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Louis XV of France

Index Louis XV of France

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. [1]

1999 relations: A Few Acres of Snow, Abbey of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, Abbey of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw ter Nieuwe Plant, Abel-François Poisson, Ablaincourt-Pressoir, Abram Petrovich Gannibal, Académie d'Agriculture, Académie de Marine, Académie de Marseille, Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Rouen, Academy, Acadia, Achiet-le-Petit, Acis et Galatée, Acy-Romance, Adam Smith, Adam Stanisław Krasiński, Adams–Onís Treaty, Adèle d'Osmond, Adélaïde Concerto, Adélaïde of France (1732–1800), Adelaide Filleul, Marquise de Souza-Botelho, Adolphe Goldschmidt, Affair of the Diamond Necklace, Agapit Chicagou, Age of Enlightenment, Agenois Regiment, Aimée Crocker, Ain, Aix-en-Provence, Aix-Marseille University, Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon, Albertacce, Alexander Kucharsky, Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Bontemps, Alexandre Guy Pingré, Alexandre-François Desportes, Alexandre-Pierre de Mackensie-Douglas, baron de Kildin, Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étiolles, Alexis Piron, Alexis Simon 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1773 in France, 1774, 1774 in France, 1786 in art, 18-pounder long gun, 1814 in France, 18th century, 18th-century French art, 18th-century French literature, 24-pounder long gun, 28th century, 36-pounder long gun, 9th Light Infantry Regiment. 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A Few Acres of Snow

A Few Acres of Snow is a board game designed by Martin Wallace.

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Abbey of Notre Dame aux Nonnains

The Abbey of Notre Dame aux Nonnains (Abbaye de Notre-Dame-aux-Nonnains: Abbey of Our Lady of the Nuns), also called the Royal Abbey of Our Lady of Troyes (Abbaye royale de Notre-Dame de Troyes), was a convent founded before the 7th century in Troyes, France.

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Abbey of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw ter Nieuwe Plant

The Abbey of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw ter Nieuwe Plant ("Our Lady of the New Plantation"; Nova Plantatio Beatae Mariae Virginis), formerly also Roesbrugge Abbey (Abdij van Roesbrugge) is a community of Augustinian canonesses belonging to the Congregation of Windesheim.

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Abel-François Poisson

Abel-François Poisson de Vandières, marquis de Marigny and marquis de Menars (1727 – 12 May 1781), often referred to simply as marquis de Marigny, was a French nobleman who served as the director general of the King's Buildings.

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Ablaincourt-Pressoir

Ablaincourt-Pressoir is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Abram Petrovich Gannibal

Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov (Абра́м Петро́вич Ганниба́л; 1696 – 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, general, and nobleman of African origin.

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Académie d'Agriculture

The Académie d'agriculture de France is a voluntary association aiming to contribute to the evolution of agriculture and rural life in the scientific, technical, economic, judicial, legal, social and cultural fields.

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Académie de Marine

The Royal Naval Academy of France (L'Académie royale de marine) was founded at Brest by a ruling of 31 July 1752 by Antoine Louis de Rouillé, comte de Jouy, Secretary of State for the Navy.

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Académie de Marseille

The Académie de Marseille, officially the Académie des sciences, lettres et arts de Marseille, is a French learned society based in Marseille.

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Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Rouen

The Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Rouen is a learned society created by letters patent of Louis XV on 17 June 1744.

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Academy

An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, higher learning, research, or honorary membership.

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Acadia

Acadia (Acadie) was a colony of New France in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day Maine to the Kennebec River.

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Achiet-le-Petit

Achiet-le-Petit is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

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Acis et Galatée

Acis et Galatée (Acis and Galatea) is an opera by Jean-Baptiste Lully.

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Acy-Romance

Acy-Romance is a French commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

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Adam Smith

Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.

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Adam Stanisław Krasiński

Adam Stanisław Krasiński (1714–1800) was a Polish noble of Ślepowron coat of arms, bishop of Kamieniec (1757–1798), Great Crown Secretary (from 1752), president of the Crown Tribunal in 1759 and one of the leaders of Bar Confederation (1768–1772).

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Adams–Onís Treaty

The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty,Weeks, p.168.

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Adèle d'Osmond

Adèle d'Osmond, Comtesse de Boigne (born Adélaïde Charlotte Louise Éléonore d'Osmond) (10 February 1781 – 10 May 1866) was a French aristocrat and writer.

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Adélaïde Concerto

The Adélaïde Concerto is the nickname of a Violin Concerto in D major attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and given the catalogue number K. Anh.

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Adélaïde of France (1732–1800)

Marie Adélaïde de France, (23 March 1732 in Versailles – 27 February 1800 in Trieste), was a French princess, the fourth daughter and sixth child of King Louis XV of France and his consort, Marie Leszczyńska.

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Adelaide Filleul, Marquise de Souza-Botelho

Adélaïde-Emilie (sometimes Émilie-Adélaïde) Filleul, Marquise de Souza-Botelho (14 May 176119 April 1836) was a French writer.

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Adolphe Goldschmidt

Adolphe Benedict Hayum Goldschmidt (1838, Frankfurt – 6 April 1918, London) was co-inheritor of the Goldschmidt family bank.

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Affair of the Diamond Necklace

The Affair of the Diamond Necklace was an incident in 1785 at the court of King Louis XVI of France involving his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Agapit Chicagou

Chief Chicagou, also known as Agapit Chicagou, was an 18th-century Native American leader of the Mitchigamea.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Agenois Regiment

The Régiment d'Agenois was a French infantry regiment created under the Ancien Régime in 1595.

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Aimée Crocker

Aimée Isabella Crocker (December 5, 1864 – February 7, 1941) was an American princess, mystic, Bohemian, and author.

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Ain

Ain (Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France.

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Aix-en-Provence

Aix-en-Provence (Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm, or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm,, Aquae Sextiae), or simply Aix (medieval Occitan Aics), is a city-commune in the south of France, about north of Marseille.

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Aix-Marseille University

Aix-Marseille University (AMU; Aix-Marseille Université; formally incorporated as Université d'Aix-Marseille) is a public research university located in Provence, southern France.

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Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon

Alain-Emmanuel de Coëtlogon (4 December 1646 at Rennes – 6 June 1730 in Paris), was a Marshal of France during the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV.

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Albertacce

Albertacce (in Corsican E Lupertacce, pronounced) is a French commune in the Haute-Corse department in the Corsica region of France.

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Alexander Kucharsky

Alexander Kucharsky (18 March 1741 – 5 November 1819) also Alexandre Kucharsky, was a Polish portrait painter who spent his adult life in France.

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Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin

Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin (2 February 1807 in Paris – 31 December 1874) was a French politician, a champion of the working classes who was forced into exile after the failure of the French Revolution of 1848.

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Alexandre Bontemps

Alexandre Bontemps (1626–1701) was the valet of King Louis XIV and a powerful figure at the court of Versailles, respected and feared for his exceptional access to the King.

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Alexandre Guy Pingré

Dom Alexandre Guy Pingré, C.R.S.A. (11 September 1711 – 1 May 1796) was a French canon regular, astronomer and naval geographer.

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Alexandre-François Desportes

Alexandre-François Desportes (24 February 1661 — 20 April 1743) was a French painter and decorative designer who specialised in animals.

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Alexandre-Pierre de Mackensie-Douglas, baron de Kildin

Alexandre-Pierre de Mackensie-Douglas or Mackenzie-Douglas, baron de Kildin (1713-1765) was a Jacobite in French service.

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Alexandrine Le Normant d'Étiolles

Alexandrine-Jeanne Le Normant d'Étiolles (10 August 1744 – 15 June 1754) was born during the "Scenes of Metz", in which the public was scandalised to learn of the adultery of her stepfather-to-be, Louis XV of France.

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Alexis Piron

Alexis Piron (9 July 1689 – 21 January 1773) was a French epigrammatist and dramatist.

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Alexis Simon Belle

Alexis Simon Belle (12 January 1674 – 21 November 1734) was a French portrait painter, known for his portraits of the French and Jacobite nobility.

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Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

Allegheny County is a county in the southwest of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

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Alphonse Balat

Alphonse Hubert François Balat (15 May 1818 – 16 September 1895) was a Belgian architect.

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Alphonse Henri, Count of Harcourt

Alphonse Henri de Lorraine (Alphonse Henri Charles; 14 August 1648 – 19 October 1718) was a member of the House of Lorraine and Count of Harcourt.

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Alsace-Lorraine

The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen or Elsass-Lothringen, or Alsace-Moselle) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871, after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War.

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Amédée Despans-Cubières

General Amédée Louis de Cubières (4 March 1786, Paris – 6 August 1853, Paris), known as Despans-Cubières, was a French general and politician.

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Amélie Florimond de Norville

Amélie Florimond de Norville or Amélie Florimond, after her marriage Amélie de Faure (11 January 1753 — 27 September 1790) was probably an illegitimate daughter of Louis XV, king of France.

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Amélie Suard

Amélie Suard (12 May 1743 – 1830) was a French writer and salonnière.

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Amedeus Alexander of Savoy

Amedeus Alexander of Savoy (5 October 1754 – 29 April 1755) was a Prince of Savoy by birth, son of the king of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III of Savoy and his wife Maria Antonietta of Spain (daughter of Philip V of Spain).

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Ancien Régime

The Ancien Régime (French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the.

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Ancient Diocese of Alais

The former French Catholic diocese of Alais (now written Alès, and in Latin: Alesiensis) was created in 1694, out of territory previously part of the diocese of Nîmes.

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Ancient Diocese of Apt

The former French Catholic diocese of Apt, in southeast France, existed from the fourth century until the French Revolution.

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Ancient Diocese of Couserans

The former French Catholic diocese of Couserans existed perhaps from the fifth century, to the French Revolution.

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André Cardinal Destouches

André Cardinal Destouches (sometimes called des Touches) (baptised 6 April 1672 – 7 February 1749) was a French composer best known for the opéra-ballet Les élémens.

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André Charles Boulle

André-Charles Boulle (11 November 164229 February 1732), le joailler du meuble (the "marquetry jeweller"), is the most famous French cabinetmaker and the preeminent artist in the field of marquetry, also known as "Inlay".

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André-Hercule de Fleury

André-Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, Archbishop of Aix (22 June or 26 June 165329 January 1743) was a French cardinal who served as the chief minister of Louis XV.

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Andrew Michael Ramsay

Andrew Michael Ramsay (9 July 16866 May 1743), commonly called the Chevalier Ramsay, was a Scottish-born writer who lived most of his adult life in France.

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Angélique de Froissy

Philippe Angélique de Froissy (1702 – 15 October 1785 in Paris) was an illegitimate daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, the nephew and son-in-law of Louis XIV of France.

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Angélique du Coudray

Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray (c. 1712 – 17 April 1794) was an influential, pioneering midwife during her lifetime, who gained fame when men were taking over the field.

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Angélique Victoire, Comtesse de Chastellux

Angélique Victoire de Durfort-Civrac (December 2, 1752November 14, 1816), Countess of Chastellux, was a French courtier.

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Ange-Jacques Gabriel

Ange-Jacques Gabriel (23 October 1698 – 4 January 1782) was the principal architect of King Louis XV of France.

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Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)

The Anglo-French Alliance is the name for the alliance between Great Britain and France between 1716 and 1731.

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Anna Leszczyńska (1660–1727)

Anna Leszczyńska née Jabłonowska (1660–1727) was a Polish szlachcianka, born into the House of Jablonowski and the mother of King of Poland Stanisław I Leszczyński.

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Anna Leszczyńska (1699–1717)

Anna Leszczyńska (Trzebnica, Poland, 25 May 1699 – 20 June 1717 in Palatine Zweibrücken, Germany), was a Polish noblewoman from the Leszczyński family.

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Anna of Masovia

Anna of Masovia (c. 1498 – after 26 January 1557 in Jaroslaw) was Princess of Mazovia and a member of the House of Piast.

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Anne Couppier de Romans

Anne Couppier de Romans (1737-1808), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France from 1760 to 1765.

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Anne d'Arpajon

Anne d'Arpajon, comtesse de Noailles (Anne Claude Louise d'Arpajon; 4 March 1729 – 27 June 1794 Accessed 8 October 2008) was a French noblewoman and court official.

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Anne de Balbi

Anne Jacobée Nompar de Caumont de La Force, Countess de Balbi (19 August 1753 – 3 April 1842), was a French aristocrat and lady-in-waiting.

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Anne Geneviève de Lévis

Anne Geneviève de Lévis (February 1673 – 20 March 1727) was a French noblewoman.

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Anne Julie de Melun

Anne Julie de Melun (Anne Julie Adélaïde; 1698 – 18 May 1724) was a French noblewoman and mother of Charles de Rohan, the famous general of Louis XV as well as Madame de Marsan.

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Anne Marie d'Orléans

Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) was the first Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.

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Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (2 November 1709 – 12 January 1759) was the second child and eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and his consort Caroline of Ansbach.

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Annibal Camoux

Annibal Camoux (1638? – 1759) was a former French soldier from Marseilles who was noted for his longevity.

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Anthony DiNozzo

Anthony D. "Tony" DiNozzo Jr.Season 3, Episode 9 "Frame Up" is a fictional character in the CBS TV series NCIS portrayed by American actor Michael Weatherly.

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Anthropodermic bibliopegy

Anthropodermic bibliopegy is the practice of binding books in human skin.

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Antiques Roadshow (series 28)

Antiques Roadshow is a British television series produced by the BBC since 1979.

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Antoine Cavalleri

Antoine Cavalleri (1698–1765) was a Jesuit professor of mathematics at Cahors during much of the French Enlightenment in the 18th century, until late in the reign of Louis XV of France.

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Antoine Clet

Antoine Clet (1705-1785) was a French printer, publisher and writer of the 18th century.

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Antoine Coysevox

Charles Antoine Coysevox (29 September 164010 October 1720), French sculptor, was born at Lyon, and belonged to a family which had emigrated from Franche-Comté, a Spanish possession at the time.

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Antoine de Beauterne

Antoine De Beauterne Marques Argents, Officer of the Royal Bedchamber, Knight Equerry of the Royal Military Order of Saint Louis, served as Gun-Bearer to the King and Lieutenant of the Hunt under Louis XV of France, and is most notable as having pursued and slain the Beast of Gévaudan, its mate, and its whelps between 23 June and 17 October 1765.

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Antoine de Sartine

Antoine Raymond Jean Gualbert Gabriel de Sartine, comte d'Alby (12 July 1729 – 7 September 1801) was a French statesman who served as Lieutenant General of Police of Paris (1759–1774) during the reign of Louis XV and as Secretary of State for the Navy (1774–1780) under King Louis XVI.

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Antoine Gaudreau

Antoine-Robert Gaudreau (c. 1680 – 6 May 1746) was a Parisian ébéniste who was appointed Ébéniste du Roi and was the principal supplier of furniture for the royal châteaux during the early years of Louis XV's reign.

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Antoine Louis Rouillé

Antoine-Louis Rouillé, comte de Jouy (7 June 1689 – 20 September 1761) was a French statesman and comte of Jouy-en-Josas.

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Antoine Walsh

Antoine Vincent Walsh (1703 – 1763), was an Irish-born shipowner and slave trader, operating in Nantes, France; whose family were exiled Jacobites.

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Antoine-François, marquis de Lambertye

Charles-François-Antoine, marquis de Lambertie (22 October 1708, Lunéville – 9 February 1777, Cons-la-Grandville) was a French aristocrat of the Ancien régime.

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Antoine-Louis Séguier

Antoine-Louis Séguier (1 December 1726, Paris – 26 January 1792, Tournai) was a French lawyer and magistrate.

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Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz

Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz (1695?–1775), Discovering Lewis & Clark was an ethnographer, historian, and naturalist who is best known for his Histoire de la Louisiane.

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Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma

Antonio Farnese (29 November 1679 – 20 January 1731) was the eighth and final Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza.

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Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian Baroque musical composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher and cleric.

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Antony, Hauts-de-Seine

Antony is a French commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.

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Apostolicum pascendi

Apostolicum pascendi was a papal bull issued by Pope Clement XIII on 12 January 1765 in defense of the Society of Jesus.

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Apothicaire et perruquier

Apothicaire et perruquier is a one-act opérette-bouffe with music by Jacques Offenbach to a French libretto by Élie Frébault, first performed in 1861, one of six new works he premiered that year.

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Appanage

An appanage or apanage (pronounced) or apanage is the grant of an estate, title, office, or other thing of value to a younger male child of a sovereign, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture.

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Appartement du roi

The appartement du roi or King's Apartment is the suite of rooms in the Palace of Versailles that served as the living quarters of Louis XIV.

