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Mary (Stewart) Queen of Scots
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Mary (Stewart) Queen of Scots (1542 - 1587)

Mary Queen of Scots formerly Stewart
Born in Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, Linlithgowshire, Scotlandmap
Ancestors ancestors
Daughter of and
Sister of [half], [half], [half], [half], [half], [half], [half], [half], [half], and
Wife of — married 24 Apr 1558 (to 5 Dec 1560) in Paris, Francemap
Wife of — married 29 Jul 1565 (to 10 Feb 1567) in Holyrood, Scotlandmap
Wife of — married 15 May 1567 (to 14 Apr 1578) in Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Midlothian Scotlandmap
Descendants descendants
Mother of
Died at age 44 in Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, Englandmap
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Profile last modified | Created 11 Feb 2013
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Scottish Nobility
Mary (Stewart) Queen of Scots was a member of Scottish Nobility.
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Preceded by
James V		 Queen of Scots
14 December 1542 - 24 July 1567		 Succeeded by
James VI

Contents

Biography

The House of Stewart crest.
Mary (Stewart) Queen of Scots is a member of the House of Stewart.
Mary (Stewart) Queen of Scots is a member of Clan Stewart.
Notables Project
Mary (Stewart) Queen of Scots is Notable.

Early Life in Scotland

Mary Stuart was born 8 December 1542, at Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, Scotland. She was the daughter of James V of Scotland and his second wife Mary of Guise.[1] She was baptised at the Church of St. Michael in Linlithgow.[2] She had two older brothers, James Stewart and Robert or Arthur Stewart. Both brothers died in infancy in 1541.[3] James V died on 14 December 1542, and Mary ascended to the throne of Scotland at the age of six days.[4][5][3]

John Knox recorded that on hearing that his wife had given birth to a girl, James said:

"The devill go with it! It will end as it begane: it came from a woman; and it will end in a woman."[6]

This statement is in reference to his belief that the Stewarts accession to the throne was through Marjorie Bruce, and the end of the Stewart dynasty with Mary Queen of Scots.

Linlithgow Palace

On 20 Mar 1543, eight men were chosen to "keep the Queen's grace" during her childhood.[7] As for the ruling of Scotland, there were two claims as to who should be regent until Mary was of age. One was from Cardinal David Beaton, and another by the heir to the throne, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran. Arran was chosen as regent of Mary on 22 December 1542 by Parliament.[8][9] In January 1543 he stripped Catholic Cardinal Beaton from the office of chancellor. He announced that he was adopting the protestant faith.[10] He also welcomed the English ambassador, Sir Ralph Sadler, and indicated his support for a treaty between Scotland and England.[11] On 1 July 1543, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed. It was a plan developed by Henry VIII of England to unite both kingdoms. The first sub-treaty helped to establish peace between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The second sub-treaty was a marriage proposal between Henry's son Edward, Prince of Wales and Mary. In this part of the treaty, it was agreed that Mary would be accompanied by an English nobleman, and his wife, until she was ten years old. Afterwards, Mary would reside in England until the time of her marriage.[12] Queen Mary was crowned in the chapel of Stirling Castle on 9 September I543.[1][13][14]

The Treaty of Greenwich was ultimately rejected by the Parliament of Scotland on 11 December 1543,[15] leading to eight years of war between England and Scotland known as the Rough Wooing.[16] On 12 April 1554, Arran was discharged as governor of Scotland, and Mary's mother succeeded him as regent.[17] Over the next four years, the English continued to raid Scotland and France. Mary was moved around Scotland for safety. In May 1546, Cardinal Beaton was murdered by Protestant lords.[18] Following the defeat of Scottish forces at The Battle of Pinkie on 10 September 1547, the decision was made to move Mary to France.[1][3]

Life in France

On 7 July 1548, Scottish Parliament agreed to the marriage of Mary to François, Dauphin of France, eldest son of Henri II, King of France and Catherine de' Medici.[19][20] At the age of five, Mary landed in France in August I548.[1] [14] Mary was hailed in France as the brave little queen, and was beloved by the French court. King Henri reportedly said:[21]

"The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen."

