Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250; Fidiricu, Federico, Friedrich) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. ^[1]

1330 relations: Aachen Cathedral, Abbot of Tivoli, Abruzzo Citra, Abtsteinach, Acerenza Cathedral, Achalm Castle, Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem, Ada of Huntingdon, Adelasia of Torres, Adolf of Altena, Affective piety, Afonso IV of Portugal, Aglianico del Vulture, Agnes of Bohemia, Agnes of Landsberg, Agnes of the Palatinate, Akaki Castle, Al-Kamil, Alamanno da Costa, Alberico da Romano, Albert I of Käfernburg, Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Albert II, Margrave of Meissen, Albert IV, Count of Habsburg, Albert IV, Count of Tyrol, Albert Suerbeer, Albert von Behaim, Albertanus of Brescia, Alcamo, Alcácer do Sal, Alexander de Stavenby, Alfonso II of Aragon, Alfonso III of Aragon, Alfonso IV of Aragon, Alfonso X of Castile, Alice of Armenia, Alice of Champagne, Allegationes, Alsace, Alt-Trauchburg Castle, Altamura, Altamura Castle, Altamura Cathedral, Altavilla Silentina, Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy, Amantea, Ambrose of Siena, Amelia Cathedral, Amphitheatre of Catania, Anagni, 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Caesarea, Walter III, Count of Brienne, Walter IV, Count of Brienne, Walter of Palearia, Walther von der Vogelweide, Wangen im Allgäu, War elephant, War of succession, War of the Lombards, War of the Sicilian Vespers, War of the Succession of Champagne, Warmia, Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, Wetzlar, White cockatoo, Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden City Palace, Wilbrand von Käfernburg, Wilhelm von Urenbach, William Briwere, William Grassus, William I of Baux, William I of Cagliari, William I, Count of Holland, William I, Margrave of Meissen, William II Longespée, William II of Holland, William II, Duke of Athens, William III of Sicily, William of Capparone, William of Modena, William of Savoy, William VI, Marquess of Montferrat, William VII, Marquess of Montferrat, William, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Wormser Dom, Yolande of Aragon, Duchess of Calabria, Zähringen castle, Zürich, Zoo, 1 euro cent coin, 1194, 1198, 1210s in England, 1212, 1215, 1220, 1220 in poetry, 1222, 1226, 1228, 1229, 1229 in poetry, 1230s in England, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234 in poetry, 1237, 1239, 1240s in architecture, 1241, 1241 in Italy, 1245, 1250, 1250s, 1253, 1270s, 1274, 1285, 1294 in poetry, 13th century. 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Aachen Cathedral

Aachen Cathedral (German: Aachener Dom), traditionally called in English the Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle, is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, western Germany, and the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aachen.

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Abbot of Tivoli

The Abbot of Tivoli (Italian: Abate di Tivoli) was an Italian poet of the thirteenth century.

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Abruzzo Citra

Abruzzo Citra or Abruzzo Citeriore was a province of the Kingdom of Naples established by Charles of Anjou when he divided Giustizierato of Abruzzo (founded by Frederick II) into two parts: Ultra flumen Aprutium Piscariae (Aprutium beyond the Pescara) and Aprutium citra flumen Piscariae (Aprutium this side of the Pescara).

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Abtsteinach

Abtsteinach is a community in the Bergstraße district in Hesse, Germany.

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Acerenza Cathedral

Acerenza Cathedral (Duomo di Acerenza, Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta e San Canio) is a Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and to Saint Canius in the town of Acerenza, in the province of Potenza and the region of Basilicata, Italy.

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Achalm Castle

Achalm Castle is a ruined castle located above the towns of Reutlingen and Pfullingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem

Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem was an apostolic letter issued against Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV (1243–54), during the Council of Lyon, 17 July 1245, the third year of his pontificate.

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Ada of Huntingdon

Ada of Huntingdon (– after 1206) was a Scottish noblewoman and Countess of Holland by marriage to Floris III, Count of Holland.

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Adelasia of Torres

Adelasia (1207–1259), eldest child of Marianus II of Logudoro by Agnes of Massa, daughter of William I of Cagliari, and successor of her brother, Barisone III, in 1236, was the Judge of Logudoro from 1236 and Judge of Gallura from 1238.

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Adolf of Altena

Adolf of Altena, Adolf of Berg or Adolf of Cologne, (c. 1157 – 15 April 1220 in Neuss) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1193 to 1205.

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Affective piety

Affective piety is most commonly described as a style of highly emotional devotion to the humanity of Jesus, particularly in his infancy and his death, and to the joys and sorrows of the Virgin Mary.

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Afonso IV of Portugal

Afonso IVEnglish: Alphonzo or Alphonse, or Affonso (Archaic Portuguese), Alfonso or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin).

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Aglianico del Vulture

Aglianico del Vulture is an Italian red wine based on the Aglianico grape and produced in the Vulture area of Basilicata.

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Agnes of Bohemia

Agnes of Bohemia, O.S.C., (Svatá Anežka Česká, 20 June 1211 – 2 March 1282), also known as Agnes of Prague, was a medieval Bohemian princess who opted for a life of charity, mortification of the flesh and piety over a life of luxury and comfort.

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Agnes of Landsberg

Agnes of Landsberg (1192 or 1193 – 1266 in Wienhausen) was a German noblewoman.

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Agnes of the Palatinate

Agnes of the Palatinate (1201–1267) was a daughter of Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine and his first wife Agnes of Hohenstaufen, daughter of Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine.

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Akaki Castle

Akaki Castle (Κάστρο του Ακακίου Akaki Kalesi), also known as the Tower of the Franks (Πύργος των Φράγκων) is a castle in Cyprus.

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Al-Kamil

Al-Kamil (الكامل) (full name: al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad) (c. 1177 – 6 March 1238) was a Kurdish ruler, the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.

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Alamanno da Costa

Alamanno da Costa (active 1193–1224, died before 1229) was a Genoese admiral.

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Alberico da Romano

Alberico da Romano (1196 – 26 August 1260), called Alberico II, was an Italian condottiero, troubadour, and an alternatingly Guelph and Ghibelline statesman.

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Albert I of Käfernburg

Albert I of Käfernburg (Albrecht I. von Käfernburg; – 15 October 1232) was Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1205 until his death.

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Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

Albert I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (– probably 1383) was a Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Salzderhelden.

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Albert II, Margrave of Meissen

Albert II, the Degenerate (de: Albrecht II der Entartete) (1240 – 20 November 1314) was a Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony.

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Albert IV, Count of Habsburg

Albert IV (or Albert the Wise) (ca. 1188 – December 13, 1239) was Count of Habsburg in the Aargau and a progenitor of the royal House of Habsburg.

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Albert IV, Count of Tyrol

Albert IV (or Albert III, depending on the counting scheme; – 22 July 1253) was Count of Tyrol from 1202 until his death, the last from the original House of Tirol.

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Albert Suerbeer

Albert Suerbeer (ca. 1200 – 1273) was the first Archbishop of Riga in Livonia.

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Albert von Behaim

Albert von Behaim or Albertus Bohemus (ca. 1180 – 1260) was a papal legate and supporter of papal rights against the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

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Albertanus of Brescia

Albertanus of Brescia (Italian: Albertano da Brescia, c. 1195 – c. 1251), author of Latin social treatises and sermons.

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Alcamo

Alcamo (Sicilian: Àrcamu) is the fourth-largest town in the province of Trapani in Sicily, with a population of 45,307 inhabitants.

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Alcácer do Sal

Alcácer do Sal is a municipality in Portugal, located in Setúbal District.

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Alexander de Stavenby

Alexander de Stavenby (or Alexander of Stainsby; died 26 December 1238) was a medieval Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.

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Alfonso II of Aragon

Alfonso II (1–25 March 1157Benito Vicente de Cuéllar (1995),, p. 630-631; in Hidalguía. XLIII (252) pp. 619–632."Alfonso II el Casto, hijo de Petronila y Ramón Berenguer IV, nació en Huesca en 1157;". Cfr. Josefina Mateu Ibars, María Dolores Mateu Ibars (1980).. Universitat Barcelona, p. 546.,.Antonio Ubieto Arteta (1987).. Zaragoza: Anúbar, § "El nacimiento y nombre de Alfonso II de Aragón".. – 25 April 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and, as Alfons I, the Count of Barcelona from 1164 until his death.

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Alfonso III of Aragon

His grave Alfonso III (4 November 1265, in Valencia – 18 June 1291), called the Liberal (el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank," from el Franc), was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (as Alfons II) from 1285.

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Alfonso IV of Aragon

Alfonso IV, called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, Alfons el Benigne) (2 November 1299 – 24 January 1336) was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso III) from 1327 to his death.

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Alfonso X of Castile

Alfonso X (also occasionally Alphonso, Alphonse, or Alfons, 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284), called the Wise (el Sabio), was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284.

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Alice of Armenia

Alice of Armenia (1182 – after 1234) was ruling Lady of Toron in 1229-1236 as the eldest daughter of Ruben III, Prince of Armenia and his wife Isabella of Toron.

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Alice of Champagne

Alice of Champagne (1193 – 1246) was the Queen consort of Cyprus from 1210 to 1218, regent of Cyprus from 1218 to 1223, and of Jerusalem from 1243 to 1246.

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Allegationes

The Allegationes (Statements) is a short memo, that was written by Francesc Eiximenis in Latin between 1398 and 1408 in Valencia.

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Alsace

Alsace (Alsatian: ’s Elsass; German: Elsass; Alsatia) is a cultural and historical region in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

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Alt-Trauchburg Castle

The ruins of Alt-Trauchburg Castle (Burg Alt-Trauchburg), also called the Alttrauchburg or Trauchburg, lie above the Weitnau hamlet of Kleinweiler in the county of Oberallgäu in Swabia.

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Altamura

Altamura (Barese: Ialtamùre) is a city and comune of Apulia, in southern Italy.

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Altamura Castle

Altamura Castle was a castle located in the city of Altamura, now completely demolished.

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Altamura Cathedral

Altamura Cathedral (Duomo di Alamura, Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta), dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Altamura, in the province of Bari, Apulia, in southern Italy.

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Altavilla Silentina

Altavilla Silentina (Cilentan: Autavìdda) is a town and comune located in the province of Salerno, Campania, some 100 km south of Naples, Italy.

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Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy

Amadeus IV (1197 – 24 June 1253) was Count of Savoy from 1233 to 1253.

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Amantea

Amantea (Calabrian: A' Mantia) is a town, former bishopric, comune (municipality) and Latin Catholic titular see in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.

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Ambrose of Siena

The Blessed Ambrose of Sienna was an Italian Dominican teacher, missionary and diplomat.

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Amelia Cathedral

Amelia Cathedral (Duomo di Amelia, Cattedrale di Santa Firmina) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Amelia in the province of Terni, Umbria, Italy.

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Amphitheatre of Catania

The Roman Amphitheatre of Catania was an imposing structure built in the Roman Imperial period, probably in the 2nd century AD, on the northern edge of the ancient city at the base of the Montevergine hill.

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Anagni

Anagni is an ancient town and comune in the province of Frosinone, Latium, central Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome.

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Ancient Diocese of Die

The former French Catholic diocese of Die existed from the fourth to the thirteenth century, and then again from 1678 to the French Revolution.

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Andrew III of Hungary

Andrew III the Venetian (III., Andrija III., Ondrej III.; 126514 January 1301) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1290 and 1301.

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Andria

Andria is a city and comune in Apulia (southern Italy).

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Andria Cathedral

Andria Cathedral (Duomo di Andria, Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Andria in Apulia, Italy, which up to 2009 was in the Province of Bari but from then onwards part of the newly formed Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani.

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Angevin kings of England

The Angevins ("from Anjou") were a royal house that ruled England in the 12th and early 13th centuries; its monarchs were Henry II, Richard I and John.

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Anna of Hohenstaufen

Anna of Hohenstaufen (1230 – April 1307), born Constance, was an Empress of Nicaea.

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Annales Palidenses

The Annales Palidenses (Pöhlder Annalen or Pöhlder Chronik) are a set of medieval annals written in Latin in the late 12th century.

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Anras

Anras is a municipality in the district of Lienz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Anti-king

An anti-king, anti king or antiking (Gegenkönig, antiroi, protikrál) is a would-be king who, due to succession disputes or simple political opposition, declares himself king in opposition to a reigning monarch.

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Antisemitic canard

Antisemitic canards are unfounded rumors or false allegations which are defamatory towards Judaism as a religion, or defamatory towards Jews as an ethnic or religious group.

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Aosta Valley

The Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta (official) or Val d'Aosta (usual); Vallée d'Aoste (official) or Val d'Aoste (usual); Val d'Outa (usual); Augschtalann or Ougstalland; Val d'Osta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy.

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Apricena

Apricena (Foggiano: La Prucìne) is an Apulian town in the province of Foggia.

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Apulia

Apulia (Puglia; Pùglia; Pulia; translit) is a region of Italy in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south.

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Arab fountain of Alcamo

The Arab fountain of Alcamo is very ancient (together with Cuba delle Rose, the Arab Cuba of Vicari and the Piccola Cuba of Palermo), and is still functional: it was built during the period of the Arab domination of the town.

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Arce, Lazio

Arce (Campanian: Arcë) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Frosinone, in the region of Lazio, Italy.

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Arch of San Lazzaro, Parma

The Arch of San Lazzaro (Arco di San Lazzaro) is a triumphal arch that stands just outside and east of the city of Parma, Region of Emilia-Romagna.

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Arco Castle

Arco Castle (Italian: Castello di Arco, German: Schloss Arch) is a ruined castle located on a prominent spur high above Arco and the Sarca Valley in Trentino, northern Italy.

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Ariano Irpino

Ariano Irpino (formerly Ariano di Puglia or simply Ariano) is an Italian town and municipality in the province of Avellino, in the Campania region.

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Arnold IV, Count of Loon

Arnold IV of Loon (Looz) (died between November 1272 and October 1273; most likely on February 22, 1273), was Count of Loon from 1227 to 1273 and Count of Chiny (as Arnold II) from 1228 to 1268.

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Arnsburg Abbey

Arnsburg Abbey (German: Kloster Arnsburg) is a former Cistercian monastery near Lich in the Wetterau, Hesse, Germany.

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Arpino

Arpino (Campanian: Arpinë) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Frosinone, in the Latin Valley, region of Lazio in central Italy, about 100 km SE of Rome.

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As-Salih Ayyub

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (الملك الصالح نجم الدين ايوب; Cairo, 5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249 in Al Mansurah), nickname: Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح), also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Kurdish Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.

