TileCal optics and natural ageing. Since the optical components of the TileCal cannot be replaced, the radiation hardness must be evaluated. The Laser and Cesium calibration systems are used to evaluate the robustness of the TileCal optical components. Taking advantage of these systems it is possible to isolate the response of the tiles and fibres and evaluate the evolution of the yield light with the dose. The results obtained during the Run 2 were extrapolated to the end of the HL-LHC phase, indicating that around 50% of the TileCal cells will lose up to 35% of the light yield response. These cells correspond to the least exposed to radiation, for the most exposed cells the loss of the light yield is more pronounced. Nevertheless, the extrapolation uncertainty is large, more data needs to be explored to reach better precision and finer conclusions. This study constitutes an essential step for predicting the calorimeter performance in future runs.

LEGEND is a ton-scale $^{76}$Ge-based experimental program to search for neutrinoless double-beta
decay with the discovery potential at a half-life greater than 10$^{28}$ years. The discovery of this decay
would establish that the neutrino is its own antiparticle, which would have several implications in explaining the matter-antimatter asymmetry in our universe. The first stage, LEGEND-200, using 200 kg of
enriched HPGe detectors, is under construction at LNGS. Data taking will start in 2021. The
unique LEGEND configuration in which the HPGe detectors operate directly in liquid argon cryostat, as well as the requirement of very low radioactive background, introduces several constraints on the design of the
detector read-out electronics. In this contribution, the design and the performance of the signal readout
electronics for LEGEND-200 will be presented.

Several recent CMS results on B hadron decays into the final states including the charmonium resonance are reported. The analyses are performed using pp collision at 13 TeV data collected by the CMS experiment.

The Identity Method (IM) is a mathematical tool that allows one to solve the problem of misidentification in the analysis of moments of particle distributions. This method was successfully used for corrections of the first and second moments in NA61/SHINE and ALICE experimental data. In this work, it is shown how the Identity Method could be used in a non-standard way, namely, for correction of the second moments on contamination by secondary particles coming from weak decays and detector material. For that, distributions of a distance of the closest approach (DCA) of the tracks to the primary vertex are utilized. Thereby, fluctuations and correlations of primary particles can be accessed. Such a correction is essential when there is no inner tracker in an experiment and, therefore, a fraction of the secondary particles, which pass the selection criteria, is large. In particular, this is relevant for the 1st phase of the MPD experiment. The performance of the method is demonstrated with the realistic events generated in Monte-Carlo models with the detector response simulated in GEANT.
This work is supported by RFBR research project No. 18-02-40097.

Blackhole remnants are one of the most exotic remnants in our universe, leaving behind several unsolved paradoxes. Resolving the black hole information paradox, in particular, can direct us to numerous engrossing discoveries and provide a decent understanding of the unsolved conventional theories. We readdress the notions underlying the paradox explicitly, beginning from the basic principles. Various theories, explanations, conclusions, their advantages and disadvantages in several works of literature regarding the information paradox and black hole entropy are discussed. Recent developments in the interpretation of the black hole information paradox are reviewed. A congenital solution to this contradiction involves the transition of classical physics to quantum physics. At the centre of the black hole, the space-time theory by Einstein’s general theory of relativity fails. The research suggests that the solution obtained from considering the principles of quantum gravity is quite plausible. This approach also gives a decent explanation towards the recondite hypothesis of tunnelling of blackholes to white holes and the interior geometries of white holes.

Forbush decrease (FD) is an effect in the cosmic ray physics which is characterized by sharp short-term decreases in cosmic ray intensities recorded by satellite and ground-based instruments. Nowadays it is well established that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the main drivers of FD. A huge amount of solar plasma is thrown into interplanetary space during CMEs. This plasma propagates outwards from the Sun with a magnetic field frozen into it. These moving structures are known as interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). ICMEs modulate cosmic ray particles causing FDs. Today the properties of FDs are studied mostly by ground based detectors such as neutron monitors and muon godoscopes. These detectors are characterized by high event statistics, but register intensity of secondary cosmic rays. In this work rigidity dependencies of amplitudes and recovery times of FDs obtained by the PAMELA experiment are presented. The PAMELA spectrometer, consisting of a time-of-flight system, anticoincidence systems, a magnetic spectrometer, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a neutron detector, was installed on board the Resurs DK1 satellite, which was launched into Earth's orbit on June 15, 2006.

Supersymmetry, or SUSY, is one of the proposed extensions of the Standard Model which represents a solution to some of the limitations of the latter, such as the hierarchy problem. It introduces new particle states which may be produced at the ATLAS experiment taking data at sqrt(s)=13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Due to existing constraints on the value of the masses of strongly coupled SUSY particles, the electroweak production of weakly interacting sparticles may become the key mechanism to search for beyond-the-Standard-Model physics at the LHC. A search for electroweak production of charginos and neutralinos decaying to multileptonic final states using Run-2 data collected with the ATLAS experiment is presented. Results are interpreted is the context of simplified models in which charginos and neutralinos undergo R-parity-conserving decays via intermediate production of gauge and Higgs bosons.

After several years of running of the LHC, new physics has not yet been found. Therefore one of the best hopes for discovering new physics is exploring the difficult to access corners of phase space, such as low mass regions where collecting the data is challenging. Data scouting or trigger level analysis is one such way to achieve this. This special dataflow, which utilises event-size reduction to significantly reduce event filtering, will be presented in this poster. A search for prompt dark photons in the dimuon channel performed by CMS utilising the dimuon scouting data to improve its sensitivity at low mass will be used to demonstrate the benefits of this approach.

NA64 experiment at CERN SPS is designed for direct and missing energy search for dark sector particle decays in sub-GeV range. Assuming an existence of new effective force between dark sector and ordinary matter, transmitted by a new massive gauge boson, one can perform a search for such a particle in an active beam dump experiment like NA64. Dark sector particles may be produced in high-energy electron recoil processes, via coupling of mediator particle to electrons, followed by subsequent decay of the mediator in visible/invisible modes. The case of scalar mediator particle is studied, we calculate mediator production cross section using exact tree-level method and compare the results with previous calculations via Weizsacker-Williams method, resulting in modification of NA64 Monte-Carlo simulation package. Simulation results are cross checked with vector mediator particle case.

Hep neutrinos from the Sun produced in the reaction $ {} ^ {3} He + p → {} ^{4}He + e^+ + ν_e$. According to Standard Solar Model (SSM) these neutrinos have the highest possible energies (E < 18.8 MeV) and the lowest flux (~ $10^3 cm^{-2} s^{-1}$). In Borexino the study of hep neutrinos is possible through the neutrino-electron elastic scattering and by means of neutral current reaction with carbon ${}^{12}C(ν,ν´){}^{12}C^*$. An upper limit on the integral total flux of hep neutrinos of $1.8 ∙ 10^5 cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ has been derived at the 90% C.L.

Variations of muon flux on the Earth surface arise as a result of influence of various processes in the heliosphere on primary cosmic ray flux, as well as during the passage of muons through the atmosphere. A high penetrating ability makes muons an attractive tool for muonography [1]. Muonography is the method, for the development of which muon hodoscopes TEMP and URAGAN were first created in MEPhI [2].
The task of this work is to create a model of a new scintillation muon hodoscope for the development of the method of muonography of large-sized objects. The model is based on a scintillation detector [3]. The registration of muon tracks is carried out by several layers of narrow long scintillation strips with fiber-optic light collection on silicon photomultipliers. The model of future scintillation muon hodoscope strip was created in the Geant4 program package [4], and all necessary optical properties were included. Then the model of a muon hodoscope consisting of four coordinate planes was created. Each coordinate plane consists of two layers (128 strips each) with mutually perpendicular strips. The strip model was calibrated according to experimental data, and more exact parameters of muon hodoscope model were obtained from calibration results. For simulation of muon hodoscope response to cosmic-ray particles passing through it, in order to obtain dependences most consistent with the experiment, the spectrum of cosmic-ray particles was simulated, which is close to a real one [5]. The tracks of muons were reconstructed [6] and accuracy of their reconstruction was estimated. The obtained distributions of events in the angle between reconstructed and “real” tracks for various detector parameters and selection of optimal parameters to achieve a highest accuracy and efficiency of reconstruction of muon tracks are discussed.
The work was performed at the Unique Scientific Facility "Experimental complex NEVOD".

References

1. Patent number 2406919. Russian Federation. Method and setup for obtaining of muonographies. Barbashina N.S. et al. Applicant and patentee NRNU MEPhI.
2. Barbashina N.S. et al. Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 51 (2), 180 (2008).
3. Ampilogov N.V. et al., Physics Procedia, 74, 478 (2015).
4. Geant4 Collaboration. Book for application developers. Release 10.4 (2017).
5. Engel R. et al., Computing and Software for Big Science, 3: 2 (2019).
6. Kovylyaeva A.A., International Telecommunication Conference of Young Scientists and Students "Youth and Science", p. 27 (2014) (in Russian).

Vector-boson scattering is a key process to probe the electroweak symmetry breaking. It could be studied through the measurements of associated electroweak production of two vector bosons and two jets in the proton-proton collisions. This report focuses on the $Z\gamma jj$ production that have not been observed yet. One of the main reasons is the fact that the cross-section of it's main background - QCD $Z\gamma jj$ production - is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the electroweak $Z\gamma jj$ production. This work studies whether the use of the third jet kinematics could allow for better separatation of those two components of $Z\gamma jj$ production.

Nowadays calorimetry plays a key role both in experimental studies in high-energy physics and in applied research. For charge particles energy identification with high energy resolution the new methods of digital calorimetry can be applied [1]. The digital electromagnetic calorimeter consists of several segmented layers and counts the total number of beam particles passing through the detector volume while an analogue calorimeter counts the total deposited energy in a given volume. In this work, the new type of digital electromagnetic calorimeter based on silicon pixel sensors has been proposed for the identification of electron beam parameters. The conception of such calorimeter is provided with GEANT Monte Carlo simulations.
The reported study was supported by RFBR, research project No. 18-02-40075.

[1] A.P. de Haas, G. Nooren, T. Peitzmann et al., “The FoCal prototype - an extremely fine-grainedelectromagnetic calorimeter using CMOS pixel sensors” JINST13 P01014, 2018

We will present some measurement results of the yield ratio of the high spin state to the low spin state of the isomeric pair for some isomeric products in the natural tellurium by photo-nuclear reaction. The experiment was performed by irradiating tellurium samples with bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 60-70 MeV by activation and the off-line ray spectroscopic technique, using the 100 MeV linear electron accelerator at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Korea. The obtained results are compared with the theoretical prediction using the computer code TALYS 1.9 based on mono-energetic photons. For theoretical computation in TALYS 1.9 code, we also used level density modes and strength function models.

Dynamic chaos is observed experimentally in macro objects, but did not receive a proper explanation. To take it into account in the quantum representation of the particle motion, an attempt was made to introduce a random component into the equation of motion. Its magnitude depends on the intrinsic energy of the particle, equal to the resting energy. The total energy of the particle is equal to the sum of the deterministic and random energy. The deterministic energy of the particle is equal to the kinetic energy of the particle and the energy of the field in which it is located. The dynamics of the particle movement is considered in a quantum representation. A system of ordinary differential equations in finite differences is obtained. The principle of minimal action is carried out without taking into account the random component of the movement and without taking into account the second boundary condition. The division of motion into deterministic and random components is also random. The calculation technique was tested on data depicting the movement of an electron in in a hydrogen atom around its nucleus in the form of a proton. Estimates showed a satisfactory coincidence of calculated and experimental data. Quantum approximation was also used to infer a number of equations of physics. It includes the derivation of the equations of classical mechanics describing translational and rotational movements. Then, in the same way, the equations of classical electrodynamics bearing the name Maxwell were deduced. This was followed by the conclusion of the equation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, called the Schrodinger equation. Then the equation of relativistic quantum mechanics, known as the Klein Gordon equation, was derived. Finally, the same approach was used to infer the first onset of thermodynamics.

Preliminary results of the investigation of the properties of 7 clusters of galaxies from CfA2 redshift survey are discussed in the presented poster. Clusters 933, 142, 1046, and 1652, which have several pecularities of the spatial distributions of galaxies. Moreover, these objects have high-energy gamma associations on Fermi/LAT data (4FGL J1144.9 + 1937, 4FGL J0152.2 + 3714, 4FGL J1230.8 + 1223 and 4FGL J1653.8 + 3945. The investigation of the spatial distribution and other characteristics of 933, 1242, 88, 142, 1046, 1101 galaxy clusters shows gravitational lensing effect. Investigation of high-energy gamma-emission of galaxies and peculiarities of its motion in groups allows studying properties of such inhomogeneities and understanding of its nature possibly caused by dark matter. Moreover, common observations of such clusters by orbital gamma-ray telescopes with high angular resolution and ground-based Cherenkov air-shower experiments could possibly clarify the type of gravitational lenses.

THEORY TO PROOF THE EXISTENCE OF DARK ENERGY

We Earthlings are leaving in a world of 15 percentage of observable universe. The universe which we led life is because of the remaining percentages of dark matter and dark energy which is not anti particle or made of dark material. Most of our universe is hidden in plain sight. Though we can’t see or touch it, most astronomers say the majority of the cosmos consists of dark matter and dark energy. But what is this mysterious, invisible stuff that surrounds us? And what’s the difference between Dark energy and Dark matter? In short, dark matter slows down the expansion of the universe, while dark energy speeds it up.Dark matter works like an attractive force — a kind of cosmic cement that holds our universe together. This is because dark matter does interact with gravity, but it doesn’t reflect, absorb or emit light. Meanwhile, dark energy is a repulsive force — a sort of anti-gravity — that drives the universe’s ever-accelerating expansion.
Astronomers have known that our universe is expanding for about a century now. Telescopic observations have shown that most galaxies are moving away from each other, which implies the galaxies were closer together in the distant past. As a result, the evidence for the Big Bang. However, astronomers assumed that the combined gravitational pull of all the cosmos’ stars and galaxies should be slowing down the universe’s expansion. Perhaps it would even someday collapse back in on itself in a Big Crunch.
There are some existence proof for the dark matter theories like Distance measurements and their relation to redshift, which suggest the universe has expanded more in the last half of its life, The theoretical need for a type of additional energy that is not matter or dark matter to form the observationally flat universe (absence of any detectable global curvature),Measures of large-scale wave-patterns of mass density in the universe. Since then, these observations have been corroborated by several independent sources. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background, gravitational lensing, and the large-scale structure of the cosmos, as well as improved measurements of supernovae, have been consistent with the Lambda-CDM model. Some people argue that the only indications for the existence of dark energy are observations of distance measurements and their associated redshifts. Cosmic microwave background anisotropies and baryon acoustic oscillations serve only to demonstrate that distances to a given redshift are larger than would be expected from a "dusty" Friedmann–Lemaître universe and the local measured Hubble constant.
Supernovae are useful for cosmology because they are excellent standard candles across cosmological distances. They allow researchers to measure the expansion history of the universe by looking at the relationship between the distance to an object and its redshift, which gives how fast it is receding from us. The relationship is roughly linear, according to Hubble's law. It is relatively easy to measure redshift, but finding the distance to an object is more difficult. Usually, astronomers use standard candles: objects for which the intrinsic brightness, or absolute magnitude, is known. This allows the object's distance to be measured from its actual observed brightness, or apparent magnitude. Type I supernovae are the best-known standard candles across cosmological distances because of their extreme and consistent luminosity.