She was raised in the royal nursery, and was good friends with Catherine's daughter, and her future sister-in-law, Élisabeth de Valois.[22] Queen Catherine even had a crayon picture drawn of her by Francois Clouet at the same time as her daughters.[23][24]

Mary, Queen of Scots, ca.1549 by François Clouet

Mary thrived over the next ten years. In addition to Scottish and French, she spoke Italian, Latin, Spanish and Greek. She could play the lute. She wrote poetry and prose. She was competent in horsemanship, falconry and needlework. She was reportedly quite eloquent.[25][24]

Mary was fifteen and François fourteen when they were married on 24 April 1558 in the cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, by the Cardinal Archbishop of Rouen.[3][26]

Francis II and Mary, Queen of Scots, from a Book of Hours Portrait.

Shortly after the wedding, on 17 November 1558, Mary I of England died, and was succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England.[27] In the eyes of Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate,[28] and Mary Stuart was the rightful queen of England, as senior legitimate great grandaughter of Henry VII of England. Henri II of France proclaimed Mary the queen of England, Ireland and Scotland. He caused the dauphin and dauphiness to assume the royal arms of England, in addition to those of France and Scotland. The royal arms of England were then quartered with those of François and Mary.[29]

Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland from 1558 to 1559, used by Mary, Queen of Scots as Dauphine of France

On 10 July 1559, she became Queen of France by the accession of her husband to the French throne after his father's death. This made Mary both the queen of Scotland and France's queen consort.[3] François II was crowned king of France on 18 September 1559 in Rheims, France. Mary, having already been crowned queen of Scotland, had no need of further coronation to confirm her royal status.[30]

Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, died on 11 June 1560 in Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.[1] Mary was devastated when she learned of her mother's death.[31] Mary's coffin was brought to France, and she was buried in Abbaye Saint-Pierre-les-Dames, Reims, Departement de la Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France.[32]

Her husband, King François II, died six months later of a brain infection complicating an ear condition. His death occured on 5 December 1560 in Orléans, Orléanais, France.[3][33][34] Mary was prostrated by grief at the lost of her childhood love, and kept herself solitary. The Venetian ambassador commented:

"So by degrees every one will forget the death of the late King except the young Queen, his widow, who being no less noble minded than beautiful and graceful in appearance, the thoughts of widowhood at so early an age, and of the loss of a consort who was so great a King and who so dearly loved her, and also that she is dispossessed of the Crown of France with little hope of recovering that of Scotland, which is her sole patrimony and dower, so afflict her that she will not receive any consolation, but, brooding over her disasters with constant tears and passionate and doleful lamentations, she universally inspires great pity."[34]

François's body was buried in Saint Denis Basilique, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France, however his heart was buried at the Covent of Celestines in Paris.[26]

La Reine Blanche "The White Queen" by François Clouet

Queen Mary's all-white mourning garb following the death of King François II

Life in Scotland

After an absence of thirteen years, Mary returned to Scotland on 19 August 1561. She first landed at Leith, and then went to Holyrood House on 20 August 1561.[1][35][36] By the time of her return, Protestantism was Scotland's official religion. [24] As a devout Catholic, Mary was regarded with suspicion by the Scottish lords. Her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, was a supporter of the Reformation, but became Mary's chief adviser nontheless. She met with John Knox, the Protestant reformer who spoke against her, [37] and attempted to rule while creating an atmosphere of religious tolerance.[24]

Mary's second husband was her first cousin, English Catholic Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. They were both grandchildren of Margaret Tudor. When she first met him, she was quickly infatuated.The English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she is bewitched".[38] They married on 29 July 1565 in the chapel of Holyrood house.[1][39][40]

Lord Darnley and Mary, Queen of Scots, in a Wedding Portrait.

The marriage of Mary to a Catholic resulted in her brother, the Earl of Moray, joining in rebellion with other Protestant lords.[24] Mary mustered troops to confront him. As the government and rebel forces moved back and forth across Scotland without fighting, the conflict became known as the Chaseabout Raid. Queen Mary's forces were superior and the rebel lords eventually fled to England.[41]

Mary's infatuation with Lord Darnley quickly waned. He was arrogant, violent and offensive to people, including his wife.[24][3] Mary refused to grant Darnley the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him the successor to the throne if she died childless.[42][43] On 9 March I565-6. in Holyrood House, Darnley and a group of Protestant nobles murdered David Rizzio, Mary's Italian secretary, stabbing him 56 times in Mary's presence.[44][45][46]

Mary gave birth to her only child with Darnley, James Charles Stuart, a few months later on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.[47] He was baptised on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His represented godparents were Elizabeth I of England and Charles IX of France.[48]