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Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is a history of science by Isaac Asimov, written as the biographies of over 1500 scientists.

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Assizes of Capua

The Assizes of Capua were the first of three great legislative acts of the kingdom of Sicily of Frederick II of Sicily, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Asti

Asti is a city and comune of 76 164 inhabitants (1-1-2017) located in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy, about east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River.

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Augusta, Sicily

Augusta (Sicilian: Austa, Greek and Latin: Megara Hyblaea, Medieval: Augusta and Agosta) is a town and comune in the province of Syracuse, located on the eastern coast of Sicily (Italy).

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Augustalis

An augustalis or augustale was a gold coin minted in the Kingdom of Sicily beginning around 1231.

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Augustin Kažotić

Blessed Augustin Kažotić (1260 – 3 August 1323) was a Dalmatian-Croatian Roman Catholic prelate and professed member from the Order of Preachers who served as the Bishop of Lucera from 1322 until his death.

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Avigliano

Avigliano (Lucano: Avigliàne) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata.

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Avignon Papacy

The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; خانەدانی ئەیووبیان) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin founded by Saladin and centred in Egypt.

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Azzo VII d'Este

Azzo VII d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara (also known as Novello; 1205 – 16 February 1264) was marquis of Ferrara from 1215 to 1222, and again from 1240 until his death.

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Żejtun

Żejtun (Iż-Żejtun) is a city in the South Eastern Region of Malta, with a population of 11,508 in March 2014.

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Babenberg

Babenberg was a noble dynasty of Austrian margraves and dukes.

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Bad Bleiberg

Bad Bleiberg (Plajberk pri Beljaku) is a market town in the district of Villach-Land, in Carinthia, Austria.

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Bad Saulgau

Bad Saulgau is a town in the district of Sigmaringen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Bad Wimpfen

is a historic spa town in the district of Heilbronn in the Baden-Württemberg region of southern Germany.

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Balian Grenier

Balian I Grenier was the Count of Sidon and one of the most important lords of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1202 to 1241.

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Balian of Beirut

Balian of Beirut (died 1247) was the Lord of Beirut, the second of his family, from 1236, and a son of the famous "Old Lord" John of Ibelin, by his second wife Melisende of Arsuf.

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Balthasar, Landgrave of Thuringia

Landgrave Balthasar of Thuringia (21 December 1336 in Weißenfels – 18 May 1406 at the Wartburg in Eisenach) was Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia from the House of Wettin.

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Bambagina

Amalfi paper, also called Charta Bambagina, is a valuable type of paper produced in Amalfi since the Middle Ages.

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Bamberg Horseman

The Bamberg Horseman (Der Bamberger Reiter) is a stone equestrian statue by an anonymous medieval sculptor in the cathedral of Bamberg, Germany.

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Banias

Banias (بانياس الحولة; בניאס) is the Arabic and modern Hebrew name of an ancient site that developed around a spring once associated with the Greek god Pan.

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Bari

Bari (Barese: Bare; Barium; translit) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, in southern Italy.

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Barisone II of Gallura

Barisone II (died 1203) was the Judge of Gallura from about 1170 to his death.

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Barletta

Barletta is a city, comune and capoluogo together with Andria and Trani of Apulia, in south eastern Italy.

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Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania

Barnim I the Good (– 13 November 1278) from the Griffin dynasty was a Duke of Pomerania (ducis Slauorum et Cassubie) from 1220 until his death.

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Barons' Crusade

The Barons' Crusade, also called the Crusade of 1239, was in territorial terms the most successful crusade since the First.

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Bartholomew of Trent

Bartholomew of Trent (ca 1200 — 1251) was a Dominican hagiographer and papal diplomat.

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Basilica di Sant'Andrea

The Basilica di Sant'Andrea is the church of a monastery in Vercelli, Piedmont, northern Italy, founded in 1219 by Cardinal Guala Bicchieri and completed in 1227.

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Basilica of Saint Justus

The Basilica of Saint-Just also known as Saint-Just basilica or the Maccabees Basilica was one of the oldest and most powerful churches in the city of Lyon until it was destroyed during the religious wars of the reformation.

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Basilica of San Domenico

The Basilica of San Domenico is one of the major churches in Bologna, Italy.

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Basilicata

Basilicata, also known with its ancient name Lucania, is a region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia (Puglia) to the north and east, and Calabria to the south.

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Battle of Agridi

The Battle of Agridi was fought on 15 June 1232 between the forces loyal to Henry I of Cyprus (such as those of the Ibelin family) and the imperial army of Frederick II, composed mostly of men from Lombardy.

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Battle of Benevento

The Battle of Benevento was fought on 26 February 1266 near Benevento, in present-day Southern Italy.

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Battle of Bouvines

The Battle of Bouvines, was a medieval battle fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders.

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Battle of Cingoli

The Battle of Cingoli was fought in 1250 between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the armies of the Guelphs and the Papal States, the area being so notable due to its nickname as "The Balcony of Marche".

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Battle of Cortenuova

The Battle of Cortenuova (sometimes spelled Cortenova) was fought on 27 November 1237 in the course of the Guelphs and Ghibellines Wars: in it, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II defeated the Second Lombard League.

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Battle of Fossalta

The Battle of Fossalta was an episode of the War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines in Northern Italy.

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Battle of Giglio (1241)

The naval Battle of Giglio was a military clash between a fleet of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and a fleet of the Republic of Genoa in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

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Battle of Montaperti

The Battle of Montaperti was fought on 4 September 1260 between Florence and Siena in Tuscany as part of the conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.

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Battle of Montebruno

The Battle of Montebruno was a battle between the Guelph City of Asti and the Ghibelline County of Savoy.

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Battle of Parma

The Battle of Parma was fought on 18 February 1248 between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Guelphs.

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Battle of Tagliacozzo

The Battle of Tagliacozzo was fought on 23 August 1268 between the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen and the army of Charles of Anjou.

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Battle of Taillebourg

The Battle of Taillebourg was a 1242 battle between the Capetian troops of Louis IX and his brother Alphonse of Poitiers, against the rebel followers of Hugh X of Lusignan and king Henry III of England.

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Battle of Zappolino

The Battle of Zappolino (also known as the War of the Oaken Bucket) was fought in November 1325 between forces representing the Italian towns of Bologna and Modena, an incident in the series of raids and reprisals between the two cities that were part of the larger conflicts of Guelphs and Ghibellines.

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Battle on the Marchfeld

The Battle on the Marchfeld (i.e. Morava Field; Bitva na Moravském poli; Morvamezei csata) at Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen took place on 26 August 1278 and was a decisive event for the history of Central Europe for the following centuries.

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Batu Khan

Batu Khan (Бат хаан, Bat haan, Бату хан, Bá dū, хан Баты́й, Μπατού; c. 1207–1255), also known as Sain Khan (Good Khan, Сайн хаан, Sayn hân) and Tsar Batu, was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire.

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Bavarian Circle

The Bavarian Circle (Bayerischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.

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Beatrice d'Este, Queen of Hungary

Beatrice d'Este (1215 – before 8 May 1245) was Queen consort of Hungary as the third wife of King Andrew II of Hungary.

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Beatrice of Provence

Beatrice of Provence (c. 122923 September 1267), was ruling Countess of Provence and Forcalquier from 1245 until her death, as well as Countess of Anjou and Maine, Queen of Sicily and Naples by marriage to Charles I of Naples.

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Beatrice of Savoy

Beatrice of Savoy (c. 1198 – c. 1267) was the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva.

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Beatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo

Beatrice of Savoy (before 4 March 1223 – 10 May before 1259) was a daughter of Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy and his first wife Marguerite of Burgundy.

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Beatrice of Swabia

Beatrice or Beatrix of Swabia (April/June 1198 – 11 August 1212), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was Holy Roman Empress and German Queen in 1212 as the first wife of the Welf emperor Otto IV.

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Bellinzona

Bellinzona (Bellinzone, Bellenz, Blizuna) is the capital of the canton Ticino in Switzerland.

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Bensheim

Bensheim is a town in the Bergstraße district in southern Hesse, Germany.

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Bentivoglio family

Bentivoglio (Latin: Bentivoius) was an Italian family that became the de facto rulers of Bologna and responsible for giving the city its political autonomy during the Renaissance.

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Bern

Bern or Berne (Bern, Bärn, Berne, Berna, Berna) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city".

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Bernart Alanhan de Narbona

Bernart Alanhan de Narbona was a minor troubadour probably from Narbonne.

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Bernhard von Spanheim

Bernhard von Spanheim (or Sponheim; 1176 or 1181 – 4 January 1256), a member of the noble House of Sponheim, was Duke of Carinthia for 54 years from 1202 until his death.

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Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia)

Berthold (c. 1180 – 23 May 1251) was the Count of Andechs (as Berthold V) from 1204, the Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1206 until 1218, and from 1218 the Patriarch of Aquileia until his death.

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Bertran d'Alamanon

Bertran d'Alamanon, also spelled de Lamanon or d'Alamano (fl. 1229–1266), was a Provençal knight and troubadour, and an official, diplomat, and ambassador of the court of the Count of Provence.

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Bethlehem

Bethlehem (بيت لحم, "House of Meat"; בֵּית לֶחֶם,, "House of Bread";; Bethleem; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Lehem) is a Palestinian city located in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem.

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Bethmann family

The Bethmann family has been remarkable for the high proportion of its males who succeeded at mercantile or financial endeavors.

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Bethmanns and Rothschilds

The House of Bethmann and the House of Rothschild were the two great banking dynasties of Frankfurt am Main.

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Bianca Lancia

Bianca Lancia d'Agliano (also called Beatrice and Blanca; c. 1210 – c. 1246) was an Italian noblewoman.

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Biaquino II da Camino

Biaquino II da Camino (c. 1220 – July 1274) was an Italian nobleman and military leader, a member of the da Camino family and lord of Treviso.

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Bibliotheca Palatina

The Bibliotheca Palatina ("Palatinate library") of Heidelberg was the most important library of the German Renaissance, numbering approximately 5,000 printed books and 3,524 manuscripts.

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Bisaccia

Bisaccia (Bisaccese: Vesazza) is an Italian town and comune, population 4,382, situated in the province of Avellino.

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Bishopric of Hildesheim

The Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim (Hochstift Hildesheim) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from the Middle Ages until 1803.

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Bishopric of Ratzeburg

The Bishopric of Ratzeburg (Bistum Ratzeburg), centered on Ratzeburg in Northern Germany, was originally a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Hamburg, which transformed into the Archdiocese of Bremen in 1072.

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Bishopric of Trent

The Prince-Bishopric of Trent or Bishopric of Trent for short is a former ecclesiastical principality roughly corresponding to the present-day Northern Italian autonomous province of Trentino.

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Blera

Blera is a small town and comune in the northern Lazio region of Italy.

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Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania

Bogislaw II (– 23 January 1220) was Duke of Pomerania-Stettin from 1187 until his death.

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Bohemond IV of Antioch

Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (Bohémond le Borgne; 1175–1233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233.

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Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy.

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Boniface II, Marquess of Montferrat

Boniface II (July 1202 – 12 June 1253), called the Giant, was the Margrave of Montferrat from 1225 until his death.

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Boniface of Brussels

Saint Boniface (1183 – 19 February 1260) was a Belgian Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Lausanne from circa 1231 until 1239 when he resigned after agents of Frederick II assaulted him.

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Boso Breakspeare

Boso (death 1178) was an Italian Cardinal.

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Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict

Starting in the 12th century, the Margraviate, later Electorate, of Brandenburg was in conflict with the neighboring Duchy of Pomerania over frontier territories claimed by them both, and over the status of the Pomeranian duchy, which Brandenburg claimed as a fief, whereas Pomerania claimed Imperial immediacy.

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Breitenstein Castle

The ruins of Breitenstein Castle (Burg Breitenstein) stand on a crag, high, on the northern side of the Speyerbach valley in the Palatine Forest in Germany.

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Brescia

Brescia (Lombard: Brèsa,, or; Brixia; Bressa) is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy.

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Bretislav III

Henry Bretislaus (died 15 or 19 June 1197), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Bishop of Prague from 1182, then Duke of Bohemia as "Bretislaus III" from 1193 to his death.

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Bridge castle

A bridge castle (Brückenburg) is a type of castle that was built to provide military observation and security for a river crossing.

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Brindisi

Brindisi (Brindisino: Brìnnisi; Brundisium; translit; Brunda) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.

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Brolo

Brolo (Sicilian: Brolu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about east of Palermo and about west of Messina.

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Bruneck

Bruneck (Brunico or Ladin: Bornech or Burnech; Branecium or Brunopolis) is the largest town in the Puster Valley in the Italian province of South Tyrol.

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Buffavento Castle

Buffavento Castle (Kάστρο Βουφαβέντο, Buffavento Kalesi) is a castle in Northern Cyprus.

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Burg Castle (Solingen)

Burg Castle (Schloss Burg), located in Burg an der Wupper (Solingen), is the largest reconstructed castle in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a popular tourist attraction.

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Burgraviate of Nuremberg

The Burgraviate of Nuremberg (Burggrafschaft Nürnberg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from the early 12th to the late 15th centuries.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Burtscheid Abbey

Burtscheid Abbey (Abtei Burtscheid) was a house of the Benedictine Order, after 1220 a Cistercian nunnery, located at Burtscheid, near Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.

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Byzantine flags and insignia

For most of its history, the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire did not know or use heraldry in the West European sense of a permanent motif transmitted through hereditary right.

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Byzantine Greece

The history of Byzantine Greece mainly coincides with the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire.

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Caesarius of Alagno

Caesarius of Alagno (died 1263) was a Roman Catholic priest, bishop and royal counsellor.

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Caiazzo

Caiazzo (also Cajazzo) (Campanian: Caiazzë) is a city and comune in the province of Caserta (Campania) in Italy.

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Calabria

Calabria (Calàbbria in Calabrian; Calavría in Calabrian Greek; Καλαβρία in Greek; Kalavrì in Arbëresh/Albanian), known in antiquity as Bruttium, is a region in Southern Italy.

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Calatabiano

Calatabiano (Cattabbianu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Catania in Sicily, southern Italy.

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Calatubo Castle

The Calatubo Castle (Latin: catrum Calathatubi; Arabic: قلعة ﺍوبي - Qal'at 'Awbi; Italian: Castello di Calatubo) is a fortress located near the town of Alcamo, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Calega Panzan

Calega Panzano, Panzan, or Panza (1229/1230 – after 1313) was a Genoese merchant, politician and man of letters.

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Camerino

Camerino is a town in the province of Macerata, Marche, central-eastern Italy.

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Campania

Campania is a region in Southern Italy.