1. Introduction
2. Spherically symmetric scalar field black holes
3. Tidal forces in the center-of-mass frame
4. Tidal forces acting on a star orbiting a scalar black hole near its horizon
5. Conclusions

Josephson current between two one-dimensional nanowires with proximity induced either s-wave or p-wave pairing and separated by a narrow dielectric barrier is calculated in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit interaction (RSOI), in-plane and normal Zeeman magnetic fields (ZMF). A topological superconducting phase in a Josephson junction of s-wave superconductors (s-JJ) is realized under the condition $|∆|^2 > B^2 + h^2$, where Δ, B, and h are correspondingly the gap, Zeeman energy of in-plane and normal magnetic fields. Instead, the condition $∆_k = \frac{\vec{k}}{|k|}∆_0$ guarantees an existence of a conducting state in the gap and realization of a generic topological phase of the p-wave superconductor (p-JJ). Andreev retro-reflection is shown to be realized through two different channels. A scattering in a conventional particle-hole channel, when an electron-like quasi-particle reflects to a hole-like quasi-particle with opposite spins, provides the current which depends only on the order parameters’ phase differences ϕ, and oscillates fractionally with 4π period. Fractional oscillation of the current with 4π period is the main manifestation of realization of Majorana fermion in the system. Second anomalous particle-hole channel, corresponding to the Andreev reflection of an incident electron-like quasiparticle to hole-like quasiparticle with the same spin orientation, survives only in the presence of the in-plane magnetic field. The contribution of this channel to the Josephson current oscillates with 4π period not only with ϕ but also with orientational angle of the in-plane magnetic field θ resulting in a magneto-Josephson effect. RSOI and ZMF are shown to split the quasi-electron and quasi-hole excitation states in the superconducting gap, and two quasi-particle and quasi-hole pairs instead of one pair appear in the gap, which are localized symmetrically around Fermi level. ZMF is shown to destroy this symmetry. Even in the absence of the magnetic fields in s-JJ the energy gap between the Andreev bound states decreases with increasing RSOI. Investigation of ac-Josephson current in s-JJ shows that the width of the resulting Shapiro steps in such a system can be tuned by varying the RSOI constant. In the presence of RSOC and normal-to-plane magnetic field h in p-JJ, a forbidden gap is shown to open in the dependence of Andreev bound state energies on the phases ϕ and θ at several values of RSOC strength and ZMF, where Josephson current seems to vanish [1].

References:

[1] E. Nakhmedov, B. D. Suleymanli et al., submitted to Phys. Rev. B (ArXiv: 1911.09289).

The common approach for implementation of self-triggered radio detection is applying amplitude threshold at station and cluster levels.
The main difficulty of this approach at most facilities is a high level of background and radio frequency interference.
For the efficient implementation of self-trigger it is needed to filter noise pulses from input data.
In the present work we present the method of finding, classification and filtering of noise by data from Tunka-Rex Virtual Observatory, measured by the Tunka-Rex experiment in 2012-2018, and discuss the further application of this method for implementation of independent detection of air-showers with radio.

The discrete part of the domain wall excitation spectrum, the
profile of which is described by a kink solution with one or
both power-law asymptotics, cannot contain levels other than
the zero (translational) mode. Nevertheless, it can be shown
that scenarios are quite possible when long-lived vibrations
will be excited on the domain wall. This, in turn, can affect
the processes of interaction of two or more domain walls.

In the case of the pile-up background (background from the neighboring interactions inside the bunch crossing) for Z(νν)γ process, its accurate calculation is very challenging.
If the impact of the pile-up background is negligible, as it is expected in the case of Z(νν)γ process selection, some global uncertainty from this source can be used.
This report studies the pile-up background and shows that it is expected to have totally different shape for ∆φ distributions between final state particles in comparison to the signal and other background processes.
Thus, the absence of ∆φ-mismodeling in the analysis proves that the pile-up background is indeed negligible.

We present the results of the LVD experiment in the field of muon physics. The scintillation LVD detector is used to study cosmic ray muons with mean energy of 280 GeV at an average depth of 3.6 km w.e. The experiment has been going on since 1992 at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory, Italy. During 28 years of work, the characteristics of the muon flux, its dependence on depth and seasonal variations and, the charge muon ratio, the multiplicity curve of muon groups and the decoherent curve have been obtained.

Underground cosmic-ray experiments, including very large volume neutrino telescopes, depend on a precise description of the interaction cross sections of muons, which can travel large distances before reaching the detector. High-energy muons lose their energy almost exclusively via four processes: ionization, electron-positron pair production, bremsstrahlung and inelastic nuclear interaction. At low energies, ionization is the dominant process, while above energies of about a TeV, the three other processes dominate the energy loss. We discuss the uncertainties of the cross sections of the energy loss processes used in the simulation chain of current very large volume neutrino telescopes and review recent theoretical improvements.

Data of NEVOD-DECOR experiment on investigations of inclined cosmic ray muon bundles for a long time period (May 2012 – May 2020) are presented. Their comparison with the results of calculations based on simulations of extensive air shower hadron and muon components in the framework of an approach of local muon density spectra allows one to study the energy spectrum and mass composition of primary cosmic rays and/or to check the validity of hadron interaction models in a wide energy range from about 10^16 to 10^18 eV. The analysis showed that the observed intensity of muon bundles at primary particle energies of about 10^18 eV and higher can be compatible with the expectation only under the assumption of an extremely heavy (iron nuclei) mass composition of cosmic rays. This conclusion is consistent with data on multi-muon events obtained in a number of other experiments. At the same time, measurements of the depth of the shower maximum in the atmosphere in the experiments using air fluorescence technique (Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array), on the contrary, favor a light (predominantly proton) mass composition of primary cosmic rays at these energies. Unlikely such a contradiction can be resolved without serious changes of the existing hadron interaction models.

One of the actual problems in the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) physics is the excess of multi-muon events in comparison with calculations, which is called the “muon puzzle”. An excess of muons appears in the energy range of the extensive air showers (EAS) above 10^17 eV. The answer to the “muon puzzle” may be found by means of the study of the energy characteristics of the muon component of EAS in a wide range of primary particle energies (from 10^16 to 10^18 eV). For this purpose, in the NEVOD-DECOR experiment the measurements of the energy deposit of muon bundles in the detector material have been carried out. The installation includes a Cherenkov water calorimeter NEVOD with a volume of 2000 cubic meters and coordinate-tracking detector DECOR with an area of 70 square meters. The energy deposit of muon bundles is determined from the response of the Cherenkov water calorimeter, and the coordinate-tracking detector allows one to determine the local density of muons in the bundles and the direction of their arrival, and hence to estimate the energy of the primary particle. The results of measurements of the muon bundle energy deposit in inclined showers over several years of observations are presented. The experimental dependences of the energy deposit of muon bundles are compared with the results of simulations performed with the CORSIKA software package using modern models of hadronic interactions.

One of the most important directions in the research of extensive air showers (EAS) is the study of its hadronic component. It is the main component of the EAS, which forms the characteristics of the shower. Registration of neutrons produced in interactions of EAS hadrons with the environment is one of the new methods for studying EAS hadronic component. The URAN array was created in the Scientific and Educational Center NEVOD (MEPhI) in collaboration with INR RAS. The URAN facility was designed to register neutrons that accompany EAS in the region of the primary cosmic ray spectrum break (‘knee region’). It includes 72 detectors based on a thin inorganic scintillator for registration of the charged and neutron components of the EAS. The total area of the facility is ~ 103 m2; scintillation detectors are located on the roofs of the laboratory buildings of the Unique Scientific Facility NEVOD. For the correct interpretation of the experimental data of the URAN, the response of the URAN facility to the passage of EAS was simulated using the CORSIKA7.6900 program and Geant4.10.5 software package. The report presents the results of studying the parameters of EAS registered by the URAN array in 2019. It includes the LDF of charged particles, the dependence of the number of neutrons on the parameters of EAS, the EAS distribution in the number of neutrons. A comparison of the experimental data with model calculations is presented.

A novel wide-angle imaging air Cherenkov telescope with a SiPM based camera is being developed for the TAIGA hybrid installation. The design of the telescope optical part is discussed. The telescope is planned to have a wide field of view up to 15–20 degrees and an aperture up to 1 $m^2$. The ray-tracing simulations of optical schemes properties were done using specially developed program. The same program was used to trace Cherenkov photons generated by CORSIKA to evaluate the telescope overall response to EAS.

We consider generalized Melvin-like solutions associated with Lie algebras of rank $4$ (namely, $A_4$, $B_4$, $C_4$, $D_4$, and the exceptional algebra $F_4$} corresponding to certain internal symmetries of the solutions. The system under consideration is a static cylindrically-symmetric gravitational configuration in $D$ dimensions in presence of four Abelian 2-forms and four scalar fields. The solution is governed by four moduli functions $H_s(z)$ ($s = 1,...,4$) of squared radial coordinate $z=\rho^2$ obeying four differential equations of the Toda chain type. These functions turn out to be polynomials of powers $(n_1,n_2, n_3, n_4) = (4,6,6,4), (8,14,18,10), (7,12,15,16), (6,10,6,6), (22,42,30,16)$ for Lie algebras $A_4$, $B_4$, $C_4$, $D_4$, $F_4$, respectively. The asymptotic behaviour for the polynomials at large distances is governed by some integer-valued $4 \times 4$ matrix $\nu$ connected in a certain way with the inverse Cartan matrix of the Lie algebra and (in $A_4$ case) the matrix representing a generator of the $Z_2$-group of symmetry of the Dynkin diagram. The symmetry properties and duality identities for polynomials are obtained, as well as asymptotic relations for solutions at large distances. We also calculate 2-form flux integrals over $2$-dimensional discs and corresponding Wilson loop factors over their boundaries.

AdS/CFT correspondence has provided a very important tool for studying
the strongly coupled dynamics in a class of superconformal field theories,
in particular, ${\cal N} = 4$ super Yang-Mills theory
and the corresponding gravity dual description in AdS space-time.
In this work, we have used time dependent AdS/CFT correspondence to
study the expansion of the strongly coupled QGP (Quark-Gluon-Plasma) and
the corresponding gravity dual desription.
In the context of the expanding plasma, we have considered non-isotropic
expansion in three dimensions which
is a generalization of Bjorken's one dimensional expansion. Using Kasner
space-time as the local rest frame and second order relativistic viscous
hydrodynamics, we study the late time behaviour of the Bjorken flow.
Solving the conservation equation for the energy-momentum and using
conformal invariance, we obtain the explicit expression for the energy
density as a function of proper time in terms of Kasner parameters.
The proper time dependence of the temperature has also been obtained
in terms of Kasner parameters.
We have studied the dual geometry in the large proper time regime in
Eddington-Finkelstein type coordinates.

I discuss two possible ways to construct Hamiltonian dynamics in extended phase space keeping in mind applications to the gravitational theory. The starting point for the first way is the Batalin – Fradkin -Vilkovisky effective action while in the second case a Lagrangian form of the action is used. In general, these two ways are not equivalent and lead to different definitions of BRST generator of transformations in extended phase space. Accordingly, one deals with two theories with different groups of gauge transformations. Equivalence with the Dirac approach is considered. I argue that these questions are directly relevant to construction quantum theory of gravity.

We generalise the anisotropic core–envelope model of the super-dense star to kappa-deformed space-time (a non-commutative space-time) and study the modifications due to the existence of a minimal length. We formulate Einstein’s field equation in the kappa-deformed space-time and solve it to obtain the anisotropic core–envelope model, describing the super-dense star, in kappa deformed space-time. The solutions will yield the kappa-deformed law of density variation, the expression for the radial as well as tangential pressures in the kappa-deformed space-time. We also derive the kappa-deformed strong energy conditions and obtain a bound on the deformation parameter.

We consider a $D$-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet model with a cosmological term $\Lambda$ and two non-zero
constants: $\alpha_1$ and $\alpha_2$. We restrict the metrics to be diagonal ones and study a class of solutions
with exponential time dependence of three scale factors, governed by three non-coinciding Hubble-like parameters:
$H \neq 0$, $h_1$ and $h_2$, obeying to $m H + k_1 h_1 + k_2 h_2 \neq 0$ and corresponding to factor spaces of
dimensions $m > 1$, $k_1 > 1$ and $k_2 > 1$, respectively ($D = 1 + m + k_1 + k_2$). We analyse two cases:
i) $m < k_1 < k_2$ and ii) $1< k_1 = k_2 = k$, $k \neq m$. We show that in both cases the solutions exist if
$\alpha = \alpha_2 / \alpha_1 > 0$ and $\alpha \Lambda > 0$ obeys certain restrictions, e.g. upper and lower
bounds. In case ii) explicit relations for exact solutions are found. In both cases the subclasses of stable
and non-stable solutions are singled out. For $m >2$ the case i) contains a subclass of solutions describing
an exponential expansion of $3$-dimensional subspace with Hubble parameter $H > 0$ and zero variation of the effective gravitational constant $G$.

A class of dilatonic black hole dyon-like solutions in the gravitational
$4d$ model with two scalar fields, two 2-forms and two 2-dimensional dilatonic coupling vectors is obtained. The solutions are governed by two parameters $P > 0$ and $\mu > 0$. For collinear dilatonic coupling vectors the metric of the solution is coinciding with that
of the Reissner-Nordstr\"om one. The physical parameters of the solutions:
gravitational mass, scalar charge, electric and magnetic charges, Hawking temperature, black hole area entropy and parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) parameters are obtained.
The PPN parameters do not depend on the dilatonic coupling vectors.
A lower bound on the gravitational mass is found.

The chiral imbalance defined as a difference between the numbers of RH and LH quarks may occur in the fireball after a heavy-ion collision at high energy. It can lead to the formation of a local parity breaking LPB in a quark-hadron medium and adiabatically characterized by a topological charge and, accordingly, a topological (chiral) chemical potential $\mu_5$. In the field theory, it can be considered as a time-like axial-vector $b_\mu$ coupled to a fermion field with its zero component associated with $\mu_5$. The consistent way for the construction of the Lagrangian in the presence of constant axial-vector background has been obtained in [1, 2] for QED theory.

In this report, for the description of the properties of light vector mesons in the presence of LPB in a fireball, the vector-meson dominance model is applied in the lightest SU(2) sector. Employing the approach, developed in [1, 2], to the vector $\rho$ and $\omega$ mesons, we obtain the mass spectrum as a function of momentum and chiral chemical potential $\mu_5$. We show that in addition to the Chern–Simons term [3], splitting the transverse polarisations of the mesons, there is an additional contribution that becomes important at momentum and $\mu_5$ around a few hundred MeV.