James VI of Scotland / James I of England

Portrait by Arnold van Brounckhorst in 1574

Darnley was killed following an explosion at the Kirk-of-Field, near Edinburgh, on the 10 February I566-7.[1] Foul play was suspected. Mary's involvement is unclear.[49][50] By the end of February, James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell was accused of Darnley's murder by Darnley's father Matthew Stuart, the 4th Earl of Lennox. He stood trial, and was aquitted after a seven hour trial on 12 April 1567.[51][24] Shortly after his acquittal on 19 April 15 67, Bothwell was able convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond. The bond approved Bothwell's acquittal, and recommended him as an appropriate husband for Queen Mary.[52] Mary refused the proposal, and on 21 April she went to Stirling to visit her son. On her return on the 24th, Bothwell intercepted her party, and took her as a prisoner to his castle at Dunbar. He may have raped her to secure the marriage, but this is controversial.[24] Sir James Melville, who was taken with Mary to Dunbar, wrote in his memoirs:

"... then the Quen culd not bot mary him, ſeing he had rauiſtit hir and lyen with hir againſt hir will."

- Sir James Melville, 1567 [53]

Bothwell quickly divorced his wife, Lady Jane Gordon, and married Queen Mary in the chapel at Holyrood House on 15 May 1567.[1][54]

A number of Scottish lords objected to the rule of Mary, after she had married Bothwell, including ones that had signed the Ainslie Tavern Bond. Mary's army confronted the lords at Carberry Hill near Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland on 15 June 1567. The Queen was made prisoner and detained in the island castle of Lochleven, in Loch Leven, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. She never saw Bothwell again.[55][3] Mary was forced to abdicate in favor of her son on 24 July 1567. She nominated her half-brother, the Earl of Moray, as regent.[56][57][58] Mary never saw her son James again.[59][60]

Imaginary portrait of Queen Mary with an older James

Queen Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle on 2 May I568. Mary managed to raise an army against the Earl of Moray, but she was defeated at the Battle of Langside on 13 May 1568.[61] Following the battle, she fled to England where she sought her cousin Queen Elizabeth's protection. [62][63]

Life in England

Mary crossed Solway Firth, off the south west coast of Scotland, into England by fishing boat on 16 May 1568. She landed in Workington, Cumberland, England. On 18 May, she was taken into custody at Carlisle Castle in Carlisle, England.[64][1] English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle, Wensleydale, Yorkshire, England, as it was further from the Scottish border.[65]

Queen Elizabeth was in a dilema with Mary. She couldn't appear to support a rebellion against a soverign, but it was in England's interest to support the protestant Earl of Moray. A conference was arranged in York in October 1568. Mary and her brother were to air their charges against each other. Mary was under the impression she would be restored as queen whatever the outcome was. Morey was told there would be no restoration if Mary was found guilty of murder. Morey attended the conference in person, but Mary remain in Bolton.[24] Morey brought with him "the casket letters". The casket letters were eight letters and some sonnets said to have been written by Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Earl of Bothwell, between January and April 1567. The text of the letters was taken to imply that Mary comitted adultry and colluded with Bothwell in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley.[66][67]The authenticity of the letters continues to be debated. Most historians consider them forgeries or that they were extensively tampered with. The conference ended with Elizabeth declaring on 10 January 1569 that nothing had been proven by either side.[24]

In January 1569, Mary was removed from Bolton Castle, and taken to Tutbury Castle, Tutbury, Staffordshire, England, where she would be held prisoner much of the time for the next 18 years. [68] Mary was always treated as a queen. She maintained her own household, corresponded freely (until 1585), and received guests. She usually had about forty servants, As dowager queen of France, Mary enjoyed large revenues.[24]

Tutbury Castle

Plots Against Queen Elizabeth

During Queen Mary's captivity, there were multiple plots to remove Elizabeth as queen in which Mary was implicated. In 1571, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Elizabeth's Principal Secretary, and Sir Francis Walsingham, "the spymaster", uncovered the Ridolfi Plot . The Ridolfi Plot involved an Italian banker called Roberto Ridolfi who carried messages from Mary to Pope Pius V and Philip II of Spain encouraging the use of a Spanish army to invade England. The plan was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary.[69] Queen Elizabeth's cousin, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, agreed to participate in the plot. Thomas was later tried and executed for treason for his involvement. Elizabeth refused to let Mary be put on trial.[70]