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Après nous le déluge

"Après nous, le déluge" ("After us, the flood") is a French expression, attributed to Madame de Pompadour, the lover of King Louis XV of France.

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Arabella Huntington

Arabella Duval Yarrington "Belle" Huntington (c.1851–1924) was the second wife of American railway tycoon and industrialist Collis P. Huntington, and then the second wife of Henry E. Huntington.

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Arboretum de Chèvreloup

The Arboretum de Chèvreloup (195 hectares) is a major arboretum located just north of the Palace of Versailles at 30, route de Versailles, Rocquencourt, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France.

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Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)

Maria Elisabeth of Austria (Maria Elisabeth Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1743 – 22 September 1808) was the sixth child and the second surviving daughter of Maria Theresa I, Holy Roman Empress and Francis of Lorraine.

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Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)

Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (Maria Theresia Elisabeth Philippine Luise Josepha Johanna, Maria Theresa Elisabeth Philippine Louise Josepha Joan; 20 March 176223 January 1770) was a daughter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Isabella of Parma.

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Architecture of metropolitan Detroit

The architecture of metropolitan Detroit continues to attract the attention of architects and preservationists alike.

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Architecture of Paris

The city of Paris has notable examples of architecture of every period from the Middle Ages to the 21st century.

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Ariège (department)

Ariège (Arièja) is a department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France named after the Ariège River.

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Armand de Vignerot du Plessis

Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, 3rd Duke of Richelieu (13 March 1696 – 8 August 1788), was a French soldier, diplomat and statesman.

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Armand Jules de Rohan-Guéméné

Armand-Jules de Rohan-Guémené (Paris, February 10, 1695 - Saverne, August 28, 1762), was a French ecclesiastic, Peer of Frane and the Archbishop of Reims.

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Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu

Armand-Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac (25 September 176617 May 1822), was a prominent French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration.

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Armand-Jérôme Bignon

Armand-Jérôme Bignon (21 October 1711, Paris – 8 March 1772, Paris) was a French lawyer, royal librarian and conseiller d'État.

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Arnac-Pompadour

Arnac-Pompadour (Arnac Pompador) is a commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France.

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Arnaud II de La Porte

Arnaud II de La Porte (born, Versailles, 14 October 1737; guillotined Paris, 23 August 1792) French statesman, Minister of the Marine, Intendant of the King's Civil List (Minister of the Royal Household).

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Astronomical clock

An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information, such as the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets.

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August 19

No description.

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Auguste de Keralio

Auguste Guy Guinement de Keralio (23 April 1715, parish of Saint-Germain, Rennes - rue de Condé, Paris, 1805) was a French nobleman and soldier.

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Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg

Prince Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg, Count of La Marck Grandee of Spain (30 August 1753 – 26 September 1833),Eliakim Littell, Robert S. Littell (editors 1851).Littell's living age, T. H. Carter & Co., 1851 was the second son and fourth child of Charles, 5th Duke of Arenberg, the head of the House of Arenberg (and who still held the rank of sovereign princes).

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Augustin de Lestrange

Augustin de Lestrange (secular name Louis-Henri de Lestrange) (born in 1754, in the Château de Colombier-le-Vieux, Ardèche, France; died at Lyon, 16 July 1827) was a French Trappist abbot, an exile from France after the French Revolution.

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Augustin-Joseph de Mailly

Augustin-Joseph de Mailly (5 April 1708, Villaines-sous-Lucé – 25 March 1794, Arras) was a French general, governor and nobleman.

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Augustus II the Strong

Augustus II the Strong (August II.; August II Mocny; Augustas II; 12 May 16701 February 1733) of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin was Elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I), Imperial Vicar and elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Austria–Prussia rivalry

Austria and Prussia had a long-standing conflict and rivalry for supremacy in Central Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, termed Deutscher Dualismus (German dualism) in the German language area.

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Auvillars

Auvillars is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

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Axe historique

The Axe historique (historical axis) is a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that extends from the centre of Paris, France, to the west.

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Axel von Fersen the Younger

Hans Axel von Fersen (known as Axel de Fersen in France; 4 September 175520 June 1810) was a Swedish count, Marshal of the Realm of Sweden, a General of Horse in the Royal Swedish Army, one of the Lords of the Realm, aide-de-camp to Rochambeau in the American Revolutionary War, diplomat and statesman, and a friend of Queen Marie-Antoinette of France's.

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Aymar Joseph de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet

Aymar-Joseph de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet (19 March 1714 in Brest, France – 1782 in Bourbonne-les-Bains), comte de Roquefeuil, was a French officer in the French Navy during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI.

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Azerbaijani literature

Azerbaijani literature (Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatı) refers to the literature written in Azerbaijani, a Turkic language, which currently is the official state language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and is the first-language of most people in Iranian Azerbaijan.

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École de Chirurgie

The École de Chirurgie (School of Surgery) is a historic building located at 10–12 rue de l'École de Médecine in the 6th arrondissement of Paris.

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École Militaire

The École Militaire ("military school") is a vast complex of buildings housing various military training facilities in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, southeast of the Champ de Mars.

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École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs

The École nationale supérieure des Arts Décoratifs (ÉnsAD, also known as Arts Decos’, École des Arts Décoratifs) is a public grande école of art and design of PSL Research University.

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Écoles gratuites de dessin

The Écoles gratuites de dessin (free drawing schools) were several art schools founded in eighteenth-century France, notably the École Royale Gratuite de Dessin in Paris.

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Édouard de Barthélemy

Édouard Marie, comte de Barthélemy (21 November 1830, Angers – 30 May 1888, Paris) was a French administrator and historian.

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Édouard Sain

Édouard Alexandre Sain (13 May 1830 - 26 June 1910) was a French painter whose works included historical and genre subjects as well as portraits.

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Église Notre Dame de l'Assomption, Metz

Notre-Dame de l'Assomption is a church situated on the Rue de la Chevre, formerly the Rue de la Chevre, in the city of Metz in Lorraine, France.

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Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 23 December 1744) was a French ''petite-fille de France'', and duchess of Lorraine and Bar by marriage to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine.

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Élisabeth Guibert

Élisabeth Guibert (31 March 1725, Versailles - 1788) was an 18th-century French women writer.

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Élisabeth of France (1764–1794)

Élisabeth of France (Élisabeth Philippine Marie Hélène de France; 3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794), known as Madame Élisabeth, was a French princess and the youngest sibling of King Louis XVI.

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Élysée Palace

The Élysée Palace (Palais de l'Élysée) is the official residence of the President of France.

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Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (30 September 1714 – 3 August 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind.

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Étienne de Silhouette

Étienne de Silhouette (5 July 1709 – 20 January 1767) was a French Ancien Régime Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV.

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Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont

Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679 – 1734) was a French explorer who documented his travels on the Missouri and Platte rivers in North America and made the first European maps of these areas in the early 18th century.

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Étienne François, duc de Choiseul

Étienne-François, Marquis de Stainville, 1er Duc de Choiseul (28 June 1719 – 8 May 1785) was a French military officer, diplomat and statesman.

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Étienne Marc Quatremère

Étienne Marc Quatremère (12 July 1782, Paris – 18 September 1857, Paris) was a French Orientalist.

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Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty

Étienne-Marie-Antoine Champion, comte de Nansouty (30 May 1768 – 12 February 1815) was a French cavalry commander during the French Revolutionary Wars who rose to the rank of General of Division in 1803 and subsequently held important military commands during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Étienne Maynon d'Invault

Étienne Maynon d'Invault (born 1721, Paris – 1801, Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was a French statesman.

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Étienne Noël Damilaville

Étienne Noël Damilaville 21 November 1723 – 13 December 1768) was an 18th-century French man of letters, friend of Voltaire, Diderot and d'Alembert. He served in various military and administrative functions of the Ancien Régime. He was a member of the bodyguard of King Louis XV, and then a senior civil servant in the tax office responsible for supervising the Vingtième. His official roles meant that his correspondence was unexamined by censors, enabling him to circulate letters between leading thinkers of the day, most particularly during the Sirven affair.

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Étienne Périer (governor)

Étienne Périer was the fifth governor of the Louisiana colony.

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Étienne-François Turgot

Étienne-François Turgot, last Lord of Brucourt, marquis of Soumont, (16 June 1721, Paris – 21 October 1789, Paris) was an 18th-century French naturalist, knight of Malta and governor of French Guiana.

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Évrard Titon du Tillet

Évrard Titon du Tillet (January 1677 – 26 December 1762) is best known for his important biographical chronicle, Le Parnasse françois, composed of brief anecdotal vite of famous French poets and musicians of his time, under the reign of Louis XIV and the Régence.

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Île Seguin

Île Seguin (Seguin Island) is an island on the Seine river between Boulogne-Billancourt and Sèvres, in the west suburbs of Paris, France.

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Baccarat

Baccarat (Burgambach) is a French commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

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Baccarat (company)

Baccarat Crystal is a French manufacturer of fine crystal glassware located in Baccarat, France.

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Badenweiler

Badenweiler is a health resort and spa in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, historically in the Markgräflerland.

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Bagne of Toulon

The Bagne of Toulon was the notorious prison in Toulon, France, made famous as the place of imprisonment of Jean Valjean, the hero of Les Misérables, the novel by Victor Hugo.

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Balsan (company)

Balsan is a creator and manufacturer of textile (carpets and carpet tiles); it is the leading French producer of the sector and the fourth largest employer of the department/region of l’Indre.

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Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg

Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg (also spelled Schauenbourg), (born in Hellimer on 31 July 1748 and died in Geudertheim on 1 September 1831) was a French general who served in the wars of the French Revolution and the Empire.

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Bapaume

Bapaume is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Barbara of Portugal

Barbara of Portugal (Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa; 4 December 1711 – 27 August 1758) was an Infanta of Portugal, and a Queen of Spain by marriage to Ferdinand VI of Spain.

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Barbentane

Barbentane is a French commune of the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southern France.

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Baron Munchausen

Baron Munchausen is a fictional German nobleman created by the German writer Rudolf Erich Raspe in his 1785 book Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.

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Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church.

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Basilica of St Denis

The Basilica of Saint Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris.

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Bastille

The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine.

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Bathampton

Bathampton is a village and civil parish east of Bath, England on the south bank of the River Avon.

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Bathilde d'Orléans

Bathilde d'Orléans (Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde; 9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822) was a French princess of the blood of the House of Orléans.

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Bathrobe

A bathrobe, dressing gown or morning gown is a robe, a loose-fitting outer garment, which may be worn by men or women.

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Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua

The Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua was one of several important battles that took place during the Anglo-Spanish War, a subconflict of the Seven Years' War, which lasted from December 1761 until February 1763.

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Battle of Assietta

The Battle of Assietta was fought in the Italian campaign of the War of the Austrian Succession on 19 July 1747.

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Battle of Borgo

The Battle of Borgo was a battle between Corsican and French forces over control of the town of Borgo on 8 October 1768.

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Battle of Carillon

The Battle of Carillon, also known as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga,Chartrand (2000), p. 57 was fought on July 8, 1758, during the French and Indian War (which was part of the global Seven Years' War).

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Battle of Casteldelfino

The Battle of Casteldelfino was a military engagement in July 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession between France and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

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Battle of Fontenoy

The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745,This article uses the Gregorian calendar (unless otherwise stated).

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Battle of Fort Necessity

The Battle of Fort Necessity (also called the Battle of the Great Meadows) took place on July 3, 1754, in what is now the mountaintop hamlet of Farmington in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

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Battle of Jumonville Glen

The Battle of Jumonville Glen, also known as the Jumonville affair, was the opening battle of the French and Indian War fought on May 28, 1754, near what is present-day Hopwood and Uniontown in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

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Battle of Lagos

The naval Battle of Lagos between Britain and France took place over two days, on 18 and 19 August 1759, during the Seven Years' War off the coasts of Spain and Portugal, and is named after Lagos, Portugal.

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Battle of Lauffeld

The Battle of Lauffeld, also known as Lafelt, Laffeld, Lawfeld, Lawfeldt, Maastricht or Val, took place on 2 July 1747, during the French invasion of the Netherlands.

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Battle of Rossbach

The Battle of Rossbach took place on 5 November 1757 during the Third Silesian War (1756–1763, part of the Seven Years' War) near the village of Rossbach (Roßbach), in the Electorate of Saxony.

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Baudricourt

Baudricourt is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

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Bavarian Geographer

The epithet "Bavarian Geographer" (Geographus Bavarus) is the conventional name for the anonymous author of a Latin medieval text containing a list of the tribes in central-eastern Europe, headed Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii.

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Bélisaire

Bélisaire is a banned 1767 French novel on the life of the Byzantine general Belisarius by Jean-François Marmontel.

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Bümpliz-Oberbottigen

Bümpliz-Oberbottigen is a Stadtteil (district) of the city of Bern, Switzerland.

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Beast of Gévaudan

The Beast of Gévaudan (La Bête du Gévaudan;, La Bèstia de Gavaudan) is the historical name associated with the man-eating gray wolf, dog or wolfdog that terrorized the former province of Gévaudan (modern-day département of Lozère and part of Haute-Loire), in the Margeride Mountains in south-central France between 1764 and 1767.

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Beaumarchais (film)

Beaumarchais (Beaumarchais l'insolent) is a 1996 French biopic film directed by Édouard Molinaro and starring Fabrice Luchini, Manuel Blanc and Sandrine Kiberlain.

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Ben Turner (actor)

Ben Turner (born 3 February 1980) is a British Iranian actor, most notable for his roles as nurse Jay Faldren on BBC's Casualty, the lead role of Amir in multiple stage adaptations of The Kite Runner, and as Louis XV in Doctor Who.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Benoît de Boigne

Benoît Leborgne (24 March 175121 June 1830), better known as Count Benoît de Boigne or General Count de Boigne, was a military adventurer from the Duchy of Savoy, who made his fortune and name in India with the Marathas.

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Benoît-Louis Prévost

Benoît-Louis Prévost (Paris, 1735 or 1747 – 1804) was a French engraver.

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Bernard de Montfaucon

Dom Bernard de Montfaucon, O.S.B. (13 January 1655 – 21 December 1741) was a French Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

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Bernardo de Rossi

Bernardo de Rossi (8 January 1687 – 2 February 1775) was an Italian Dominican theologian and historian.

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Bertram Wallis

Bertram Wallis (22 February 1874 – 11 April 1952) was an English actor and singer known for his performances in plays, musical comedies and operettas in the early 20th century, first as leading men and then in character roles.

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Besançon

Besançon (French and Arpitan:; archaic Bisanz, Vesontio) is the capital of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

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Besançon Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saint John of Bensançon (French: Cathédrale Saint-Jean de Besançon), commonly known as Besançon Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Besançon, France.

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Birmingham Museum of Art

Founded in 1951, the Birmingham Museum of Art in Birmingham, Alabama, today has one of the finest collections in the Southeastern United States, with more than 24,000 paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, and decorative arts representing a numerous diverse cultures, including Asian, European, American, African, Pre-Columbian, and Native American.

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Biscuits Fossier

Biscuits Fossier is a Reims, France based manufacturer of biscuits, gingerbread, sweets and marsipan-based confectionery.

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Blanchet (harpsichord makers)

The Blanchet family were an extended family of French harpsichord-makers from the late-17th century to the mid-19th century, by which time they had become piano makers.

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Blue

Blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments in painting and traditional colour theory, as well as in the RGB colour model.

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Bogusław Leszczyński

Bogusław Leszczyński, count of Leszno (1614–1659) from the Leszczyński Family of Holy Roman Empire counts, was a Polish noble (szlachcic) and politician from Wielkopolska region.

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Bohemian glass

Bohemian glass, chiefly referred to as Bohemia crystal, is glass produced in the regions of Bohemia and Silesia, now parts of the Czech Republic.

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Bois de Vincennes

The Bois de Vincennes, located on the eastern edge of Paris, is the largest public park in the city.

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Bordeaux

Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.

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Boris Kurakin

Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin (Борис Иванович Куракин in Russian) (30 July 1676, Moscow – 28 October 1727, Paris) was the third permanent Russian ambassador abroad, succeeding Andrey Matveyev in The Hague and one of the closest associates of Peter the Great.

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Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne

After the death of the last Habsburg monarch of Spain in 1700, the childless Charles II, the Spanish throne was up for grabs between the various dynasties of Europe despite Charles having left a will naming his heir.

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Bourbon family tree

This is a simplified family tree of the House of Bourbon.

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Bradley-Martin Ball

The Bradley-Martin Ball was a lavish costume ball at the Waldorf Hotel in New York City on the night of February 10, 1897.