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Cangrande I della Scala

Cangrande (christened Can Francesco) della Scala (9 March 1291 – 22 July 1329) was an Italian nobleman, belonging to the della Scala family which ruled Verona from 1308 until 1387.

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Canton of Obwalden

The canton of Obwalden, also canton of Obwald (ˈɔbˌvaldən) is a canton of Switzerland.

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Canton of Schwyz

The canton of Schwyz (/ʃviːt͡s/) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zürich in the north, centered on and named after the town of Schwyz.

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Capitano del popolo

Captain of the People (Capitano del popolo) was an administrative title used in Italy during the Middle Ages.

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Casalincontrada

Casalincontrada (Abruzzese: Lu Casèle, Lu Casale) is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of central Italy.

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Casorate Primo

Casorate Primo (Milanese dialect of Western Lombard: Casurà)https://books.google.co.uk/books?id.

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Cassino

Cassino is a comune in the province of Frosinone, central Italy, at the southern end of the region of Lazio, the last City of the Latin Valley.

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Castel Capuano

Castel Capuano is a castle in Naples, southern Italy.

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Castel del Monte, Apulia

Castel del Monte (Italian for "Castle of the Mountain"; Barese: Castídde d'u Monte) is a 13th-century citadel and castle situated on a hill in Andria in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

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Castel Lagopesole

Castel Lagopesole, or simply Lagopesole, is a village and civil parish (frazione) of the municipality (comune) of Avigliano, in Basilicata, southern Italy.

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Castel Nuovo

Castel Nuovo (Italian: "New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino (Italian: "Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall (Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Italy.

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Castel Volturno

Castel Volturno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about northwest of Naples and about west of Caserta on the Volturno river.

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Castellammare di Stabia

Castellammare di Stabia is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania region, in Italy.

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Castello dell'Imperatore

A castle with crenellated walls and towers.

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Castello di Lombardia

The Castello di Lombardia ("Lombardy Castle") is a castle in Enna, Sicily.

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Castello di Milazzo

The Castello di Milazzo (Milazzo Castle) is a castle and citadel in Milazzo, Sicily.

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Castello Maniace

The Castello Maniace is a citadel and castle in Syracuse, Sicily.

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Castello Normanno (Paternò)

The Castello normanno. The Castello normanno ("Norman Castle") is a castle in Paternò, in the Province of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Castello Normanno-Svevo (Bari)

The Castello Svevo (Houhenstaufen Castle) is a castle in the Apulian city of Bari, Italy.

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Castello Ursino

Castello Ursino (lit), also known as Castello Svevo di Catania, is a castle in Catania, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Castiglione del Lago

Castiglione del Lago is a town in the province of Perugia of Umbria (central Italy), on the southwest corner of Lake Trasimeno.

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Castle of Melfi

The Castle of Melfi in Basilicata is a monument owned by the Italian State and one of the most important medieval castles in Southern Italy.

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Castle of Ventimiglia

The castle of Ventimiglia (or castle of Bonifato) is an ancient four towers castle which was built at the end of the 14th century by the Ventimiglia family on the top of Mount Bonifato near Alcamo (inside Nature Reserve Bosco di Alcamo), Sicily, southern Italy.

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Castles of Bellinzona

The Castles of Bellinzona are a group of fortifications located around the town of Bellinzona, the capital of the Swiss canton of Ticino.

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Catalogus Baronum

The Catalogus Baronum ("Catalogue of the Barons") was a collection of registers of the military obligations owed by the barons of the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Catania

Catania is the second largest city of Sicily after Palermo located on the east coast facing the Ionian Sea.

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Catanzaro

Catanzaro (Catanzarese: Catanzaru;, or Κατασταρίοι Λοκροί, Katastarioi Lokroi; Catacium), also known as the city of the two seas, is an Italian city of 91,000 inhabitants (2013) and the capital of the Calabria region and of its province.

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Catholic ecumenical councils

Catholic ecumenical councils include 21 councils over a period of some 1900 years.

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Cecelia Holland bibliography

This is a complete list of works by American historical novelist Cecelia Holland.

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Cefalù Cathedral

The Cathedral of Cefalù (Duomo di Cefalù) is a Roman Catholic basilica in Cefalù, Sicily.

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Celano

Celano is a town and comune in the Province of L'Aquila, central Italy, east of Rome by rail.

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Cellena

Cellena is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Semproniano, province of Grosseto.

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Centuripe

Centuripe (Latin: Centuripae; Sicilian: Centorbi) is a town and comune in the province of Enna (Sicily, southern Italy).

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Cesena

Cesena (Cisêna) is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Savio River, co-chief of the Province of Forlì-Cesena.

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Charge (heraldry)

In heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon (shield).

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große, Carlo Magno; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.

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Charles I of Anjou

Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou.

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Charles, Duke of Calabria

Charles, Duke of Calabria (1298 – 9 November 1328) was the son of King Robert of Naples and Yolanda of Aragon.

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Château de Kaysersberg

The Château de Kaysersberg (also: Schlossberg) Château dit Schlossberg et enceinte is a ruined castle in the commune of Kaysersberg in the Haut-Rhin département of France.

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Château de Kintzheim

The Château de Kintzheim is a castle in the commune of Kintzheim in the Bas-Rhin département of France dating from the 12th century.

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Châteauneuf-du-Pape

Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

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Chełmno Land

Chełmno land (ziemia chełmińska,, Old Prussian: Kulma, Kulmo žemė) is a historical region, located in central-northern Poland.

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Cherubikon

The Cherubikon (Greek: χερουβικόν), Cherubic Hymn (χερουβικὸς ὕμνος) or Cherubim Chant (Old Church Sl.), is the troparion normally sung at the Great Entrance during the Byzantine liturgy.

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Chieri

Chieri is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont (Italy), located about southeast of Turin, by rail and by road.

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Christian mythology

Christian mythology is the body of myths associated with Christianity.

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Christian of Oliva

Christian of Oliva (Christian z Oliwy), also Christian of Prussia (Christian von Preußen) (died 4 December(?) 1245) was the first missionary bishop of Prussia.

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Christianity in the 13th century

Bibliothèque Nationale de France --> The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) imperial church headed by Constantinople continued to assert its universal authority.

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Church of Saint Mary of the Germans

The Church of Saint Mary of the Germans (כנסיית מרים של הגרמנים Santa Maria Alemannorum or Santa Maria Alemanna) a Catholic church, built in Romanesque style, now in ruins, located in the Old City of Jerusalem on the northeast slope of Mount Zion.

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Church of the Holy Sepulchre

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (كَنِيسَةُ ٱلْقِيَامَة Kanīsatu al-Qiyāmah; Ναὸς τῆς Ἀναστάσεως Naos tes Anastaseos; Սուրբ Հարության տաճար Surb Harut'yan tač̣ar; Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri; כנסיית הקבר, Knesiyat ha-Kever; also called the Church of the Resurrection or Church of the Anastasis by Orthodox Christians) is a church in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Cielo d'Alcamo

Cielo d'Alcamo (also spelled Ciullo) was an Italian poet, born in the early 13th century.

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Città Sant'Angelo

Città Sant'Angelo is a town and comune in the province of Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy.

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Clare of Assisi

Saint Clare of Assisi (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253, born Chiara Offreduccio and sometimes spelled Clair, Claire, etc.) is an Italian saint and one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi.

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Claudia Cardinale

Claudia Cardinale (born 15 April 1938) is an Italian Tunisian film actress and sex symbol who appeared in some of the most acclaimed European films of the 1960s and 1970s, mainly Italian or French, but also in several English films.

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Coat of arms of Germany

The coat of arms of Germany displays a black eagle with a red beak, tongue and feet on a golden field, which is blazoned: Or, an eagle displayed sable beaked langued and membered gules.

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Coat of arms of Prussia

The state of Prussia developed from the State of the Teutonic Order.

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Coat of arms of the Isle of Man

The current Coat of Arms of the Isle of Man dates from 12 July 1996.

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Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire

Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions.

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Cockatoo

A cockatoo is a parrot that is any of the 21 species belonging to the bird family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea.

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Colmar

Colmar (Alsatian: Colmer; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is the third-largest commune of the Alsace region in north-eastern France.

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Colossus of Barletta

The Colossus of Barletta is a large bronze statue of an Eastern Roman Emperor, nearly three times life size (5.11 meters, or about 16 feet 7 inches) and currently located in Barletta, Italy.

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Compagnetto da Prato

Compagnetto da Prato was an Italian poet of the Sicilian school in the court of emperor Frederick II, maybe a jester.

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Confienza

Confienza is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 50 km northwest of Pavia.

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Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis

The Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis ("Treaty with the princes of the church") was decreed on 26 April 1220 by Frederick II as a concession to the German bishops in return for their co-operation in the election of his son Henry as King.

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Congruum

In number theory, a congruum (plural congrua) is the difference between successive square numbers in an arithmetic progression of three squares.

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Conrad I, Burgrave of Nuremberg

Conrad I of Nuremberg (1186 – 1261) was a Burgrave of Nuremberg of the House of Hohenzollern.

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Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto

Conrad of Urslingen (died 1202) was the Duke of Spoleto on two occasions: first from 1183 to 1190 and then from 1195 to 1198.

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Conrad II (bishop of Hildesheim)

Conrad II of Reisenberg (Konrad II.; late 12th century – 18 December 1249)Madey, cols.

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Conrad III of Scharfenberg

Conrad of Scharfenberg (Konrad von Scharfenberg; c. 1165 – 24 March 1224) was a German cleric who became bishop of Speyer (1200–24, as Conrad III) and later, simultaneously, bishop of Metz (1212–24).

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Conrad IV of Germany

Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem.

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Conrad Malaspina (The Old)

Conrad Malaspina, also known as “L’Antico” or “The Old” was an Italian nobleman who lived in the 12th century.

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Conrad of Antioch

Conrad of Antioch (Corrado d'Antiochia; born 1240/41, died after 1312) was a member of the imperial Staufer dynasty and a nobleman of the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Conrad of Querfurt

Conrad of Querfurt (c. 1160 – 3 December 1202 in Würzburg) was a prince of the Church of the late 12th century.

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Conrad of Urach

Conrad of Urach (Konrad von Urach, also known as Konrad or Kuno von Zähringen) (born in the 1170s; died 29 September 1227, probably in Bari) was a Cistercian monk and abbot, and Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina; he declined the papacy.

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Conrad of Wittelsbach

Conrad of Wittelsbach (ca. 1120/1125 – 25 October 1200) was the Archbishop of Mainz (as Conrad I) and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death.

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Conradin

Conrad (25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268), called the Younger or the Boy, but usually known by the diminutive Conradin (Konradin, Corradino), was the Duke of Swabia (1254–1268, as Conrad IV), King of Jerusalem (1254–1268, as Conrad III), and King of Sicily (1254–1258, de jure until 1268, as Conrad II).

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Constance of Aragon

Constance of Aragon (1179 – 23 June 1222) was an Aragonese infanta who was by marriage firstly Queen of Hungary, and secondly Queen of Germany and Sicily and Holy Roman Empress.

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Constance of Austria, Margravine of Meissen

Constance of Babenberg (Konstanze von Österreich; 6 May 1212 – before 5 June 1243), a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margravine of Meissen from 1234 until her death, by her marriage with Margrave Henry the Illustrious.

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Constance of Portugal

Infanta Constance of Portugal (pt: Constança; 3 January 1290 – Sahagún, 18 November 1313;; English: Constance), was a Portuguese infanta (princess) by birth and Queen consort of Castile by marriage.

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Constance of Sicily (disambiguation)

Constance of Sicily (Hauteville family), Queen of Sicily, was the ruler of Sicily from 1194 until her death in 1198, mother of Frederick I of Sicily.

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Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon

Constance of Sicily (1249 – 9 April 1302) was Queen of Aragon as the wife of King Peter III and a pretender to the Kingdom of Sicily (as Constance II) from 1268 to 1285.

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Constance of Sicily, Queen of Cyprus

Constance of Sicily (1304/1306 – after 19 June 1344) was Queen consort of Cyprus and Jerusalem by marriage to Henry II of Cyprus, and a Queen of Armenia by marriage to Leo IV of Armenia.

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Constance, Queen of Sicily

Constance (2 November 1154 – 27 November 1198) was Queen regnant of Sicily in 1194–98, jointly with her spouse from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198, as the heiress of the Norman kings of Sicily.

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Constitutions of Melfi

The Constitutions of Melfi, or Liber Augustalis, were a new legal code for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated on 1 September 1231 by Emperor Frederick II.

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Convent of Saint Agnes in Prague

The convent of Saint Agnes is situated on the right bank of Vltava, in Prague Old Town area called „Na Františku“.

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Corbetta, Lombardy

Corbetta (Corbetta) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy.

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Corleone

Corleone (Sicilian: Cunigghiuni or Curliuni) is an Italian town and comune of roughly 11,158 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, in Sicily.

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Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor

The Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor was a ceremony in which the ruler of Europe's then-largest political entity received the Imperial Regalia at the hands of the Pope, symbolizing both the pope's alleged right to crown Christian sovereigns and also the emperor's role as protector of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Coronations in Asia

Coronations in Asia in the strict sense are and historically were rare, as only few monarchies, primarily in Western Asia, ever adopted the concept that the placement of a crown symbolised the monarch's investiture.

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Cosenza

Cosenza (Cosentino: Cusenze) is a city in the Calabria region of Southern Italy.

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Count palatine

Count palatine is a high noble title, used to render several comital (of or relating to a count or earl) styles, in some cases also shortened to Palatine, which can have other meanings as well.

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County of Gorizia

The County of Gorizia (Contea di Gorizia, Grafschaft Görz, Goriška grofija, Contee di Gurize), from 1365 Princely County of Gorizia, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Craco

Craco is a ghost town and comune in the Province of Matera, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata.

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Cremona

Cremona is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po River in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po Valley).

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Cremona elephant

The Cremona elephant was a gift presented to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II by Sultan of Egypt Al-Kamil, in 1229.

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Crusade song

A Crusade song (canson de crozada, cançó de croada, Kreuzlied) is any vernacular lyric poem about the Crusades.

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Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Culture of Malta

The culture of Malta reflects various societies that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964.

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Cuneo

Cuneo (Coni; Coni) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Northern Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the third largest of Italy’s provinces by area.

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Cyprus in the Middle Ages

The Medieval history of Cyprus starts with the division of the Roman Empire into an Eastern and Western half.

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Dangerous Women (anthology)

Dangerous Women is a cross-genre anthology featuring 21 original short stories and novellas "from some of the biggest authors in the science fiction/fantasy field", edited by George R. R. Martin and Gardner Dozois and released on December 3, 2013.