References:

[1] J. Alfaro, A. Andrianov, M. Cambiaso, P. Giacconi and R. Soldati, Phys. Lett. B 639, 586-590 (2006), arXiv:hep-th/0604164 [hep-th].

[2] J. Alfaro, A. Andrianov, M. Cambiaso, P. Giacconi and R. Soldati, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 25, 3271-3306 (2010), arXiv:0904.3557 [hep-th].

[3] A. Andrianov, V. Andrianov, D. Espriu and X. Planells, Phys. Lett. B 710, 230-235 (2012), arXiv:1201.3485 [hep-ph].

In a large fraction of collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the colliding particles miss each other and collide with their electromagnetic fields. If the particles remain intact after such collision, the collision is called ultraperipheral (UPC). In the equivalent photons approximation, the electromagnetic field of an ultrarelativistic particle can be represented as a bunch of real photons distributed according to a known spectrum $n(\omega)$. This allows treatment of UPCs as photon-photon collisions, and the Large Hadron Collider as a photon-photon collider. The photon-photon luminosity can be calculated as

$ \frac{\mathrm{d} L_0}{\mathrm{d} s} = \int\limits_0^\infty \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{8 x} n \left( \sqrt{\frac{sx}{4}} \right) n \left( \sqrt{\frac{s}{4x}} \right) $

(assuming that the colliding particles are identical), where $s = 4 \omega_1 \omega_2$ ($\sqrt{s}$ is the invariant mass of the photons), $x = \omega_1 / \omega_2$ ($x$ is related to the pseudorapidity of the system produced), $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ are the photons energies.

To take into account finite sizes of the colliding particles, the dependence on the transverse distance to the particle $b$ has to be introduced into the spectrum:

$ n(\omega) = \int \mathrm{d}^2 b \, n(b, \omega). $

The photon-photon luminosity is then

$ \frac{\mathrm{d} L}{\mathrm{d} s} = \int\limits_0^\infty \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{8 x} \int\mathrm{d}^2 b_1 \int\mathrm{d}^2 b_2 \, n \left( b_1, \sqrt{\frac{sx}{4}} \right) n \left( b_2, \sqrt{\frac{s}{4x}} \right) P(|\vec b_2 - \vec b_1|) $

where $P(b)$ is the probability for the particles to survive after the collision with the impact parameter $b$. The ratio of the luminosities,

$ S = \frac{\mathrm{d} L / \mathrm{d} s}{\mathrm{d} L_0 / \mathrm{d} s}, $

is called the survival factor, and it describes the diminishing of the cross section of the ultraperipheral collision due to the disintegration of the colliding particles.

In the talk, survival factors for the proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at the LHC are presented in a wide range of $s$. Calculations with and without the survival factor taken into account are compared to the measurements of the cross section for muon pair production in UPCs (low $s$). Effects of the survival factor on the production of heavy charged particles are discussed. In the case of lead ions, significant disagreement between the two currently available sources of data on $^{208}$Pb electromagnetic form factors is revealed.

The properties of the strongly intensive variable [1] characterizing correlations between the number of particles produced in two observation windows separated by a rapidity interval [2] in pp interactions at LHC energies are studied in the framework of the string fusion model [3]. The effects of the string fusion are taken into account by introducing a finite lattice (a grid) in the impact parameter plane [4]. The analytical calculations are supplemented by the MC simulations permitting to take into account the experimental conditions of pp collisions in ALICE at LHC.

As a result, the dependence of this variable both on the width of the observation windows and on the value of the gap between them was found for several initial energies. It is demonstrated that in pp collisions at LHC energies the string fusion effects have a significant impact on the behavior of this strongly intensive variable. At that the role of these effects is increasing with the initial energy and centrality of the collision.

We show that the comparison of our model results with the preliminary experimental values of the strongly intensive variable obtained by the analysis of the ALICE data on pp collisions at 0.9 and 7 TeV enables to extract information on the parameters characterizing clusters with different numbers of merged strings, in particular, to find their two-particle correlation functions and the average multiplicity of charged particles from cluster decays.

This research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 18-02-40075.

References

1. M.I. Gorenstein, M. Gazdzicki, Strongly intensive quantities, Phys. Rev. C 84 (2011) 014904.
2. E. Andronov, V. Vechernin, Strongly intensive observable between multiplicities in two acceptance windows in a string model, Eur. Phys. J. A 55 (2019) 14.
3. M.A. Braun, C. Pajares, A probabilistic model of interacting strings, Nucl. Phys. B 390 (1993) 542.
4. S.N. Belokurova, V.V. Vechernin, Strongly intensive variables and long-range correlations in the model with a lattice in the transverse plane, Theor. Math. Phys. 200 (2019) 1094.

The present study explores the properties of strange quark matter (SQM) or strange quark star (SQS) within the Polyakov extended chiral $\text{SU(3)}$ quark mean field (PCQMF) model. Using $\beta$- equilibrium condition in the PCQMF model, the analysis of effective quark masses, effective quark chemical potential, and equation of state for strange quark matter at different values of vector coupling constant is carried out. Three different conditions of Proto-Quark Star (PQS) along the star evolution ($S/n_B=1, Y_l=0.4;~S/n_B=2, Y_{\nu_l}=0;~S/n_B=0, Y_{\nu_l}=0$) are considered to performed the theoretical simulation. Providing a significant vector coupling constant, the change in effective quark masses with baryon density is found to be less as compared to zero vector interaction. Further, pressure density shows monotonically and smoothly increasing with the increase in energy density. The study thus carried out, anticipated to give a better insight into the role that the superdense matter created in heavy-ion collision experiments plays an important role in understanding the properties of matter inside the core of supermassive stars in the universe.

We study the correlation between the fermion composite system and quark spins by using the light-cone quark-diquark model. We do the calculations for $u$-quark and $d$-quark in the fermion system by considering different polarization configrations of both. The contribution from scalar and axial-vector diquarks is taken into account. The overlap representation of light-front wavefunctions is used for the calculations. The spin-spin correlations for $u$ and $d$ quarks are presented in transverse impact-parameter plane and transverse momentum plane as well.

The direct reconstruction of the pp elastic scattering amplitudes at the energy of 16 GeV is discussed. At the SPASCHARM experiment, the 19 different spin dependent observables will be measured in pp elastic scattering. The suggested selection of observables allows a complete and unique analytical reconstruction of elastic scattering amplitudes as a solution of the system of bilinear equations. A set of physical observables, which are necessary for modeless reconstruction of all five complex elastic pp scattering amplitudes, is defined.

The talk will present highlights on recent results by the CMS experiment on top-quark production cross sections and top-quark properties

Four recent measurements in different areas of top-quark physics are presented. The cross sections for the production of top-quark pairs in association to a photon (ttgamma) or to a Z boson (ttZ) are measured both inclusively and differentially as a function of kinematic variables characterizing the tt+boson system. Both sets of measurements use the full Run-2 data set corresponding to 139/fb of integrated luminosity. Final states with three and four leptons and b-jets are used to extract ttZ rates, while tt+gamma cross sections are derived from final states with one photon, one electron and one muon of opposite sign and at least two jets. The measurements are compared to predictions obtained by NLO+PS Monte Carlo generators and fixed-order NLO calculations.
Based on a recent analysis the ATLAS collaboration established first evidence for the hard scattering process in which two top-quark-antiquark pairs are produced. This process is also called four-top-quarks production and is predicted to have a small cross-section of 12 fb in the standard model. Candidate events are selected if a lepton pair with the same electric charge is present or if there are at least three leptons in the event. The background is mainly given by top-quark-antiquark production in association with a W boson and heavy-flavour jets. A multivariate discriminant is used to optimize the separation between signal and background events and enhance the sensitivity.
Recent measurements involving B-meson decays sparked renewed interest in testing lepton universality between tau and light leptons because of observed deviations at the four-standard-deviation level. By selecting events with two opposite sign leptons (muon pairs and electron-muon pairs) and at least two b-tagged jets, a highly pure sample of top-quark pair decays is assembled and used to extract a large unbiased sample of W bosons decaying to leptons down to low transverse momenta. A fit to the two dimensional distribution for the transverse momentum and the transverse impact parameter of the lepton is then used to differentiate between leptons originating directly from the W boson and those resulting from the W-boson-to-tau-lepton decay chain. This results into the most precise measurement of the ratio of the probability for an on-shell W-boson decay to tau to the probability for its decay to muon.

The search for the associated production of a Higgs boson with a top quark-antiquark pair will be presented. Candidate $t \bar{t}H$ events are selected with criteria enhancing respectively the dileptonic, semileptonic and fully hadronic decay channels of the $t \bar{t}$ system and the decay of the Higgs boson into a bottom quark-antiquark pair (H $\rightarrow b\bar{b}$ ). In order to increase the sensitivity of the search, selected events are split into several categories with different expected signal and background rates. A combined fit of multivariate discriminant templates across all categories and decay channels is performed to extract the result. Results for RunII data will be presented. Prospects for improvements towards RunIII will also be discussed.

With the pp collision dataset collected at 13 TeV, detailed measurements of Higgs boson properties can be performed. This talk presents measurements of Higgs boson properties using various decay modes of the Higgs boson. The different production mode cross sections are determined, simplified template cross sections are measured, and interpretations of the results in different frameworks are obtained.

The unprecedented amount of data recorded by the ATLAS experiment during the LHC pp collision run at 13 TeV allows to search for rare decays of the Higgs boson. In addition, the sensitivity of searches for additional Higgs bosons is highly increased. The latest results on these topics will be presented.

We study the prospects of observing the non-resonant Higgs pair production in the Standard Model (SM) at the high luminosity run of
the 14 TeV LHC (HL-LHC), upon combining multiple final states chosen on the basis of their yield and cleanliness, namely, $b\bar{b}\gamma \gamma, b\bar{b} \tau^+ \tau^-, b\bar{b} WW^*, WW^*\gamma \gamma$ and $4W$ channels by employing multivariate analyses using the Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) algorithm to optimise the discrimination between signal and backgrounds and find it performing better than simple cut-based analyses. We also explore the implications of varying $\lambda_{hhh}$ for the most sensitive search channel for the double Higgs production, namely, $b\bar{b}\gamma\gamma$. (arXiv:1712.05346)

Upon continuation of the previous work, here, we analyse the prospects of observing the non-resonant Higgs production in the Standard Model at the proposed high energy upgrade of the LHC, namely, the HE-LHC ($\sqrt{s}$ = 27 TeV and 15 $ab^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity). Various di-Higgs final states are considered based on their cleanliness and production rates, namely, $b\bar{b}\gamma\gamma$, $b\bar{b}\tau^{+}\tau^{-}$, $b\bar{b}WW^{*}$, $WW^{*}\gamma\gamma$, $b\bar{b}ZZ^{*}$ and $b\bar{b}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ channels. The signal-background discrimination is performed through multivariate analyses using the Boosted Decision Tree Decorrelated (BDTD) algorithm in the TMVA framework, the XGBoost toolkit and Deep Neural Network (DNN). The variation in the kinematics of Higgs pair production as a function of the self-coupling of the Higgs boson, $\lambda_{hhh}$, is also studied. The ramifications of varying $\lambda_{hhh}$ on the $b\bar{b}\gamma\gamma$, $b\bar{b}\tau^{+}\tau^{-}$ and $b\bar{b}WW^{*}$ search analyses optimized for the SM hypothesis is also explored. (arXiv:2006.11879)

Recent astronomical data on Black hole observations are reviewed. The arguments in favor that the observed black holes are predominantly primordial (PBH) are presented. The mass spectrum of PBH is best fit to the log-normal one. A model of PBH formation with log-narmal spectrum is briefly described.

The first direct detection of gravitational waves from the binary collision of two black holes and the first detection of gravitational waves from GW170817, a binary neutron star merger in association with its electromagnetic counterpart, launched the new era of gravitational-wave astronomy. Two years after GW170817, the LIGO-Virgo collaboration continues to mesmerize the physics community when they recently reported the detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a binary system, GW190814, with the most extreme mass ratio ever observed: a 23 solar mass black hole and a 2.6 solar mass “compact” object. Besides gravitational waves, the ground- and space-based telescopes operating at a variety of wavelengths have already been providing a treasure trove of insights into the nature of dense matter comprising stellar objects. And together, these observations are answering some of the most fundamental questions concerning neutron stars: What is the nature of dense matter found in neutron stars? What is the maximum mass of a neutron star? How compact are compact objects? In this plenary session, I will discuss recent progress in constraining the bulk properties of neutron stars from gravitational waves and electromagnetic observations. In particular, I will present our work on constraining the equation of state of dense matter from these observations, and our finding on the upper limit of the neutron-star radius as imposed by the tidal polarizability inferred from the gravitational wave observations. I will also discuss our recent findings on the maximum theoretical neutron star mass as predicted by the state-of-art equation of state from covariant density functional whose model parameters are constrained by the latest nuclear experimental data. Finally, I will discuss some possible tension arising between theoretical model predictions and astrophysical observations of neutron stars.

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) undergo diffusion by plasma wave interactions, nuclear reactions with interstellar gas and other processes during their propagation. A good knowledge in the spallation cross sections is a key ingredient to study this diffusion since the formation of secondary CRs keeps track of the amount of matter traversed. In this work, we perform different analyses of the diffusion parameters that best match the most recent CR data from the AMS-02 experiment for different spallation cross sections parameterizations. The simulations will be performed with a preliminary version of the upcoming DRAGON2 code and the analysis is carried out with a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo algorithm.

Recent CR antiproton studies have claimed the possibility of an excess of data over the predicted flux, which can be the signature of annihilation or decay of a dark matter particle with a mass around 80 GeV into antiprons. We will derive the antiproton spectra predicted by the propagation parameters inferred from our MCMC analyses in order to evaluate, for first time, the uncertainties associated to the spallation cross sections in the antiproton predictions and test their compatibility with antiproton data.

The High Energy Cosmic Radiation Detection (HERD) facility proposed onboard the future Chinese Space Station (CSS) in 2026 will provide high-quality data on charged cosmic rays and gamma rays from GeV to PeV energies. Because of this capability, the HERD experiment could give valuable contributions to several scientific topics, including dark matter searches, the study of the cosmic-ray chemical composition and high-energy gamma-ray observations. The instrument will be surrounded by a highly segmented plastic scintillator detector (PSD), that will be used to discriminate charged from neutral particles and to identify the cosmic-ray nuclei from their energy deposits. A configuration proposed and studied for the HERD PSD consists of scintillators tiles coupled to Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). SiPMs provide similar or even better performances than standard photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with lower power consumption and cost benefits. Several tile prototypes equipped with SiPMs of different sizes were tested during beam test campaigns, and some tests with a 90Sr radioactive source were also performed. We have also implemented a fully customizable simulation framework based on GEANT4 to investigate the performance of a segmented PSD with arbitrary materials and geometries coupled to SiPMs. The results of both simulations and experimental measurements will be shown and compared.