The Throckmorton Plot occurred in 1583. There would be a Spanish invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Guise would marry Mary. He would become king, and restore Roman Catholocism to England.[24][71] The plot is named after the key conspirator, Sir Francis Throckmorton. Francis was also tried and executed.[72]

Following the plot, Cecil and Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association in 1584. The document obliged all signatories to excecute any person who attempted to usurp the throne, or made an attempt on Elizabeth's life. Mary was one of the signatories.[73] The Act for the Queen's Safety was passed by English Parliament on 24 November 1586. The Act for the Queen’s Safety provided for the trial and death or exclusion from the succession of anyone involved in plot against the Queen. However it permitted the heir of such a person (such as James VI of Scotland) to succeed to the English throne as long as they were not involved in the conspiracy.[74] In December she was moved to Chartley Hall in Staffordshire.[24]

The plot that lead to Mary's execution was called Babington Plot. It was a conspiracy to coordinate a Spanish invasion of England with a rising of English Catholics, to assassinate Elizabeth , and to replace her on the throne with Mary. In May 1586, Jesuit priest John Ballard recruited Anthony Babington to join in the plot. Ballad pursuaded him to take a lead role in the plan.[75] Babington formulated a plan to send six gentlemen to assassinate Queen Elizabeth while he, ten gentlemen and 100 followers would free Mary from her imprisonment at Chartley Hall.[76] On 6 July 1586 he smuggled a coded letter to Mary, explaining his plans. He was unaware that spies of Francis Walsingham had infiltrated the group of conspirators. He wrote proposing invasion, rescue, and "dispatch of the usurper" by "six noble gentlemen".[77] Mary replied on 17 July 1586. endorsing the plot in detail and making numerous recommendations.[78][79] This "Bloody Letter'" gave Walsingham enough evidence against Mary to arrest her. He also forged postscript asking for the names of the six gentlemen and the intended assassination method.[24]

Forged postscript to a letter by Mary Queen of Scots to Anthony Babington

The Trial and Execution of Mary Queen of Scots

On 11 August 1586, Mary was arrested taken to Tixall Hall in Staffordshire. Mary was then moved to Fotheringhay Castle in Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, England. In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety. Mary defended with skill during a two day hearing.[24] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason.

“ I am myself a Queen, the daughter of a King, a stranger, and the true Kinswoman of the Queen of England. I came to England on my cousin’s promise of assistance against my enemies and rebel subjects and was at once imprisoned…As an absolute Queen, I cannot submit to orders, nor can I submit to the laws of the land without injury to myself, the King my son and all other sovereign princes…For myself I do not recognize the laws of England nor do I know or understand them as I have often asserted. I am alone without counsel, or anyone to speak on my behalf. My papers and notes have been taken from me, so that I am destitute of all aid, taken at a disadvantage. ”

- Mary Queen of Scots [80]


Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots

On 25 October 1586 the commissioners met in the Star Chamber at Westminster in London.[81] The commission found:

"the aforesaid Mary pretending title to the crown of this realm of England, hath compassed and imagined within this realm of England, divers matters tending to the hurt, death and destruction of the royal person of our sovereign lady the Queen"[82][24]

Parliament assembled on 29 October 1586, and in November, thirteen charges were brought against Mary.[83] A joint petition of the two Houses of Parliament was presented to Elizabeth on 12 November, requesting that ‘'direction be given for further proceeding against the said Scottish Queen". Elizabeth eventually consented to have the verdict proclaimed publicly, on 6 December.[84] She waited six weeks before she finally signed it on 1 February 1586-7.[85]

The death warrant of Mary Queen of Scots signed by Elizabeth I of England on1 February 1587

Mary was executed 8 February 1586-7 at the age of fourty four in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England.[84] Mary was told she was to be executed the night before. She replied to the announcement calmly with "I thank you for such welcome news. You will do me great good in withdrawing me from this world out of which I am very glad to go."[86] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, and distributing her belongings to her household. She wrote her last testament. Mary was denied access to a Catholic priest, so she wrote a farewell letter to be handed to the chaplain de Preau. She used the letter as a general confession of her sins, and asked for him to spend the night in prayer for her. Her final letter, written on the day of her execution, was to her brother-in-law, Henri III of France.[87][88][89]

The execution scene, drawn by eyewitness Robert Beale MP (1541-1601)

In the morning, she mounted the scaffold in the Great Hall of the castle, attended by two of her servants. She delivered her final speech:

"My lords, I was born a queen, a sovereign princess, not subject to laws, a near relative of the Queen of England and her legitimate heir. After having been long and wrongfully imprisoned in this country, where I have endured many pains and evils, no one having any right or power over me, I am now, through force, and being in men's power, about to close my life. I thank my God that He has permitted that in this hour I die for my religion, and that He has given me this grace that before dying I have been brought before a company who will be witness that I die Catholic. As to the crime which they have fixed upon me — the death of the Queen — I never suggested it, nor consented to it, nor to anything against her person. I have always loved her, and the country also. I have offered myself, under many good and most honourable conditions, to bring to an end the troubles of this kingdom and my deliverance from captivity, but I was neither heard nor believed. You, my lords, and you, Beale, know this. At last my enemies have come to the end of their designs to make me die ; however, I forgive them with a good heart, as I do all those who have done or attempted anything against me ; and each one, whoever he may be, who may have offended me, or done me harm, as I beg all to be so good as to forgive me. After my death it will be known and seen to what end those who are the authors of my being sent from this world have desired and procured my death. I accuse no one any more than I have done previously ; my tongue shall do harm to no one." - Mary, Queen of Scots [90]


La mort de Marie Stuart by Abel de Pujol

Despite Mary's request to be buried in France at St. Denis or St. Rheims,[87] Elizabeth had her buried at Peterborough Cathedral in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England. After Mary's son became King James I of England, he moved his mother's body to King Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey in 1612.[3] She rests only thirty feet from Elizabeth I.