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Daniel I of Adelon

Daniel I of Adelon or Daniel of Termonde (born before 1204; died after 1225) was Lord of Adelon in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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David Abulafia

David Abulafia, (born 12 December 1949) is an English historian with a particular interest in Italy, Spain and the rest of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

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De arte venandi cum avibus

De Arte Venandi cum Avibus, literally On The Art of Hunting with Birds, is a Latin treatise on ornithology and Falconry written in the 1240s by Frederick II, and dedicated to his son Manfred.

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De Triplici Statu Mundi

The De Triplici Statu Mundi (About the three states of the world) is a minor work that deals with Eschatology.

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Death by burning

Deliberately causing death through the effects of combustion, or effects of exposure to extreme heat, has a long history as a form of capital punishment.

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December 13

No description.

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December 26

No description.

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Della Gherardesca family

The Gherardeschi or della Gherardesca were a family of the Republic of Pisa, dating back as early as the 11th century.

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Demetrius of Montferrat

Demetrius or Demetrios of Montferrat (Demetrio di Monferrato; Δημήτριος Μομφερρατικός, Dēmētrios Momferratikos), (Thessalonica, 1205 – 1230 in Amalfi), was king of Thessalonica from 1207 to 1224.

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Die Deutschen

Die Deutschen (“The Germans”) is a German television documentary produced for ZDF that first aired from October to November 2008.

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Dielheim

Dielheim is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Diet of Nuremberg

The Diets of Nuremberg, also called the Imperial Diets of Nuremberg, took place at different times between the Middle Ages and the 17th century.

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Dietrichs Flucht

Dietrichs Flucht (Dietrich's Flight) or Das Buch von Bern (The Book of Verona) is an anonymous 13th-century Middle High German poem about the legendary hero Dietrich von Bern, the legendary counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great.

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Dinklage

Dinklage is a town in the district of Vechta, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Dipold, Count of Acerra

Dipold (died after 1221), known in German as Diepold (or Dietpold) von Schweinspünt, was a ministerialis who was raised to the Duchy of Spoleto in 1209.

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Dombes

The Dombes (Arpitan: Domba) is an area in southeastern France, once an independent municipality, formerly part of the province of Burgundy, and now a district comprised in the department of Ain, and bounded on the west by the Saône River, by the Rhône, on the east by the Ain and on the north by the district of Bresse.

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Droit de régale

Droit de régale is a medieval legal term and originally denoted rights that belonged exclusively to the king, either as essential to his sovereignty (jura majora, jura essentialia), such as royal authority; or accidental (jura micnora, jura accidentalia), such as the right of the chase, of fishing, mining, etc.

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Drovers' road

A drovers' road, drove or droveway is a route for droving livestock on foot from one place to another, such as to market or between summer and winter pasture (see transhumance).

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Drużno

Drużno (Jezioro Druzno; Drausensee, Drūsuo) is a body of water historically considered a lake in northern Poland on the east side of the Vistula delta, near the city of Elbląg.

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Duchess of Swabia

No description.

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Duchy of Austria

The Duchy of Austria (Herzogtum Österreich) was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right.

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Duchy of Bohemia

The Duchy of Bohemia, also referred to as the Czech Duchy, (České knížectví) was a monarchy and a principality in Central Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages.

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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg), or more properly the Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was an historical duchy that existed from the late Middle Ages to the Early Modern era within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Duchy of Masovia

The Duchy of Masovia was a medieval duchy formed when the Polish Kingdom of the Piasts fragmented in 1138.

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Duchy of Pomerania

The Duchy of Pomerania (Herzogtum Pommern, Księstwo Pomorskie, 12th century – 1637) was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania (Griffins).

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Duchy of Spoleto

The Duchy of Spoleto (Italian: Ducato di Spoleto, Latin: Dŭcā́tus Spōlḗtĭī) was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in central Italy by the Lombard dux Faroald.

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Duchy of Styria

The Duchy of Styria (Herzogtum Steiermark; Vojvodina Štajerska; Stájer Hercegség) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia.

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Duchy of Swabia

The Duchy of Swabia (German: Herzogtum Schwaben) was one of the five stem duchies of the medieval German kingdom.

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Duchy of Thuringia

The Duchy of Thuringia was an eastern frontier march of the Merovingian kingdom of Austrasia, established about 631 by King Dagobert I after his troops had been defeated by the forces of the Slavic confederation of Samo at the Battle of Wogastisburg.

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Duchy of Urbino

The Duchy of Urbino was a sovereign state in central-northern Italy.

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Duecento

Duecento was the Italian word for the Italian culture during the 13th century.

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Duke of Aosta

In the mid-13th century the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II made the County of Aosta a duchy; its arms were carried in the Savoyard coat of arms until the unification of Italy in 1870.

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Duke of Swabia

The Dukes of Swabia were the rulers of the Duchy of Swabia during the Middle Ages.

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Durlach

Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30,000.

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Eagle (heraldry)

The eagle is used in heraldry as a charge, as a supporter, and as a crest.

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Early German colonists in Transylvania

Medardus de Nympz Medard (Latinized Medardus)1) was an early medieval German Colonist in Transylvania. Born around 1215 in the Moselle Franconian vicinity of Luccelemburc (Luxembourg) Medardus served during his early years as a "Squire" (Edelknecht) in the Horseman Entourage of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. 1237 Medardus was appointed a Knight of the Holy Roman Empire in recognition of his valiant services at the Battle of Cortenuova2. 1243 Medardus followed the invitation of the Hungarian King Bela IV to settle in the after the Mongol invasion of 1241 depopulated and devastated lands of Transylvania 3). During the following years he laid the foundations to "Villa Nympz"4) (Nimesch) a fortified peasant village in a side valley of the Great Kokel River near Medgyes (Medias). Despite of all the future historical tribulations and misfortunes Medardus and his descendants managed to cultivate the former wilderness and transform it into rich and fertile farmland (agriculture, viticulture, stockbreeding).

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Early history of Switzerland

The early history of Switzerland begins with the earliest settlements up to the beginning of Habsburg rule, which in 1291 gave rise to the independence movement in the central cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden and the Late Medieval growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

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Ecumenical council

An ecumenical council (or oecumenical council; also general council) is a conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice in which those entitled to vote are convoked from the whole world (oikoumene) and which secures the approbation of the whole Church.

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Edmund of Abingdon

Edmund of Abingdon (circa 1174 – 1240) was a 13th-century Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

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Edward Augustus Freeman

Edward Augustus Freeman (2 August 1823 – 16 March 1892) was an English historian, architectural artist, and Liberal politician during the late-19th-century heyday of William Gladstone, as well as a one-time candidate for Parliament.

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Egypt in the Middle Ages

Following the Islamic conquest in 639 AD, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Ummayad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 747 the Ummayads were overthrown.

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Eighth Crusade

The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270.

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Electoral Palatinate

The County Palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein), later the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum von der Pfalz) or simply Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz), was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire (specifically, a palatinate) administered by the Count Palatine of the Rhine.

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Elena of Gallura

Elena (died 1218) was the daughter and successor of Barisone II of Gallura and was named after her mother of the Lacon family.

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Elias de Barjols

Elias de Barjols (fl. 1191–1230Gaunt and Kay, 283.) was a bourgeois Aquitainian troubadour who established himself in Provence and retired a monk.

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Elias of Cortona

Elias of Cortona was born, it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, ca.

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Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany

Elisabeth of Bavaria (– 9 October 1273), a member of the House of Wittelsbach, was Queen consort of Germany from 1246 to 1254 by her marriage to King Conrad IV of Germany.

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Elisabeth of Meissen

Elisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine of Nuremberg (22 November 1329 – 21 April 1375) was the daughter of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria and a member of the House of Wettin.

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Elisabeth of Sicily, Duchess of Bavaria

Elisabeth of Sicily (1310–1349) was a daughter of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou.

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Elisabeth of Swabia

Elisabeth of Swabia (renamed Beatrice; March/May 1205 – 5 November 1235), was a German princess member of the House of Hohenstaufen and by marriage Queen consort of Castile and Leon.

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Elizabeth of Aragon

Elizabeth of Aragon, also known as Elizabeth of Portugal, T.O.S.F. (1271 – 4 July 1336; Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Aragonese, Portuguese and Spanish), was queen consort of Portugal, a tertiary of the Franciscan Order and is venerated as a saint of the Catholic Church.

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Elizabeth of Hungary

Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, T.O.S.F. (Heilige Elisabeth von Thüringen, Árpád-házi Szent Erzsébet; 7 July 1207 – 17 November 1231), also known as Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia or Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia, was a princess of the Kingdom of Hungary, Landgravine of Thuringia, Germany, and a greatly venerated Catholic saint who was an early member of the Third Order of St. Francis, by which she is honored as its patroness.

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Elvira of Sicily

Elvira of Sicily (died in 1231) was a member of the House of Hauteville who claimed the throne of the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Emeric, King of Hungary

Emeric, also known as Henry or Imre (Imre, Emerik, Imrich; 117430 November 1204), was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1196 and 1204.

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Emirate of Sicily

The Emirate of Sicily (إِمَارَةُ صِقِلِّيَة) was an emirate on the island of Sicily which existed from 831 to 1091.

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Emmerich am Rhein

Emmerich am Rhein meaning Emmerich on the Rhine (Low Rhenish and Emmerik) is a town and municipality in the northwest of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Emperor Frederick

Emperor Frederick may refer to.

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Empire of Nicaea

The Empire of Nicaea or the Nicene Empire was the largest of the three Byzantine GreekA Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), page 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire." rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade.

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Empress dowager

Empress dowager (also dowager empress or empress mother) (hiragana: こうたいごう) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Vietnamese emperor.

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Engelbert II of Berg

Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I, Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne (1185 or 1186, Schloss Burg – 7 November 1225, Gevelsberg) was archbishop of Cologne and a saint; he was notoriously murdered by a member of his own family.

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English monarchs' family tree

This is the English monarchs' family tree for England (and Wales after 1282) from Alfred the Great to Elizabeth I of England.

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Engraved gem

An engraved gem, frequently referred to as an intaglio, is a small and usually semi-precious gemstone that has been carved, in the Western tradition normally with images or inscriptions only on one face.

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Enna

Enna (Sicilian: Castrugiuvanni; Greek: Ἔννα; Latin: Henna and less frequently Haenna) is a city and comune located roughly at the center of Sicily, southern Italy, in the province of Enna, towering above the surrounding countryside.

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Entella

Entella (Greek: Ἔντελλα), was an ancient city in the interior of Sicily, situated on the left bank of the river Hypsas (modern Belice), and nearly midway between the two seas, being about 40 km from the mouth of the Hypsas, and much about the same distance from the north coast of the island, at the Gulf of Castellamare.

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Enzo of Sardinia

Enzo (or Enzio; – 14 March 1272) was an illegitimate son of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II, who appointed him 'King of Sardinia' in 1238.

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Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt

Érard de Brienne (c. 1170 † 1246) was a French nobleman.

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Erbreichsplan

The Erbreichsplan (German for Plan for a Hereditary Empire) was a plan formed by the Emperor Henry VI to change the Holy Roman Empire from an elective to a hereditary monarchy.

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Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

Ernest I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (Ernst I., Fürst von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen.; – 9 March 1361) was Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

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Ernst Kantorowicz

Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – September 9, 1963) was a German-American historian of medieval political and intellectual history and art, known for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early modern ideologies of monarchy and the state.

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Essen

Essen (Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Esslingen am Neckar

Esslingen am Neckar is a city in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest city in the district.

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Ettlingen Palace

Ettlingen Palace is a baroque palace in the centre of Ettlingen, a small city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Ezzelino III da Romano

Ezzelino III da Romano (April 25, 1194, Tombolo – October 7, 1259) was an Italian feudal lord, a member of the Ezzelino family, in the March of Treviso (in the modern Veneto).

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Falconry

Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey.

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Falquet de Romans

Falquet (or Folquet) de Romans (fl. 1215–1233) was the most famous troubadour attached to the court of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, where he garnered a high reputation despite the fact that his career began as a jongleur.

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Family tree of the German monarchs

The following image is a family tree of every king, monarch, confederation president and emperor of Germany, from Charlemagne in 800 over Louis the German in 843 through to Wilhelm II in 1918.

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Farinata degli Uberti

Farinata degli Uberti (Florence, 1212 – Florence, 11 November 1264), real name Manente degli Uberti, was an Italian aristocrat and military leader, considered by some of his contemporaries to be a heretic.

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Farnese Cup

The Farnese Cup or Tazza Farnese is a 2nd-century BC cameo hardstone carving bowl or cup made in Hellenistic Egypt in four-layered sardonyx agate, now in the Naples National Archaeological MuseumInv.

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February 18

No description.

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Federico

Federico is a given name and surname.

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Federico II

Federico II may refer to.

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Federicus

Federicus is a historical reenactment event that takes place every year in the historic city centre of Altamura, Italy.

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Fermo

Fermo (ancient: Firmum Picenum) is a town and comune of the Marche, Italy, in the Province of Fermo.

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Fibonacci

Fibonacci (c. 1175 – c. 1250) was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".

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Fidenza

Fidenza (Parmigiano: Fidénsa; locally Bùragh) is a town and comune in the province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna region, Italy.

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Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt.

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First Council of Lyon

The First Council of Lyon (Lyon I) was the thirteenth ecumenical council, as numbered by the Catholic Church, taking place in 1245.

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Fish toxins

Fish toxins or fish stupefying plants have historically been used by many hunter gatherer cultures to stun fish, so they become easy to collect by hand.

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Flag of Apulia

The flag of Apulia is one of the official symbols of the region of Apulia, Italy.

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Flag of Austria

The flag of Austria (Flagge Österreichs) has three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red.

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Flagellant

Flagellants are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments.

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Foggia

Foggia (Foggiano: Fògge) is a city and comune of Apulia, in southern Italy, capital of the province of Foggia.

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Foligno

Foligno is an ancient town of Italy in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, on the Topino river where it leaves the Apennines and enters the wide plain of the Clitunno river system.

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Fontevivo Abbey

Fontevivo Abbey (Abbazia di Fontevivo; Fons Vivus) is a former Cistercian monastery in Fontevivo, Province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, about 15 kilometres west of Parma on the Via Emilia towards Fidenza.

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Forlì

Forlì (Furlè; Forum Livii) is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, and is the capital of the province of Forlì-Cesena.

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Fort St. Angelo

Fort St.

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Fortunatus (book)

Fortunatus is a German proto-novel or chapbook about a legendary hero popular in 15th- and 16th-century Europe.