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Breathless (1960 film)

Breathless (French: À bout de souffle; "out of breath") is a 1960 French New Wave crime drama film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard in his feature directorial debut about a wandering criminal (Jean-Paul Belmondo) and his American girlfriend (Jean Seberg).

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Breeching (boys)

Breeching was the occasion when a small boy was first dressed in breeches or trousers.

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Brest Prison

The Brest Prison (French - bagne de Brest) was a 254m long prison in Brest, France.

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Brotherhood of the Wolf

Brotherhood of the Wolf (Le Pacte des loups) is a 2001 French historical action horror film directed by Christophe Gans, co-written by Gans and Stéphane Cabel, and starring Samuel Le Bihan, Mark Dacascos, Émilie Dequenne, Monica Bellucci and Vincent Cassel.

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Brussels lace

Brussels lace is a type of pillow lace that originated in and around Brussels.

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Buc, Yvelines

Buc is a commune in the Yvelines department and Île-de-France region of north central France.

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Bureau du Roi

The Bureau du Roi (the King's desk), also known as Louis XV's roll-top secretary (Secrétaire à cylindre de Louis XV), is the richly ornamented royal cylinder desk which was constructed at the end of Louis XV's reign.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Cabinet des Médailles

The Cabinet des Médailles,The patriotic Cabinet de France, less redolent of Bourbons, was affected during republican phases of the 19th century and as late as World War I. more formally known as Département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, is a department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.

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Cabinet noir

In France, the cabinet noir (French for "black room") was the office where the letters of suspected persons were opened and read by public officials before being forwarded to their destination.

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Cabriole leg

A cabriole leg is one of (usually) four vertical supports of a piece of furniture shaped in two curves; the upper arc is convex, while lower is concave; the upper curve always bows outward, while the lower curve bows inward; with the axes of the two curves in the same plane.

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Cadre Noir

The Cadre Noir (italic) is a corps of ecuyers, or instructors, at the French military riding academy École Nationale d'Équitation at Saumur in western France, founded in 1828.

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Cairo Electric Railways and Heliopolis Oases Company

The Cairo Electric Railways & Heliopolis Oases Company (شركة سكك حديد مصر الكهربائية و واحات عين شمس), is the original name of the Heliopolis Company for Housing and Development (شركة مصر الجديدة للإسكان و التعمير), a company formed in Cairo in 1906 in a partnership between a consortium of Belgian developers led by Édouard Empain and Boghos Nubar Pasha, son of the former Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Nubarian.

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Caisson (lock gate)

A caisson is a form of lock gate.

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Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard

Camille d'Hostun de la Baume, duc de Tallard (14 February 1652 – 20 March 1728) was a French noble, diplomat and military commander, who became Marshal of France.

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Camille Rousset

Camille Félix Michel Rousset (15 February 1821, Paris – 19 February 1892, Saint-Gobain) was a French historian.

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Canal de Bourgogne

The Burgundy Canal (Canal de Bourgogne) is a canal in Burgundy in central eastern France.

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Canapé (furniture)

A canapé is a piece of furniture similar to a couch, and is meant to describe an elegant sofa made out of elaborately carved wood with wooden legs, and upholstered seats, back, and armrests that seats three, that emerged from France in the 18th century.

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Cantharidin

Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless fatty substance of the terpenoid class, which is secreted by many species of blister beetles.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet.

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Capitoul

The capitouls, sometimes anglicized as capitols, were the chief magistrates of the commune of Toulouse, France, during the late Middle Ages and early Modern period.

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Caraquet

Caraquet is a town in Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada.

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Cardinal de Rohan

Louis René Édouard de Rohan known as Cardinal de Rohan (25 September 1734 – 16 February 1803), prince de Rohan-Guéméné, was a French bishop of Strasbourg, politician, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, and cadet of the Rohan family (which traced its origin to the kings of Brittany).

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Carlo Alberto Guidoboni Cavalchini

Carlo Alberto Guidoboni Cavalchini (26 July 1683 – 7 March 1774) was an Italian Cardinal.

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Carlo Buonaparte

Nob. Carlo Maria Buonaparte or Carlo Maria di Buonaparte (27 March 1746 – 24 February 1785) was an Italian lawyer and diplomat who is best known as the father of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Carlota Joaquina of Spain

Doña Carlota Joaquina of Spain (Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana; 25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830), was by birth a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon and Infanta of Spain and by marriage Queen consort of Portugal and the Algarves (and later of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves) and titular Empress consort of Brazil.

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Carré Marigny

The Carré Marigny ("Marigny Square"), in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, is the site of an open-air market where postage stamps are bought and sold by hobbyists and serious philatelists.

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Cartel clock

A cartel clock is a cartouche shaped clock designed to hang directly on a wall, very commonly executed in fire-gilt bronze (a.k.a. ormolu).

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Casa de Nariño

The Palacio de Nariño (Spanish for Palace of Nariño) or Casa de Nariño (Spanish for House of Nariño) is the official home and principal workplace of the President of Colombia.

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Caspar Frederik Harsdorff

Caspar Frederik (Friedrich) Harsdorff, also known as C.F. Harsdorff, (26 May 1735 – 24 May 1799), Danish neoclassical architect is considered to be Denmark’s leading architect in the late 18th century, and is referred to as “The Father of Danish Classicism”.

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Castelnau-Pégayrols

Castelnau-Pégayrols (Castèlnòu de Leveson in Occitan) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.

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Castle of Olbreuse

The Castle of Olbreuse is situated in Usseau, Deux-Sèvres, in western France.

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Cathedral of Learning

The Cathedral of Learning, a Pittsburgh landmark listed in the National Register of Historic Places, is the centerpiece of the University of Pittsburgh's main campus in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Catherine Éléonore Bénard

Catherine Éléonore Bénard (1740-1769), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France.

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Catherine Opalińska

Catherine Opalińska (Katarzyna Opalińska; 13 October 1680 – 19 March 1747) was Queen consort of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth twice and Duchess consort of Lorraine through her marriage with Stanisław I of Poland.

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Causes of the French Revolution

The causes of the French Revolution can be attributed to several intertwining factors.

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Cavalry School

The Cavalry school (Ecole de cavalerie) is a French military training establishment at Saumur.

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Célestin Harst

Célestin Harst (1698–1778) was a French Catholic priest, organist and harpsichordist.

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Céphale et Procris (Grétry)

Céphale et Procris (Cephalus and Procris) is an opera by André Grétry with a French-language libretto by Jean-François Marmontel based on the Classical myth of Cephalus and Procris as told in Book Seven of Ovid's Metamorphoses.

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César Berthier

Louis César Gabriel Berthier de Berluy (9 November 1765 Versailles - 17 August 1819 Château de Grosbois (Seine-et-Oise)), was a French Napoleonic War general.

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César Gabriel de Choiseul

César Gabriel de Choiseul, duc de Praslin (15 August 1712 – 15 November 1785) was a French officer, diplomat and statesman.

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César Guillaume de La Luzerne

César-Guillaume La Luzerne (7 July 1738 - 21 June 1821) was a Roman Catholic clergyman.

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César, Duke of Vendôme

César de Bourbon, Légitimé de France (3 June 1594 – 22 October 1665) was the son of Henry IV of France and his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrées, and founder of the House of Bourbon-Vendome.

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Cellamare conspiracy

The Cellamare conspiracy of 1718 (Conspiration de Cellamare) was a conspiracy against the then Regent of France, Philippe d'Orléans (1674–1723).

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Centre National du Costume de Scene

Centre National du Costume de Scene (CNCS) (English: The National Center of Costume and Scenography (CNCS)), is a French museum dedicated to stage costumes and sets.

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Champagne

Champagne is sparkling wine or, in EU countries, legally only that sparkling wine which comes from the Champagne region of France.

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Champagne glass

A Champagne glass is a form of stemware designed specifically to enhance the drinking of champagne.

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Chantilly lace

Chantilly lace is a handmade bobbin lace named after the city of Chantilly,"Chantilly" The Oxford English Dictionary.

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Chantilly porcelain

Chantilly porcelain is French soft-paste porcelain produced between 1730 and 1800 by the manufactory of Chantilly in Oise, France.

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Chapelle royale de Dreux

The Royal Chapel of Dreux (Chapelle royale de Dreux) situated in Dreux, France, is the traditional burial place of members of the House of Orléans.

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Chariot clock

A chariot clock is a type of mantel/table figural clock in the form of a chariot whose dial is set into the wheel or elsewhere, its origins date back to the second half of the 16th century southern Germany.

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Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon

Charles Antoine, Count of La Roche-Aymon, born at Mainsat (Marche) on 17 February 1697 and died in Paris on 27 October 1777, was a French prelate, cardinal and grand aumônier de France.

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Charles Antoine Xaintrailles

Charles Antoine Dominique Xaintrailles, also called Anointe-Charles-Dominique de Lauthier de Chabanon Xaintrailles, (17 January 1769–1833), was a general in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

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Charles Boit

Charles Boit (Stockholm, 10 August 1662 — Paris, 6 February 1727) was a Swedish painter in vitreous enamels who mostly worked in England, Austria and France.

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Charles Carroll (1865-1921)

Charles Carroll (January 12, 1865 – October 6, 1921) was an American heir who was prominent in New York Society during the Gilded Age who was the head of Carroll family of Maryland.

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Charles Coffin (writer)

Charles Coffin (pr. sharl co-fenh)(4 October 1676 Buzancy, now in the department of Ardennes - 20 June 1749 Paris) was a French teacher, writer and Jansenist who was Rector of the University of Paris.

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Charles d'Helfer

Charles d'Helfer (1598–1661) was a French baroque composer and maître de musique at Soissons Cathedral.

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Charles de Vintimille

Charles de Vintimille (1741-1814), marquis du Luc, was a French aristocrat and governor.

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Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia

Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1730 until his death.

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Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix

Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix de Castries, marquis de Castries, baron des États de Languedoc, comte de Charlus, baron de Castelnau et de Montjouvent, seigneur de Puylaurens et de Lézignan (25 February 1727, Paris – 11 January 1801, Wolfenbüttel) was a French marshal.

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Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) was the third child and youngest son of the future King of France, Charles X, and his wife, Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy.

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Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua

Prince Charles of the Two Sicilies, Prince of Capua (Full Italian name: Carlo Ferdinando, Principe di Borbone delle Due Sicilie, Principe di Capua) (10 November 1811 – 22 April 1862 in Turin, Kingdom of Italy) was the second son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and his second wife Maria Isabella of Spain.

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Charles François Dumouriez

Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem

Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem (1684–1751) was a French financier, a fermier-général, or tax-farmer.

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Charles Gautier de Vinfrais

Charles Gautier de Vinfrais, better known under the name Vinfrais l’ainé, (7 November 1704 – 4 Novembre 1797) was an 18th-century French officer of the Royal venery.

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Charles Germain de Saint Aubin

Charles Germain de Saint Aubin (January 17, 1721 – March 6, 1786) was a French draftsman and embroidery designer to King Louis XV.

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Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne

Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne (16 July 1706 – 24 October 1771) was a French nobleman and member of the powerful House of La Tour d'Auvergne.

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Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes

Charles Gravier, Count of Vergennes (29 December 1719 – 13 February 1787) was a French statesman and diplomat.

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Charles Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles

Charles-Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles (8 May 1717 – 18 March 1799) is best known as being the husband of Madame de Pompadour or Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, the illustrious mistress of King Louis XV of France.

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Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing

Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector, comte d'Estaing (24 November 1729 – 28 April 1794) was a French general and admiral.

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Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken

Charles II August Christian (Karl II.; 29 October 1746 – 1 April 1795) was Duke of Zweibrücken from 1775 to 1795.

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Charles II, Duke of Parma

Charles Louis (Carlo Ludovico; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was King of Etruria (1803–1807; reigned as Louis II), Duke of Lucca (1824–1847; reigned as Charles I), and Duke of Parma (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II).

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Charles III Le Moyne

Charles III Le Moyne (Longueuil, (18 October 1687 – 17 January 1755) was the second baron de Longueuil. He succeeded his father Charles le Moyne de Longueuil, Baron de Longueuil in 1729. He became Governor of Montreal, and administrator by interim of New France.

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.

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Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle

Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle (22 September 1684 – 26 January 1761) was a French general and statesman.

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Charles Louis d'Albert de Luynes

Charles Louis d'Albert de Luynes (Marie Charles Louis; 24 April 1717 – 8 October 1771) was a French nobleman and member of the House of Albert.

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Charles Louis de Marbeuf

Louis Charles René, comte de Marbeuf (4 November 1712, Rennes – 20 September 1786, Bastia), grand-cross of the order of Saint Louis, was a French general.

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Charles Palissot de Montenoy

Charles Palissot de Montenoy (3 January 1730 – 15 June 1814) was a little known 18th-century French playwright, admirer and disciple of Voltaire and Antoine de Rivarol, but paradoxically often denounced as a Counter-Enlightenment opponent to the parti philosophique, especially for his critic of Diderot and the Encyclopédistes.

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Charles Parrocel

Charles Parrocel (May 6, 1688 – May 24, 1752) was a French painter and engraver and a specialist in battle and hunt paintings.

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Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes

Charles-Philippe d’Albert Duc de Luynes (30 July 1695 – 2 November 1758) held the title Duke of Luynes from 1712 to 1758.

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Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VII (7 April 1697 – 20 January 1745) was the Prince-elector of Bavaria from 1726 and Holy Roman Emperor from 24 January 1742 until his death in 1745.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

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Charles, Count of Armagnac

Charles de Lorraine (22 February 1684 – 29 December 1751) was a member of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine.

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Charles, Count of Charolais

Charles de Bourbon-Condé, Count of Charolais (19 June 1700 – 23 July 1760), was a French noble.

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Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)

Charles of France, Duke of Berry, (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France.

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Charles, Prince of Soubise

Charles de Rohan (16 July 17151 July 1787), duke of Rohan-Rohan, seigneur of Roberval, and marshal of France from 1758, was a military man, and a minister to the kings Louis XV and Louis XVI.

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Charles-André van Loo

Carle or Charles-André van Loo (15 February 1705 – 15 July 1765) was a French subject painter, son of the painter Louis-Abraham van Loo, a younger brother of Jean-Baptiste van Loo and grandson of Jacob van Loo.

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Charles-Armand de Gontaut, duc de Biron

Charles Armand de Gontaut, duc de Biron (5 August 1663 — 23 July 1756), great-grandson of Armand de Gontout-Biron, was a French military leader who served with distinction under Louis XIV and Louis XV, and was made a Marshal of France by the latter.

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Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec

Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec (Paris, 19 August 1719Saint-Jean-d'Angély, 16 August 1781), was a French soldier and diplomat from an ancient, noble and distinguished French military family (see House of Broglie).

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Charles-Henri-Louis d'Arsac de Ternay

Charles-Henri-Louis d'Arsac, chevalier de Ternay (27 January 1723 - 15 December 1780) was a French naval officer.

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Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre

Charles-Irénée Castel, abbé de Saint-Pierre (18 February 1658 – 29 April 1743) was a French author whose ideas were novel for his times.

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Charles-Michel-Ange Challe

Charles Michel-Ange Challe, born in Paris on February 13, 1718 and died January 8, 1778 is a painter, draftsman and French architect.

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Charles-Nicolas Cochin

Charles-Nicolas Cochin (22 February 1715 – 29 April 1790) was a French engraver, designer, writer, and art critic.

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Charlotta von Liewen

Charlotta von Liewen (12 October 1683 – 10 January 1735) was a politically active Swedish countess.

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Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans

Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, (20 October 1700 – 19 January 1761) was the Duchess of Modena and Reggio by marriage.

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Charlotte de Rohan

Charlotte de Rohan (Charlotte Godefride Élisabeth; 7 October 1737 – 4 March 1760) was a French aristocrat who married into the House of Condé, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, during the Ancien Régime.

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Charolais, France

Charolais (also Charollais) is a historic region of France, named after the central town of Charolles, and located in today's Saône-et-Loire département, in Burgundy.

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Chaussée d'Antin – La Fayette (Paris Métro)

Chaussée d'Antin - La Fayette is a station on Line 7 and Line 9 of the Paris Métro.

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Château d'Azay-le-Ferron

The Château d'Azay-le-Ferron is a 15th-century castle and 17th-century manor located in the commune of Azay-le-Ferron in the Indre département of France.

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Château d'Yquem

Château d'Yquem is a Premier Cru Supérieur (Fr: "Superior First Growth") wine from the Sauternes, Gironde region in the southern part of the Bordeaux vineyards known as Graves.