Astrophysical experiments in Antarctica use radio detection of cosmic rays and neutrinos. Radio waves are produced via the Askaryan effect from neutrino-induced cascades in the South Pole ice. In this work, the triboelectric effect as a possible source of background for such neutrino experiments is studied. The friction on the ice surface during high wind may result in static discharge, which causes the emission of radio waves.
The results of correlations between wind speed and event rate are represented here. The data used were from the RICE experiment (2002-2010) and the AURA experiment (2010), including an analysis of radio signals that were detected during times of high winds. The location of sources is also discussed.

DEAP-3600 is a low-background liquid argon detector for a direct WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) dark matter search. The detector consists of 3279 kg of LAr contained in a spherical acrylic vessel. Liquid argon is an excellent scintillator, transparent to its own scintillation light. Scintillation is detected by photomultiplier tubes, and pulse shape discrimination is used to differentiate between nuclear recoils, which may result from WIMP-nucleus scattering or some rarer backgrounds, and electronic recoils, the most abundant backgrounds which predominantly come from the beta-decay of Ar39. Ar39 is an inevitable component of background created by interaction of Ar40 with cosmic rays. Here we report the results of an analysis of a 231 live-days data set taken during the first year of operation. We also describe a detailed background model, WIMP selection criteria and future plans including blinding scheme for analysis and machine learning techniques for discrimination against alpha-decays in the neck of the detector.

A review of experimental search for WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) of dark matter with noble gas based two-phase emission detectors is given. The following experimental programs: ZEPLIN, XENON, LUX, LUX-ZEPLIN, PandaX, DarkSide are presented.

Our work reviews the planned space-based gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 and evaluates in details its opportunities in the field of dark matter (DM) indirect searches. We estimated the GAMMA-400 mean sensitivity to the diphoton DM annihilation cross section in the Galactic center for DM particle masses in the range of 1-500 GeV. We obtained the sensitivity gain at least by 1.2-1.5 times (depending on DM particle mass) with respect to the expected constraints from 12 years of observations by Fermi-LAT for the case of Einasto DM density profile. The joint analysis of the data from both telescopes may yield the gain up to 1.8-2.3 times. Thus the sensitivity reaches the level of annihilation cross section $\langle \sigma v \rangle_{\gamma\gamma}(m_\chi = 100~\mbox{GeV}) \approx 10^{-28}$ cm$^3$/s. This will allow us to test the hypothesized narrow lines predicted by specific DM models, particularly the recently proposed pseudo-Goldstone boson DM model. We estimated the GAMMA-400 sensitivity to axion-like particle (ALP) parameters by a potential observation of the supernova explosion in the Local Group. This is very sensitive probe of ALPs reaching the level of ALP-photon coupling constant $g_{a\gamma} \sim 10^{-13}~\mbox{GeV}^{-1}$ for ALP masses $m_a < 1$ neV. We also calculated the sensitivity to ALPs by constraining the modulations in the spectra of the Galactic gamma-ray pulsars due to possible ALP-photon conversion. GAMMA-400 is expected to be more sensitive than the CAST helioscope for ALP masses $m_a \approx (1-10)$ neV reaching $g_{a\gamma}^{min} \approx 2 \cdot 10^{-11}~\mbox{GeV}^{-1}$. Other potentially interesting targets and candidates are briefly considered too.

The generation of solar cosmic rays occurs during explosive energy release in a solar flare, so in order to understand this phenomenon it is necessary to study both the mechanism of the solar flare and the process of particle acceleration by the generated electric field. It is necessary to investigate the processes of explosive release of energy and acceleration of charged particles occurring in the solar corona for really occurred flares. During a solar flare in the solar corona above the active region (AR), the energy stored in the magnetic field of the current sheet is released. The current sheet is formed in the vicinity of a singular X-type line in the magnetic field of the solar corona as a result of the accumulation of disturbances propagating from the solar surface.
Numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation in the corona, when all conditions are taken from observations and no assumptions about the flare mechanism are done in advance, confirmed the current sheet mechanism. Using the results of numerical simulation and observations, I.M. Podgorny proposed an electrodynamic model of a solar flare, explaining its main observational manifestations, in particular, the appearance of X-ray emission on the surface of the Sun. The acceleration of protons occurs along a singular line of the magnetic field of the current sheet by the electric field $ {\bf E} = - {\bf V} \times {\bf B} /c$, which increases during the instability of the current sheet. This mechanism of solar cosmic rays generation is confirmed by comparing the spectrum found by calculating the proton trajectories in the electric and magnetic fields obtained by MHD modeling with the spectrum obtained from the data of the worldwide network of neutron monitors. In order to get rid of the instability distorting the numerical solution caused by the unnaturally rapid change in the magnetic field at the photospheric boundary with the previously performed MHD simulation in the in the reduced scale of time, it is necessary to carry out MHD simulation in the real scale of time. Also, such a simulation is necessary for a more accurate study of the acceleration of charged particles and the possibility of their exit from the region of a strong magnetic field by calculating the particle trajectories in the electric and magnetic fields obtained by MHD simulation. MHD simulation in the solar corona above AR in the real scale of time can only be done using parallel computing on a supercomputer. The parallelization of the program PERESVET for numerical solving MHD equations of in two ways was carried out. Parallel computing with an OpenMP system uses many computer processor (CPU) threads. The most effective parallel computations were carried out using CUDA technology using graphics card (GPU) processors specially adapted for parallel computations. After a series of optimizations of the data exchange processes between the GPU memory and the memory of the CPU, the calculations for numerical solution of the MHD equations were accelerated by ~ 40-50 times. As a result of optimization of the approximation of the boundary conditions of free exit at the non-photospheric boundary, at which the plasma velocity near the boundary is significantly reduced, instability near the boundary, which previously hindered the numerical solution, was stabilized. The first results of MHD simulation in the real scale of time above the AR 10365 showed the appearance of a plasma flow near singular X-type lines, which have to cause to the formation of a current sheet. MHD simulation in the corona above the AR 10365 in the real scale of time and further optimization of the parallel computing method using CUDA technology for the numerical solution of MHD equations continues.

Muons are the dominant event signature for neutrino telescopes like IceCube and are the main background for neutrino searches.
Furthermore, they are used to investigate extended air showers.
In both cases, the stochasticity of the muon propagation is one key to perform the data extraction and an accurate understanding even of the edge cases is crucial.
The main process driving stochastic losses for TeV muons is bremsstrahlung.

In this talk, a feasibility study is presented to measure the cross section of stochastic losses using neutrino-induced muons.
The simulation study is based on the propagation of muons using the Monte-Carlo library PROPOSAL.
For different reconstruction methods and resolutions, the energy loss distribution for different muon energies is used to estimate the sensitivity to measure the bremsstrahlung cross section.
Two further systematic parameters, the detection efficiency, which scales the amount of detected light, and the spectral index are also estimated to analyze their correlation to the estimated bremsstrahlung normalization.
The simulation statistic corresponds to 10 years of up-going muon neutrino data in IceCube.

The hybrid metric-Palatini theory of gravity (HMPG), proposed in 2012 by T. Harko et al.,
is known to successfully describe both local (solar-system) and cosmological observations.
We discuss static. spherically symmetric vacuum solutions of HMPG with the aid of its scalar-tensor
representation. This scalar-tensor theory coincides with general relativity with a conformally
coupled scalar field (which can be canonical or phantom), therefore the known solutions of this
theory are re-interpreted in terms of HMPG. In particular, in the case of zero scalar field potential
$V(\phi)$, such that both Riemannian and Palatini Ricci scalars are zero, generic asymptotically
flat solutions either contain naked singularities or describe traversable wormholes, and there are
only special cases of black hole solutions with extremal horizons. There is also a one-parameter
family of solutions with an infinite number of extremal horizons between static regions. Examples
of analytical solutions with nonzero potentials $V(\phi)$ are also described, among them black
hole solutions with simple horizons which are generic but, for canonical scalars, they require
(at least partly) negative potentials. With phantom scalars there are ``black universe'' solutions
that lead, beyond the horizon, to an expanding universe instead of a singularity. Many of the
solutions under consideration turn out to be unstable under scalar monopole perturbations.
A similar study is carried out on static, cylindrically symmetric stringlike configurations.

It is described the motion of bright spot in jets from supermassive black holes M87 and SgrA viewed by a distant observer. It is supposed that the motion of this bright spot is ballistic. The trajectories of photons emitted by the bright spot and reaching a distant observer are calculated by using the Carter equations of motion for test particles in Kerr metric. We calculate the positions, forms and brightness as for the direct images of bright spot and also for the first and second light echoes in discrete times along the motion of bright spot in the jet.

We consider some properties and possible observational manifestations of very heavy primordial black holes, with mass ~10^9-10^10 solar masses. These black holes should be surrounded by dense dark matter and barionic halos even at early cosmological epochs. The gas dynamics properties of the barions provide the mechanisms as for emission of radiation and for deep absorption at the periphery of the halos. We calculate the absorption profile in the 21 cm line of atomic hydrogen by solving the equations of radiation transfer in the barionic halo around the primordial black holes. The possible astronomical method of search for such objects are also discussed.

We consider the formation of primordial black holes in in Brans-Dicke theory of gravity. The threshold of black hole formation have some corrections in comparison with General relativity. These corrections depend on the scalar field of the Brans--Dicke theory, and the corrections influence the probability of primordial black holes formation. This effect can lead to the formation of black hole clusters in the early universe which evolve in a certain way due to dynamical processes. The rate of black hole merges in the clusters can compete the merge of black holes in pairs. The applications for the LIGO/Virgo detection rate are discussed.

The existence of the ergosphere of the Kerr metric does not manifest itself in quantum equations for particles of different spins.
To justify the Penrose process with energy extraction from the ergosphere, it is necessary to substantiate and prove its existence within the framework of the consistent quantum theory.

The recent developments in the GR waves interferometry require more relevant theoretical models of GR waves generation and propagation. Leaving apart of possible mechanisms of the spin-2 space-time perturbations production, we will consider the case of their subsequent propagation with possible scattering on another black holes. Specifically, we consider a generalization of the Regge-Wheeler equation for the case of distorted black holes (black holes in surrounded matter) in Minkowski and AdS spaces, the metric potential of which obeys the Liouville equation (T. Moskalets & A.J. Nurmagambetov Eur. Phys. J. C55 (2015) 551). The absorption cross-section is computed for spin-2 particles (the axial perturbations over the background metric) in the small black hole and long-wave approximations. The subsequent analysis of the problem results in finding the natural restriction for the maximum angular momentum of the scattering/absorbed waves and in establishing the spectrum of the absorbed frequencies in AdS$_{4}$ space. In sum up we find a good agreement of the established results with the early obtained (A.A. Starobinski & S.M. Churilov Sov. Phys. JETP 65 (1974) 1).

Tidal forces near a black hole with scalar hairy

E.L. Andre, I.M. Potashov, Ju.V. Tchemarina, and A.N. Tsirulev

Faculty of Mathematics, Tver State University, 35 Sadovyi, Tver, Russia, 170002

We deal with static, asymptotically flat, spherically symmetric black holes supported by a minimally coupled scalar field with an arbitrary self-interaction potential. We consider a scalar black hole as a simple model of supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies surrounded by dark matter. Both the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit and the event horizon radius of such an object are less than those of a Schwarzschild black hole with the same mass. Moreover, they can be arbitrary small, so that tidal forces, acting on a star orbiting a scalar field black hole near its horizon, can be sufficiently large to disrupt the star. This means, in turn, that tidal effects can play an important role for the interpretation of observations in galactic astrophysics.

The spectrum of spinless modes in a model with the 〖SU(2)〗L×〖SU(2)〗_R symmetrical four-quark interaction proposed by Miransky, Tanabashi, and Yamawaki is studied. For the sake of simplicity, only four-fermion interactions of top and bottom quarks are considered. The spinless modes result from spontaneous electroweak interaction symmetry breaking and are coupled quark–antiquark states associated with SU(2) two Higgs doublets. Their dynamics is described by the effective Lagrangian obtained by the Schwinger– DeWitt method. The spectrum is represented by excitations of five types, the mass of each being expressed by the parameters of the model. It is shown that the model yields phenomenologically acceptable values of both the mass of quarks m_t=173 GeV and m_b=4.18 GeV and the mass of the standard Higgs state m(χ_1 )=125 GeV. The masses of the particles that comprise the second Higgs doublet m_(h^∓ )=275 GeV, m_(χ_1 )=325 GeV and m_(ϕ_0 )=125 GeV, have been calculated. The Nambu sum rule and the conditions for satisfying it in the theories with the broken 〖U(1)〗_A symmetry are discussed.

The MSSM Higgs sector extended by dimension-six operators $U^{(6)}$ [1], which are loop contributions in a Coleman-Weinberg-type potential, is considered. The presence of such additional contributions allows reopening phenomenological MSSM scenarios [2] closed in previous analyses.
In order to restrict corresponding parameter space, perturbative unitarity constraints must be satisfied.
The common approach for checking this is to consider a two-particle scattering
matrix of scalars in the large center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}$ limit where only point interactions contribute [3].
However, due to SUSY-particles interactions in MSSM,
trilinear couplings can be significant and
large contributions are present
at smaller $\sqrt{s}$ [4].
We find the analytical formula for quartic and cubic couplings for the Higgs potential extended by dimension-six operators,
compare results with loop corrected constraints, which use the large $\sqrt{s}$ approximation with and without additional $U^{(6)}$-contributions, and
show how the allowed regions in the parameter space are affected in these cases.

1. M. N. Dubinin and E. Yu. Petrova, Phys. Rev. D 95, 055021 (2017).
2. M. N. Dubinin and E. Yu. Petrova, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 33, 1850150 (2018); 1908.05223 [hep-ph].
3. B. W. Lee, C. Quigg, and H. B. Thacker, Phys. Rev. D 16, 1519 (1977); I. F. Ginzburg and I. P. Ivanov, Phys. Rev. D 72, 115010 (2005); A. G. Akeroyd, A. Arhrib, and E. Naimi, Phys. Lett. B 490, 119 (2000).
4. M. D. Goodsell and F. Staub, Eur. Phys. J. C 78, 649 (2018); M. E. Krauss and F. Staub, Phys.Rev. D98, no.1, 015041 (2018).