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Fount of honour

The fount of honour (fons honorum) refers to a person, who, by virtue of his or her official position, has the exclusive right of conferring legitimate titles of nobility and orders of chivalry on other persons.

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Fourth Council of the Lateran

The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull Vineam domini Sabaoth of 19 April 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning 11 November 1215.

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France in the Middle Ages

The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 9th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions) that had developed following the Viking invasions and through the piecemeal dismantling of the Carolingian Empire and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) compounded by the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.

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Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.

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Franconian Circle

The Franconian Circle (Fränkischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle established in 1500 in the centre of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Frankfurt

Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.

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Frankfurt City Forest

The Frankfurt City Forest or Frankfurter Stadtwald is a forest district in the south of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

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Frankfurter Judengasse

The Frankfurter Judengasse (from German: “Jews' Alley”) was the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt and one of the earliest ghettos in Germany.

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Fraumünster

The Fraumünster Church (lit. in Women's Minster, but often wrongly translated to Our Lady Minster.) in Zürich is built on the remains of a former abbey for aristocratic women which was founded in 853 by Louis the German for his daughter Hildegard.

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Frederick

Frederick may refer to.

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Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick I (Friedrich I, Federico I; 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick Barbarossa (Federico Barbarossa), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 2 January 1155 until his death.

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Frederick I, Margrave of Baden

Frederick I of Baden (1249 – October 29, 1268), a member of the House of Zähringen, was Margrave of Baden and of Verona, as well as claimant Duke of Austria from 1250 until his death.

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Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen

Frederick I, called the Brave or the Bitten (German: Friedrich der Freidige or Friedrich der Gebissene; 1257 – 16 November 1323) was Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia.

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Frederick II

Frederick II may refer to.

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Frederick II of Sicily

Frederick II of Sicily may refer to.

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Frederick II, Duke of Austria

Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death.

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Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine

Frederick II (died 10 October 1213) was the duke of Lorraine from 7 April 1206 to his death, son of Frederick I and Ludmilla, daughter of Mieszko III the Old, monarch of Poland from the Piast Dynasty.

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Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen

Frederick II, the Serious (30 November 1310 in Gotha – 18 November 1349 at the Wartburg), Margrave of Meissen, son of Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen and Elisabeth von Lobdeburg-Arnshaugk.

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Frederick III of Sicily

Frederick II (or III) (13 December 1272 – 25 June 1337) was the regent (from 1291) and subsequently King of Sicily from 1295 until his death.

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Frederick III, Landgrave of Thuringia

Frederick III, the Strict (14 December 1332, Dresden – 21 May 1381, Altenburg), Landgrave of Thuringia and Margrave of Meissen, was the son of Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen and Mathilde of Bavaria.

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Frederick of Antioch

Frederick's sarcophagus in the Cathedral of Palermo (above) and a frontal reproduction of the same (below).

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Frederick of Naples

Frederick (April 19, 1452 – November 9, 1504), sometimes called Frederick IV or Frederick of Aragon, was the last King of Naples of the Neapolitan branch of the House of Trastámara, ruling from 1496 to 1501.

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Frederick of Pettorano

Frederick of Pettorano (c. 1212/3 – after 1240) was the eldest illegitimate son of Frederick II, king of Sicily and Germany.

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Frederick of Sicily

Frederick of Sicily may refer to.

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Frederick V, Count of Zollern

Friedrich V. of Zollern (died: 24 May 1289 at Hohenzollern Castle) nicknamed, the Illustrious was a Count of Zollern.

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Free City of Lübeck

The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Free Imperial City of Kempten

The Free Imperial City of Kempten was a Free Imperial City in the Swabian Circle.

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Free Imperial City of Nuremberg

The Imperial City of Nuremberg (Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was a free imperial city — independent city-state — within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.

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Freidank

Freidank (Vrîdanc) was a Middle High German didactic poet of the early 13th century.

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Friedrich of Germany

Friedrich of Germany or Frederick of Germany may refer to.

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Frisian participation in the Crusades

Frisian participation in the Crusades is attested from the very beginning of the First Crusade, but their presence is only felt substantially during the Fifth Crusade.

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Frombork

Frombork is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon, in Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

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Frostating

The Frostating was an early Norwegian court.

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Fulco Ruffo di Calabria

Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda (Naples 12 August 1884 – Ronchi di Apuana 23 August 1946) was an Italian World War I flying ace, senator under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini in World War II for which he was convicted.

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Gaeta

Gaeta (Caiēta, Ancient Greek: Καιέτα) is a city and comune in the province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy.

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Garfagnana

The Garfagnana is a historical and geographical region of central Italy, today part of the province of Lucca, in Tuscany.

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Garnier l'Aleman

Werner of Egisheim (died after 1231) was a German Crusader, better known by his French name of Garnier l’Aleman (Werner the German).

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Gastria Castle

Gastria Castle (Κάστρο της Γαστριάς Gastria Kalesi) is a ruined castle in Northern Cyprus.

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Gau-Algesheim

Gau-Algesheim is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Günther VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg

Count Günther VII of Schwarzburg († 1274) was Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg from 1236 until his death.

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Għargħur

Għargħur (Ħal Għargħur) is a village in the Northern Region of Malta.

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Għonnella

The għonnella, pronounced "awe-nel-la" (pl. għenienel, pronounced "ee-nee-nal"), sometimes referred to as a Faldetta, was a form of women's head dress and shawl, or hooded cloak, unique to the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo.

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Gela

Gela (Γέλα), is a city and comune in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, the largest for area and population in the island's southern coast.

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Genie (feral child)

Genie (born 1957) is the pseudonym for an American feral child who was a victim of severe abuse, neglect, and social isolation.

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Genoese crossbowmen

The Genoese crossbowmen (Balestrieri genovesi) were a famous military corps of the Middle Ages, which acted both in defence of the Republic of Genoa, and as mercenaries for other Italian or European powers.

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George Bardanes

George Bardanes (Γεώργιος Βαρδάνης, died. ca. 1240) was a Byzantine churchman and theologian from Athens.

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George-Kreis

The George-Kreis (George Circle) was an influential German literary group centred on the charismatic author Stefan George.

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Georgenberg Pact

The Georgenberg Pact (also called Georgenberg Compact, Georgenberger Handfeste) was a treaty signed between Duke Leopold V of Austria and Duke Ottokar IV of Styria on 17 August 1186 at Enns Castle on the Georgenberg mountain.

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Gerard III, Count of Guelders

Gerard III of Guelders (1185 – 22 October 1229) was the Count of Guelders and Zutphen from 1207 until his death in 1229.

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Gerard of Cremona

Gerard of Cremona (Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin.

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German mediatization

German mediatization (deutsche Mediatisierung) was the major territorial restructuring that took place between 1802 and 1814 in Germany and the surrounding region by means of the mass mediatization and secularization of a large number of Imperial Estates.

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German throne dispute

The German throne dispute or German throne controversy (Deutscher Thronstreit) was a political conflict in the Holy Roman Empire at the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries.

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Gertrude of Austria

Gertrude of Austria (also named Gertrude of Babenberg) (1226 – 24 April 1288) was a member of the House of Babenberg, Duchess of Mödling and later titular Duchess of Austria and Styria.

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Gertrude of Dagsburg

Gertrude of Dagsburg (died 30 March 1225) was the daughter and heiress of Albert II, count of Metz and Dagsburg (Dabo).

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Giacomo Bianconi

Blessed Giacomo Bianconi (7 March 1220 - 22 August 1301) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Order of Preachers.

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Giacomo da Lentini

Giacomo da Lentini, also known as Jacopo (il) Notaro, was an Italian poet of the 13th century.

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Gioia del Colle

Gioia del Colle (Barese: Sciò) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, southern Italy.

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Giordano Filangieri II

Giordano Filangieri (born 1195/1200) was a Neapolitan nobleman, the son of Giordano, lord of Nocera, and Oranpiassa, and younger brother of Riccardo.

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Giudicato of Gallura

The Giudicato of Gallura (Iudicatus Gallurae, Judicadu de Gallura, Giudicato di Gallura) was one of four Sardinian giudicati of the Middle Ages.

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Giustizierato

A giustizierato (English: justiciarship;; plural giustizierati; an alternative term for circoscrizione), refers to a type of country subdivision that was used by several former Italian states in the medieval period.

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Golden bull

A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors.

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Golden Bull of 1213 (German)

On 12 July 1213, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor made a Golden Bull by which Frederick offered his obedience to the Pope and pledged himself to the principle of free canonical elections by the chapters, unhampered liberty of appeal to Rome on ecclesiastical issues, and abandonment of the traditional rights of the Crown to the personal estate of deceased bishops (Spolienrecht) and the Revenues of vacant sees (Regalienrecht).

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Golden Bull of 1222

The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.

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Golden Bull of Rimini

The Golden Bull of Rimini was a Golden Bull issued by Emperor Frederick II, at his court in Rimini in March 1226 to confirm the Teutonic Knights' possessions in Prussia.

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Golden Bull of Sicily

The Golden Bull of Sicily (Zlatá bula sicilská, Bulla Aurea Siciliæ) was a decree issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in Basel on 26 September 1212 that confirmed the royal title obtained by Ottokar I of Bohemia in 1198, declaring him and his heirs Kings of Bohemia.

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Golden Charter of Bern

The Golden Charter of Bern (also: Golden Bull, in German: Goldene Handfeste or Berner Handfeste) is a medieval charter purporting to have been issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

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Goose barnacle

Goose barnacles (order Pedunculata), also called stalked barnacles or gooseneck barnacles, are filter-feeding crustaceans that live attached to hard surfaces of rocks and flotsam in the ocean intertidal zone.

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Goslar

Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Gračišće

Gračišće (Gallignana) is a village and municipality of Istria County in Croatia.

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Gran Tavola

During the Middle Ages, the Gran Tavola (Italian for "Great Table") was the largest Sienese bank,de Roover, Raymond A., and Larson, Henrietta M. 1999.

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Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

The Grand Master (Hochmeister; Magister generalis) is the holder of the supreme office of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally "high master", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister ("grand master") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood. An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used. The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.

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Gravina in Puglia

Gravina in Puglia (Barese: Gravéine; Silvium; translit) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, southern Italy.

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Grazzanise

Grazzanise is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about northwest of Naples and about west of Caserta.

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Gregorio di Montelongo

Gregorio di Montelongo (c. 1200 – 1269) was the Patriarch of Aquileia from 1251 until his death.

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Grosseto

Grosseto is a city and comune in the central Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of the Province of Grosseto.

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Grottaferrata

Grottaferrata is a small town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, situated on the lower slopes of the Alban Hills, south east of Rome.

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Guala de Roniis

Blessed Guala de Roniis (1180 - 3 September 1244) was an Italian Roman Catholic Church priest and a professed member of the Order of Preachers as one of Saint Dominic's earliest disciples.

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Gualdo Tadino

Gualdo Tadino (Latin: Tadinum) is an ancient town of Italy, in the province of Perugia in northeastern Umbria, on the lower flanks of Mt. Penna, a mountain of the Apennines.

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Guardia Lombardi

Guardia Lombardi, known as La Uàrdia in the Guardiese dialect or Guardiae Longobardorum in Latin, is a small town and comune in the Province of Avellino in Campania, Italy.

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Guérin de Montaigu

Pierre Guérin de Montaigu (died 1230) was a nobleman from Auvergne, who became the 13th Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, in 1207–28.

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Guelphs and Ghibellines

The Guelphs and Ghibellines (guelfi e ghibellini) were factions supporting the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, respectively, in the Italian city-states of central and northern Italy.

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Gui de Cavalhon

Gui de Cavalhon, Cavaillo, or Gavaillo (fl. 1200–1229) was a Provençal nobleman: a diplomat, warrior, and man of letters.

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Guido Bonatti

Guido Bonatti (died between 1296 and 1300) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, who was the most celebrated astrologer of the 13th century.

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Guido Cavalcanti

Guido Cavalcanti (between 1250 and 1259 – August 1300) was an Italian poet and troubadour, as well as an intellectual influence on his best friend, Dante Alighieri.

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Guido I Embriaco

Guido I Embriaco or Guido I of Gibelet (born c. 1180; died after September 1238) was "Lord (Signore) of Jebail" or "Giblet", "Gibelet" or "Gibelletto" - Jebail is historic Byblos (Jbeil) in Lebanon.

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Guigues V of Albon

Guigues V (c. 1125 – 29 July 1162) was the Count of Albon and Grenoble from 1142 until his death.

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Guigues VII of Viennois

Guigues VII (1225–1269), of the House of Burgundy, was the dauphin of Vienne and count of Albon, Grenoble, Oisans, Briançon, Embrun, and Gap from 1237 to his death.

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Guilhem Figueira

Guillem or Guilhem Figueira or Figera was a Languedocian jongleur and troubadour from Toulouse active at the court of the Emperor Frederick II in the 1230s.

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Guillem Augier Novella

Guillem Augier Novella was a troubadour from Vienne in the Dauphinois who lived most of his adulthood in Lombardy and was active as a minstrel in the early or mid thirteenth century.

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Gutenberg, Germany

Gutenberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Haakon IV of Norway

Haakon Haakonsson (c. March/April 1204 – 16 December 1263) (Old Norse: Hákon Hákonarson; Norwegian: Håkon Håkonsson), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his son with the same name, and known in modern regnal lists as Haakon IV, was the King of Norway from 1217 to 1263.

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Hans Liebeschuetz

Hans Liebeschuetz (1893-1978, German: Liebeschütz) was a medieval historian.

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Hartmann, Count of Württemberg

Hartmann I (1160–1240) was the Count of Württemberg.

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Harzburg

The Harzburg, also called Große Harzburg ("Great Harz Castle"), is a former imperial castle, situated on the northwestern edge of the Harz mountain range overlooking the spa resort of Bad Harzburg in Goslar District in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Haute Cour of Jerusalem

The Haute Cour (High Court) was the feudal council of the kingdom of Jerusalem.

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Hauteville family

The Hauteville family, also called the Hauteville dynasty or House of Hauteville (French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla), was a Norman family originally of seigneurial rank from the Cotentin.

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Hedwig of Silesia

Saint Hedwig of Silesia (Święta Jadwiga Śląska), also Saint Hedwig of Andechs (Heilige Hedwig von Andechs, Hedvigis; 1174 – 15 October 1243), a member of the Bavarian comital House of Andechs, was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238.

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Heidelberg Castle

Heidelberg Castle (Heidelberger Schloss) is a ruin in Germany and landmark of Heidelberg.