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Château de Bagnolet, Paris

The Château de Bagnolet was a château situated in the Paris suburb of Bagnolet, France, 5.2 km from the center of the capital.

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Château de Bellevue

The Château de Bellevue was a small château built for Madame de Pompadour in 1750.

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Château de Blandy-les-Tours

The Château de Blandy-les-Tours is a medieval castle in the village of Blandy-les-Tours (Seine-et-Marne, France); it is about 5 km from the château de Vaux-le-Vicomte and 10 km from Melun.

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Château de Boisgibault

The Château de Boisgibault is located 10 kilometers south of Orleans on D168 in the commune of Ardon in the Loiret département of France.

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Château de Brie-Comte-Robert

The Château de Brie-Comte-Robert is a castle in the town of Brie-Comte-Robert in the Seine-et-Marne département of France.

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Château de Chambord

The Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France, is one of the most recognisable châteaux in the world because of its very distinctive French Renaissance architecture which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures.

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Château de Champs-sur-Marne

The Château de Champs is a neoclassical château in Champs-sur-Marne, France.

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Château de Chastellux

Château de Chastellux is a French castle with elements from the eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth and nineteenth centuries.

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Château de Choisy

The Château de Choisy was a sometime royal French residence in the commune of Choisy-le-Roi in the Val-de-Marne department, not far from Paris.

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Château de Clagny

The Château de Clagny was a French country house that stood northeast of the Château de Versailles; it was designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart for Madame de Montespan between 1674 and 1680.

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Château de Commercy

The Château de Commercy is a castle in the town of Commercy, in the Meuse department of France.

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Château de Compiègne

The Château de Compiègne is a French chateau, a royal residence built for Louis XV and restored by Napoleon.

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Château de Condé

The Château de Condé is a private estate in Condé-en-Brie, Aisne, France, set in a park on the Champagne route 100 km from Paris.

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Château de Failloux

The Château de Failloux (Castle of Failloux) was built in the 18th century in northeastern France.

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Château de Gerbéviller

The Château de Gerbéviller is a chateau in the small community of Gerbéviller in Lorraine, France.

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Château de la Bourdaisière

The Château de la Bourdaisière is a 19th-century county house in the Commune of Montlouis-sur-Loire, in the Indre-et-Loire département of France.

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Château de La Ferté-Imbault

The Château de La Ferté-Imbault (Loir-et-Cher) is a stately home in the Loire Valley, France.

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Château de la Muette

The Château de la Muette is a château located on the edge of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, France, near the Porte de la Muette.

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Château de la Roque

Château de la Roque, or the château de la Roque des Péagers, is a château located in Meyrals in the Périgord in the Dordogne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

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Château de Louveciennes

The Château de Louveciennes in Louveciennes, in the Yvelines département of France, is composed of the château itself, constructed at the end of the 17th century.

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Château de Madrid

The Château de Madrid was a Renaissance building in France.

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Château de Meudon

The castle of Meudon, called the royal castle of Meudon, or imperial palace of Meudon, is a castle located in Meudon in the department of Hauts-de-Seine.

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Château de Neuilly

The château de Neuilly is a former château in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

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Château de Noirmoutier

The Château de Noirmoutier is a castle on the Île de Noirmoutier in the Vendée département of France.

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Château de Petit-Bourg

The château de Petit-Bourg is located in Évry-sur-Seine (Essonne).

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Château de Pommard

Château de Pommard is a winery in Pommard, Burgundy, France.

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Château de Remaisnil

The Château de Remaisnil is an 18th-century château situated on the edge of the French village of Remaisnil, in the Somme department of Picardy.

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Château de Saint-Cloud

The Château de Saint-Cloud was a palace in France, built on a site overlooking the Seine at Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine, about west of Paris.

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Château de Saint-Hubert

The Château de Saint-Hubert was a royal château built by order of Louis XV in Perray-in-Yvelines (now in the department of Yvelines), for use while he was hunting in the nearby forest (Saint Hubert is the patron saint of hunters).

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Château de Seneffe

The Château of Seneffe or Château de Seneffe is an 18th-century château located in the municipality of Seneffe in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

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Château de Vendeuvre

The Château de Vendeuvre is situated in the commune of Vendeuvre, near to Lisieux in Normandy.

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Château de Verteuil, Charente

The Château de Verteuil is a historical building in Charente, France.

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Château de Voisins (Louveciennes)

The Château de Voisins is a neoclassical mansion located in Louveciennes, in the department of Yvelines, France.

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Château du Saussay

The château du Saussay is a French château that forms part of the commune of Ballancourt-sur-Essonne in the department of Essonne.

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Château of Vauvenargues

The Château of Vauvenargues (Château de Vauvenargues) is a fortified bastide in the village of Vauvenargues, situated to the north of Montagne Sainte-Victoire, just outside the town of Aix-en-Provence in the south of France.

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Château Palmer

Château Palmer is a winery in the Margaux appellation d'origine contrôlée of the Bordeaux region of France.

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Château Vaudreuil

Château Vaudreuil in Montreal was constructed between 1723 and 1726 for Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, as his private residence, by Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry.

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Châteauroux

Châteauroux is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.

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Cheetham Hill Road

Cheetham Hill Road is a road in North Manchester, running from Corporation Street in Manchester city centre to Prestwich.

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Chemin des Dames

In France, the Chemin des Dames (literally, the "ladies' path") is part of the D18 and runs east and west in the département of Aisne, between in the west, the Route Nationale 2, (Laon to Soissons) and in the east, the D1044 at Corbeny.

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Cherbourg Naval Base

Cherbourg Naval Base is a naval base in Cherbourg Harbour, Cherbourg, Manche department, Normandy.

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Chester, Illinois

Chester is a city in and the county seat of Randolph County, Illinois, United States, on a bluff above the Mississippi River.

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Chevalier d'Éon

Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée d'Éon de Beaumont (5 October 1728 – 21 May 1810), usually known as the Chevalier d'Éon, was a French diplomat, spy, Freemason and soldier who fought in the Seven Years' War.

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Chevalier O'Gorman

Tomás, Chevalier O'Gorman or Thomas O'Gorman (1732–1809) was an Irish soldier and genealogist.

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Chief minister of France

The chief minister of France or, closer to the French term, chief minister of state (principal ministre d'État), or prime minister of France were and are informal titles given to various personages who received various degrees of power to rule the Kingdom of France on behalf of the monarch during the Ancien Régime ("Old Regime").

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Chimney Point, Vermont

Chimney Point is a peninsula in the town of Addison, Vermont, which juts into Lake Champlain forming a narrows.

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Chinoiserie

Chinoiserie (loanword from French chinoiserie, from chinois, "Chinese") is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and East Asian artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts, garden design, architecture, literature, theatre, and music.

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Choiseul family

Choiseul is an illustrious family from Champagne, France, descendents of the comtes of Langres.

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Choisy Cathedral

Choisy Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Louis-et-Saint-Nicolas de Choisy), also known as the Church of St.

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Christian of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1752–1817)

Christian Graf von Forbach, then Christian Marquis de Deux-Ponts and later Christian Freiherr von Zweibrücken (1752 – 1817) was an officer of the French army and later a general of the Royal Prussian and then of the Bavarian Army, at last in the rank of General der Infanterie.

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Christophe de Beaumont

Christophe de Beaumont du Repaire (1703–1781) was a French cleric who belonged to a cadet branch of the Les Adrets and Saint-Quentin branches of the illustrious Dauphin family of Beaumont.

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Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol

Christophe André Jean de Chabrol de Crouzol (16 November 1771 – 7 October 1836) was a French politician who served in the administration of Napoleon, then adhered to the Bourbon Restoration in 1814.

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Church of St Nicholas, Bathampton

The Church of St Nicholas is an Anglican parish church in Bathampton, Somerset, England.

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Ciquaire Cirou

Ciquaire Cirou (c. 1700-1751) was a French industrialist and porcelain manufacturer.

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Citadel of Besançon

The Citadel of Besançon (Citadelle de Besançon) is a 17th-century fortress in Franche-Comté, France.

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Clara (rhinoceros)

Clara the rhinoceros (?1738-14 April 1758) was a female Indian rhinoceros who became famous during 17 years of touring Europe in the mid-18th century.

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Clara Gonzaga

Clara Gonzaga, Countess of Montpensier, Dauphine of Auvergne, Duchess of Sessa (1 July 1464 – 2 June 1503)Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands, Dukes of Bourbon was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Gonzaga.

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Claude Adrien Helvétius

Claude Adrien Helvétius (26 January 1715 – 26 December 1771) was a French philosopher, freemason and littérateur.

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Claude Desgots

Claude Desgots (or Desgotz; c. 1658 – 1732) was a French architect and landscape architect, who designed French formal gardens in France and England.

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Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)

Claude Fauchet (22 September 1744 – 31 October 1793) was a French revolutionary bishop.

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Claude Fleury

Claude Fleury (6 December 1640, Paris – 14 July 1723, Paris), was a French ecclesiastical historian.

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Claude Louis Hector de Villars

Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Prince de Martigues, Marquis then Duc de Villars, Vicomte de Melun (8 May 1653 – 17 June 1734) was a general of Louis XIV of France, one of only six Marshals who have been promoted to Marshal General of France.

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Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain

Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain (15 April 1707 – 15 January 1778), French general, was born on 15 April 1707, at the Château of Vertamboz.

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Claude Martin

Major General Claude Martin (5 January 1735 – 13 September 1800) was an officer in the French, and later the English East India Company's army in India.

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Claude Testot-Ferry

Général Baron Claude Testot-Ferry (20 May 1773, Arnay-le-Duc – 25 August 1856, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Côte-d'Or) was a cavalry veteran of the armies of the First French Republic, First French Empire and Bourbon Restoration.

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Claude-Adrien Nonnotte

Claude-Adrien Nonnotte (born in Besançon, 29 July 1711; died there, 3 September 1793) was a French Jesuit controversialist, best known for his writings against Voltaire.

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Claude-Élisée de Court de La Bruyère

Claude-Élisée de Court de La Bruyère (February 15, 1666, Pont-de-Vaux, France – August 19, 1752, Gournay-sur-Marne), was a French officer in the French Navy during the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, who ended his career as Vice Admiral of the Flotte du Ponant.

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Claude-François-Marie Rigoley

Claude-François-Marie Rigoley, comte d'Ogny (9 January 1756 – 3 October 1790) was a French nobleman, military officer, patron of the arts, Freemason, and founder of the Concert de la Loge Olympique.

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Claude-François-Xavier Millot

Claude-François-Xavier Millot (5 March 1726, Ornans, Doubs – 20 March 1785, Paris) was a French churchman and historian.

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Claude-Nicolas Le Cat

Claude-Nicolas Le Cat (6 September 1700 – 20 August 1768) was a French surgeon.

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Claudine Guérin de Tencin

Claudine Alexandrine Guérin de Tencin, Baroness of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (27 April 1682 – 4 December 1749) was a French salonist and author.

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Clément Charles François de Laverdy

Clément Charles François de Laverdy (1723 – 24 November 1793) was a French statesman.

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Clermont-Ferrand

Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergnat Clharmou, Augustonemetum) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012).

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Cliveden

Cliveden (pronounced) is a National Trust-owned estate in Buckinghamshire, on the border with Berkshire.

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Clotilde of France, Queen of Sardinia

Marie Clotilde of France (Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière; 23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802), known as Clotilda in Italy, was Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia.

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Club de l'Entresol

The Club de l'Entresol (Mezzanine Club) was a think-tank, club and discussion group founded in 1724 by Pierre-Joseph Alary and Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre on the English model for free discussion of political and economic questions.

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Code Noir

The Code Noir (Black Code) was a decree originally passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685.

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Coffee production in Martinique

Coffee production in Martinique dates to 1723 and its establishment is credited to the French naval officer Gabriel de Clieu.

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Cognac Gautier

Cognac Gautier story begins in the 16th century, but it was officially founded in 1755 when the family obtained a Royal Warrant to produce Cognac and a founding charter signed by the king Louis XV.

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Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège

The Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège were successive expatriate institutions for the Catholic education of English students and were run by the Jesuits.

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Colonel General (France)

A Colonel General was an officer of the French army during the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic era and the Bourbon Restoration.

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Colonia Juárez, Mexico City

Colonia Juarez is one of the better–known neighborhoods or colonias in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City.

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Colt State Park

Colt State Park is public open space that occupies on Poppasquash Neck in the township of Bristol, Rhode Island, once owned by industrialist Samuel P. Colt.

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Commode

A commode is any of several pieces of furniture.

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Comtat Venaissin

The Comtat Venaissin (Provençal: lou Coumtat Venessin, Mistralian norm: la Coumtat, classical norm: lo Comtat Venaicin; "County of Venaissin"), often called the Comtat for short, was a part of the Papal States in what is now the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France.

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Conseil du Roi

The Conseil du Roi (French for "The King's Council"), also known as the is a general term for the administrative and governmental apparatus around the king of France during the Ancien Régime designed to prepare his decisions and give him advice.

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Contrex

Contrex is a brand of mineral water owned since 1992 by Nestlé Waters, a branch of the Swiss group Nestlé, and is part of the Vittel mineral water company that includes Vittel and Hépar.

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Controller-General of Finances

The Controller-General or Comptroller-General of Finances (Contrôleur général des finances) was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791.

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Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard

Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard was a group of 18th-century French religious pilgrims who exhibited convulsions and later constituted a religious sect and a political movement.

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Copier family

The House of Copier (Coppier, Coupier or Couppier) is a royal family from Savoy.

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Corcu Loígde

The Corcu Loígde (Corcu Lóegde, Corco Luigde, Corca Laoighdhe, Laidhe), meaning Gens of the Calf Goddess, also called the Síl Lugdach meic Itha, were a kingdom centred in West County Cork who descended from the proto-historical rulers of Munster, the Dáirine, of whom they were the central royal sept.

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Corduff

Corduff (Irish: An Chorr Dhubh) is a north western suburb of Dublin, Ireland.

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Cornas AOC

Cornas is a French wine Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) in the northern Rhône wine region of France south of Lyon.

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Cornucopia

In classical antiquity, the cornucopia (from Latin cornu copiae), also called the horn of plenty, was a symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers or nuts.

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Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Corsica in Corsican and Italian, pronounced and respectively) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

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Cosme San Martín

Cosme San Martín Lagunas (27 September 1849/1850, Valparaíso – 1 April 1906, Santiago) was a Chilean painter and the first Director of the "Academia de Pintura" who was born in Chile.

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Count of St. Germain

The Comte de Saint Germain (born circa. 1691/1712 – died 27 February 1784) was a European adventurer, with an interest in science and the arts.

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Count Saint-Germain (vampire)

The Count Saint-Germain is a fictional character from a series of novels written by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro.

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Counts and dukes of Anjou

The Count of Anjou was the ruler of the county of Anjou, first granted by Charles the Bald in the 9th century to Robert the Strong.

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Counts of Dreux

The Counts of Dreux were a noble family of France, who took their title from the chief stronghold of their domain, the château of Dreux, which lies near the boundary between Normandy and the Île-de-France.

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County of Montbéliard

The County of Montbéliard (Comté de Montbéliard; Grafschaft Mömpelgard), was a feudal county of the Holy Roman Empire seated in the city of Montbéliard in the present-day Franche-Comté region of France.

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Courtesan

A courtesan was originally a courtier, which means a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person.

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Cross-dressing in literature

Cross-dressing as a literary motif is well attested in older literature but is becoming increasingly popular in modern literature as well.

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Crown (headgear)

A crown is a traditional symbolic form of headwear, or hat, worn by a monarch or by a deity, for whom the crown traditionally represents power, legitimacy, victory, triumph, honor, and glory, as well as immortality, righteousness, and resurrection.

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Crown of Bavaria

The Crown of the King of Bavaria is a part of the Bavarian Crown Jewels and was ordered and designed 1804–1807 for Maximilian I after Napoleon had raised Bavaria to kingdom status.

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Crown of Charlemagne

The Crown of Charlemagne was a name given to the ancient coronation crown of Kings of the Franks, and later Kings of France after 1237.

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Crown of Louis XV of France

The Crown of Louis XV is the sole surviving crown from the French ancien regime among the French Crown Jewels.

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Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary, St John and St Mary Magdalene

Crucifixion with the Virgin Mary, St John and St Mary Magdalene is a painting by Anthony van Dyck.

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Culture of Hungary

The culture of Hungary varies across Hungary, starting from the capital city of Budapest on the Danube, to the Great Plains bordering Ukraine.