At present, four complementary methods are used to obtain the charge radii of light nuclei: an elastic scattering of electrons by nuclei, elastic scattering of muons by nuclei, spectroscopy of electron atoms, and high-precision laser spectroscopy in muonic atoms. Traditionally, elastic electron scattering was the first method to determine the internal structure of a proton. Elastic scattering of leptons by a target nucleus is described by form factors included in the theoretical expression for the scattering cross-section. A proton or other light nucleus is a compound particle, and its size is determined by the charge radius. It is related to the slope of the electric form factor of the proton $ G_{pE} (q) $ at $ q^2 = 0 $. Over the past two decades, atomic laser spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool for determining the charge radii of light nuclei. Atomic spectroscopy of hydrogen is an indirect way of determining the charge radius $ r_{pE} $ of a proton from presision measurements of certain energy intervals. While electron scattering and spectroscopy of electron atoms have been available for a long time, muon spectroscopy became available only in 2010 due to the work of the CREMA collaboration. As a result of the first CREMA experiments in 2010, the value $ r_{pE} = 0.84184 (67) $ fm was obtained, which was 10 times more accurate than all previous values from experiments with electronic systems. Moreover, this value was significantly less than the CODATA value, $ r_{pE} = 0.8768 (69) $ fm. This difference is called the "puzzle" of the proton radius. In this work, a precision study of the structure of energy levels of S-states of hydrogen in quantum electrodynamics is carried out taking into account corrections for vacuum polarization, nuclear structure, relativism, as well as complex combined corrections that include the above. The frequency of the transition between the levels of S-states is calculated, which is necessary for comparison with the corresponding experimental data.

The variants of quantum electrodynamics (QED) with spinors in fermion equations are briefly examined. In the new variants of the theory, there is no necessity in the concept of vacuum polarization. The new content of fermion vacuum (without the Dirac sea) in the examined QED variants leads to new physical consequences, part of which can be tested experimentally in the future.

Coulomb systems of three particles, consisting of an electron, a negative muon and a nucleus, are of significant interest in many areas of physics, including atomic spectroscopy and quantum electrodynamics. The ions of muonic lithium (µ e Li), beryllium (µ e Be), and boron (µ e B) include the simplest light nuclei behind hydrogen and helium. The lifetime of such ions is determined by the lifetime of the negative muon. These bound states have a complex energy structure, which arises as a result of the Coulomb interaction of particles, as well as the interaction of their magnetic moments. The interest in these systems is due to the fact that the composite particles in them have very different masses. As a result, the muon and the nucleus form a quasi-nucleus around which the electron moves, and the three-particle system itself looks, in the first approximation, like a two-particle atom. The electronic excited states 2S and 2P in such atoms can be investigated experimentally. In any case, such a program already exists for the muonic helium atom (µ e He). To calculate the energy levels in three-particle systems, in this work, we use the stochastic variational method, which has proven itself in the study of hydrogen mesomolecules.

In the framework of the quasipotential method in quantum electrodynamics, the energy interval (1S-2S) in muonic ions of lithium, beryllium and boron is calculated. We take into account corrections of fifth and sixth orders in fine structure constant, which are determined by relativistic effects, the effects of vacuum polarization, nuclear structure and recoil, as well as combined corrections including listed. Nuclear structure effects are expressed in terms of the charge radius of the nuclei in the case of one-photon interaction and the electromagnetic form factors of the nuclei in the case of two-photon interaction. The obtained numerical values of the energy interval (1S-2S) can be used for a comparison with future experimental data and for more accurate determination of the nucleus charge radii.

The hyperfine structure of excited states of muonic molecules tdμ, tpμ and dpμ is calculated on the basis of stochastic variational method. The basis wave functions are taken in the Gaussian form. All matrix elements of the Hamiltonian are calculated analytically. For numerical calculation, a computer code is written in the MATLAB system. Numerical values of hyperfine splitting of excited states in hydrogen mesomolecules tdμ, tpμ and dpμ are obtained.

Direct photons provide valuable insight into the collective properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma. They are emitted throughout the evolution of a heavy ion collision and do not interact strongly with the medium as they leave it. The PHENIX experiment has detected both a large yield and a large elliptic flow of low-$p_T$ direct photons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=$ 200 GeV. Calculation of thermal photon emission fall short in describing the yield and the anisotropy at the same time. An intriguing scaling behavior is observed between the low-$p_T$ direct photon production and the charge particle multiplicity across all $p$ ($d$)+A and A+A collision systems and different beam energies from 39 GeV to 2760 GeV, indicating similar photon sources for all these systems. To provide more insight into photon production mechanism and more constraints on theoretical models, precise measurement of the direct photon anisotropy is needed. In this talk, measurements of spectra and the flow coefficients of low-momentum will be presented with the high statistics of Au+Au data taken in the year 2014. New results provide a 10 fold increase in statistics for the measurement of direct photon yields and their anisotropy.

We present the first measurements of diffraction in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=8.16$ TeV proton-lead collisions with CMS. The very large angular coverage of CMS is used to tag rapidity gaps in the forward regions on both the proton-going and lead-going sides to identify both pomeron-lead and pomeron-proton topologies. The present data provide essentially unique information for understanding the high energy limit of QCD and modeling cosmic ray air showers since the previous measurement of these processes was done at energy almost 300 times lower ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}=30$ GeV). The results are compared to predictions from the EPOS-LHC, QGSJET and HIJING event generators.

In the present investigation, using effective Lagrangian approach, we investigate the shift in the mass of $J/\psi$ state. The in-medium mass of $J/\psi$ state is evaluated through the consideration of intermediate pseudoscalar $D$ and $\bar{D}$ mesons to the $J/\psi$ self energy. The impact of medium is incorporated through the in-medium mass of $D$ meson calculated using chiral SU(3) model + QCD sum rule approach. The self energy loop integrals are regularized using the phenomenological form factor of the dipole form. Further, we show the sensitivity of the cut off masses used in these dipole form factor on the result of the present analysis. In addition, we compare our present results with the previous work. These results may be important to understand the possible outcomes of the heavy ion collision experiments, e.g., CBM and PANDA.

Thermal photons serve as valuable probes of the hot and dense medium produced in heavy ion collisions. The effective thermal photon temperature measured at RHIC and LHC energies far exceeds the temperature predicted for the phase space transition into the deconfined state of quarks and gluons, known as quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Direct photon measurements in heavy ion collisions at the future NICA collider may help to measure the effective temperature of the produced medium at lower energies and trace the transition from QGP to the hadron gas state. In this contribution, we present feasibility studies on the thermal photon measurements in Au-Au collisions using the photon conversion method in the MPD experiment at NICA.

This work was funded by RFBR according to the research project No18-02-40045 and partially supported by the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI in the framework of the Russian Academic Excellence Project (contract No.02.a03.21.0005, 27.08.2013).

HADES is a large acceptance di-electron spectrometer operating at SIS18, GSI, Germany to study hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 1-2 AGeV beam energies. The new electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) was used for the first time at the HADES setup in 2019 for the study of Ag+Ag reaction at 1.23 AGeV and 1.58 AGeV beam energies.
The talk is devoted to methods of the π0 mass spectra reconstruction from these data. The analysis includes several steps: 1) calibration of each module of the ECal detector, 2) identification of γ-quants, 3) reconstruction of γ-γ invariant mass spectra, 4) subtraction of combinatorial background and 5) efficiency correction. The obtained results show experimental capabilities of the new detector and allow to normalize yields of other particles.

The production of heavy-flavour hadrons in high-energy hadronic collisions is a unique source of information on various aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Due to their large masses, heavy quarks are produced almost exclusively in initial hard partonic scatterings and survive up to the later stages of the collision. Unexpected collective-like behaviours of heavy and light flavour particles have been observed in small systems, in events with high final state multiplicity, that are similar to collectivity in heavy-ion collisions where the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is formed. Recent studies attribute this behaviour to semi-hard vacuum QCD effects such as of Multiple-Parton Interactions (MPI).

In this talk, we will present recent ALICE results of inclusive and multiplicity dependent production of heavy-flavour particles in pp collisions. Besides providing a reference for nuclear modification of heavy-ion collisions, these results give insight into the semi-hard QCD effects mentioned above.

Anisotropic transverse flow is one of the main observables in the study of strongly interacting matter created in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Spatial asymmetry of overlapping region of two ions transforms due to particles interaction into momentum anisotropy of produced hadrons. Comparison of measured azimuthal anisotropy with theoretical calculations allows to extract properties of the created matter such as its equation of state.

The results of flow analysis in Au-Au collisions relative to the spectator symmetry plane at the beam energy of 1.23A GeV recorded with the HADES experiment are presented. The spectator symmetry plane is estimated with subevents from the HADES Forward Wall hodoscope. Three-subevent technique is used for differential measurements of the directed and elliptic flow of protons and to extract systematic uncertainties in the event plane determination. Corrections for the detector azimuthal non-uniformity are applied using an extension of the Qn-Corrections Framework developed originally for the ALICE experiment at the LHC.

The study was partially supported by RFBR, research project No. 18-02-40086.

Heavy flavor production is an ideal tool to study the properties of
the QCD medium created at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The kinematic coverage and
production mechanisms of the heavy flavor are different between RHIC
and LHC. The PHENIX experiment has a comprehensive physics program
which studies open heavy flavor and quarkonium production in
relativistic heavy-ion collisions. It is critical to measure both open
heavy flavor and quarkonium in different collision systems to
disentangle cold (initial state) and hot nuclear medium (final)
effects. The heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are predominantly
produced in the early stage of the collisions via hard partonic
scattering processes. Therefore, they experience the full evolution of
the nuclear medium.

The recent PHENIX results on heavy flavor and quarkonium production
measured in p+p, p+Al, p+Au, He+Au, and Au+Au collisions as a function
of centrality, rapidity, and transverse momentum will be presented,
and interpretation of the results with respect to the current
theoretical understanding will be discussed in this talk.

The next CERN project - High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), which is aimed at ten-fold increase in the luminosity of proton-proton collisions at energy of 14 TeV, is expected to start operation in 2027/28 and will deliver an unprecedented scientific data volume of multi-exabyte scale. This amount of data has to be stored and the corresponding storage system should ensure fast and reliable data delivery for processing by scientific groups distributed all over the world. The present LHC computing and data management model will not be able to provide the required infrastructure growth even taking into account the expected hardware technology evolution. To address this challenge the new state-of-the-art data management technologies are now being developed and are presented here. The possibilities of application of the HL-LHC distributed data handling technique for other particle and astro-particle physics experiments dealing with large-scale data volumes like DUNE, LSST, BELLE-II, JUNO etc. are also discussed.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been successfully delivering proton-proton collision data at the unprecedented center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. An upgrade is planned to increase the instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC, in what is called the HL-LHC, aiming to deliver a total of about 3000/fb of data to the ATLAS detector. To cope with the expected data-taking conditions ATLAS is planning major upgrades of the detector.

In this contribution we present an overview of the physics reach expected for a wide range of measurements and searches at the HL-LHC for the ATLAS experiment, including Higgs couplings, di-Higgs boson production sensitivity, Vector Boson Scattering prospects as well as discovery potential for electroweak SUSY and other benchmark scenarios for exotic beyond-SM physics.

The rich physics program of CMS experiment depends on the ability to trigger, reconstruct and identify events with electrons and photons with the CMS detector with excellent efficiency and precision. This talk will present an overview of reconstruction and identification of electrons and photons in the CMS detector at the Run2 of LHC, and plans for upcoming Run3. The reconstruction of the energy and momentum of isolated electrons and photons in CMS, combining information from electromagnetic calorimeter and tracking detector, will be briefly described. The key variables used to discriminate between electromagnetic objects and jets will be discussed as well. The cut-based and multivariate identification criteria of electrons and photons are based on these variables. The performance of triggering, reconstruction and identification of electrons and photons will be reported.

The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB energy-asymmetric $e^+ e^-$ collider is a substantial upgrade of the B factory facility at the Japanese KEK laboratory. The design luminosity of the machine is $8\times 10^{35}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ and the Belle II experiment aims to record 50 ab$^{-1}$ of data, a factor of 50 more than its predecessor. With this data set, Belle II will be able to measure the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, the matrix elements and their phases, with unprecedented precision and explore flavor physics with $B$ and charmed mesons, and $\tau$ leptons. Belle II has also a unique capability to search for low mass dark matter and low mass mediators. We also expect exciting results in quarkonium physics with Belle II. In this presentation, we will review the status of the Belle II detector, the results of the planned measurements with the full available Belle II data set, and the prospects for physics at Belle II.

Observation of neutral long-lived particle (LLP) can be the first sign for physics beyond the Standard Model at the LHC. These particles are invisible until they decay into detectable Standard Model particles some macroscopic distance away from the collision. Their existence is theoretically well motivated and can provide explanations to known unexplained phenomena such as Dark Matter, the Baryon Asymmetry of the universe, neutrino masses, and the Hierarchy Problem. The current LHC search programs focus mostly on energetic final states produced promptly within subatomic distances of the proton collision. These searches are largely insensitive to neutral LLPs. An LLP surface detector may be the only way of discovering new physics and, by that, solving fundamental puzzles of the incomplete Standard Model. These considerations prompt the MATHUSLA experiment (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles), which opens a new avenue for discovery of Physics Beyond the Standard Model at the LHC. The large-volume detector will be placed above the CMS experiment with O(100) m of rock separation from the LHC interaction point. It is instrumented with a tracking system to observe LLP decays inside its empty volume. The experiment is composed of a modular array of detectors covering together (100 × 100) m$^2$ × 25 m high. It is planned in time for the high luminosity LHC runs.

MATHUSLA, with a large detection area and good granularity tracking system, is also an efficient cosmic-ray Extensive Air Shower (EAS) detector. It could reach a very good time, spatial and angular resolution, and the several tracking layers might allow performing very precise cosmic-ray measurements up to the PeV scale.

We will describe the detector concept and layout, the current status of the project, the on-going cosmic ray studies, as well as the future plans. We will also report on the recently published results of the background measurements made by the test stand installed above the ATLAS detector in 2018. The ability to improve significantly cosmic ray studies in the 100 TeV - 100 PeV energy range by adding a $10^4 \,\textrm{m}^2$ layer of RPCs with both digital and analogue readout will also be discussed with a focus on large zenith angle EAS.

The SPASCHARM experiment at U70 is ready to study spin effects in inclusive production of various particles on frozen polarized proton target. The project is aimed at studying a fundamental problem of modern particle physics, such as the mechanism of spin asymmetries in the production of hadrons. The research is planned to be conducted in the kinematic domain of nonperturbative Quantum Chromodynamics, which is difficult for the theory (the region of confinement or "non-flight" of quarks). In contrast to most polarization experiments, the SPASCHARM wide-aperture precision spectrometer can measure both charged and neutral particles at a wide solid angle and full azimuthal angle in the fragmentation region of a negative particle beam with an energy of 28 GeV. The specific task of this study is to measure experimentally single-spin asymmetry in inclusive production of charged pions on the beam fragmentation region. We present the status of the experiment and the analysis of data collected during testbeam and first physical data taking run.

Recent results from the ATLAS experiment on production, decays and spectroscopy of heavy flavour hadrons will be presented. The latest results on the CP violation in B_s to J/psi phi decays will be discussed. Measurements of the inclusive and associated charmonium production will be also reported. In addition, searches for pentaquarks with hidden charm and recent results on B_c meson production and decays will be highlighted.