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Heinrich I von Müllenark

Heinrich I von Müllenark (also Mulnarken) (1190–1238) was the Archbishop of Cologne within the Holy Roman Empire from 1225 until 1237.

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Heinrich of Meissen

Heinrich of Meissen (died 24 June 1240) was Bishop of Meissen from December 1228 to his death.

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Heinrich von Hohenlohe

Heinrich von Hohenlohe (died 15 July 1249) was the seventh Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving between 1244 and 1249.

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Heinrich von Winkelried

Heinrich von Winkelried (d. after 1303), known as Schrutan or Strut "the giant", was a medieval knight in what is now Central Switzerland.

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Heir apparent

An heir apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.

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Helena Angelina Doukaina

Helena Angelina Doukaina (1242 – 1271) was Queen of Sicily as the second wife of King Manfred.

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Henry (VII) of Germany

Henry (VII) (1211 – 12 February ? 1242), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Sicily from 1212 until 1217 and King of Germany (formally Rex Romanorum) from 1220 until 1235, as son and co-ruler of Emperor Frederick II.

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Henry de Turberville

Sir Henry de Turberville (died 1239) was a noted English soldier and seneschal of Gascony.

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Henry I of Cyprus

Henry I of Cyprus, nicknamed the Fat (Henri de Lusignan; 3 May 1217 – 18 January 1253 at Nicosia) was King of Cyprus from 1218 to 1253.

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Henry I, Count of Anhalt

Henry I (1170 – 1252), a member of the House of Ascania, was Count of Anhalt from 1212 and the first ruling Anhalt prince from 1218 until his death.

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Henry I, Duke of Brabant

Henry I of Brabant (Henri I de Brabant, Hendrik I van Brabant; 1165 – 5 September 1235), named "The Courageous", was a member of the House of Reginar and first Duke of Brabant from 1183/84 until his death.

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Henry II the Pious

Henry II the Pious (Henryk II Pobożny) (1196 – 9 April 1241),*Cawley, Charles; Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Medieval Lands Project; Silesia v3.0; Dukes of Breslau (Wrocław) and Lower Silesia 1163–1278 (Piast) (Chap 4); Heinrich II Duke of Lower Silesia; retrieved May 2015.

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Henry II, Count of Nassau

Henry II the Rich (c. 1190–1251; Heinrich II., Hendrik II de Rijke) was Count of Nassau between 1198 and 1249.

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Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, (before 1296 – after 1351), also called de Graecia ("of Greece"), was the eldest son of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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Henry II, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg

Henry II, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg (before 1231 &ndash) was the ruling Margrave of Baden-Hachberg from 1231 to 1289.

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Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death.

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Henry III, Count of Bar

Henry III of Bar (Henri III de Bar; Heinrich III von Bar 1259 – Naples, September 1302) was Count of Bar from 1291 to 1302.

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Henry III, Margrave of Meissen

Henry III, called Henry the Illustrious (Heinrich der Erlauchte) (c. 1215 – 15 February 1288) from the House of Wettin was Margrave of Meissen and last Margrave of Lusatia (as Henry IV) from 1221 until his death; from 1242 also Landgrave of Thuringia.

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Henry IV, Duke of Limburg

Henry IV (1195 – 25 February 1247) was the duke of Limburg and count of Berg from 1226 to his death.

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Henry of Kalden

Henry of Kalden (Heinrich von Kalden; – after 1214) was a ministerialis in the service of the German kings Henry VI, Philip, Otto IV, and Frederick II.

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Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia

Henry Raspe (1204 – 16 February 1247) succeeded his nephew Hermann II as Landgrave of Thuringia in central Germany in 1241; he later was elected anti-king in 1246–1247 in opposition to Conrad IV of Germany.

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Henry the Bearded

Henry the Bearded (Henryk Brodaty, Heinrich der Bärtige); c. 1165/70 – 19 March 1238), of the Silesian line of the Piast dynasty, was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław from 1201 and Duke of Kraków and thus High Duke of all Poland — internally divided — from 1232 until his death.

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Henry VI, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Henry VI "the Younger" of Brunswick, of the House of Welf, was Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1212 to 1214.

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Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VI (Heinrich VI) (November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1190 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death.

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Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII (German: Heinrich; c. 1275 – 24 August 1313)Kleinhenz, pg.

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Henry, Count of Malta

Henry, known as Enrico Pescatore (i.e., the fisherman), was a Genoese adventurer, privateer and pirate active in the Mediterranean at the beginning of the thirteenth century.

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Heppenheim

Heppenheim (Bergstraße) is the seat of Bergstraße district in Hesse, Germany, lying on the Bergstraße on the edge of the Odenwald.

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Herman II, Lord of Lippe

Herman II, Lord of Lippe (1175 in Lippe (now called Lippstadt) – 25 April 1229) was a ruling Lord of Lippe.

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Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden

Herman V, Margrave of Baden-Baden (c. 1180 – 16 January 1243) ruled Verona and Baden from 1190 until his death.

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Hermann Balk

Hermann Balk (died March 5, 1239, Würzburg), also known as Hermann von Balk or Hermann Balke, was a Knight-Brother of the Teutonic Order and its first Landmeister, or Provincial Master, in both Prussia and Livonia.

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Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia

Hermann I (died 25 April 1217), Landgrave of Thuringia and (as Hermann III) Count Palatine of Saxony, was the second son of Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (the Iron), and Judith of Hohenstaufen, the sister of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa..

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Hermann von Salza

Hermann von Salza (or Hermann of Salza; c. 1165 – March 20, 1239) was the fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1210 to 1239.

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Hesselberg

Hesselberg (689 m above sea level) is the highest point in Middle Franconia and the Franconian Jura and is situated 60 km south west of Nuremberg, Germany.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.

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Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation

Historicism, a method of interpretation in Christian eschatology which associates biblical prophecies with actual historical events and identifies symbolic beings with historical persons or societies, has been applied to the Book of Revelation by many writers.

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History of Alsace

The History of Alsace begins when the area was inhabited by nomadic hunters in antiquity, and includes several changes in political control of the area between Germany and France.

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History of astrology

Astrological beliefs in correspondences between celestial observations and terrestrial events have influenced various aspects of human history, including world-views, language and many elements of social culture.

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History of Baden-Württemberg

The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.

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History of Bavaria

The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the modern Federal Republic of Germany.

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History of Bern

The city of Bern, founded in 1191 and first mentioned in a document in 1208, grew to become the biggest aristocratic city-state north of the Alps and a major power in the Old Swiss Confederacy.

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History of biology

The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.

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History of elephants in Europe

The history of elephants in Europe dates back to the ice ages, when mammoths (various species of prehistoric elephant) roamed the northern parts of the Earth, from Europe to North America.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of European research universities

European research universities date from the founding of the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (c. 1160–70).

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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History of Franconia

Franconia (Franken) is a region that is not precisely defined, but which lies in the north of the Free State of Bavaria, parts of Baden-Württemberg and South Thuringia and Hesse in Germany.

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History of Germany

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered.

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History of Goslar

Goslar is a world heritage site in Germany.

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History of Hamburg

The history of Hamburg begins with its foundation in the 9th century as a mission settlement to convert the Saxons.

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History of Islam in southern Italy

The history of Islam in Sicily and Southern Italy began with the first Muslim settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.

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History of Italy

In archaic times, ancient Greeks, Etruscans and Celts established settlements in the south, the centre and the north of Italy respectively, while various Italian tribes and Italic peoples inhabited the Italian peninsula and insular Italy.

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History of Jerusalem

During its long history, Jerusalem has been attacked 52 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, besieged 23 times, and destroyed twice.

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History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Jerusalem was conquered by the Christian First Crusade in 1099, after it had been under the Muslim rule for 450 years.

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History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages

The history of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages is generally one of decline; beginning as a major city in the Byzantine Empire, Jerusalem prospered during the early centuries of Muslim control (640–969), but under the rule of the Fatimid caliphate (late 10th to 11th centuries) its population declined from about 200,000 to less than half that number by the time of the Christian conquest in 1099.

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History of Malta

Malta has a long history and was first inhabited in around 5900 BC.

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History of medicine

The history of medicine shows how societies have changed in their approach to illness and disease from ancient times to the present.

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History of medieval Tunisia

The medieval era of Tunisia starts with what will eventually return Ifriqiya (Tunisia, and the entire Maghrib) to local Berber rule.

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History of Naples

The history of Naples is long and varied.

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History of Palermo

Palermo is one of the major cities of Italy, and the historical and administrative capital of Sicily.

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History of Palestine

The history of Palestine is the study of the past in the region of Palestine, generally defined as a geographic region in the Southern Levant between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River (where Israel and Palestine are today), and various adjoining lands.

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History of pharmacy

The history of pharmacy as an independent science dates back to the first third of the 19th century.

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History of Prague

The history of Prague covers more than a thousand years, during which time the city grew from the Vyšehrad Castle to the capital of a modern European state, the Czech Republic.

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History of Provence

The historic French province of Provence, located in the southeast corner of France between the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Rhone River and the upper reaches of the Durance River, was inhabited by Ligures since Neolithic times; by the Celtic since about 900 BC, and by Greek colonists since about 600 BC.

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History of Rome

Roman history has been among the most influential to the modern world, from supporting the tradition of the rule by law to influencing the American Founding Fathers to the creation of the Catholic church.

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History of Schleswig-Holstein

The history of Schleswig-Holstein consists of the corpus of facts since the pre-history times until the modern establishing of the Schleswig-Holstein state.

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History of seafood

The harvesting and consuming of seafoods are ancient practices that may date back to at least the Upper Paleolithic period which dates to between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago.

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History of Sicily

The history of Sicily has been influenced by numerous ethnic groups.

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History of Speyer

The history of Speyer begins with the establishment of a Roman camp in 10 BCE, making it one of Germany's oldest cities.

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History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the oldest prominent Christian churches in current use and has undergone a number of different buildings and changes in control by different denominations.

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History of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages

The history of the Czech lands in the High Middle Ages encompasses the period from the rule of Vladislav II (c.1110–1174 AD) to that of Henry of Bohemia (c.1265–1335).

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History of the Jews in Austria

The history of the Jews in Austria probably begins with the exodus of Jews from Judea under Roman occupation.

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History of the Jews in Italy

The history of the Jews in Italy spans more than two thousand years.

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History of the Jews in Sicily

The history of the Jews in Sicily deals with Jews and the Jewish community in Sicily which possibly dates back two millennia.

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History of the Jews in Southern Central Italy

The History of the Jews in Southern Central Italy is at least 2000 years old and now covers the modern provences of Campania, Molise, and Basilicata.

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History of the Jews in Vienna

The history of the Jews in Vienna, Austria, goes back over eight hundred years.

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History of Uri

Uri is a Swiss Talschaft and canton in the upper Reuss valley.

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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History of Zürich

Zürich has been continuously inhabited since Roman times.

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History of zoology (through 1859)

The history of zoology before Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution traces the organized study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times.

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Hohenecken Castle

Hohenecken Castle (Burg Hohenecken) (MHG: buorch hônecke) is the ruin of a spur castle from the Hohenstaufen era on the Schlossberg hill above the Kaiserslautern ward of Hohenecken in Rhineland-Palatinate.

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Hohenlohe

Hohenlohe is the name of a German princely dynasty descended from the ancient Franconian Imperial immediate noble family that belonged to the German High Nobility (Hoher Adel).

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Hohenstaufen

The Staufer, also known as the House of Staufen, or of Hohenstaufen, were a dynasty of German kings (1138–1254) during the Middle Ages.

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Holungen

Holungen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

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House of Altoviti

The Altoviti are a prominent Florentine noble family.

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House of Anguillara

Anguillara were a baronal family of Latium, especially powerful in Rome and in the current province of Viterbo during the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance.

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House of Asseburg

Asseburg, original German name von der Asseburg, are an old Lower Saxon aristocratic family, which has its seat in the eponymous castle of Asseburg.

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House of Falkenstein (Bavaria)

The counts of Falkenstein (from 1125 referred to as counts of Falkenstein-Neuburg) were a medieval noble dynasty from Bavaria.

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House of Ibelin

The House of Ibelin was a noble family in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century.

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House of Lusignan

The House of Lusignan was a royal house of French origin, which at various times ruled several principalities in Europe and the Levant, including the kingdoms of Jerusalem, Cyprus, and Armenia, from the 12th through the 15th centuries during the Middle Ages.

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House of Malatesta

The House of Malatesta was an Italian family that ruled over Rimini from 1295 until 1500, as well as (in different periods) other lands and towns in Romagna.

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House of Montefeltro

Coat of Arms of the Montefeltro family Da Montefeltro is the name of an historical Italian family who ruled Urbino and Gubbio and became Dukes of Urbino in 1443.

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House of Ordelaffi

The House of Ordelaffi was a noble family that ruled the lower Romagna from the 13th century to 1504, with some interregnums.

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House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France.

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House of Sax

The noble family von Sax (originally de Sacco) were a medieval noble family in eastern Switzerland.

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House of Waldburg

Waldburg is a princely family of Upper Swabia, founded some time previous to the 12th century; the cadet lineages are comital families.

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House of Welf

The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.

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Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy

Hugh IV of Burgundy (9 March 1213 – 27 or 30 October 1272) was Duke of Burgundy between 1218 and 1272.

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Hugh of Ibelin (died 1238)

Hugh of Ibelin (c. 1213–1238), called the Strong (Hue le Fort), was the third of five sons of John I of Beirut.

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Hugh of Saint-Cher

Hugh of Saint-Cher, O.P., (c. 1200 – 19 March 1263) was a French Dominican friar who became a cardinal and noted biblical commentator.

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Hugues de Pierrepont

Hugh de Pierrepont (died 1229) was bishop of Liège from 1200 to 1229.

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Humphrey IV of Toron

Humphrey IV of Toron (1166 – 1198) was a leading baron in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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Hunting

Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping animals, or pursuing or tracking them with the intent of doing so.

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Ibn Sab'in

Abu Mohammed Abd el-Hakh Ibn Sab'in (محمدبن عبدالحق بن سبعين) was an Arab Sufi philosopher, the last philosopher of the Andalus in the west land of Islamic world.

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Iesi

Jesi (Jesi) is a town and comune of the province of Ancona in Marche, Italy.

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Ietas

Ietas (or Iaitas or Iaeta or Ietae or Jetae), was an ancient town of the interior of Sicily, in the northwest of the island, not very far from Panormus (modern Palermo), in the modern comune of San Giuseppe Jato, whose name reflects the ancient town's.