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Cup-and-ball

Cup-and-ball (or ball in a cup) or ring and pin is a traditional children's toy.

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Dancer in a Café

Danseuse au café (also known as Dancer in a Café or Au Café Concert and Danseuse) is a large oil painting created in 1912 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956).

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Daniel Cajanus

Daniel Mynheer Cajanus (1704 – 27 February 1749) was a Finnish giant.

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Daphnis et Alcimadure

Daphnis et Alcimadure (in Occitan classical norm, Dafnís e Alcimadura, or according to the original libretto spelling, Daphnis e Alcimaduro) is an opera by the Baroque violinist, conductor and composer Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville to a libretto in the Occitan language, written by the composer himself and loosely inspired by La Fontaine's fable bearing the same title.

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Daphnis et Eglé

Daphnis et Eglé is an opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau.

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Dauphin Island, Alabama

Dauphin Island is a town in Mobile County, Alabama, United States, on a barrier island of the same name (split by the Katrina Cut), at the Gulf of Mexico.

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Dauphin of France

The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France)—strictly The Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois)—was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830.

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David Wemyss, Lord Elcho

David Wemyss, soi disant 6th Earl of Wemyss (12 August 1721 – 29 April 1787), generally known as Lord Elcho even after his father's death, was a Scottish peer and Jacobite army officer.

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Dévots

Dévots (Devout) was the name given in France in the first half of the 17th century to a party following a Catholic policy of opposition to the Protestants inside France and alliance with the Catholic Habsburg Monarchy abroad.

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De Beaunoir

Alexandre-Louis-Bertrand Robineau, called de Beaunoir, (4 April 1746 – 5 August 1823) was an 18th-century French playwright.

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De Dietrich

The history of the de Dietrich family has been linked to that of France and of Europe for over three centuries.

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De la Rochejacquelein

Vergier de La Rochejacquelein is the name of an ancient French family of the Vendée, celebrated for its devotion to the House of Bourbon during and after the French Revolution.

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December 8

No description.

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Dendermonde

Dendermonde (French: Termonde) is a Belgian city and municipality located in the Flemish province of East Flanders in the Denderstreek.

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Denis Dodart

Denis Dodart was a French physician, naturalist and botanist, who was born in 1634 in Paris and died on 5 November 1707 in the same city.

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Denise Benoît

Denise Benoît (10 September 1919 – 29 May 1973) was a French actress and singer, active across a wide range of genres on the stage, radio and television.

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Descendants of Charles I of England

Charles I of England was the second King of the then newly enthroned House of Stuart.

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Descendants of Henry IV of France

Henry IV of France was the first Bourbon king of France.

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Descendants of James VI and I

James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625), the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots, was King of Scots from 1567 and King of England and Ireland from 1603, being the first monarch of the House of Stuart to rule all three countries.

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Descendants of Louis XIV of France

The descendants of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of France, are numerous.

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Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal

The Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz, left a lasting mark on Portuguese history and royalty, and European history and royalty as a whole.

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Diamond (dog)

Diamond was, according to legend, Sir Isaac Newton's favourite dog, which, by upsetting a candle, set fire to manuscripts containing his notes on experiments conducted over the course of twenty years.

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Diana and Actaeon (Titian)

Diana and Actaeon is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Titian, finished in 1556–1559, and is considered amongst Titian's greatest works.

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Diana and Callisto

Diana and Callisto is a painting completed between 1556 and 1559 by the Venetian artist Titian.

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Diane Adélaïde de Mailly

Diane Adélaïde de Mailly, duchesse de Lauraguais (11 February 1713 – Paris, November 3, 1769) was the third of the five famous de Nesle sisters, four of whom would become the mistress of King Louis XV of France.

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Didier Bourdon

Didier Bourdon (born 23 January 1959) is a French Algerian-born actor, screenwriter and film director.

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Didier Robert de Vaugondy

Didier Robert de Vaugondy (1723, Paris – 1786) was an 18th-century French geographer.

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Dillon's Regiment

Dillon's Regiment (French: régiment de Dillon) was first raised in Ireland in 1688 by Theobald, 7th Viscount Dillon, for the Jacobite side in the Williamite War.

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Diocese of Accia

The Diocese of Accia was a Roman Catholic bishopric on the island of Corsica.

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Diplomatic Revolution

The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.

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Dolores del Río

Dolores del Río (born María de los Dolores Asúnsolo López-Negrete; 3 August 1904 – 11 April 1983) was a Mexican actress.

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Domain of Montreuil

The Domain of Montreuil (Domaine de Madame Élisabeth) is located in the center of Versailles and encompasses 7.2 hectares of land.

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Domaine de la Romanée-Conti

Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, often abbreviated to DRC, is an estate in Burgundy, France that produces white and red wine.

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Domaine of Villarceaux

The Domaine of Villarceaux is a French château, water garden and park located in the commune of Chaussy in the Val d'Oise Department of France, 65 kilometers northwest of Paris.

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Dominique Guillaume Lebel

Dominique Guillaume Lebel (1696 - 1768) or also Le Bel, was first chamber servant, or valet-de-chambres, of king Louis XV of France.

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Donald Cameron of Lochiel

Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c.1700 – October 1748), was an influential Highland Chief known for his magnanimous and gallant nature.

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Donald MacDonald (army officer)

Captain Donald MacDonald (c. 1724–1760) was a military officer who fought successively for France, for Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland, and for Great Britain in Quebec.

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Door

A door is a moving mechanism used to block off and allow access to, an entrance to or within an enclosed space, such as a building, room or vehicle.

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Dorvigny

Louis-François Archambault (30 March 1742, Paris - 5 January 1812, Paris), stage name Dorvigny, was a French novelist, actor and playwright, and the inventor of "janotism" (gross errors of language for comic effect).

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Douglas Hopkins

Douglas Hopkins is a photographer whose fashion and beauty images have appeared in Vogue, W, Women's Wear Daily, Rolling Stone, Cosmopolitan, Elle, and The New York Times.

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Dragonfly in Amber

Dragonfly in Amber is the second book in the ''Outlander'' series of novels by Diana Gabaldon.

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Drevet family

The Drevet Family were leading portrait engravers of France for over a hundred years.

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DuBarry (film)

DuBarry is a lost 1915 silent film historical drama based on David Belasco's 1901 play Du Barry.

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DuBarry Was a Lady

Du Barry Was a Lady is a Broadway musical, with music and lyrics by Cole Porter, and the book by Herbert Fields and B.G. DeSylva.

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Duc d'Anville expedition

The Duc d'Anville expedition (June – October 1746) was sent from France to recapture Louisbourg and take peninsular Acadia (present-day mainland Nova Scotia).

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Duc de La Rochefoucauld

The title of Duke de La Rochefoucauld was a French peerage belonging to one of the most famous families of the French nobility, whose origins go back to lord Rochefoucauld in Charente in the 10th and 11th centuries (with official evidence of nobility in 1019).

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Ducal Palace of Colorno

The Ducal Palace, also known as Reggia di Colorno, is an edifice in the territory of Colorno (province of Parma), Emilia Romagna, Italy.

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Duchess Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Charlotte Felicity; 8 March 1671–29 September 1710) was a German noblewoman.

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Duchy of Burgundy

The Duchy of Burgundy (Ducatus Burgundiae; Duché de Bourgogne) emerged in the 9th century as one of the successors of the ancient Kingdom of the Burgundians, which after its conquest in 532 had formed a constituent part of the Frankish Empire.

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Duchy of La Vallière

The Duchy of La Vallière (duché de La Vallière) was a noble French title created on 13 May 1667 by Louis XIV for his one time mistress Louise Françoise de La Baume Le Blanc.

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Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

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Duke of Aubigny

Duke of Aubigny was a title in the Peerage of France, held by Scottish noblemen.

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Duke of Brissac

Duke of Brissac is a title of French nobility in the Peerage of France, which was created in 1611 for Charles II de Cossé.

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Duke of Noailles

The title of Duke of Noailles was a French peerage created in 1663 for Anne de Noailles, Count of Ayen.

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Duke of Orléans

Duke of Orléans (Duc d'Orléans) was a title reserved for French royalty, first created in 1344 by Philip VI in favor of his son Philip of Valois.

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Duke of Valentinois

Duke of Valentinois (French: Duc de Valentinois; Duca Valentino), formerly Count of Valentinois, is a title of nobility, originally in the French peerage.

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Duran Duran

Duran Duran are an English new wave and synthpop band formed in Birmingham in 1978.

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Durfort family

Durfort is the name of a French noble family, distinguished in French and English history.

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Early modern France

The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (circa 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch).

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Ebringen

Ebringen (Breisgau) is a municipality in the district of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.

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Economic history of France

This is a history of the economy of France.

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Edict of Compiègne

The Edict of Compiègne (Édit de Compiègne), issued from his Château de Compiègne by Henry II of France, 24 July 1557, applied the death penalty for all convictions of relapsed and obstinate "sacramentarians", for those who went to Geneva or published books there, for iconoclast blasphemers against images, and even for illegal preaching or participation in religious gatherings, whether public or private.

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Edict of Fontainebleau

The Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

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Edict of Versailles

The Edict of Versailles, commonly known as the Edict of Tolerance, was an official act that gave non-Catholics in France the right to openly practice their religions as well as legal and civil status, which included the right to contract marriages without having to convert to the Catholic faith.

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Edmé Bouchardon

Edmé Bouchardon (29 May 1698 – 27 July 1762) was a French sculptor esteemed and valued as well as a painter and draughtsman.

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Edmond Jean François Barbier

Edmond Jean François Barbier (16 January 1689 – 29 January 1771) was a French jurisconsult of the parliament and author of a historical journal of the time of Louis XV.

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Edmond Paulin

Edmond Jean-Baptiste Paulin (10 September 1848 - 27 November 1915) was a French architect.

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Edward Isaac Ezra

Edward Isaac Ezra (3 January 1883 in Shanghai – 15 December 1921 in Shanghai) was a wealthy Jewish businessman, who was the first member of the Shanghai Municipal Council who was actually born in China,Robert Bickers and Christian Henriot, New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842-1953 (Manchester University Press ND, 2000):45.

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Elénor-François-Elie, Comte de Moustier

Elénor-François-Élie, marquis de Moustier (15 March 1751, Paris - 1 February 1817, Versailles) was a French nobleman, army officer, and diplomat.

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Elżbieta Sieniawska

Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska née Lubomirska (1669 in Końskowola – 21 March 1729 in Oleszyce) was a Polish noblwoman, Grand Hetmaness of the Crown (Hetmanowa wielka koronna) and renowned patron of arts.

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Elevator

An elevator (US and Canada) or lift (UK, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa, Nigeria) is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure.

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Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine

Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (15 October 1711 – 3 July 1741) was born a Princess of Lorraine and was the last queen consort of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

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Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine

Princess Elisabeth Charlotte (Pfalzprinzessin Elisabeth Charlotte; nicknamed "Lieselotte", 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722) was a German princess and, as Madame, the second wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV of France, and mother of France's ruler during the Regency.

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Elizabeth Nihell

Elizabeth Nihell (1723-May 1776) was an Englishwoman from London, who was a famous midwife, obstetrics writer, and polemicist.

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Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth Petrovna (Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (–), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death.

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Emanuel Bowen

Emanuel Bowen (1694?–1767) was an English map engraver, who worked for George II of England and Louis XV of France as a geographer.

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Emil Jannings

Emil Jannings (born Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz, 23 July 1884 – 2 January 1950) was a German actor, popular in 1920s film in Hollywood.

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Emmanuel Boyer de Fonscolombe

Emmanuel Boyer de Fonscolombe (1810–1875) was a French aristocrat and composer.

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Emmanuel de Croÿ-Solre

Emanuel de Croÿ-Solre, Duke of Croy (June 23, 1718 - March 30, 1784) was a French soldier of the 18th century who attained the rank of Marshal of France.

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Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy

Emmanuel de Grouchy, 2ème Marquis de Grouchy (23 October 1766 – 29 May 1847) was a French general and marshal.

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Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie

Emmanuel Bernard Le Roy Ladurie (born 19 July 1929) is a French historian whose work is mainly focused upon Languedoc in the Ancien Régime, particularly the history of the peasantry.

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Emmanuel Maurice, Duke of Elbeuf

Emmanuel Maurice de Lorraine (Emmanuel Maurice; 30 December 1677 – 17 July 1763) was Duke of Elbeuf and Prince of Lorraine.

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Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano

Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (20 August 1628 – 23 April 1709), Prince of Carignano, was the son and heir of Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano.

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Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon

Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerot du Plessis-Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon (31 July 17201 September 1788), was a French soldier and statesman, and a nephew of Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, 3rd Duke of Richelieu.

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Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort de Duras

Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort, duc de Duras (19 September 1715 – 6 September 1789, Versailles) was a French politician, diplomat, peer, marshal and Freemason (belonging to the l'Olympique de la Parfaite Estime lodge).

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English claims to the French throne

From the 1340s to the 19th century, excluding two brief intervals in the 1360s and the 1420s, the kings and queens of England (and, later, of Great Britain) also claimed the throne of France.

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Engraved gem

An engraved gem, frequently referred to as an intaglio, is a small and usually semi-precious gemstone that has been carved, in the Western tradition normally with images or inscriptions only on one face.

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Enlightenment in Spain

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (in Spanish, Ilustración) came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.

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Enrichetta d'Este

Enrichetta d'Este (Enrichetta Maria; 27 May 1702 – 30 January 1777) was an Italian princess.

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Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein

Baron Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein, (25 October 1749 in Loddby, Sweden – 9 May 1802 in Poligny, Jura).

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Espagnole sauce

Espagnole sauce is a basic brown sauce, and is one of Auguste Escoffier's five mother sauces of classic French cooking.

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Essay on the Life of Seneca

Essay on the Life of Seneca (Essai sur Sénèque) was one of the final works of Denis Diderot.

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Essex, New York

Essex is a town in Essex County, New York, United States overlooking Lake Champlain.

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Estates of Navarre

The Estates of Navarre (French: États de Navarre, États généraux de Navarre, Cortes de Navarre)Orpustan (n.d.), p. 9 were created in 1317 under Philip II.

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European and American voyages of scientific exploration

The era of European and American voyages of scientific exploration followed the Age of Discovery and were inspired by a new confidence in science and reason that arose in the Age of Enlightenment.

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European balance of power

The European balance of power referred to European international relations before the First World War, which evolved into the present states of Europe.

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Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière

Louis-Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière (December 14, 1688 – February 12, 1749), Seigneur de Lotbinière; Member of the Sovereign Council of New France; Keeper of the Seals of New France; Vicar-General, Archdeacon and the first Canadian-born Dean of Notre-Dame Basilica-Cathedral, Quebec.

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Expulsion of the Acadians

The Expulsion of the Acadians, also known as the Great Upheaval, the Great Expulsion, the Great Deportation and Le Grand Dérangement, was the forced removal by the British of the Acadian people from the present day Canadian Maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island— parts of an area also known as Acadia. The Expulsion (1755–1764) occurred during the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War) and was part of the British military campaign against New France. The British first deported Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and after 1758 transported additional Acadians to Britain and France. In all, of the 14,100 Acadians in the region, approximately 11,500 Acadians were deported (a census of 1764 indicates that 2,600 Acadians remained in the colony, presumably having eluded capture). During the War of the Spanish Succession, the British captured Port Royal, the capital of the colony, in a siege. The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which concluded the conflict, ceded the colony to Great Britain while allowing the Acadians to keep their lands. Over the next forty-five years, however, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During the same period, some also participated in various military operations against the British, and maintained supply lines to the French fortresses of Louisbourg and Fort Beauséjour. As a result, the British sought to eliminate any future military threat posed by the Acadians and to permanently cut the supply lines they provided to Louisbourg by removing them from the area. Without making distinctions between the Acadians who had been neutral and those who had resisted the occupation of Acadia, the British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council ordered them to be expelled. In the first wave of the expulsion, Acadians were deported to other British colonies. During the second wave, they were deported to Britain and France, from where they migrated to Louisiana. Acadians fled initially to Francophone colonies such as Canada, the uncolonized northern part of Acadia, Isle Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island) and Isle Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island). During the second wave of the expulsion, these Acadians were either imprisoned or deported. Throughout the expulsion, Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy continued a guerrilla war against the British in response to British aggression which had been continuous since 1744 (see King George's War and Father Le Loutre's War). Along with the British achieving their military goals of defeating Louisbourg and weakening the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias, the result of the Expulsion was the devastation of both a primarily civilian population and the economy of the region. Thousands of Acadians died in the expulsions, mainly from diseases and drowning when ships were lost. On July 11, 1764, the British government passed an order-in-council to permit Acadians to legally return to British territories, provided that they take an unqualified oath of allegiance. The American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow memorialized the historic event in his poem about the plight of the fictional character Evangeline, which was popular and made the expulsion well known. According to Acadian historian Maurice Basque, the story of Evangeline continues to influence historic accounts of the deportation, emphasising neutral Acadians and de-emphasising those who resisted the British Empire.