Studies of excited states of beauty mesons and baryons, performed at the CMS experiment, are presented. The analyses use Run-2 data, collected in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV.

on behalf of the LHCb collaboration
The LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider is one of the best instruments for charmed baryon spectroscopy available today. Due to its unique design and characteristics as well as stable operation of the LHC, the detector enables measurements of rare and suppressed decays with high accuracy.The report is devoted to the recent observations of the suppressed decays of the baryons Ξ+_c and Ξ0_с and search for CP violation in Ξ+_c baryon decays that were performed at LHCb.

The CKM angle $\gamma$ is the least well known of the angles of the unitarity triangle and the only one that is accessible with tree-level decays in a theoretically clean way. The key method to measure $\gamma$ is through the interference between $B^+\to D^0 K^+$ and $B^+ \to \bar D^0 K^+$ decays which occurs if the final state of the charm-meson decay is accessible to both the $D^0$ and $\bar D^0$ mesons. The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB energy-asymmetric $e^+ e^-$ collider is a substantial upgrade of the B factory facility at the Japanese KEK laboratory. The design luminosity of the machine is $8\times 10^{35}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ and the Belle II experiment aims to record 50 ab$^{-1}$ of data, a factor of 50 more than its predecessor. Main operation of SuperKEKB has started in March 2019 and a results from the full available Belle II data set will be presented. To achieve the best sensitivity, a large variety of $D$ and $B$ decay modes is required, which is possible at Belle II experiment as almost any final state can be reconstructed including those with photons. With the ultimate Belle II data sample of 50 ab$^-1$, a determination of $\gamma$ with a precision of 1 degree or better is foreseen. This talk will explain the details of the planned measurement at Belle II and include results related to these measurements obtained with the data already collected, including the first studies of the golden mode for $\phi_3$ at Belle II: $B^{+}\to D(K_{\rm S}^0\pi^{+}\pi^{-})K^+$.

The absolute branching fraction of the decay B+ to X(3872) K+ is measured for the first time using the full BABAR data sample, thanks to a recoil mass method insensitive to the X(3872) decay modes. The branching fraction X(3872) to J/psi pi+pi- , and actually all X(3872) branching fractions corresponding to final states identified so far, can thus be determined. The partial widths of all these decays, and its production rate at the LHC can thus be compared to the various theoretical models to further constraint the complex nature of this particle.

Recent CMS results on exotic states, including X(3872) and search for new states decaying into Y(1S)mu+mu-, are presented. The analyses are based on data, collected by the CMS experiment in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV

In the Standard Model, the flavor-changing neutral currents of the $b \to s$ and $b \to d$ transitions appear as vacuum effects, at the one-loop level. Rare semileptonic decays of $B$-mesons, originating by these currents, are extremely useful tools for testing the Standard Model and searching for a possible physics beyond the Standard Model. Differential branching fractions of semileptonic $B$-decays and angular distributions in some of them are experimentally measured by LHCb, ATLAS and CMS collaborations at LHC as well as by BaBar and Belle at $B$-factories. Here, we consider the rare $B^+ \to P \ell^+ \ell^-$ decay, where $P$ is a pseudoscalar meson and $\ell = e, \mu$ is a charged lepton. For example, we present results on the dilepton invariant-mass spectrum and decay rate for $B^+ \to \pi^+ \ell^+ \ell^-$ based on the effective Hamiltonian approach for the $b \to d \ell^+ \ell^-$ transitions in two cases — with taking into account weak annihilation diagrams and without this contribution. Our prediction for total branching fraction of $B^+ \to \pi^+ \mu^+ \mu^-$ is in a good agreement with the LHCb result (Aaij R. et al.. LHCb Collab,. JHEP. 10 (2015) 34) within experimental uncertainties. Мoreover, accounting weak annihilation contributions allow us to obtain a better agreement with the experimental data on the distribution in the muon-pair invariant mass squared $q^2$ in the entire kinematically allowed region and, in particular, in its lowest $q^2$-part. This differs from the previous analysis, where the low-$q^2$ experimental peak was obtained through the long-distance contributions from light vector mesons.

Recently the LHCb Collaboration reported about the observation of four excited states $\Omega_b (6316)$, $\Omega_b (6330)$, $\Omega_b (6340)$, and $\Omega_b (6350)$ in the $\Xi_b^0 K^-$ invariant mass spectrum. Possible spin-parity assignments of these resonances in the Quark-Diquark Model as $P$-wave baryons is discussed and a comparison with theoretical predictions based on the heavy-quark symmetry is given. Parameters of the effective Hamiltonian used for mass estimations are determined from the observed spectrum of $\Omega_b^-$-baryons.

The recent results of the partial wave analysis of $J/\psi \to K^+K^-\pi^0$ reaction using $(223.7\pm1.4)\times 10^{6}$ $J/\psi$ decays collected by BESIII collaboration in 2009 will be presented. The high data quality and statistics of the BESIII experiment allowed revealing signals that had not been observed previously in $J/\psi$ decays. The reported results for $K^*(892)^\pm$ and $K^*_2(1430)^\pm$ parameters are currently the most precise. The $K^*_2(1980)^\pm$, $K^*_4(2045)^\pm$ resonances are reported for the first time in $J/\psi$ decays. Two resonance signals in the $K^+K^-$ channel are reported and their interpretation will be discussed. Results also include branching ratios for decays through these intermediate states and a high precision measurement of $Br(J/\psi \to K^+K^-\pi^0)$. The results are significantly different from those presented earlier by BESII and BABAR.

The high-granularity electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) of the Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) at heavy-ion NICA collider is designed to measure precisely the spatial position and energy of photons and electrons in the case of high density of the secondary particles from heavy-ion collisions. These requirements can be achieved by a high segmentation of the calorimeter within projective geometry. Each calorimeter cell has a sampling structure from alternating layers of 1.5 mm plastic scintillator and 0.3 mm lead. The calibration measurements were realized at the beginning of 2020 on the electron beam of S-25P synchrotron «Pakhra» of the Lebedev Physics Institute. An assembly of three calorimeter modules (48 cells) was tested using electrons with energies from 30 to 300 MeV. The experimental results in comparison with simulated data are presented and discussed. This work was supported by RFBR grants No. 18-02-40079.

The large barrel-shaped, shashlyk-type electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) is an important part of the Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) of the heavy-ion NICA experiment, and is designed to provide spatial and energy measurements for photons and electrons in the energy range from 40 MeV to 2-3 GeV. To deal with the high multiplicity, the ECal is finely segmented and made up of 38,400 cells ('towers') which are grouped into modules of 16 'towers' each. ECal projective geometry of the 'towers' oriented towards the beam interaction zone results in 8 different types of modules depending on their position in the ECal. As beam calibration of each individual 'tower' is time and resource expensive, we discuss our strategy of calibration for the ECal modules with cosmic muons and present some preliminary results.

Sampling calorimeters of the "shashlyk" type are widely used in high-energy physics due to the low cost of construction materials and good energy resolution. Using this technology, within the framework of the NICA / MPD project, a cylindrical electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) with a diameter of 4 m and a length of 6 m is being created. It contains 38400 towers of the "shashlyk" type with a total weight of about 60 tons. The towers represent a truncated pyramid with a base of 4x4 cm2, containing 200 alternating 1.5 mm thick polystyrene scintillator and 0.3 mm thick lead plates pierced with 16 Kuraray Y11 wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers 1.2 mm in diameter for collecting light on an avalanche silicon multipixel photon counter (MPPC) Hamamatsu S13360-6025PE (~ 64000 cells) with an area of 6x6 mm2. In this configuration, one can hope to obtain subnanosecond time resolution for ECAL towers. This will expand the capabilities of ECAL in particle identification, background rejection and clustering in high multiplicity events. .This report is devoted to modeling the time response of ECAL. In full, this task is reduced to obtaining the distribution of energy release in scintillators, converting it into blue light, collecting these photons on the WLS fibers, converting blue to green light and capture it in fibers, transportation to the MPPC, shaping its output signal and registration by digital electronics. Results are given for a part of this common task. GEANT4 environment has unique possibilities of Monte Carlo simulation, which has been repeatedly tested for calculations in the areas of high energy density of matter, astrophysics, accelerator physics, and radiation medicine, in which most of the well-studied processes of interaction of particles and radiation with matter are taken into account, including optical processes, scintillation, Cherenkov radiation, interaction of photons with the boundaries of media, wavelengths shifting in fibers and others. Within the framework of the GEANT4 package, a numerical simulation of the light collection from the ECAL tower was carried out. The influence of reflective coatings of the scintillator surface, the propagation of light in fibers, taking into account their multilayer structure and light reflection from their ends, as well as the effects of joining a fiber bundle with an MPPC are considered. The time shapes of the light signal at the MPPPC input were obtained, both taking into account only geometric effects and with the scintillation and WLS reemission decay times. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant No. 18-02-40054

The main purpose of the forward hadron calorimeter (Projectile Spectator Detector PSD) in the NA61/SHINE experiment is to provide an experimental measurement of a heavy-ion collision centrality and orientation of its reaction plane. Precise event-by-event estimate of these basic observables is crucial for many physics phenomena studies to be performed by the NA61 Collaboration. The PSD is a modular compensating lead-scintillator calorimeter designed to measure the energy distribution of the projectile nuclei fragments (spectators) and forward going particles produced close to the beam rapidity. Each module of the PSD has a lead-scintillator sandwich structure with longitudinal segmentation. A scintillator light readout is provided by WLS-fibers and by silicon photomultipliers (micropixel avalanche photodiodes).
In order to fulfill the future requirements for NA61/SHINE experiment upgrade the PSD has been re-designed. The beam rate at NA61/SHINE is expected to be increased ten times. To prevent radiation damage of PSD modules the new calorimeter system consist of two calorimeters: main PSD (MPSD) with a beam hole in the center and forward PSD (FPSD) as a beam dump downstream of NA61/SHINE experiment area. The new approaches for centrality determination with upgraded forward hadron calorimeter system will be discussed. The first results of MPSD + FPSD performance tests will be presented.

PHOS is a highly granulated precision spectrometer, one of the two
electromagnetic calorimeters of ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)
at the LHC. It is based on scintillating PbWO4 crystals and is
dedicated to the precise measurements of spectra, collective flow and
correlations of thermal and prompt direct photons, and of neutral mesons
in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions at LHC energies. PHOS
participated in LHC Run 1 (2009-2013) and Run 2 (2015-2018), during which a large
amount of physical data were collected in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions.

The choice of active material with small Molière radius allows PHOS to
operate in a high-multiplicity environment and to reconstruct neutral pions
by two-photon decays up to very high transverse momenta ~60 GeV/c. In
order to increase the light yield of the crystals and reduce electronic noise,
PHOS is cooled down and kept at a constant temperature of -25^{\circ} C. This resulted in
excellent energy and position resolutions. Dedicated L0 and L1
triggers were used to increase collected integrated luminosity during
data taking.

We will present an overview of the PHOS performance during Runs 1 and 2 and plans for
an upgrade for LHC Run 4 (currently expected for 2025-2027) and beyond. PHOS
upgrade is ongoing and covers the following three aspects: front-end cards (FEC)
using modern components to improve timing resolution and operation
reliability; photodetectors to increase sensitivity to
low-energy photons and to improve timing resolution; mechanical structure of
modules to ease access to FEC and improve
operation reliability. The physics program of the upgraded PHOS will also be
discussed.

TileCal, the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector is a key system to measure and reconstruct hadrons, jets, hadronic decays from tau leptons and missing transverse energy, also participating in muon identification. TileCal is a sampling calorimeter composed of plastic scintillators interleaved by iron plates. Wavelength shifting optical fibres collect the scintillating light from the tiles and are read by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The calorimeter comprises 64 wedged modules across the azimuthal direction, segmented radially and in pseudorapidity to define the 5000 detector cells. Double cell readout, by approximately 10000 PMTs, provides redundancy in the cell energy measurement.
The TileCal energy scale was determined a priori with test beam measurements and, during operation, dedicated calibration systems allow to monitor each step of the readout chain independently to address respective response fluctuations. A Cesium radioactive source assesses the response of the whole detector, a laser system provides controlled light pulses to monitor the photodetectors and the front-end electronics is calibrated through charge injection. Besides, the integrated current of the cells' response to minimum bias events provides auxiliary information on the whole detector response stability during proton collisions.
The performance of the detector during Run 2 was studied with cosmic ray muons and the large sample of proton-proton collisions during data quality assessment activities. Furthermore, isolated hadrons and high momentum muons were used as probes to study the response of the calorimeter at the hadronic and electromagnetic energy scale, respectively. The influence of pile-up on the detector noise levels and the detector response uniformity were also analysed and compared to estimates from Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the time resolution of TileCal was investigated with multijet events.
In this presentation, the methods and results of the TileCal Calibration and Performance during Run 2 will be presented.

The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment. It is a sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and scintillators as active medium. The scintillators are read-out by wavelength shifting fibers coupled to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The TileCal response and its readout electronics are monitored to better than 1% using radioactive source, laser and charge injection systems.
Both the on- and off-detector TileCal electronics will undergo major upgrades in preparation for the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) expected to begin in 2027, so that the system can cope with the HL-LHC increased radiation levels and out-of-time pileup and can meet the requirements of a 1 MHz trigger.
PMT signals from every TileCal cell will be digitized and sent directly to the back-end electronics, where the signals are reconstructed, stored, and sent to the first level of trigger at a rate of 40 MHz. This will provide better precision of the calorimeter signals used by the trigger system and will allow the development of more complex trigger algorithms.

The TileCal upgrade program has included extensive R&D and test beam studies. A Demonstrator module with reverse compatibility with the existing system was inserted in ATLAS in August 2019 for testing in actual detector conditions.
The main features of the TileCal upgrade program and results obtained from the Demonstrator tests will be discussed.

The upgrade of the ATLAS hadronic tile-calorimeter (TileCAL) Low-Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) falls under the high-luminosity LHC upgrade. This upgrade is composed of multiple projects that when combined will form the latest iteration of the LVPS. One such project is focused on an LVPS component known as a brick, which is a transformer coupled to a buck converter. These bricks function is to step-down bulk 200VDC current to the 10VDC current required by the front-end electronics of a TileCAL module. Due to the LVPS bricks being located on-detector they are of a highly refined custom design. Within the development and production phase of these bricks the use of a custom built test-bed known as the Burn-in station is required. The Burn-in test station functions to detect the premature failure of electronic components on an LVPS brick via a process known as accelerated ageing. By doing so the test station is able to ensure improved reliability of an LVPS brick once installed within ATLAS and therefore occupies a key role within the TileCAL LVPS brick testing facilities.