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Imperial Abbey of Kempten

The Imperial Abbey of Kempten or Princely Abbey of Kempten (Fürststift Kempten or Fürstabtei Kempten) was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries until it was annexed to the Electorate of Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization in 1803.

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Imperial ban

The imperial ban (Reichsacht) was a form of outlawry in the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial Cathedrals

Imperial Cathedral (Kaiserdom) is the designation for a cathedral linked to the Imperial rule of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

The Imperial Diet (Dieta Imperii/Comitium Imperiale; Reichstag) was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial election, 1273

The imperial election of 1273 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial election, 1519

The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial Palace of Goslar

The Imperial Palace of Goslar (Kaiserpfalz Goslar) is a historical building complex at the foot of the Rammelsberg hill in the south of the town of Goslar north of the Harz mountains, central Germany.

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Imperium

Imperium is a Latin word that, in a broad sense, translates roughly as 'power to command'.

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Index of Byzantine Empire-related articles

This is a list of people, places, things, and concepts related to or originating from the Byzantine Empire (AD 330–1453).

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Inferno (Dante)

Inferno (Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy.

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Infidel

Infidel (literally "unfaithful") is a term used in certain religions for those accused of unbelief in the central tenets of their own religion, for members of another religion, or for the irreligious.

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Interracial marriage

Interracial marriage is a form of marriage outside a specific social group (exogamy) involving spouses who belong to different socially-defined races or racialized ethnicities.

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Interregnum

An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order.

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Interregnum (HRE)

There was no emperor of the Holy Roman Empire between 1245 and 1312, and again during 1378–1433 and 1437–1452.

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Investiture Controversy

The Investiture controversy or Investiture contest was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe over the ability to appoint local church officials through investiture.

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Irene of Brunswick

Irene of Brunswick, born Adelheid, (c. 1293 – 16/17 August 1324) was the first wife of Andronikos III Palaiologos, and by marriage Empress of Constantinople, although she died before her husband became sole Emperor.

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Irsina

Irsina (Irsinese: Montepelòse or Mondepelòse) is a town, comune (municipality) and former Latin bishopric in the province of Matera, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata.

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Isabella II of Jerusalem

Isabella II (121225 April 1228) also known as Yolande of Brienne, was a princess of French origin who became monarch of Jerusalem.

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Isabella of Angoulême

Isabella of Angoulême (Isabelle d'Angoulême,; c. 1186/1188 – 4 June 1246) was queen consort of England as the second wife of King John from 1200 until John's death in 1216.

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Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany

Isabella of Aragon (1305 – 12 July 1330) was the daughter of James II of Aragon and his second wife Blanche of Anjou.

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Isabella of England

Isabella of England (1214 – 1 December 1241), was Holy Roman Empress, Queen of the Germans, and Queen consort of Sicily.

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Isabella, Queen of Armenia

Isabella I (Զապել), also Isabel I or Zabel I, (27 January 1216/ 25 January 1217 – 23 January 1252) was the queen regnant of Cilician Armenia (1219–1252).

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Isabelle of France (saint)

Isabelle of France (March 1224 – 23 February 1270) was the daughter of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile.

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Isernia

Isernia is a town and comune in the southern Italian region of Molise, and the capital of province of Isernia.

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Islam in Italy

Muslim presence in Italy dates back to the 9th century, when Sicily came under control of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Islam in Malta

Islam in Malta, although only recently being reintroduced in a sizeable number in the latter half of the 20th century, has had a historically profound impact upon the country—especially its language and agriculture—as a consequence of previous centuries of Muslim control and presence on its islands.

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Islamic ethics

Islamic ethics (أخلاق إسلامية), defined as "good character," historically took shape gradually from the 7th century and was finally established by the 11th century.

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Islamic studies by author (non-Muslim or academic)

Included are prominent authors who have made studies concerning Islam, the religion and its civilization, and the culture of Muslim peoples.

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Isola del Giglio

Isola del Giglio (Giglio Island) is an Italian island and comune situated in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, and is part of the Province of Grosseto.

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Italian classical music

Plainsong is also called plainchant.

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Italian Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture appeared in Italy in the 12th century.

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Italian literature

Italian literature is written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy.

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Italians

The Italians (Italiani) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to the Italian peninsula.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Ivrea

Ivrea (Eporedia) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy.

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Jacob Anatoli

Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simson Anatoli (c. 1194 – 1256) was a translator of Arabic texts to Hebrew.

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Jacopo Tiepolo

Jacopo Tiepolo (died 19 July 1249), also known as Giacomo Tiepolo, was Doge of Venice from 1229 to 1249.

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Jacques de Vitry

Jacques de Vitry (Jacobus de Vitriaco, c. 1160/70 – 1 May 1240) was a French canon regular who was a noted theologian and chronicler of his era.

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Jaffa

Jaffa, in Hebrew Yafo, or in Arabic Yaffa (יפו,; يَافَا, also called Japho or Joppa), the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, is an ancient port city in Israel.

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James II of Aragon

James II (10 August 1267 – 2 or 5 November 1327), called the Just, was the King of Aragon and Valencia and Count of Barcelona from 1291 to 1327.

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Jans der Enikel

Jans der Enikel, i.e. "Jans the Grandson" was a Viennese poet and historian of the late 13th century.

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Jean de Béthune

Jean de Béthune (died 1219), a member of the noble House of Bethune, was a French cleric who became the Roman Catholic bishop of the diocese of Cambrai and ruler of the principality of Cambrésis in the Holy Roman Empire.

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Jean Hardouin

Jean Hardouin (John Hardwin; Johannes Harduinus; 1646 – 3 September 1729), French classical scholar, was born at Quimper in Brittany.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Joachim of Fiore

Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (c. 1135 – 30 March 1202), was an Italian theologian and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore.

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Joan d'Aubusson

Joan d'Aubusson or d'Albusson (fl. 1229), known as Johan or Johanet to Occitan contemporaries (Giovanni in Italian), was an Auvergnat (possibly Limousin) troubadour and a Ghibelline.

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Johannes Fried

Johannes Fried (born 23 May 1942, in Hamburg) is a German historian and mediaevalist.

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John I, Count of Hainaut

John of Avesnes (1 May 1218 – 24 December 1257) was the count of Hainaut from 1246 to his death.

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John I, Margrave of Brandenburg

John I, Margrave of Brandenburg (– 4 April 1266) was from 1220 until his death Margrave of Brandenburg, jointly with his brother Otto III "the Pious".

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John III Doukas Vatatzes

John III Doukas Vatatzes, Latinized as Ducas Vatatzes (Ιωάννης Γ΄ Δούκας Βατάτζης, Iōannēs III Doukas Vatatzēs, c. 1193, Didymoteicho – 3 November 1254, Nymphaion), was Emperor of Nicaea from 1222 to 1254.

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John Maunsell

Sir John Maunsell (1190/1195 – 1265), also Sir John Mansel, Provost of Beverley Minster, was a king's clerk and a judge.

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John of Arsuf

John of Ibelin (c. 1211–1258) was the Lord of Arsuf (or Arsur) from 1236 and Constable of Jerusalem from 1251.

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John of Bordeaux

John of Bordeaux, or The Second Part of Friar Bacon, is an Elizabethan era stage play, the anonymous sequel to Robert Greene's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay. The play was never printed in its own historical era and survived in a single, untitled, defective manuscript until it was named and published in 1936.

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John of Brienne

John of Brienne (1170 – 27 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237.

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John of Caesarea

John (died 1238/41) was the Lord of Caesarea from 1229 and an important figure in the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

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John of Gallura

John (or Giovanni) Visconti (died 1275) was the Judge of Gallura from 1238 to his death.

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John of Ibelin (jurist)

John of Ibelin (1215 – December 1266), count of Jaffa and Ascalon, was a noted jurist and the author of the longest legal treatise from the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut

John of Ibelin (c. 1179 – 1236), called the Old Lord of Beirut, was a powerful crusader noble in the 13th century, one of the best known representatives of the influential Ibelin family.

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John of Toledo

John of Toledo (died 1275) was an English Cistercian and Cardinal.

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John of Wildeshausen

John of Wildeshausen, O.P., also called Johannes Teutonicus (c. 1180 – 4 November 1252) was a German Dominican friar, who was made a bishop in Bosnia and later the fourth Master General of the Dominican Order.

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John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

John (– 13 December 1277), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1252 until his death.

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John, Duke of Randazzo

John, Duke of Randazzo (1317–1348) was duke of Randazzo, Athens, and Neopatria, Count of Malta and regent of Sicily (1342–1348).

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John, King of England

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216.

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Jonis Bascir

Jonis Bascir, also known as Jonis Bashir, is a Somali-Italian actor and musician.

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Juliana of Liège

Saint Juliana of Liège, O.Praem. (also called Juliana of Mount-Cornillon), (1192 or 1193 – 5 April 1258) was a medieval Norbertine canoness regular and mystic in what is now Belgium.

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July 7

The terms 7th July, July 7th, and 7/7 (pronounced "Seven-seven") have been widely used in the Western media as a shorthand for the 7 July 2005 bombings on London's transport system.

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Jure uxoris

Jure uxoris is a Latin phrase meaning "by right of (his) wife".

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Jus naufragii

The jus naufragii (right of shipwreck), sometimes lex naufragii (law of shipwreck), was a medieval custom (never actually a law) which allowed the inhabitants or lord of a territory to seize all that washed ashore from the wreck of a ship along its coast.

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Kačić noble family

The Kačić family (Kačići, Kacsics, Cacich) was one of the most influential Croatian noble families, and was one of the Croatian "twelve noble tribes" described in the Pacta conventa and Supetar Cartulary.

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Kaiser Way

The Kaiser Way (Kaiserweg), literally "Emperor Way", is a thematic long distance footpath in the Harz mountains of Germany, which is about 110 km long and crosses both the Harz and the Kyffhäuser hills.

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Kaltenburg Castle

Kaltenburg Castle is a ruined castle, located in the Lonetal (Lone River Valley) between the cities of Giengen and Niederstotzingen in the district of Heidenheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Kantara Castle

Kantara Castle (Κάστρο της Καντάρας Kantara Kalesi) is a castle in Northern Cyprus.

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Karl Hampe

Karl Ludwig Hampe (3 February 1869 – 14 February 1936) was a German historian of the Middle Ages, particularly the history of the Holy Roman Empire in the High Middle Ages.

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Karlsschrein

The Karlsschrein (Shrine of Charlemagne) in Aachen Cathedral was made in Aachen at the command of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and completed in 1215, after Frederick II's grandfather, Frederick Barbarossa had exhumed Charlemagne's bones from their resting place in the Palatine Chapel, Aachen in 1165.

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Köniz

Köniz is a statistical town, however considers itself still as a village, and a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district right on the southern border to Bern in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

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Köniz Castle

Köniz Castle (Schloss Köniz) is a castle in the municipality of Köniz of the Canton of Bern in Switzerland.

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Kempten

Kempten is the largest town of Allgäu, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.

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Kendra Haste

Kendra Haste (born 1971) is a British wildlife sculptor who produces both public and privately commissioned sculpture using galvanised chicken wire mesh to create wire sculptures of wild animals.

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King in the mountain

The King asleep in mountain (D 1960.2 in Stith Thompson's motif index system) is a prominent folklore motif found in many folktales and legends.

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King of Italy

King of Italy (Latin: Rex Italiae; Italian: Re d'Italia) was the title given to the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

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King of Jerusalem

The King of Jerusalem was the supreme ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Crusader state founded by Christian princes in 1099 when the First Crusade took the city.

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King of the Romans

King of the Romans (Rex Romanorum; König der Römer) was a title used by Syagrius, then by the German king following his election by the princes from the time of Emperor Henry II (1014–1024) onward.

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Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia, sometimes in English literature referred to as the Czech Kingdom (České království; Königreich Böhmen; Regnum Bohemiae, sometimes Regnum Czechorum), was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czech Republic.

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Kingdom of Cyprus

The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader state that existed between 1192 and 1489.

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Kingdom of Germany

The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (Regnum Teutonicum, "Teutonic Kingdom"; Deutsches Reich) developed out of the eastern half of the former Carolingian Empire.

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Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

The Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum, Italian: Regno d'Italia) was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.

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Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.

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Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae, Regno di Sicilia, Regnu di Sicilia, Regne de Sicília, Reino de Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian peninsula and for a time Africa from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816.

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Kingdom of Thessalonica

The Kingdom of Thessalonica was a short-lived Crusader State founded after the Fourth Crusade over conquered Byzantine lands in Macedonia and Thessaly.

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Kings of Jerusalem family tree

This a family tree of the kings of Jerusalem.

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Kings of Sicily family tree

The first Sicilian monarch was Roger I, Count of Sicily.

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Klaipėda Region

The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas) or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet) was defined by the Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the most northern part of the German province of East Prussia, when as Memelland it was put under the administration of the Council of Ambassadors.

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Knights Templar

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply as Templars, were a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See.

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Konrad I of Masovia

Konrad I of Masovia (Konrad I Mazowiecki) (ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kujawy from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243.

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Konrad Schmid

Konrad Schmid (died 1368) was the leader of a group of flagellants and millenarians in Thuringia.

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Konrad von Hochstaden

Konrad von Hochstaden (or Conrad of Hochstadt) (1198/1205 – 18 September 1261) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1238 to 1261.

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Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums

Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums (In English Criminal History of Christianity) is the main work of the author and church critic Karlheinz Deschner.

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Kudrun

Kudrun (sometimes known as the Gudrunlied or Gudrun), is an anonymous Middle High German heroic epic.

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Kyffhäuser

The Kyffhäuser, sometimes also referred to as Kyffhäusergebirge, is a hill range in Central Germany, located on the border of the state of Thuringia with Saxony-Anhalt, southeast of the Harz mountains.

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L'Aquila

L'Aquila (meaning "The Eagle") is a city and comune in Southern Italy, both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila.

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La Magione, Palermo

The Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity (Italian: Basilica della Santissima Trinità), commonly known as Basilica del Cancelliere, Basilica La Magione or simply La Magione, is a Norman church of Palermo.

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Lamezia Terme

Lamezia Terme, commonly called Lamezia, is an Italian city and comune of 70,452 inhabitants (2013) in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region.

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Lanciano

Lanciano (Abruzzese: Langiàne) is a town and comune in the province of Chieti, part of the Abruzzo region of central Italy.

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Landesrabbiner

Landesrabbiner (Rav Medinah) are spiritual heads of the Jewish communities of a country, province, or district, particularly in Germany and Austria.

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Landfrieden

A Landfrieden or Landfriede (Latin: constitutio pacis, pax instituta or pax jurata) was, under medieval law of the Holy Roman Empire, a contractual waiver by rulers of specified territories of the use of (actually legitimate) force to assert their own legal claims.