Grave of Queen Mary of Scotland in Westminster Abbey

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  2. ↑ Sct-Admin. “St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow.” Scotlands Churches Trust, May 6, 2021. Scotlands Churches Trust, Accessed 4 Jan 2023
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  42. ↑ Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. p. 238-242. Internet Archives Accessed 26 Dec 2022
  43. ↑ Ruthven, Patrick. A relation of the death of David Rizzi : chief favorite to Mary Stuart Queen of Scotland ; who was killed in the apartment of the said Queen on the 9th of March 1565. London. 1699. p. 14. HathiTrust Accessed 26 Dec 2022
  44. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. pp. 89-90. Internet Archives 26 Dec 2022
  45. ↑ Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. pp. 252-253 Internet Archives Accessed 26 Dec 2022
  46. ↑ Weir, Alison. Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley. New York, 2002. pp. 114-121. Google Books. Accessed 23 Dec 2022
  47. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 100 Internet Archives Accessed 26 Dec 2022
  48. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII p. 103. Internet Archives Accessed 26 Dec 2022.
  49. ↑ Originally written in Latin by George Buchanan. A detection of the Actions of Queen of Scots, Concerning The Murther of Her Husband, and Her Conspiracy, Adultery, and pretend∣ed Marriage with the Earl Bothwel. And a Defence of the True Lords, Maintainers of the Kings's Majesties Action and Authority. London. 1689 Early English Books Accessed 26 Dec 2022
  50. ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. pp. 493-494 Internet Archives Accessed 26 Dec 2022
  51. ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. pp.500-501 Internet ArchivesAccessed 26 Dec 2022
  52. ↑ Goodare, Julian, 'The Ainslie Bond', in Steve Boardman (ed.), Kings, Lords and Men in Scotland and Britain, 1300–1625: Essays in Honour of Jenny Wormald (Edinburgh, 2014; online edn, Edinburgh Scholarship Online, 17 Sept. 2015), Oxford Academic Accessed 27 Dec 2022
  53. ↑ Melville, James. Memoirs of his own life by Sir James Melville of Halhill. M.D.XLIX.-M.D.XCIII. From the original manuscript. New York. 1973. p. 177. Internet Archives Accessed 27 Dec 2022
  54. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 111 Internet Archives Accessed 27 Dec 2022
  55. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. pp. 114-115. Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  56. ↑ The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2022), 1567/7/25/1. Records of Parliament Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  57. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 118 Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  58. ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. pp. 525-527 Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  59. ↑ Emma.Goodey. “James VI and I (r. 1567-1625).” The Royal Family Royal.uk Accessed 5 Jan 2023
  60. ↑ Fraser, Antonia. King James VI of Scotland, I of England. New York. 1975. p. 45 Internet Archives Accessed 5 Jan 2022
  61. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Battle of Langside," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia Accessed 4 Jan 2022
  62. ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. p. 532-538Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  63. ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 129-130 Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  64. ↑ Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. pp. 368-369 Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  65. ↑ Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. p. 378 Internet Archives Accessed 28 Dec 2022
  66. ↑ Henderson, Thomas. The casket letters and Mary queen of Scots; with appendices. Edinburgh. 1889. Internet Archives Accessed 29 Dec 2022
  67. ↑ The Scottish series of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1589-1603; an appendix to the Scottish series. 1543-1592; and the state papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots during her detention in England, 1568-1587. 1858 Vol. 2, p. 865 Google Books Accessed 31 Dec 2022
  68. ↑ The Scottish series of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1589-1603; an appendix to the Scottish series. 1543-1592; and the state papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots during her detention in England, 1568-1587. 1858 Vol. 2, p. 868 Google Books Accessed 31 Dec 2022
  69. ↑ "Ridolfi plot Oxford Reference Accessed 31 Dec 2022
  70. ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Howard, Thomas III (1536-1572)," Wikisource Accessed 5 Jan 2023
  71. ↑ "Throckmorton plot." Oxford Reference. Oxford Reference Accessed 31 Dec 2022
  72. ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Throckmorton, Francis, Wikisource Accessed 5 Jan 2023
  73. ↑ “History of Parliament Online.” 1584 | History of Parliament Online. History of Parliament Online Accessed 31 Dec 2022
  74. ↑ “History of Parliament Online.” On this day, 24 November 1586: Parliament's intervention against Mary, Queen of Scots | History of Parliament Online History of Parliament Online Accessed December 31, 2022.
  75. ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Babington, Anthony," Wikisource Accessed 5 Jan 2023
  76. ↑ John Hungerford Pollen.Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington plot. Edited from the original documents in the Public Record Office, the Yelverton MSS., and elsewhere. Edinburgh, 1982. pp. 52-66 Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2023. Babington's first confession. 18-29 August 1586
  77. ↑ John Hungerford Pollen.Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington plot. Edited from the original documents in the Public Record Office, the Yelverton MSS., and elsewhere. Edinburgh, 1982. pp. 18-23. Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2023. Letter from Babington to Queen Mary 6 July 1586
  78. ↑ John Hungerford Pollen.Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington plot. Edited from the original documents in the Public Record Office, the Yelverton MSS., and elsewhere. Edinburgh, 1982. pp. 26-46 Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2023. Letter from Queen Mary to Babington 17 July 1585
  79. ↑ Royal Historical Society. The Bardon Papers/ Documents Relating to the imprisonment and Trial of Mary Queen of Scots. London. 1909. pp. 26-41 Internet Archives Accessed 2 Jan 2022
  80. ↑ Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. pp. 506-513. Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2022
  81. ↑ "Introduction," in Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: Volume 9, 1586-88, ed. William K Boyd (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1915), ix-xiv. British History Online - Subscription required Accessed 5 Jan 2023.
  82. ↑ Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. p. 517 Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2022
  83. ↑ Royal Historical Society. The Bardon Papers/ Documents Relating to the imprisonment and Trial of Mary Queen of Scots. London. 1909. pp. 77-80 Internet Archives Accessed 2 Jan 2022
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Stow, John. Annals of England to 1603. 1603. pp. 1240-1241 Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2022
  85. ↑ “History of Parliament Online.” On this day, 24 November 1586: Parliament's intervention against Mary, Queen of Scots History of Parliament Online Accessed 1 Jan 2022
  86. ↑ Maxwell-Scott, Mary.The tragedy of Fotheringay, founded on the journal of D. Bourgoing, physician to Mary Queen of Scots, and on unpublished MS. documents. London. 1895. p.179 Internet Archives Accessed 2 Jan 2022
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Fraser, Antonia; Mary, Queen of Scots, New York, 1969. pp. 531-540. Internet Archives Accessed 1 Jan 2022
  88. ↑ Mary, Queen of Scots. Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie Stuart, reine d'Écosse : Publiés sur les originaux et les manuscrits de State Paper Office de Londres et des principales archives et bibliothèques de l'Europe et accopagnés d'un résumé chronologique par le prince Alexandre Labanoff Londres.1844 .Tome sixieme. pp. 483-494 Internet Archives Accessed 2 Jan 2022.
  89. ↑ Maxwell-Scott, Mary.The tragedy of Fotheringay, founded on the journal of D. Bourgoing, physician to Mary Queen of Scots, and on unpublished MS. documents. London. 1895. pp. 194-198. Internet Archives. Accessed 2 Jan 2022
  90. ↑ Maxwell-Scott, Mary.The tragedy of Fotheringay, founded on the journal of D. Bourgoing, physician to Mary Queen of Scots, and on unpublished MS. documents. London. 1895. pp. 213-214 Internet Archives Accessed 3 Jan 2022

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Brown-8212 Abby (Brown) Glann
Hello Profile Managers!