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Exzellenz Unterrock

Exzellenz Unterrock (Her Excellency in Petticoats) is a 1920 German silent comedy film, based on the novel of the same title by Adolf Paul.

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Fabergé workmaster

A Fabergé workmaster is a craftsman who owned his own workshop and produced jewelry, silver or objets d'art for the House of Fabergé When Carl Fabergé took over the running of the business in 1882, its output increased so rapidly that the two Fabergé brothers could not manage all the workshops themselves.

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Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf.

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Falklands Crisis (1770)

The Falklands Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Great Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean.

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Family of Barrau

The Barrau family comes from the French Department of Aveyron.

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Fanfan la Tulipe

Fanfan la Tulipe is a 1952 French comedy adventure film directed by Christian-Jaque.

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Fanfan la Tulipe (1925 film)

Fanfan la Tulipe is a 1925 French swashbuckler film directed by René Leprince based on a screenplay by Pierre-Gilles Veber and starring Aimé Simon-Girard, Simone Vaudry and Jacques Guilhène.

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Fanfan la Tulipe (2003 film)

Fanfan la Tulipe is a 2003 French comedy adventure film directed by Gérard Krawczyk and starring Vincent Perez and Penélope Cruz.

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Fantastique

Fantastique is a French term for a literary and cinematic genre that overlaps with science fiction, horror, and fantasy.

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Farinelli

Farinelli (24 January 170516 September 1782), was the stage name of Carlo Maria Michelangelo Nicola Broschi, celebrated Italian castrato singer of the 18th century and one of the greatest singers in the history of opera.

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Fauré Le Page

Fauré Le Page is a French firearms manufacturer (arquebusier and fourbisseur) established in Paris in 1717.

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Favourite

A favourite or favorite (American English) was the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person.

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February 15

No description.

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Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand II (Ferdinando Carlo; Ferdinannu Carlu; 12 January 1810 – 22 May 1859) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his early death in 1859.

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Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria

Ferdinand Maria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.

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Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.

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Ferdinand, Duke of Parma

Ferdinand (Ferdinando Maria Filippo Lodovico Sebastiano Francesco Giacomo; 20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) was the Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla from his father's death on 18 July 1765 until he ceded the duchy to France by the Treaty of Aranjuez on 20 March 1801.

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Fils de France

Fils de France (Son of France) was the style and rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France.

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Fireplace mantel

The fireplace mantel or mantelpiece, also known as a chimneypiece, originated in medieval times as a hood that projected over a fire grate to catch the smoke.

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First Battle of the Aisne

The First Battle of the Aisne (1re Bataille de l'Aisne) was the Allied follow-up offensive against the right wing of the German First Army (led by Alexander von Kluck) and the Second Army (led by Karl von Bülow) as they retreated after the First Battle of the Marne earlier in September 1914.

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First class facilities of the RMS Titanic

Reflecting the White Star Line's reputation for superior comfort and luxury, the RMS ''Titanic'' had extensive facilities for First-Class passengers which were widely regarded as the finest of her time.

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Fleury (name)

Fleury is a masculine given name and a surname which may refer to.

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Florham

Florham is a former Vanderbilt estate in Madison, New Jersey.

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Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau

Florimond Claude, comte de Mercy-Argenteau (20 April 1727 – 25 August 1794) was an Austrian diplomat.

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Fontaine de l'Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés

The Fontaine de l'Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés is a fountain constructed in 1715-1717, at the end of the reign of King Louis XIV and the beginning of the reign of Louis XV, to provide drinking water in the neighborhood near the church of Saint Germain-des-Prés, in the 6th arrondissement of Paris.

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Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons

The Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons (Fountain of the four seasons) is a monumental 18th-century public fountain, at 57-59 rue de Grenelle in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Fontaine Palatine

The fontaine Palatine is a fountain in Paris located at 12 rue Garancière, in the 6th arrondissement, near the Luxembourg Palace and Luxembourg Garden.

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Fontainebleau

Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.

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Fontaines de la Concorde

The Fontaines de la Concorde are two monumental fountains located in the Place de la Concorde in the center of Paris.

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Fontenoy (novel)

Published in 2005, Fontenoy is the third novel by the Irish novelist Liam Mac Cóil, and a winner of the Gradam Uí Shúilleabháin award in 2006.

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Forcade

Forcade (de), also written Fourcade (de), Forcada (de), Forquade (de), Forquada (de), Forcade (de la), Fourcade (de la), Laforcade (de) and Lafourcade (de) belongs to the nobility of GuyenneChaix d'Est-Ange (1922), Tome 18, p. 310 and Gascony,Chaix d'Est-Ange (1922), Tome 18, p. 313 in France, and of the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Fort Orleans

Fort Orleans (sometimes referred to Fort D'Orleans) was a French fort in colonial North America, the first fort built by any European forces on the Missouri River.

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Fort Rouillé

Fort Rouillé and Fort Toronto were French trading posts located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Fort-Liberté

Fort-Liberté (Fòlibète) is a commune and administrative capital of the Nord-Est department of Haiti.

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Fortunatus Wright

Fortunatus Wright (3 May 1712 – 16 April 1757) was an English privateer.

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Fougères

Fougères (Felger; Gallo: Foujerr) is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Ille-et-Vilaine department in the region of Brittany, northwestern France.

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Foundation (cosmetics)

Foundation is a skin-coloured makeup applied to the face to create an even, uniform colour to the complexion, to cover flaws and, sometimes, to change the natural skintone.

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Four Times of the Day (Joseph Vernet)

Four Times of the Day is a series of four paintings depicting four times of the day: Morning, Midday, Evening and Night by the French landscape painter Claude Joseph Vernet (1714–1789), held by the Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide.

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François Berléand

François Berléand (born 22 April 1952) is a French actor.

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François Boucher

François Boucher (29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style.

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François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé

François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé (19 November 1739 – 14 November 1800) was a French general.

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François Claude Chauvelin

François Claude Bernard Louis de Chauvelin (Paris, 1716 – Versailles, 1773), marquis de Chauvelin, was a French soldier, diplomat and writer.

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François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy

François de Neufville, (2nd) Duke of Villeroy (7 April 164418 July 1730) was a French soldier.

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François de Pâris

François de Pâris (3 June 1690 – 1 May 1727) was a French Catholic deacon and theologian, a supporter of Jansenism.

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François de Ripert-Monclar

François de Ripert-Monclar (1844–1921) was a French aristocrat, landowner and diplomat.

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François de Troy

François de Troy (9 January 1645 – 21 November 1730) was a French painter and engraver who became principal painter to King James II in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Director of the Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture.

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François Francoeur

François Francœur (8 September 1698 – 5 August 1787) was a French composer and violinist.

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François Gaston de Lévis

François-Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis (20 August 1719 – 20 November 1787), styled as the Chevalier de Lévis until 1785, was a French noble and a Marshal of France.

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François Gigot de la Peyronie

François Gigot de la Peyronie (15 January 1678 – 25 April 1747) was a French surgeon who was born in Montpellier, France.

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François Girardon

François Girardon (10 March 1628 – 1 September 1715) was a French sculptor.

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François Giroust

François Giroust (10 April 1737 – 28 April 1799) was a French composer.

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François Lemoyne

François Lemoyne or François Le Moine (1688 – 4 June 1737) was a French rococo painter.

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François Marie, Chevalier de Reggio

Francesco Maria de Reggio, known in French as François Marie, Chevalier de Reggio (Alba, Italy, 1698 – New Orleans, 1787) was an Italian nobleman who was a member of the House of Este.

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François Quesnay

François Quesnay (4 June 1694 – 16 December 1774) was a French economist and physician of the Physiocratic school.

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François Racine de Monville

François Nicolas Henri Racine de Monville (October 4, 1734, Paris – March 9, 1797) was a French aristocrat, musician, architect and landscape designer, best known for his French landscape garden, Le Désert de Retz, which influenced Thomas Jefferson and other later architects.

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François Renaud

François Renaud (5 March 1923, – 3 July 1975) was a French judge whose murder in 1975 led to much speculation, but was never solved.

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François V de Beauharnais

François V de Beauharnais (16 January 1714, La Rochelle - 18 June 1800, Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was a French nobleman, soldier, politician, colonial governor and admiral.

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François Victor Le Tonnelier de Breteuil

François Victor Le Tonnelier de Breteuil (17 April 1686 – 7 January 1743 in Issy) was a French nobleman.

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François Xavier Talbert

François Xavier Talbert, dit l’abbé Talbert, (1725, Besançon – 4 June 1805, Lviv (Ukraine) was an 18th-century French preacher and writer. He was a canon in Besançon and later in Paris before emigrating to Ukraine where he died. Concurrently with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he treated the question proposed by the Académie de Dijon on l'Origine de l'inégalité parmi les hommes (1754) and won the prize. In addition to his Sermons, he wrote Éloges of Louis XV, Montaigne, Bossuet, Massillon and other great French figures, crowned by several academies. He contributed the article "preux" (brave, gallant, doughty) to the Supplement of the Encyclopédie by Diderot and D’Alembert. He was one of the founding members of the.

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François-André Danican Philidor

François-André Danican Philidor (September 7, 1726 – August 31, 1795), often referred to as André Danican Philidor during his lifetime, was a French composer and chess player.

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François-André de Tilly

François-André Roussel de Tilly, from Moulins, who died in 1775, was a French prelate of the 18th century and Bishop of Orange, France.

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François-Antoine Devaux

François-Antoine Devaux (12 December 1712, Lunéville - 11 April 1796, or 22 germinal year IV, Lunéville) was a Lorraine (and, after 1766, French) poet and man of letters.

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François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif

François-Augustin de Paradis de Moncrif (1687, Paris – 19 November 1770, Paris) was a French writer and poet, of a family originally of Scots origin.

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François-Charles de Velbrück

François Charles de Velbrück (1719, Chateau de Garath, near Düsseldorf – 1784, Château de Hex, near Tongres) was a German ecclesiastic.

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François-Hubert Drouais

François-Hubert Drouais (December 14, 1727 – October 21, 1775) was a French painter and the father of Jean-Germain Drouais.

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François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis

François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, comte de Lyonnais (22 May 1715 – 3 November 1794) was a French cardinal and diplomat.

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François-Joseph Bélanger

François-Joseph Bélanger (12 April 1744 – 1 May 1818) was a French architect and decorator working in the Neoclassic style.

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François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière

François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière (June 16, 1711 – August 20, 1740) was the fifth bishop of the diocese of Quebec (1739–1740).

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François-Louis de Saillans

François-Louis de Saillans (30 October 1741 - 12 July 1792) was a French general under the Ancien Regime.

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François-Vincent Toussaint

François-Vincent Toussaint (21 December 1715 - 22 June 1772) was a French writer most famous for Les Mœurs (The Manners).

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Françoise Basseporte

Madeleine Françoise Basseporte, (28 April 1701 – 6 September 1780) was a French painter.

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Françoise de Chalus

Françoise de Chalus (bap. Chalus, 24 February 1734 - Paris, 7 July 1821), was a French noblewoman and courtier.

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Françoise Marie de Bourbon

Françoise Marie de Bourbon, légitimée de France (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan.

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Franc-Waret Castle

The Château de Franc-Waret is a château situated in Franc-Waret in the municipality of Fernelmont in the province of Namur, Belgium.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France in the Seven Years' War

France was one of the leading participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763.

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France–Poland relations

Polish–French relations date back several centuries, although they really only became relevant in the times of the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon I. Poles were allies of Napoleon; a large Polish community settled in France in the 19th century, and Poles and French were also allies during the interwar period.

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Francesco Giuseppe Casanova

Francesco Giuseppe Casanova (1 June 1727, London – 8 July 1803, near Mödling) was an Italian painter who specialised in battle scenes.

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Francesco Landi

Francesco Landi (9 July 1682 - 11 February 1757) was an eighteenth century archbishop and cardinal.

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Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Franz Stefan, François Étienne; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions.

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Francis Towneley

Francis Towneley (1709–July 30, 1746), was an English Jacobite who was executed for his role in the rebellion of 1745.

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Francis, Duke of Cádiz

Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón, sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi (13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902), was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain and king consort from 1846 to 1868.

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Franciszek Ksawery Branicki

Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1730, Barwałd Górny – 1819) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, count, diplomat, politician, military commander and one of the leaders of the Targowica Confederation.

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Franco-Ottoman alliance

The Franco-Ottoman alliance, also Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis I and the Turkish sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent.

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Frederick Augustus II of Saxony

Frederick Augustus II (full name: Frederick Augustus Albert Maria Clemens Joseph Vincenz Aloys Nepomuk Johann Baptista Nikolaus Raphael Peter Xavier Franz de Paula Venantius Felix) (18 May 1797 in Dresden – 9 August 1854 in Brennbüchel, Karrösten, Tyrol) was King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.

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Frederick North, Lord North

Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, (13 April 17325 August 1792), better known by his courtesy title Lord North, which he used from 1752 to 1790 was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782.

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Fredrik Henrik af Chapman

Fredrik Henrik af Chapman (9 September 1721 in Gothenburg – 19 August 1808) was a Swedish shipbuilder, scientist and officer in the Swedish navy.

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Freiburg Castle

Freiburg Castle is a vanished castle.

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French and Indian War

The French and Indian War (1754–63) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756–63.

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French Antarctic Expedition

The French Antarctic Expedition is any of several French expeditions in Antarctica.

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French architecture

French architecture ranks high among France's many accomplishments.

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French art salons and academies

From the seventeenth century to the early part of the twentieth century, artistic production in France was controlled by artistic academies which organized official exhibitions called salons.

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French Baroque architecture

French Baroque architecture, sometimes called French classicism, was a style of architecture during the reigns of Louis XIII (1610–43), Louis XIV (1643–1715) and Louis XV (1715–74).

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French conquest of Tunisia

The French Conquest of Tunisia occurred in two phases in 1881: the first (28 April – 12 May) consisting of the invasion and securing of the country before the signing of a treaty of protection, and the second (10 June – 28 October) consisting of the suppression of a rebellion.

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French Crown Jewels

The French Crown Jewels (Joyaux de la Couronne de France) comprise the crowns, orb, sceptres, diadems and jewels that were symbols of Royal power between 752 and 1825.

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French cuisine

French cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from France.

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French dynastic disputes

The French dynastic disputes refer to a set of disputes in the history of France regarding the person who should inherit the crown.

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French Empire mantel clock

A French Empire-style mantel clock is a type of elaborately decorated mantel clock made in France during the Napoleonic Empire between 1804–1814/15, although the timekeepers manufactured throughout the Bourbon Restoration (1814/1815–1830) are also included within this art movement since they share subject, decorative elements, shapes and style.

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French formal garden

The French formal garden, also called the jardin à la française (literally, "garden in the French manner" in French), is a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature.

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French Geodesic Mission

The French Geodesic Mission (also called the Geodesic Mission to Peru, Geodesic Mission to the Equator and the Spanish-French Geodesic Mission) was an 18th-century expedition to what is now Ecuador carried out for the purpose of measuring the roundness of the Earth and measuring the length of a degree of latitude at the Equator.

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French India

French India, formally the Établissements français dans l'Inde ("French establishments in India"), was a French colony comprising geographically separate enclaves on the Indian subcontinent.

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French landscape garden

The French landscape garden (jardin paysager, jardin a l'anglaise, jardin pittoresque, jardin anglo-chinois) is a style of garden inspired by idealized romantic landscapes and the paintings of Hubert Robert, Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin, European ideas about Chinese gardens, and the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

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French livre

The livre (pound) was the currency of Kingdom of France and its predecessor state of West Francia from 781 to 1794.

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French monarchs family tree

Below are the family trees of all French monarchs, from Childeric I to Louis Philippe I. For a more simplified view, see French monarchs family tree (simple).

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French monarchs family tree (simple)

This is a simplified family tree of all Frankish and French monarchs, from Chlodio to Napoleon III.

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French porcelain

French porcelain has a history spanning a period from the 17th century to the present.

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French Royal Army (1652–1830)

The French Royal Army (Armée royale française) served the Bourbon kings beginning with Louis XIV and ending with Charles X with an interlude from 1792 until 1814, during the French Revolution and the reign of the Emperor Napoleon I. After a second, brief interlude when Napoleon returned from exile in 1815, the Royal Army was reinstated.