Doubly-heavy baryons, whose dynamics is determined by a light quark sutuated in a color field of a static pair of heavy quarks, are investigated. Non-local interpolation currents are introduced and corresponding matrix elements between the baryon and vacuum state are expressed in terms of light-cone distribution amplitudes. Model functions for baryon distribution amplitudes are suggested and their scale dependence is studied in the pertubative QCD framework. The similarity between the heavy meson and doubly-heavy baryon disribution amplitudes is discussed.

The production cross section value of $D$ wave states of $B_c$ meson is estimated for LHC experiments. The observation perspectives of such states at LHC experiments are discussed.

We discuss $J/\psi\ \eta_c$ production in $e^+e^-$ annihilation at NLO. We are focusing at virtual $Z_0$ contribution into this process. Cross-sections behavior at high energies will be performed.

In the presented paper production of charmonium state $\mathcal{Q}$ in exclusive $W\to\mathcal{Q} D_s^{(*)}$ decays is analyzed in the framework of both leading order Nonrelativistic Quantum Chromodynamics (NRQCD) and light-cone expansion (LC) models. Analytical and numerical predictions for the branching fractions of these decays in both approaches are given. The typical value of the branching fractions is $\sim 10^{-11}$ and it turns out that the LC results are about 4 times lager than NRQCD ones, so the effect of internal quark should be taken into account. Some estimates of color-octet contributions are presented and it is shown, that these contributions could be comparable with color-singlet results.

The contributions to the cross sections ${ t\bar{t} t\bar{t}}$ and $t\bar{t}b\bar{b}$ production at the LHC from color scalar octets (scalar gluons) $F_a$ predicted by the minimal model with four color quark-lepton symmetry are calculated.
From current LHC data on total cross section of $ t\bar{t}t\bar{t}$ and $t\bar{t}b\bar{b}$ production we found the mass limits on color scalar octets $F_a$.

The crucial phenomenological and experimental predictions for new physics are outlined, where the number of problems of the Standard Model (neutrino masses and oscillations, dark matter, baryon asymmetry of the Universe, strong CP-problem) could find their solutions.

The analogies between the Cosmological time evolution of the early universe and multiparticle production in high-energy collisions are discussed and the search for new physics and phenomena.

Production of dijets with large rapidity separation at colliders in
modified logarithm approximations is considered.
The results for resummations of different type of logarithms:
soft-gluon, non-global and Sudakov ones are obtained.
The results for various dijet observables are confronted with LHC data.

The foreseen upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will lead to an increase of its luminosity up to $5$-$7 \times 10^{34} \, cm^{-2}s^{-1}$, five times more than the original design value. The CMS muon system must be able to sustain a physics program after the increase of luminosity and maintain sensitivity for electroweak physics for TeV scale searches achieved during Run 2. To cope with the corresponding increase in background rates and trigger requirements, the installation of additional sets of muon detectors based on Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology, referred to as GE1/1, GE2/1 and ME0, has been planned. The installation and commissioning of the GE1/1 detectors in the CMS experiment have been scheduled in two separate phases: the first 72 detectors have been already installed together with their services (gas, cooling, low voltage and high voltage) in 2019 and they are undergoing the commissioning phase, while the completion of the station is foreseen in autumn 2020. The author will describe the detector design, the quality assurance and certification path, as well as will present the status of the installation and commissioning, worth its preliminary results and an overview for the complete integration of the GE1/1 project on the CMS experiment.

The Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS experiment is designed to prepare its detectors for operation at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The upgraded collider will begin operation in 2027, featuring new challenging conditions in terms of data throughput, pile-up and radiation, reasons for which the tracker detector will be entirely replaced by a new design. We present the current development activities ongoing in CMS aimed at the design, test and validation of the components of the tracker detector, and its read-out, calibration, control, and data processing chains.

The Muon Drift Tube (MDT) chambers provide very precise and reliable muon tracking and momentum measurement in the ATLAS muon spectrometer. Already in Run 2 of the LHC they have to cope with very high background counting rates up to 500 $Hz/cm^2$ in the inner endcap layers. At High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the background rates are expected to increase by almost a factor of 10. New small (15 mm)-diameter Muon Drift Tube (so-called sMDT) detectors have been developed for upgrades of the muon spectrometer. They provide an about an order of magnitude higher rate capability and allow for the installation of additional new triple-RPC trigger chambers in the barrel inner layer of the muon detector for HL-LHC. They have been designed for mass production at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Physics in Munich and achieve a sense of wire positioning accuracy of 5 microns. A pilot project for the barrel inner layer upgrade is underway during the 2019/20 LHC shutdown. Several sMDT chambers have already been installed and operated in the ATLAS detector. The detailed studies of the muon detection efficiency and muon track resolution have been carried out after the assembling of the sMDT detectors in MPI and repeated at CERN after the integration with the new tRPC detectors. The author will describe the detector design, the quality assurance and certification path, as well as will present the status of the installation and commissioning, worth its preliminary results and an overview for the complete integration of the sMDT project In the ATLAS experiment.

The results of the study of a large-size, multilayer Micromegas detector with X-ray source Cd-109 are discussed. The detector consists of 4 layers, each of them is a Micromegas detector with resistive anode and strip-based read-out structure. The gas volume of the chamber is splitted to 4 parts interconnected in 6 points. Results of the measurements of the gas gain curves and the 1st Townsend coefficient as well as the E_amp/E_drift characteristics are presented and discussed. Based on this results it is shown the presents of gas leak in the module, influence of the leak on operation of the module is estimated.

New developments of pixel detectors based on GaAs sensors offer effective registration of the Transition radiation X-rays and perfom simultanious measurements of thier energies and the emission angles. This unique feature opens new possibilities for particle identification on the basis of maximum available information about generated TR photons. Results of studies of TR energy-angular distributions using GaAs sensor bonded to TimePix3 chip are presented. Measurements, analysis techniques and a comparison with MC simulations will be descried and discussed.

Studying of hadron production in forward direction at the LHC energy has
a great interest both for understanding of the fundamental QCD processes
and also in applied areas such as the description of
ultra-high energy cosmic particle interactions.
Since the energies of secondary hadrons in such studies almost reaches
the maximum energy available at the LHC of $\sim$6 TeV, the most effective
technique for particle identification is based on the transition radiation
detectors (TRD).
We propose a concept of TRD based on straw proportional tubes with specially
designed radiators and suitable for identification of hadrons with
Lorentz $\gamma$-factor up to 10$^4$ and above.
A prototypes of such kind of detector were built and tested at the CERN SPS
accelerator.
Some experimental results obtained are shortly observed here as well as
corresponding Monte Carlo simulation model showing perfect agreement
with the experiment.
On this basis the concept of full-scale TRD was developed and tuned for
hadron identification in TeV energy region.
Different particle identification techniques were proposed and tested.
Finally, we present the expected detector performance in composition
reconstruction of secondary hadrons produced in forward direction at the LHC.

Hybrid pixel semiconductor detectors find more and more applications in modern experimental setups. In particular, pixelated detectors based on GaAs:Cr sensor and Timepix3 chip are used in R&D for a state-of-the-art Transition Radiation Detector prototype at CERN. Motivation and usage aspects for GaAs:Cr-Timepix3 device in the experiment are covered in the talk. Author’s contribution to the work of the research group is a study of charge collection and transportation processes in the sensor including fluorescence and so-called charge sharing effect. These are able to significantly affect both spatial and energy resolution of the system. Estimates for the effects are obtained via numerical modelling and then used to analyze the impact on the detector performance.

Nowadays the silicon detectors are playing a significant role in the experimental studies of the nuclear matter properties. Using ultra-thin silicon pixel detectors for high-precision identification of charged particles it should be possible to investigate the new properties of nuclear matter arising in relativistic nuclear collisions. To provide stable operational conditions of such detectors, the efficient mechanic and cooling systems at minimum material budget are used.
In present work, the ideas and developments for mechanic and cooling systems for the new vertex detectors based on silicon pixel sensors have been presented.
The reported study was supported by RFBR, research project No. 18-02-40075.

Multi-particle cumulants of azimuthal angle correlations have been compelling tools to probe the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) created in the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions and the search for the QGP in small collision systems at the LHC. However, only very few of them are available and have been studied in theoretical calculations and experimental measurements, while the rest are generally very interesting, but their direct implementation was not feasible.

In this talk, I will present a generic recursive algorithm for multi-particle cumulants, which enables the calculation of arbitrary order single and mixed harmonic multi-particle cumulants. Among them, the new 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-particle cumulants of a single harmonic, named $c_{n}\{10\}$, $c_{n}\{12\}$, $c_{n}\{14\}$, and $c_{n}\{16\}$, and the corresponding $v_n$ coefficients, will be discussed for the first time. The Monte Carlos studies show that these new multi-particle cumulants can be readily used along with updates to the generic framework of multi-particle correlations to a very high order. Finally, I will propose a particular series of mixed harmonic multi-particle cumulants, which measures the general correlations between any moments of different flow coefficients. The study of these new multi-particle cumulants in heavy-ion collisions will significantly improve the understanding of the joint probability density function which involves both different harmonics of flow and also the symmetry planes. This will pave the way for more stringent constraints on the initial state and help to extract more precisely information on how the created hot and dense matter evolves. Meanwhile the efforts applied to small systems could be very helpful in the understanding of the origin of the observed collectivity at the LHC.

​The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS has recently extended its
program for the energy scan with Pb ions. In the past, the NA49
experiment, which preceded NA61/SHINE, also recorded data for
Pb-Pb collisions at different energies. Together, the two experiments
cover a wide range of beam energies provided by the CERN SPS in the range 13 - 150 A GeV/c. Analysis of the new NA61/SHINE data and reanalysis of the existing NA49 data
using modern measurement techniques allow for a new comprehensive
systematic study of collective flow relative to the spectator plane. The measurements at the lowest energy available at the SPS are also
relevant for the preparation of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM)
heavy-ion​ experiment​ at​ the​ future​ FAIR​ facility​ in​ Darmstadt.

We will present new NA61/SHINE results on directed and elliptic flow
measurement in Pb-Pb collisions at 13 and 30A GeV/c relative to the
spectator plane determined with the Projectile Spectator Detector. Also
a new analysis of 40​A GeV data collected by the NA49 experiment using
forward spectator calorimeters (VETO and RCAL) will be shown. The flow
coefficients are reported as a function of rapidity and transverse
momentum in different classes of collision centrality. The new results
are compared with existing results from the previous NA49 analysis and
the STAR experiment at RHIC.

Femtoscopic correlations of two identical charged pions and kaons are measured in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=13 TeV by the ALICE collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to probe the space-time characteristics of particle production. High multiplicity pp collisions at the LHC reach particle densities comparable to those measured in peripheral heavy-ion collisions. A decrease of correlation radii with increasing pair transverse momentum is observed for both pion and kaon pairs in this study, which is a characteristic feature of such observables in heavy-ion collisions due to the strong collective flow. The one-dimensional pion and kaon correlations were also selected using the global event shape variable, the transverse sphericity. The radii extracted for spherical events are larger than those for jet-like events both for pions and kaons and demonstrate more flat dependence on the pair transverse momentum, while the radii corresponding to jet-like events demonstrate a more pronounced decrease with increasing pair transverse momentum. The event shape dependence of the femtoscopic radii will provide better understanding of the space-time structure of jet fragmentation and pp collisions with isotropic topologies.

The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), appearing in non-central nuclear-nuclear collisions is generated with large orbital angular momentum. Spin-orbit coupling alignes spin directions of produced particles with system angular momentum, known as vorticity. Properties of hyperon weak decays lead to the way of measuring polarization, that reflects vorticity. The global polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\overline\Lambda$ hyperons was measured for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7 - 200 GeV recorded with the STAR at the RHIC. However, it is also important to measure the global polarization of different particle species. In this talk we will report new results of hyperon global polarization ($P_{\Lambda+\overline\Lambda}$ and $P_{\Xi^{-}+\overline\Xi^{+}}$) measurement via different methods for high-statistics Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 27 GeV.

One of the main goals of ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions is to create a new state of matter called quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and study its properties. One of the experimental observables is the anisotropic flow $v_n$, defined as correlation of azimuthal angle of each particle with respect to a common symmetry plane $\Psi_n$. The $v_n$ and $\Psi_n$ represent the magnitude and the phase of a complex flow vector $V_n$, respectively. Azimuthal anisotropies are traditionally measured using 2- and/or multi-particle correlations over a large range in $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$. However, hydrodynamic calculations show that the event-by-event fluctuations in the initial conditions and the dynamics during the system expansion lead to flow vector fluctuation in $p_\mathrm{T}$ and/or $\eta$ (also called de-correlations of flow vector), including flow magnitude and flow angle fluctuations.\
In this talk, we present the evidence of $p_{\rm T}$-dependent flow vector fluctuations in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=5.02$ TeV, using both $v_{n}\{2\}/v_n[2]$ and $r_{n}$ observables. In addition, newly proposed four-particle correlations are used to study the contributions of flow magnitude and flow angle fluctuations separately. Considering that the size of flow vector fluctuations is sensitive to both initial conditions and the properties of the created QGP, these measurements will help us better constrain hydrodynamic models.

We present the result of the femtoscopic analysis of non-identical charged kaon correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76TeV obtained in ALICE at the LHC. One-dimensional K+K- correlation functions were analyzed in three centrality classes and eight transverse momentum ranges. The femtoscopic correlations of K+K- pairs are the result of Coulomb final-state interactions and formation of a0(980) and f0(980) resonances. The K+K- correlation function is fit with the R.Lednicky and V.Luboshitz model [1]. For the first time, f0(980) mass and couplings were extracted from the K+K- correlation functions fit with the constraint on the radii to be close to the corresponding radii of identical charged kaon correlations.

[1] R. Lednicky and V.L. Lyuboshitz, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 35, 770 (1982)

The polarization of $\Lambda$ hyperons is self-analyzed in their weak decays and represents a sensitive tool to explore the dynamics of hadronic reactions and heavy-ion collisions. It was extensively studied in hadronic reactions, where it is directed along the normal to the scattering plane. In heavy-ion collisions this observable is expected to decrease due to randomization of the scattering on different nucleons. At the same time, there exist another observable, global hyperon polarization, which is directed along the normal to the reaction plane. It is emerging due to the presence of initial angular momentum in non-central heavy-ion collisions and is growing with decreasing energy. The goal of future MPD and BM@N experiments at NICA is to investigate these observables in heavy-ion collisions in the energy range of several GeV per nucleon. Here we present the study of $\Lambda$ ($\bar\Lambda$) polarization within the framework of the MPD experiment, performed via Monte-Carlo simulation in order to analyze the sensitivity of the detector to these variables.

Simulations of peripheral Au+Au collisions at NICA energies was performed in the PHSD transport model. The properties of velocity and vorticity fields, hydrodynamic helicity was studied at different impact parameters and energies. The general structure of velocity field follows the "little bang" pattern which may be quantified by the velocity dependence allowing to extract the "Hubble" constant. Quadrupole structures of the vorticity field in all planes was obtained. The effect of helicity separation was detected. Calculation of $\Lambda$ - hyperons polarization is performed in thermodynamic and anomalous models at NICA energies. Polarization of $\bar{\Lambda}$ in progress.