We are featuring this profile in the Connection Finder this week. Between now and Wednesday is a good time to take a look at the sources and biography to see if there are updates and improvements that need made, especially those that will bring it up to WikiTree Style Guide standards. We know it's short notice, so don't fret too much. Just do what you can.

Thanks!

Abby

posted by Abby (Brown) Glann
Altenburg-72 Ellen Altenburg
I'm going to be working on this profile for the Scotland Projects Managed Profiles team
posted by Ellen Altenburg
edited by Ellen Altenburg
Altenburg-72 Ellen Altenburg
Update of profile on Mary has been completed
posted by Ellen Altenburg
Kelsey-745 Lisa (Kelsey) Murphy
April 24, 1558 Mary I, Queen of Scots, married Dauphin Francois, later to become Francois II of France at Notre Dame Cathedral. This information is on the page for Notre Dame. Please can the information be added and

Notre Dame

be put in for the "Notre Dame" to connect the link?

also this information was found at: History and Events of Notre Dame de Paris, Placesinfrance.com: https://www.placesinfrance.com/history_notre_dame_de_paris.html

posted by Lisa (Kelsey) Murphy
Holland-3338 Bettye (Holland) Carroll
Source: Source: Douglas Richardson. Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), volume I, page 676 BRUS 16iii.

Mary Of Scotland, married (1st) 24 April 1558 Francois Of France, son of Henri II, King of France. They had no issue. She married (2nd) 29 July 1565 Henry Stewart, son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox , by Margaret, daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, He was born 7 Dec. 1545. They had one son, James [VI, King of Scots, afterwards James I, King of England]. Henry, died 10 Feb. 1566/7. Mary, married (3rd) 15 May 1567 (as his 2nd wife) James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. He was probably born in or before 1515.

Thank you!

posted by Bettye (Holland) Carroll
Holland-3338 Bettye (Holland) Carroll
Source: Douglas Richardson. Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), volume I, page 668 BRUS 15.
  • continued comment

James IV, King of Scots, was slain at the Battle of Flodden 9 Sept. 1513. His widow, Margaret, married (2nd) 6 August 1514 (as his 2nd wife) Archibald Douglas, son of George Douglas, by Elizabeth, daughter of John Drummond. He was born about 1490. They had one daughter, Margaret. They were divorced 11 March 1527/8. Margaret married (3rd) Henry Stewart. He was born about 1495. They had no issue. Margaret Tudor, Queen Dowager of Scotland, died 18 October 1541. Following her death, Henry [Stewart] married (2nd) his mistress, Janet Stewart.

Thank you!

posted by Bettye (Holland) Carroll
Holland-3338 Bettye (Holland) Carroll
Source: Douglas Richardson. Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), volume I, page 668 BRUS 15.

James IV of Scotland, King of Scots, born in Edinburgh 17 March 1472/3. He married 8 August 1503 Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, King of England, by Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, King of England. They had five sons, James (1st of name), Arthur, James [2nd of name] [James V, King of Scots], ____, and Alexander [Duke of Ross], and one daughter, ____.

  • continued in next comment
posted by Bettye (Holland) Carroll
Downs-977 Debra (Downs) Allison
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09764a.htm

http://www.royalty.nu/Europe/Scotland/MaryQueenofScots.html

posted by Debra (Downs) Allison

Mary is 9 degrees from Robert Bruce First King of Scots, 10 degrees from Edward I Plantagenet, 11 degrees from Roger of Methven, 8 degrees from James Douglas, 10 degrees from Alexander Fraser of Touchfraser and Cowie, 9 degrees from Edward Keith Marischal of Scotland, 9 degrees from Andrew Leslie VI of Leslie, 9 degrees from David Lindsay Lord of Crawford and Byres, 8 degrees from Joan Countess of Strathearn, 9 degrees from Agnes Randolph Countess of Dunbar and March, 10 degrees from William Third Earl of Ross and 10 degrees from Henry Sinclair IInd of Roslin on our single family tree. Login to find your connection.

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