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French ship Languedoc (1766)

The Languedoc was a ship of the line of the French Navy and flagship of Admiral d'Estaing.

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French ship Royal Louis (1743)

Royal Louis was a First Rank ship of the line of the French Royal Navy, but was never completed.

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French ship Tonnant (1740)

*30 × 36-pounders.

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French ship Vengeur du Peuple

Vengeur du Peuple ("Avenger of the People") was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

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French–German enmity

French–German (Franco-German) enmity (Rivalité franco-allemande Deutsch–französische Erbfeindschaft) was the idea of unavoidably hostile relations and mutual revanchism between Germans and French people that arose in the 16th century and became popular with the Franco–Prussian War of 1870–1871.

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Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm

Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm (26 December 172319 December 1807) was a German-born French-language journalist, art critic, diplomat and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.

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Gabriel de Solages

Gabriel de Solages (19 August 1711 – 28 July 1799) was a French soldier and industrialist.

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Gabriel Sénac de Meilhan

Gabriel Sénac de Meilhan (May 7, 1736 – August 16, 1803) was a French writer.

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Gabriel-Jacques de Salignac de La Motte, marquis de Fénelon

Gabriel-Jacques de Salignac de La Motte (25 July 1688 – 2 October 1746) styled vicomte de Saint-Julien later marquis de Fénelon, was an 18th-century French military commander and diplomat.

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Gainsborough chair

A Gainsborough chair (also known as a Martha Washington chair in the United States) is a type of armchair made in England in the eighteenth century.

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Galerie des Batailles

The Galerie des Batailles (Gallery of Battles) is a 120 metre long and 13 metre wide (390 ft. x 43 ft.) gallery occupying the first floor of the aile du Midi of the Palace of Versailles, joining onto the grand and petit 'appartements de la reine'.

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Galimard

Galimard is the first French perfume creator/manufacturer and based in Grasse.

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Garde Écossaise

The Garde Écossaise (Scots Guard) was an elite Scottish military unit founded in 1418 by the Valois Charles VII of France, to be personal bodyguards to the French monarchy.

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Garde du Corps (France)

The Garde du Corps (Bodyguard) was the senior formation of the King of France's Household Cavalry within the Maison militaire du roi de France.

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Gardens of Versailles

The Gardens of Versailles (Jardins du château de Versailles) occupy part of what was once the Domaine royale de Versailles, the royal demesne of the château of Versailles.

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Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre

Gaspard de Clermont-Tonnerre (16 August 1688 at Dijon – 16 March 1781 at the Hôtel Matignon, Paris), was a French noble, descendant of a family which traced its origins to the 12th century.

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Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (military engineer)

Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (October 3, 1682 – March 23, 1756), was Louis XV's Chief Engineer of New France.

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Gaston Pierre de Lévis

Gaston Pierre de Lévis, known as the duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (Gaston-Charles-Pierre-François de Lévis; 1699–1757), maréchal de France (1757) and Ambassador of Louis XV, was a member of a family established in Languedoc as Seigneurs of Mirepoix, Ariège since the 11th century.

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Gaston, Count of Marsan

Gaston de Lorraine (Gaston Jean Baptiste Charles; 7 February 1721 – 2 May 1743) was a French nobleman and member of a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine.

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Genevieve

Saint Genevieve (Sainte Geneviève; Sancta Genovefa, Genoveva; from Gaullish geno "race, lineage" and uida "sage") (Nanterre, 419/422 AD – Paris 502/512 AD), is the patron saint of Paris in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions.

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Georg Adam, Prince of Starhemberg

Johann Georg Adam Graf von Starhemberg, since 1765 Fürst von Starhemberg (prince of Starhemberg) (10 August 1724 in London – 19 April 1807 in Vienna) was an Austrian diplomat, minister, chief chamberlain and close confidant of Empress Maria Theresa.

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Georg Friedrich Strass

Georg Friedrich Strass (Georges Frédéric Strass; 29 May 1701, Wolfisheim near Strasbourg - 22 December 1773) was an Alsatian jeweler and inventor of imitation gemstones.

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George Charles Dyhern

The Rt. Hon. George Charles, Baron de Dyhern (10 April 1710 – 25 April 1759), was a Saxon general, war minister under the regency of Augustus III. of Saxony, king of Poland and a close friend of Field Marshal Count Frederick Augustus Rutowsky.

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George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville

George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville PC (26 January 1716 – 26 August 1785), styled The Honourable George Sackville until 1720, Lord George Sackville from 1720 to 1770 and Lord George Germain from 1770 to 1782, was a British soldier and politician who was Secretary of State for America in Lord North's cabinet during the American War of Independence.

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George Nafziger

George F. Nafziger (born 1949) is an American writer and editor of numerous books and articles in military history.

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Georges Cain

Georges-Jules-Auguste Cain (16 April 1856, Paris - 4 March 1919, Paris) was a French painter, illustrator and writer, who specialized in the history of Paris, its monuments and its theaters.

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Georges Mareschal

Georges Mareschal (8 April 1658, Calais – 13 December 1736, Château de Bièvres) was a French surgeon.

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Georges Picot

Georges Marie René Picot (24 December 1838 – 16 August 1909) was a French lawyer and historian.

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Gerard Rijsbrack

Gerard Rijsbrack or Gerard Rysbrack (1696 – 1773) was a Flemish painter of still lifes, game pieces, hunting scenes and mythological scenes.

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Gerechtigkeitsgasse

The Gerechtigkeitsgasse ("Justice Alley") is one of the principal streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland.

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Germain Louis Chauvelin

Germain Louis Chauvelin (26 March 1685 – 1 April 1762, Paris), marquis de Grosbois, was a French politician, serving as garde des sceaux and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under Louis XV.

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Giacomo Casanova

Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (or; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice.

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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), in the United States often known simply as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.

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Gilles Joubert

Gilles Joubert (1689–1775) was a Parisian ébéniste who worked for the Garde-Meuble of Louis XV for two and a half decades, beginning in 1748, earning the title ébéniste ordinaire du Garde-Meuble in 1758, and finally that of ébéniste du roi ("royal cabinet-maker") on the death of Jean-François Oeben in 1763.

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Girls of Many Lands

American Girl introduced the Girls of Many Lands series in 2002.

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Giulio Cesare

Giulio Cesare in Egitto (Italian for "Julius Caesar in Egypt", HWV 17), commonly known as Giulio Cesare, is a dramma per musica (opera seria) in three acts composed for the Royal Academy of Music by George Frideric Handel in 1724.

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Giuseppe Brignole

Giuseppe Maria Brignole Sale (1703–1769) was a Genovese nobleman and father of Maria Caterina Brignole, Princess of Monaco and later Princess of Condé.

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Glossary of French expressions in English

Around 45% of English vocabulary is of French origin, most coming from the Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper classes in England for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest, before the language settled into what became Modern English.

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Goût Rothschild

Le Goût Rothschild, (the Rothschild taste), describes a detailed, elaborate style of interior decoration and living which had its origin in France, Britain, and Germany during the nineteenth century, when the rich, famous, and powerful Rothschild family was at its height.

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Godolphin Arabian

The Godolphin Arabian (–1753), also known as the Godolphin Barb, was an Arabian horse or Barb horse who was one of three stallions that founded the modern Thoroughbred (the others were the Darley Arabian and the Byerley Turk).

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Goods of the House of Orléans

Under the Ancien Régime, the goods of the House of Orléans (biens de la maison d'Orléans) comprised two distinct parts: the apanage and the "biens patrimoniaux".

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Governess of the Children of France

The Governess of the Children of France (sometimes the Governess of the Royal Children) was office at the royal French court during the Pre-Revolutionary France and the Bourbon Restoration.

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Governor General of New France

Governor General of New France was the vice-regal post in New France from 1663 until 1760 and was the last French vice-regal post.

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Governor of Montreal

The Governor of Montreal was the highest position in Montreal in the 17th century and the 18th century.

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Grand appartement de la reine

The grand appartement de la reine is the Queen's grand apartment of the Palace of Versailles.

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Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Tsesarevna of Russia (Anna Petrovna Romanova) Анна Петровна; 27 January 1708, in Moscow – 4 March 1728, in Kiel) was the elder daughter of Emperor Peter I of Russia and Empress Catherine I of Russia. Her sister, Elizabeth of Russia, ruled as Empress between 1741 and 1762. While a potential heir in the reign of her father and her mother, she never acceded to the throne due to political reasons. However, her son Peter would rule as Emperor in 1762, succeeding Elizabeth. She was the Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp by marriage.

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Grand prix Gobert

The grand prix Gobert is one of the.

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Grand Trianon

The Grand Trianon is a château (palace) situated in the northwestern part of the Domain of Versailles.

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Grands corps de l'État

The grands corps de l'État (Grand Corps of the State) are a feature of the French state as envisaged in the reforms of Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

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Granger (Tourtechot)

Granger (c. 1680s in Dijon – 1734 near Basra), was a French physician and traveller, with a major interest in natural history.

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Gräfin Dubarry

Gräfin Dubarry is an operetta in three acts by Carl Millöcker to a German libretto by F. Zell and Richard Genée.

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Grégoire Orlyk

Grégoire Orlyk, also Hryhor Orlyk (Григор Пилипович Орлик, November 5, 1702, Baturyn – November 14, 1759, Minden), was a French military commander, special envoy and member of Louis XV's secret intelligence service.

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Great Officers of the Crown of France

The Great Officers of the Crown of France (French: Grands officiers de la couronne de France) were the most important officers of state in the French royal court during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration.

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Great Siege of Gibraltar

The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the American War of Independence.

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Grey Towers Castle

Grey Towers Castle is a building on the campus of Arcadia University in Glenside, Pennsylvania which is in Cheltenham Township, a suburb of Philadelphia, USA.

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Grisette (person)

The word grisette (sometimes spelled grizette) has referred to a French working-class woman from the late 17th century and remained in common use through the Belle Époque era, albeit with some modifications to its meaning.

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Grosse Pointe

Grosse Pointe refers to a coastal area adjacent to Detroit, Michigan, United States, that comprises five adjacent individual cities.

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Guillaume Coustou the Elder

Guillaume Coustou the Elder (29 November 1677, Lyon - 22 February 1746, Paris) was a French sculptor and academician.

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Guillaume Dubois

Guillaume Dubois (6 September 1656 – 10 August 1723) was a French cardinal and statesman.

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Guillaume Pisdoé

Guillaume Pisdoé, also known as Guillaume de Piedoue or Pizdoue was the third Mayor of Paris in 1297 and again in 1304 under Philip IV of France.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Gustaf Lundberg

Gustaf Lundberg (Stockholm 17 August 1695 - Stockholm 18 March 1786) was a Swedish rococo pastelist and portrait painter, working in Paris and later in Stockholm.

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Gustavian era

This is a History of Sweden from 1772 through 1809, more known as the Gustavian era of Kings Gustav III and Gustav IV, as well as the reign of King Charles XIII of Sweden.

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Hall of Mirrors

The Hall of Mirrors (Grande Galerie or Galerie des Glaces) is the central gallery of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France.

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Halle aux blés (Paris)

The Halle aux blés (Corn Exchange) was a circular building in central Paris used by grain traders built in 1763–67, with an open-air interior court that was capped by a wooden dome in 1783, then by an iron dome in 1811.

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Haras national du Pin

The Haras national du Pin, a French national stud, is located in Le Pin-au-Haras district, in the Orne (61) department of the southern Normandy region.

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Havana

Havana (Spanish: La Habana) is the capital city, largest city, province, major port, and leading commercial center of Cuba.

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Hôtel d'Estrées

The Hôtel d'Estrées is a hôtel particulier, a type of large townhouse of France, at 79 rue de Grenelle in the 7th arrondissement of Paris.

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Hôtel de Charost

Hôtel de Charost is a hôtel particulier located at 39 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré in Paris.

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Hôtel de Condé

The Hôtel de Condé was the main Paris seat of the princes of Condé, a cadet branch of the Bourbons, from 1612 to 1764/70.

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Hôtel de Conti

The Hôtel de Conti, sometimes the Palais Conti refers to two Parisian townhouses that were the property of the Princes of Conti, the relatives of the ruling Kings of France and Princes of the blood.

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Hôtel de Crillon

The Hôtel de Crillon in Paris is a historic luxury hotel that opened in 1909 — in a building dating to 1758.

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Hôtel Ritz Paris

The Ritz Paris is a hotel in central Paris, in the 1st arrondissement.

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Heir apparent

An heir apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.

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Heir presumptive

An heir presumptive or heiress presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an heir apparent, male or female, or of a new heir presumptive with a better claim to the position in question.

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Heliopolis Palace

The Heliopolis Palace is one of the three Egyptian presidential palaces and residences, the others being Montaza Palace and Ras el-Tin Palace, for the executive office of the President of Egypt.

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Henri de Saint-Nectaire

Henri, marquis de Saint-Nectaire (born 1667; died 1 April 1746) was a French nobleman, soldier and diplomat.

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Henri Desmarets

Henri Desmarets (February 1661 – 7 September 1741) was a French composer of the Baroque period primarily known for his stage works, although he also composed sacred music as well as secular cantatas, songs and instrumental works.

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Henri Gautier

Henri Gautier (1676-1757) was a French aristocrat, landowner and public official.

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Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin

Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin (born March 24, 1720, Périgueux – September 16, 1792, Spa (Belgium)) was a French statesman, and controller general of finances of Louis XV (1759–1763).

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Henri, Count of Brionne

Henri de Lorraine (15 November 1661 – 3 April 1713) was the Count de Brionne.

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Henri, Count of Chambord

Henri, Count of Chambord (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord); 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was disputedly King of France from 2 to 9 August 1830 as Henry V, although he was never officially proclaimed as such. Afterwards, he was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. He was nearly received as King in 1871 and 1873. Henri was the posthumous son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of Charles X of France, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. As the grandson of the King Charles X of France, Henri was a Petit-Fils de France. He also was the last legitimate descendant in the male line of Louis XV of France (His grandfather Charles X was a grandson of Louis XV).

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Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand

Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand (c. January 1708 – 8 June 1760), who became the sixth bishop of Roman Catholic diocese of Quebec, was from a titled family and grew up at the Pontbriand château, (dept. of Ille-et-Vilaine), France.

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Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria of France (Henriette Marie; 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two immediate successors, Charles II and James II/VII.

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Henrietta of England

Henrietta of England (16 June 1644 O.S. (26 June 1644 N.S.) – 30 June 1670) was the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France.

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Henriette Campan

Jeanne Louise Henriette Campan (née Genet; 6 October 1752, Paris16 March 1822, Mantes) was a French educator, writer and lady-in-waiting.

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Henriette Louise de Bourbon

Henriette Louise de Bourbon (Henriette Louise Marie Françoise Gabrielle; 15 January 1703 – 19 September 1772) was a French princess by birth and a member of the House of Bourbon.

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Henriette of France (1727–1752)

Anne Henriette of France(14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) was a French princess, the twin of Louise Élisabeth of France, and the second child of King Louis XV of France and queen consort Marie Leszczyńska.

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Henriette Pauss

Anna Henriette "Jette" Pauss (born 2 April 1841 at Frogner Manor in Aker (now Frogner, Oslo), died 4 April 1918 in Christiania), née Anna Henriette Wegner, was a Norwegian teacher, editor and humanitarian and missionary leader.

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Henry de Vilmorin

Charles Henry Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (26 February 1843 - 23 August 1899) was a French botanist, the son of Pierre François "Louis" Lévêque de Vilmorin (1816-1860) and Elisa Bailly (1826-1868), and grandfather of the novelist, poet and journalist, Louise de Vilmorin.

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Henry IV of France

Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.

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Henry Sully

Henry Sully (1680–1729) was an English clockmaker.

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Henry Testot-Ferry

Henry Bernard Alfred Testot-Ferry also known as Henry de Ferry (5 February 1826, La Chapelle-la-Reine, Seine-et-Marne – 9 November 1869, Bussières, Saône-et-Loire) was a French geologist, archeologist and paleontologist.

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Hercule Mériadec, Duke of Rohan-Rohan

Hercule Mériadec de Rohan (8 May 1669 – 26 January 1749), styled Duke of Rohan-Rohan (from 1717), was a member of the princely House of Rohan.

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Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné

Hercule Mériadec de Rohan (13 November 1688 – 21 December 1757) was a prince étranger and the sixth Duke of Montbazon in France, "Prince de Guéméne" being the title he bore prior to inheriting the dukedom.