The presence of a non-baryonic dark matter component in the Universe is inferred from the observation of its gravitational interaction. If dark matter interacts weakly with the Standard Model it would be produced at the LHC, escaping the detector and leaving a large missing transverse momentum as their signature. The ATLAS detector has developed a broad programme to directly search for DM. The results of recent searches on 13 TeV pp data, giving the details of analysis techniques and improvements used and their interpretation, will be presented

Various models of physics Beyond the Standard Model lead to signatures with long-lived particles, such that the decay of the new particle is at a significant distance from the collision point. These striking signatures provide interesting technical challenges due to their special reconstruction requirements as well as their unusual backgrounds. This talk will present recent results in searches for new, long-lived particles using ATLAS Run 2 data.

The unprecedented LHC dataset is being explored looking for massive particles decaying in a plethora of ways. We give the latest results from ATLAS on searches for new heavy particles decaying to known particles, X->ttbar, tb, bb, VV, VH, HH, Hgamma, tautau, and on searches involving a decay to potential unknown ones, X->ZH' and X->AB. All these analyses use the full run 2 dataset.

We present an overview of searches for new physics with top and bottom quarks and top-pair in the final state, using proton-proton collision data collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The results cover non-SUSY based extensions of the SM, including new heavy gauge bosons, like a W' boson replicating the features of its standard model counterpart, or excited third generation quarks. We considered both semileptonic and fully-hadronic scenarios. We explore the use of jet substructure techniques to reconstruct highly boosted objects in events, enhancing the sensitivity of these searches.

Many beyond the Standard Model signatures predict new particles that decay into final state containing both leptons and jets. In particular, 3rd generation leptons and quarks can significantly increase the sensitivity to new physics. This talk will present new search results for massive particles by the ATLAS experiment using the full Run 2 dataset. A particular focus is given to searches for leptoquarks (LQ) that offer an attractive potential explanation for the lepton flavour anomalies seen at flavour factories and vector like quarks (VLQ) that in turn offer an attractive solution for the hierarchy problem. Improved multivariate methods for identifying heavy quarks will also be highlighted.

The millions of Z and H bosons created at the LHC allow searches for novel decay signatures. Here we discuss ATLAS searches for possible rare decays: Z->mu-e, H-> J/psi+gamma, and decays to potential new particles: H->a chichi , H->ZdZd, H->Za, H->aa. Most of these searches involve the full run 2 dataset.

Many scenarios of physics beyond the Standard Model predict new particles with masses well below the electroweak scale. Low-energy, high luminosity colliders such as BABAR are ideally suited to discover these particles. We present several recent searches for low-mass dark sector particles at BABAR, including leptophilic scalars, new gauge bosons coupling only to the second and third generation of leptons, and axion like particles produced in B decays. These examples demonstrate the importance of B-factories in fully
exploring low-mass new physics.

The Beam-Beam Counter is a system for local polarimetry and local luminosity monitoring at the Spin Physics Detector at NICA. The main option of the Beam- Beam Counter for SPD at NICA is the scintillation counters with SiPM readout. The work presents the first results on scintillation detector prototype using developed Front-end electronics (FEE) based on the Time-over-Threshold (ToT) technique. The procedure of the time-walk correction is discussed.

The increase of transverse segmentation is a trend in developments of modern calorimeter systems based on different technologies. The scintillator calorimeters assembled from SiPM-on-tile elements are now under development for future experiments at both lepton and hadron colliders. The study presents a validation of simulation of the response of a single SiPM-on-tile element. The experimental measurements are compared with the simulation using Geant4 framework followed by the digitisation procedure that takes into account photodetector characteristics. The dependence on simulated optical properties is discussed and parameters are presented, which help to achieve a good agreement between data and simulation.

During the upcoming Run 3 and Run 4 at the LHC the upgraded ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) will operate at a significantly increased luminosity and bunch crossing and will collect two orders of magnitude more events than in Run 1 and Run 2. A part of the ALICE upgrade is the new Fast Interaction Trigger (FIT) [1]. This thoroughly redesigned detector combines, in one system, the functionality of four forward detectors used by the ALICE experiment during the LHC Run 2: T0, V0, FMD and AD. As part of the online functionality, FIT will monitor luminosity and background, provide real-time feedback to the LHC, and generate minimum bias, vertex and centrality triggers. During the offline analysis FIT data will be used to extract the precise collision time needed for time-of-flight particle identification. During the heavy-ion collisions, FIT will also determine multiplicity, centrality and event plane. FIT electronics is designed to function both in the continuous and the triggered readout mode.

In this presentation I will describe the FIT simulation software and raw data processing. The focus will be on the detector performance, especially, triggers efficiencies, collision time and centrality resolution.

References

[1] W. H. Trzaska. New Fast Interaction Trigger for ALICE. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 845:463–466, 2017. 10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.029.

The new Fast Interaction Trigger (FIT) detector, composed of Cherenkov and scintillation subsystems, will serve as the main luminometer and trigger detector of the upgraded ALICE experiment at CERN during the LHC Run 3 and 4. It will also measure the precise collision time, multiplicity, centrality and reaction plane. FIT Cherenkov subsystem, intended mainly for the precise timing measurements, consists of two arrays of Cherenkov counters with quartz radiators readout by 52 (+10 spare) customized Planacon MCP-PMT photosensors.
The entire production consignment of 62 units of XP85002/FIT-Q MCP-PMTs was thoroughly characterized, including amongst others measurements of gain as a function of the bias voltage and the heat-up time, load capacity in terms of the average anode current and level of afterpulsing. Selected characteristics, such as load capacity and gain, were remeasured in a magnetic field up to 0.5 T reproducing the conditions inside of the ALICE L3 magnet. This presentation will summarize the results and highlight some of the performance issues we have encountered during the tests. Since our data sample is extensive and covers relatively scarcely documented properties of these sensors, this compilation may be of interest to other groups building PID detectors for accelerator-based experiments.

For the new upcoming era of LHC with higher energies and a more complex structure of the beam (HL-LHC) measurements of luminosity are required to be exceedingly accurate. A new device is being developed for CMS experiment to fulfill such demands as stand-alone, robust and precise. The design, main components and physics behind the new quartz fiber based luminometer (QFL) are described. Simulations of the main component of the detector – a single quartz fiber – are demonstrated. The results of the simulations are compared with experimental data, gathered using a setup build in MEPhI.

The fundamental difference between low-background nuclear-physical measurements and other types of studies of the characteristics of ionizing radiation sources is the extremely low total event count rate. Therefore, all recording devices in such experiments are oriented to work with individual signals. Spectrometric measurements of low-energy ionizing radiation using gas detectors are mainly carried out in the proportional amplification mode. The proportional counter is an excellent detector for the soft x-ray region because it is saturable, energy selective and has high-absorption efficiency as well as a very good signal to noise ratio. The search for such a rare nuclear decay as the simultaneous capture of two orbital electrons by the same noble gas isotope nucleus by recording x-rays and Auger electrons is possible using large proportional counters. The characteristics of these counters must satisfy a number of conditions, since the intrinsic radiation, a background of the detectors must be ultra-low and the spectrometric characteristics must be stable during sufficiently long measurements.

Modern equipment allows us to record the full shape of the signals in digital form from several channels simultaneously. Subsequent analysis with specially developed software algorithms allows obtain the desired dependencies and divide events into separate groups. Such information is of particular value when conducting low-background measurements, in which the useful effect is a small fraction of the total count rate. In this case, the selection of events with parameters corresponding to the effect can significantly increase the effect/background ratio. The quality of such a selection depends on the completeness of taking into account the features of the response function to the desired events inherent in a particular operating mode of the gas detector.

Experiments on the study of double decay processes with the capture of electrons of the inner atomic shell in different isotopes of high-purity noble gases are ongoing for a long time at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory of the INR RAS using several 10.93-liter copper proportional counters. The experience of long-term measurements related to a search of 2$\nu$2K capture with samples of different enriched for $^{78}$Kr and $^{124}$Xe using large proportional counters with a casing made of M1-grade copper showed that the spectrometric properties of the detector quite noticeably degrade over time.

In this report, we will focus on the analysis of changes in spectrometric properties overtime of a detector filled with xenon during long measurements, in contrast to krypton, which does not have long-lived radioactive isotopes that allow enough proper calibration from internal sources.

Investigation of the semiconductor detectors properties under neutron irradiation is very important for their practical application. High-resistivity gallium arsenide detectors (GaAs:Cr) were irradiated at the reactor IBR-2 with various fast neutron fluences in range from 4×1011 см-2 to 5×1017 cm-2. The charge collection efficiency and the current-voltage characteristics of irradiated detectors were measured, and their degradation after neutron irradiation was compared with the results obtained by irradiation with 20 MeV electrons

The planned final upgrade of the LHC accelerator at CERN, namely the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC), foreseen beyond 2026, will mean unprecedented radiation levels, Due to the radiation damage limitations of the silicon sensors presently used, new radiation-hard tracking
detectors will be required by the physics experiments.
3D silicon pixel detectors are among the radiation-hard solutions designed for the extreme radiation levels expected for the vertexing layers at the HL-LHC.
The 3D technology features electrodes penetrating inside the silicon bulk. While keeping a high carrier collection efficiency in heavily irradiated detectors, this configuration minimizes the detector dead border region.
Neutron detectors fabricated with 3D technologies and coupled to different neutron converter materials have recently been the object of an increasing interest for possible replacement of 3He detectors.
In the framework of the INFN DEEP_3D (Detectors for neutron imaging with Embedded Electronics Produced in 3D technology) project, a new monolithic detector for neutrons coupled with boron, lithium or their combination, is presented.
The talk will cover aspects relevant to the electronics design, layout and validation of the key technological steps of these innovative 3D pixel sensors.

It is since 1966, with the paper of DeWitt, that there is great interest in the interplay between the theory of gravitation and superconductivity. In the following years, a lot of theoretical papers about this topic have been produced, until Podkletnov and Nieminem declared to have observed a gravitational shielding in a disk of YBaCuO. Of course, after the publication of this paper, other groups tried to repeat the experiment obtaining controversial results so that the question is still open. Many researchers tried to give a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon, but the complexity of the formalism makes it difficult to extract quantitative predictions.
Our study provides quantitative calculations in a range of temperatures very close to the critical temperature, in the regime of fluctuations. In particular, we study the behavior of a superconductor in a weak static gravitational field for temperatures slightly greater than its transition temperature (fluctuation regime). Making use of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations, we find a possible short time alteration of the static gravitational field in the vicinity of the superconductor, providing also a qualitative behavior in the weak field condition. Finally, we compare the behavior of various superconducting materials, investigating which parameters could enhance the gravitational field alteration.

Euclid is an ESA medium-class mission which will launch a space telescope by the end of 2022 with the aim to perform the largest galaxy survey until now, covering up to one third of the sky and reaching unprecedented precision in probing the Dark sector of the Universe, i.e. Dark Energy and Dark Matter. Euclid will acquire the 2D images of the galaxies’ spectra with an instrument called NISP, the Near Infrared Photometer and Spectrometer. Then a spectroscopic data reduction pipeline will extract the 1D spectra from NISP raw frames, with the aim to measure the redshift of the sources. In my work I have used a code to perform detailed simulations of the images that will be acquired by NISP, with the aim to test and validate the spectroscopic data reduction algorithms which will be applied to the true data. In particular I have developed an higher-level wrapper for the simulator, improving the granularity of the simulations, allowing in this way to test in a complete way the data reduction pipeline.

Quantum liquids described by wave equations with logarithmic nonlinearity, usually referred as “logarithmic fluids”, are very instrumental in describing generic condensate-like matter [1], including strongly-interacting quantum liquids, one example being a superfluid component of He-4 [2,3]. Applications of the logarithmic fluids can also be found in a theory of physical vacuum, which is a popular framework for explaining a phenomenon of gravity. Using the logarithmic superfluid model, one can formulate quantum post-relativistic theory of superfluid vacuum, which merges with special and general relativity in the “phononic” (low-momenta) limit, but differs at higher momenta [4-9].

Here we derive an effective gravitational potential induced by the quantum wavefunction of physical vacuum in a stationary state, while the vacuum itself is viewed as the superfluid described by the logarithmic quantum wave equation. We determine that gravity has a multiple-scale pattern, to the extent that one can distinguish sub-Newtonian, Newtonian, galactic, metagalactic and cosmological terms. The last of these dominates at the largest length scale of the model, where superfluid vacuum induces an asymptotically Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker-type spacetime, which provides an explanation for the accelerating expansion of the Universe. Under certain conditions, the model predicts an occurrence of two expansion mechanisms, which could explain the discrepancy between measurements of the Hubble constant using different methods. On a galactic scale, our model explains the non-Keplerian behaviour of galactic rotation curves, as well as why their profiles can vary depending on the galaxy. It also makes a number of predictions about the behaviour of gravity at larger galactic and extragalactic scales, which are expected to be seen in the outer regions of large spiral galaxies [10].

References:

[1] K.G. Zloshchastiev, Z. Naturforsch. A 73, 619 (2018).

[2] K.G. Zloshchastiev, Eur. Phys. J. B 85, 273 (2012).

[3] T.C. Scott and K.G. Zloshchastiev, Low Temp. Phys. 45, 1231 (2019).

[4] K.G. Zloshchastiev, Grav. Cosmol. 16, 288 (2010).

[5] K.G. Zloshchastiev, Acta Phys. Polon. B 42, 261 (2011).

[6] A. Avdeenkov and K.G. Zloshchastiev, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44, 195303 (2011).

[7] K.G. Zloshchastiev, Phys. Lett. A 375, 2305 (2011).

[8] T. C. Scott, X. Zhang, R. B. Mann, and G. J. Fee, Phys. Rev. D 93, 084017 (2016).

[9] K.G. Zloshchastiev, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 35, 2040032 (2020).

[10] K.G. Zloshchastiev, preprint [DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28518.04161/2]

We investigate inflationary dynamics in the framework of the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity using the effective potential. In the model under consideration, the inflaton field is non-minimally coupled to the Gauss-Bonnet curvature invariant, so that the latter appears to be dynamically important. We consider a quartic potential for the inflaton field, in particular the one asymptotically connected to the Higgs inflation, and a class of coupling functions not considered in the earlier works. Keeping in mind the observational bounds on the parameters - the amplitude of scalar perturbations $A_s$, spectral index $n_s$ and tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$, we demonstrate that the models with a quartic potential and the proposed coupling functions are in agreement with observation. The talk is based on the paper by E.O. Pozdeeva, M. Raj Gangopadhyay, M. Sami, A.V. Toporensky, S.Yu. Vernov, Phys. Rev. D 102 (2020) 043525 [arXiv:2006.08027].