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Lands of Schlawe and Stolp

The Lands of Schlawe and Stolp (Länder Schlawe und Stolp) or Land of Słupsk-Sławno (Ziemia Słupsko-Sławieńska) are a historical region in Pomerania, centered on the towns of Sławno (Schlawe) and Słupsk (Stolp) in Farther Pomerania, in present-day Poland.

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Lands of the Bohemian Crown

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown, sometimes called Czech lands in modern times, were a number of incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods connected by feudal relations under the Bohemian kings.

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Lanfranc Cigala

Lanfranc Cigala (or Cicala) (Lanfranco, Lafranc; fl. 1235–1257) was a Genoese nobleman, knight, judge, and man of letters of the mid thirteenth century.

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Language deprivation experiments

Language deprivation experiments have been attempted several times through history, isolating infants from the normal use of spoken or signed language in an attempt to discover the fundamental character of human nature or the origin of language.

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Lauffen am Neckar

(Lauffen) is a town in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Lawyer

A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.

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Lübeck

Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.

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Lentini

Lentini (Sicilian: Lintini), historically Leontini or Leontinoi (Λεοντῖνοι), is a town and comune in the Province of Syracuse, South East of Sicily (Southern Italy).

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Leopard

The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five species in the genus Panthera, a member of the Felidae.

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Leopold VI, Duke of Austria

Leopold VI (Luitpold VI., 1176 – 28 July 1230Beller 2007, pp. 23.), known as Leopold the Glorious (Luitpold der Glorreiche), was the Duke of Styria from 1194 and the Duke of Austria from 1198 to his death in 1230.

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Liber ad honorem Augusti

The Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus Siculis ("Book in honour of the Emperor, or on Sicilian affairs"; also called Carmen de motibus Siculis, "Poem on the Sicilian revolt") is an illustrated narrative epic in Latin elegiac couplets, written in Palermo in 1196 by Peter of Eboli (in Latin, Petrus de Ebulo).

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Liber introductorius

Liber introductorius (The Introductory Book) is the collective name for a trilogy of books written by Scottish mathematician Michael Scot in the early 13th century.

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Liber physiognomiae

Liber physiognomiae (The Book of Physiognomy) is a work by the Scottish mathematician, philosopher, and scholar Michael Scot concerning physiognomy; the work is also the final book of a trilogy known as the Liber introductorius.

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Libro de los juegos

The Libro de los Juegos, ("Book of games"), or Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas, ("Book of chess, dice and tables", in Old Spanish) was commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and León and completed in his scriptorium in Toledo in 1283,Sonja Musser Golladay, (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007), 31.

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Linguistic development of Genie

When the circumstances of Genie, the primary victim in one of the most severe cases of abuse, neglect and social isolation on record in medical literature, first became known in early November 1970, authorities arranged for her admission to Children's Hospital Los Angeles, where doctors determined that at the age of 13 years and 7 months she had not acquired a first language.

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List of battles (alphabetical)

Alphabetical list of historical battles (see also Military history, Lists of battles): NOTE: Where a year has been used to disambiguate battles it is the year when the battle started.

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List of battles 301–1300

No description.

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List of battles involving war elephants

Some notable battles involving war elephants include.

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List of Bohemian monarchs

This is a list of Bohemian monarchs now also referred to as list of Czech monarchs who ruled as Dukes and Kings of Bohemia.

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List of Burgundian consorts

This article lists queens, countesses, and duchesses consort of the Kingdom, County, Duchy of Burgundy.

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List of colleges and universities named after people

Many colleges and universities are named after people.

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List of consorts of the Byzantine successor states

This is a list of the consorts of the four main Byzantine Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire following the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and up to their conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the middle of the 15th century.

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List of conspiracy theories

Many unproven conspiracy theories exist with varying degrees of popularity, frequently related to clandestine government plans and elaborate murder plots.

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List of cultural references in the Divine Comedy

The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri is a long allegorical poem in three parts (or canticas): the Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise), and 100 cantos, with the Inferno having 34, Purgatorio having 33, and Paradiso having 33 cantos.

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List of Danish campaigns in Pomerania

List of Danish campaigns in Pomerania.

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List of encyclopedias by language

This is a list of encyclopedias by language.

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List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church

This is a list, in chronological order, of present and past offences to which the Roman Catholic Church has attached the penalty of excommunication; the list is not exhaustive.

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List of German monarchs

This is a list of monarchs who ruled over the German territories of central Europe from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 (by which a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom was created), until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.

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List of German queens

German queen is the informal title used when referring to the wife of the ruler of the Kingdom of Germany.

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List of Germans

This is a list of notable Germans or German-speaking or -writing persons.

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List of Holy Roman Empresses

Holy Roman Empress or Empress of the Holy Roman Empire is the title given to the consort (wife) or regent of the Holy Roman Emperor.

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List of illuminated manuscripts

This is a list of illuminated manuscripts.

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List of impostors

An impostor (also spelled imposter) is a person who pretends to be somebody else, often through means of disguise.

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List of individual elephants

This is a list of historical elephants by name.

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List of Italian queens

Queen of Italy (regina Italiae in Latin and regina d'Italia in Italian) is a title adopted by many spouses of the rulers of the Italian peninsula after the fall of the Roman Empire.

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List of Italians

This is a list of Italians, who are identified with the Italian nation through residential, legal, historical, or cultural means, grouped by their area of notability.

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List of kings of Burgundy

The following is a list of the kings of the two Kingdoms of Burgundy, and a number of related political entities devolving from Carolingian machinations over family relations.

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List of Latin phrases (S)

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List of medieval universities

The list of medieval universities comprises universities (more precisely, studium generale) which existed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

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List of monarchs of Sardinia

The following is a list of rulers of Sardinia, in particular, of the monarchs of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica from 1323 and then of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1479 to 1861.

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List of monarchs of Sicily

The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the County of Sicily in 1071 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816.

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List of Muslim philosophers

Muslim philosophers both profess Islam and engage in a style of philosophy situated within the structure of Islamic culture, though not necessarily concerned with religious issues.

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List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: F

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List of oldest universities in continuous operation

This article contains a list of the oldest existing universities in continuous operation in the world.

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List of orphans and foundlings

Notable orphans and foundlings include world leaders, celebrated writers, entertainment greats, figures in science and business, as well as innumerable fictional characters in literature and comics.

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List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church

This is a list of some of the more notable people excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

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List of people from Sicily

Sicily is the largest region in Italy with a population of over five million and has contributed many famous names to all walks of life.

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List of people from Southern Italy

This is a list of notable southern Italians.

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List of people on the postage stamps of Germany

This is a list of people on postage stamps of Germany.

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List of people on the postage stamps of Italy

This is a list of people on stamps of Italy.

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List of places named after people

There are a number of places named after famous people.

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List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes

This is a list of the duchies and dukes of Pomerania.

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List of principal leaders of the Crusades

This is a list of the principal leaders of the Crusades, classified by Crusades.

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List of Queens of Jerusalem

This is a list of Queens of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291.

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List of queens regnant

This is a list of Queens who have ruled as Queen in many countries (Separate queens for separate countries).

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List of Renaissance fairs

This is a list of Renaissance fairs worldwide.

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List of Sicilian consorts

This is a list of consorts of the Kingdom of Sicily.

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List of sieges

A siege is a prolonged military assault and blockade on a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition.

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List of state leaders in 1200

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List of state leaders in 1210

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List of state leaders in 1215

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List of state leaders in 1216

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List of state leaders in 1217

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List of state leaders in 1218

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List of state leaders in 1219

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List of state leaders in 1220

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List of state leaders in 1221

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List of state leaders in 1222

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List of state leaders in 1223

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List of state leaders in 1224

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List of state leaders in 1225

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List of state leaders in 1226

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List of state leaders in 1227

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List of state leaders in 1228

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List of state leaders in 1229

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List of state leaders in 1230

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List of state leaders in 1231

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List of state leaders in 1232

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List of state leaders in 1233

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List of state leaders in 1234

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List of state leaders in 1235

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List of state leaders in 1236

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List of state leaders in 1237

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List of state leaders in 1238

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List of state leaders in 1239

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List of state leaders in 1240

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List of state leaders in 1241

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List of state leaders in 1242

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List of state leaders in 1243

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List of state leaders in 1244

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List of state leaders in 1245

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List of state leaders in 1246

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List of state leaders in 1247

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List of state leaders in 1248

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List of state leaders in 1249

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List of state leaders in 1250

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List of state leaders in the 13th century

;State leaders in the 12th century – State leaders in the 14th century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 13th century (1201–1300) AD.

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List of tallest chimneys

This is a list of the tallest chimneys of the world.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Italy

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.

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Livonian Crusade

The Livonian Crusade refers to the conquest of the territory constituting modern Latvia and Estonia during the pope-sanctioned Northern Crusades, performed mostly by Germans from the Holy Roman Empire and Danes.

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Logothete

Logothete (λογοθέτης, logothétēs, pl. λογοθέται, logothétai; Med. logotheta, pl. logothetae; логотет; logoteta; logofăt; логотет, logotet) was an administrative title originating in the eastern Roman Empire.

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Lombard League

The Lombard League (Italian and Lombard: Lega Lombarda) was a medieval alliance formed in 1167, supported by the Pope, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperors to assert influence over the Kingdom of Italy as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.

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Lord Darcy (character)

Lord Darcy is a detective in an alternate history, created by Randall Garrett.

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Lorsch Abbey

The Abbey of Lorsch (Reichsabtei Lorsch; Laureshamense Monasterium, called also Laurissa and Lauresham) is a former Imperial abbey in Lorsch, Germany, about 10 km east of Worms.

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Louis I, Duke of Bavaria

Ludwig I (23 December 1173 – 15 September 1231), called the Kelheimer or of Kelheim, since he was born and died at Kelheim, was the Duke of Bavaria from 1183 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214.

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Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia

Louis IV the Saint (Ludwig IV.; 28 October 1200 – 11 September 1227), a member of the Ludovingian dynasty, was Landgrave of Thuringia and Saxon Count palatine from 1217 until his death.

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Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle

The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Lu rebellamentu di Sichilia

Lu rebellamentu di Sichilia, fully Cronica di lu rebellamentu di Sichilia contra re Carlu, is a Sicilian historical chronicle of the War of the Vespers written around 1290.

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Luca Grimaldi

Luca Grimaldi (fl. 1240–1275) was a Genoese troubadour and Guelph politician and diplomat.

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Lucera

Lucera (Lucerino: Lucére) is an Italian city of 34,243 inhabitants in the province of Foggia in the region of Apulia, and the seat of the Diocese of Lucera-Troia.

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Lucera Castle

The castle of Lucera is a castle located in the municipality of Lucera, in the province of Foggia, southern Italy, dating back to the 13th century.

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Lucera Cathedral

Lucera Cathedral (Duomo di Lucera; Basilica cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta di Lucera; also popularly Santa Maria della Vittoria) is the cathedral of Lucera, Apulia, Italy.

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Luchesius Modestini

Luchesius Modestini, T.O.S.F. (also Luchesio, Lucchese, Lucesio, Lucio, or Luchesius of Poggibonsi) (1180 - 1260) is honored by tradition within the Franciscan Order as being, along with his wife, Buonadonna de' Segni, the first members of the Franciscan Order of Penance, most commonly referred to as the Third Order of St. Francis.

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Luchetto Gattilusio

Luchetto Gattilusio (fl. 1248–1307) was a Genoese statesman, diplomat, and man of letters.

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Lute

A lute is any plucked string instrument with a neck (either fretted or unfretted) and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body.

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Macalda di Scaletta

Macalda di Scaletta (or Machalda) (Scaletta Zanclea, ca. 1240 – Messina, ? after October 14, 1308) was a Sicilian baroness, warrior woman, lady-in-waiting, and courtesan during the Angevin and Aragonese periods.

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Madrasa

Madrasa (مدرسة,, pl. مدارس) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion), and whether a school, college, or university.

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Maghrebis

Maghrebis or Maghrebians are the native inhabitants of the Maghreb in Northwest Africa.

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Mainz Cathedral

Mainz Cathedral or St.

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Majdal Yaba

Majdal Yaba (مجدل يابا) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict, located northeast of Ramla and east of Jaffa.

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Malta

Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Mandolin

A mandolin (mandolino; literally "small mandola") is a stringed musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick".

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Mandore (instrument)

The mandore is a musical instrument, a small member of the lute family, teardrop shaped, with four to six courses of gut strings and pitched in the treble range.

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Manegold of Berg

Manegold of Berg (c. 1140-1150 – 9 June 1215 in Vienna) was abbot of St. George's Abbey in the Black Forest, Kremsmünster Abbey and Tegernsee Abbey, and Bishop of Passau.

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Manerba del Garda

Manerba del Garda is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

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Manfred, Duke of Athens

Manfred (1306 – 9 November 1317), infante of Sicily, was the second son of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou.

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Manfred, King of Sicily

Manfred (Manfredi di Sicilia; 1232 – 26 February 1266) was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266.

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Maniace

Maniace (Sicilian: Maniaci) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Catania in the Italian region Sicily, located about east of Palermo and about northwest of Catania.

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Manlio Sgalambro

Manlio Sgalambro (9 December 1924 – 6 March 2014) was an Italian philosopher and writer, born in Lentini.

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March 18

No description.

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March of Carniola

The March (or Margraviate) of Carniola (Kranjska krajina; Mark Krain) was a southeastern state of the Holy Roman Empire in the High Middle Ages, the predecessor of the Duchy of Carniola.

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Margaret II, Countess of Flanders

Margaret, often called Margaret of Constantinople (2 June 1202 – 10 February 1280), ruled as Countess of Flanders during 1244–1278 and Countess of Hainaut during 1244–1253 and 1257–1280.

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Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia

Margaret of Austria (Margarethe von Österreich; – 29 October 1266), a member of the House of Babenberg, was German queen from 1225 until 1235, by her first marriage with King Henry (VII), and Queen of Bohemia from 1253 to 1260, by her second marriage with King Ottokar II.

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Margaret of Sicily

Margaret of Sicily (also called Margaret of Hohenstaufen or Margaret of Germany) (1 December 1241, in Foggia – 8 August 1270, in Frankfurt-am-Main) was a Princess of Sicily and Germany, and a member of the House of Hohenstaufen.

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Margaret, Countess of Tyrol

Margaret, nicknamed Margarete Maultasch (1318 – 3 October 1369), was the last Countess of Tyrol from the House of Gorizia (Meinhardiner).

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