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Hermann Busenbaum

Hermann Busenbaum (or Busembaum) (19 September 160031 January 1668) was a Jesuit theologian.

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Herts Brothers

The Herts Brothers were furniture designers and interior decorators, active in New York City from about 1876 to 1908.

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Highway systems by country

Highway systems by country describes the highway systems available in selected countries.

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Hilda Neatby

Hilda Marion Ada Neatby, (February 19, 1904 – May 14, 1975) was a Canadian historian and educator.

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History of Avignon

The following is a history of Avignon, France.

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History of Canada

The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day.

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History of corsets

The corset has been an important article of clothing for several centuries in Europe, evolving as fashion trends have changed.

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History of economic thought

The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day in the 21st Century.

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History of firefighting

The history of organized firefighting began in ancient Rome while under the rule of Augustus.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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History of Freiburg

The History of Freiburg im Breisgau can be traced back almost 900 years.

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History of French foreign relations

The History of French foreign relations Covers French diplomacy and foreign relations down to 1954.

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History of French Guiana

The history of French Guiana spans many centuries.

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History of Le Havre

Le Havre was founded on 8 October 1517 as a new port by royal command of François I partly to replace the historic harbours of Harfleur and Honfleur which had become increasingly impractical due to silting-up.

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History of Missouri (1673–1803)

The History of Missouri (1673–1803) covers the French and Spanish exploration and colonization: 1673–1803, and ends with the American takeover through the Louisiana Purchase.

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History of monarchy in Canada

The history of monarchy in Canada stretches from pre-colonial times through to the present day.

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History of painting

The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and spans all cultures.

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History of Paris

The oldest traces of human occupation in Paris, discovered in 2008 near the Rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, are human bones and evidence of an encampment of hunter-gatherers dating from about 8000 BC, during the Mesolithic period.

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History of parks and gardens of Paris

Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than three thousand hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.

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History of perfume

The word perfume is used today to describe scented mixtures and is derived from the Latin word, "per fumus," meaning through smoke.

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History of Seychelles

The recorded history of Seychelles dates back to the 16th century.

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History of smallpox

The history of smallpox extends into pre-history; the disease likely emerged in human populations about 10,000 BC.

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History of the Catholic Church in France

The history of the Catholic Church in France is inseparable from the history of France, and should be analyzed in its peculiar relationship with the State, with which it was progressively confused, confronted, and separated.

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History of the Catholic Church in Germany

The history of Roman Catholicism in Germany should be read in parallel with the History of Germany as it was progressively confused, in competition with, oppressed by and distinguished from, the state.

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History of the French Navy

Although the History of the French Navy goes back to the Middle Ages, its history can be said to effectively begin with Richelieu under Louis XIII.

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History of the Kansas City metropolitan area

The history of the Kansas City metropolitan area started in the 19th century as Frenchmen from St. Louis, Missouri moved up the Missouri River to trap for furs and trade with the Native Americans.

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History of the Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles is a royal château in Versailles, in the Île-de-France region of France.

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History of the petroleum industry

The petroleum industry is not of recent origin, but petroleum's current status as the key component of politics, society, and technology has its roots in the early 20th century.

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History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) covers a period in the history of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from the time their joint state became the theater of wars and invasions fought on a great scale in the middle of the 17th century, to the time just before the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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History of the Ursulines in New Orleans

The Ursulines have a long history in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana.

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Holy Ampulla

The Holy Ampulla or Holy Ampoule (Sainte Ampoule in French) was a glass vial which, from its first recorded use by Pope Innocent II for the anointing of Louis VII in 1131 to the coronation of Louis XVI in 1774, held the chrism or anointing oil for the coronation of the kings of France.

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Holy Innocents' Cemetery

The Holy Innocents' Cemetery (French: Cimetière des Saints-Innocents or Cimetière des Innocents) is a defunct cemetery in Paris that was used from the Middle Ages until the late 18th century.

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Homberg, Kusel

Homberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Honneurs de la Cour

The Honneurs de la Cour (Honors of the Court) were ceremonious presentations to the sovereign at the Royal Court of France that were formal for women but more casual for men.

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Honoré Blanc

Honoré Blanc (1736–1801) was a French gunsmith and a pioneer of the use of interchangeable parts.

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Honoré Boyer de Fonscolombe

Honoré Boyer de Fonscolombe (1683-1743) was a French aristocrat, lawyer and public official.

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Honoré Fragonard

Honoré Fragonard (13 June 1732 – 5 April 1799) was a French anatomist, now remembered primarily for his remarkable collection of écorchés (flayed figures) in the Musée Fragonard d'Alfort.

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Hookah

A hookah (from Hindustani: हुक़्क़ा (Devanagari), (Nastaleeq), IPA:; also see other names), also known as the ḡalyān (Persian: قلیان), is a single- or multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco (often Mu‘assel), or sometimes cannabis or opium, whose vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin—often glass-based—before inhalation.

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Hope Diamond

The Hope Diamond is one of the most famous jewels in the world, with ownership records dating back almost four centuries.

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Horace Trumbauer

Horace Trumbauer (December 28, 1868 – September 18, 1938) was a prominent American architect of the Gilded Age, known for designing residential manors for the wealthy.

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Hortense Félicité de Mailly

Hortense Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Chalon, marquise de Flavacourt (1715–1799) was a French courtier, one of the five famous de Nesle sisters, four of whom would become the mistress of King Louis XV of France.

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Hortense Mancini

Hortense Mancini, Duchesse de Mazarin (6 June 1646, Rome – 2 July 1699, Chelsea), was the favourite niece of Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, and a mistress of Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland.

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Hotel de Berny Museum

The Hotel de Berny Museum (French: Musée d'art local et d'histoire régionale or Musée de l'Hôtel de Berny) is a local history museum for the region of Picardy.

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Hotel Krone, Solothurn

Hotel Krone is the oldest hotel in Solothurn town, Switzerland founded in 1418.

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Hotels of Montpellier

The city of Montpellier, in southern France, has a large number of noteworthy historical hôtels in its old centre.

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House numbering

House numbering is the system of giving a unique number to each building in a street or area, with the intention of making it easier to locate a particular building.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of France

The term House of France refers to the branch of the Capetian dynasty which provided the Kings of France following the election of Hugh Capet.

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House of Harcourt

The House of Harcourt is a Norman family, descended from the Viking Bernard the Dane and named after its seigneurie of Harcourt in Normandy.

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House of Maupeou

The house of Maupeou is a French noble family from Île-de-France.

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House of Orléans

The 4th House of Orléans, sometimes called House of Bourbon-Orléans (Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet.

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House of Rochechouart

The House of Rochechouart is an ancient noble family in France.

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House of Talleyrand-Périgord

The House of Talleyrand-Périgord was a French noble house.

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Hubert de Brienne

Hubert de Brienne, Comte de Conflans (1690, in Paris – 27 January 1777, in Paris) was a French naval commander.

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Human–animal breastfeeding

Human–animal breastfeeding has been practiced in many different cultures in many time periods.

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Hyacinthe Rigaud

Hyacinthe Rigaud (18 July 1659 – 29 December 1743) was a French baroque painter most famous for his portraits of Louis XIV and other members of the French nobility.

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Iconoclasm

IconoclasmLiterally, "image-breaking", from κλάω.

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Illinois Country

The Illinois Country (Pays des Illinois, lit. "land of the Illinois (plural)", i.e. the Illinois people) — sometimes referred to as Upper Louisiana (la Haute-Louisiane; Alta Luisiana) — was a vast region of New France in what is now the Midwestern United States.

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Imperial Crypt

The Imperial Crypt (Kaisergruft), also called the Capuchin Crypt (Kapuzinergruft), is a burial chamber beneath the Capuchin Church and monastery in Vienna, Austria.

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In eminenti apostolatus

In eminenti apostolatus specula is a papal bull issued by Pope Clement XII on 28 April 1738, banning Catholics from becoming Freemasons.

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Infanta Amelia Philippina of Spain

Infanta Amalia of Spain (Amalia de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 12 October 1834 – 27 August 1905) was the youngest daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain.

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Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal

Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal (Mafra, 23 October 1806 – Rome, 22 June 1857) was a Portuguese infanta and youngest daughter of King John VI and his wife, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.

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Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal

Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal (Queluz, 4 July 1801 – Benfica, then Belém, 22 April 1876 was a Portuguese infanta (princess) daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Spain. She acted as regent for two years.

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Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier

Infanta María Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 – 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier.

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Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779–1798)

María Amalia of Bourbon, Infanta of Spain (Madrid, 9 January 1779 – Madrid, 22 July 1798), was a Spanish princess.

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Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain (1833–1902)

Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal and Spain (5 June 1833 – 19 January 1902) was a daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and his wife Princess Luisa Carlotta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

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Infanta Maria da Assunção of Portugal

Infanta Maria da Assunção of Portugal (or of Braganza and Borbón; (Mary of Assumption; Queluz, 25 June 1805 – Santarém, 7 January 1834) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. She died unmarried when she was just 28 years old. She was first buried at the Miracle Church in Santarém but then moved to the Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty, in Lisbon.

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Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal

Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal (or of Bragança;; Mary Frances; full name: Maria Francisca de Assis da Maternidade Xavier de Paula e de Alcântara Antónia Joaquina Gonzaga Carlota Mónica Senhorinha Sotera e Caia de Bourbon e Bragança; 22 April 1800 – 4 September 1834) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his spouse Carlota Joaquina of Spain.

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Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain

Maria Josefa of Spain (María Josefa Carmela; 6 July 1744 – 8 December 1801) was a Princess of Naples and Sicily by birth.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Molina

Infante Carlos of Spain (29 March 178810 March 1855) was an Infante of Spain and the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin

Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolín (31 January 1818 – 13 January 1861), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI after his father's renouncement in 1845, when he took the title of Conde de Montemolín (Count of Montemolín).

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Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville

Infante Enrique, 1st Duke of Seville (Infante Enrique María Fernando Carlos Francisco Luis de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, Duque de Sevilla; 17 April 182312 March 1870), was an Infante of Spain and a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon.

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Infante Fernando of Bourbon and Braganza

Infante Fernando of Bourbon and Braganza (full name: Fernando Maria Jose) (19 October 1824 – 2 January 1861) was a member of the Spanish Royal Family, and a supporter Carlist.

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Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain

Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865) was an Infante of Spain and the youngest son of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Intendant des finances

The Intendants des finances were intendants or agents of France's financial administration under the Ancien Régime.

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InterContinental Marseille Hotel Dieu

The InterContinental Marseille Hotel Dieu is a five-star luxury hotel near the Vieux-Port area of Marseille, France.

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Invasion of Hanover (1757)

The Invasion of Hanover took place in 1757 during the Seven Years' War when a French army under Louis Charles César Le Tellier, duc d'Estrées advanced into the Electorate of Hanover and neighbouring German states following the Battle of Hastenbeck.

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Iphigénie en Aulide

Iphigénie en Aulide (Iphigeneia in Aulis) is an opera in three acts by Christoph Willibald Gluck, the first work he wrote for the Paris stage.

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Ippolito Desideri

Ippolito Desideri or Hippolyte Desideri (21 December 1684 – 14 April 1733) was an Italian Jesuit missionary and traveller and the most famous of the early European missionaries to visit Tibet.

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Irène du Buisson de Longpré

Irène du Buisson de Longpré (died 1767), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France.

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Irish diaspora

The Irish diaspora (Diaspóra na nGael) refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland.

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Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II (Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.

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Ismail Ibn Sharif

Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif (مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر) (1634– 22 March 1727), reigned 1672–1727, was the second ruler of the Moroccan Alaouite dynasty. He is also known in his native country as the "Warrior King".

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Ismène et Isménias

Ismène et Isménias, ou La fête de Jupiter (Ismène and Isménias, or The Festival of Jupiter) is an opera by the French composer Jean-Benjamin de La Borde, first performed on 13 June 1763 at the Château de Choisy in the presence of King Louis XV and his wife.

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Italian Neoclassical interior design

Italian Neoclassical interior design refers to furnishing and interior decorating trends in Italy which occurred during the Neoclassical period (c. mid-18th century - early 19th century).

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Italian Rococo interior design

Italian Rococo interior design refers to interior decoration (i.e. furniture, frescoing etc.) in Italy during the Rococo period, which went from the early 18th century to around the 1760s.

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Izeste

Izeste is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.

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Jabłonowski (Prus III)

House of Jabłonowski is a Polish szlachta (nobility) family.

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Jacobite line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones in 1714

The following is the Jacobite line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones as of the death of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, on 1 August 1714.

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Jacobite rising of 1745

The Jacobite rising of 1745 or 'The '45' (Bliadhna Theàrlaich, "The Year of Charles") is the name commonly used for the attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for the House of Stuart.

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Jacques Beaufranchet

Jacques de Beaufranchet was born in 1731.

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Jacques Brel

Jacques Romain Georges Brel (8 April 1929 – 9 October 1978) was a Belgian singer, songwriter, poet, actor and director who composed and performed literate, thoughtful, and theatrical songs that generated a large, devoted following—initially in Belgium and France, later throughout the world.

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Jacques Daviel

Jacques Daviel (11 August 1696 – 30 September 1762) was a French ophthalmologist credited with originating the first significant advance in cataract surgery since couching was invented in ancient India.

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Jacques de Vaucanson

Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709 – November 21, 1782) was a French inventor and artist who was responsible for the creation of impressive and innovative automata.

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Jacques de Vismes

Anne-Pierre-Jacques de Vismes, or Devismes, (1745, Paris – 1819, Caudebec-en-Caux) was an 18th–19th-century French man of letters and musicographer.

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Jacques Deschamps

Jacques Deschamps (1697, in Caux – 1759, in Dangu, Eure) was a French 18th-century academic, theologian and priest.

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Jacques Dumont le Romain

Jacques Dumont called "le Romain" (10 May 1704 — 1781), was a French history and portrait painter, called "the Roman" from his youthful residence at Rome and to distinguish him from other artists named Dumont, notably his fellow-academician Jean-Joseph Dumont.

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Jacques Firmin Beauvarlet

Jacques Firmin Beauvarlet, a celebrated engraver, was born at Abbeville in 1731.

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Jacques Guay

Jacques Guay (1711–93) was a French gemstone engraver, a protegé of Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), mistress of King Louis XV of France (1710–74).

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Jacques Hardion

Jacques Hardion (17 October 1686, Tours – 2 October 1766, Versailles) was a French historian, scholar and translator from ancient Greek.

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Jacques Hébertot

Jacques Hébertot (January 28, 1886, Rouen - June 19, 1970, Paris) was the pseudonym of André Daviel.

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Jacques I, Prince of Monaco

Jacques Goÿon de Matignon (Jacques François Léonor; 21 November 1689 – 23 April 1751) was Count of Thorigny, Prince of Monaco as Jacques I, and the fourth Duke of Valentinois from 1731 until 1733.

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Jacques Loeillet

Jacques Loeillet (1685 – 1748) was a Baroque-era composer and oboist.

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Jacques Roettiers

Jacques Roettiers (20 August 1707 – 17 May 1784) was a noted engraver in England and France, and one of the most celebrated Parisian goldsmiths and silversmiths of his day.

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Jacques Saly

Jacques François Joseph Saly, also known as Jacques Saly (20 June 1717 – 4 May 1776), French-born sculptor who worked in France, Denmark, Italy and Malta, was born in Valenciennes to François Marie Saly and his wife Marie Michelle.

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Jacques Villeré

Jacques Phillippe Villeré (April 28, 1761 – March 7, 1830) was the second Governor of Louisiana after it became a state.

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Jacques-François Blondel

Jacques-François Blondel (8 January 1705 – 9 January 1774) was an 18th-century French architect and teacher.

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Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de La Chétardie

Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de La Chétardie (3 October 1705 – 1 January 1759) was a French diplomat who engineered the coup d'etat that brought Elizaveta Petrovna to the Russian throne in 1741.

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James Barry, 4th Earl of Barrymore

James Barry, 4th Earl of Barrymore (1667 – 5 January 1748) was an Irish soldier and Jacobite politician.

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James Bruce

James Bruce of Kinnaird (14 December 1730 – 27 April 1794) was a Scottish traveller and travel writer who spent more than a dozen years in North Africa and Ethiopia, where he traced the origins of the Blue Nile.

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James King, 4th Baron Kingston

James King, 4th Baron Kingston (1693 — 26 December 1761) was a French-born Anglo-Irish member of the peerage.

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James Wolfe

James Wolfe (2 January 1727 – 13 September 1759) was a British Army officer, known for his training reforms and remembered chiefly for his victory in 1759 over the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec as a major general.

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Jan Frans van Bredael

Jan Frans van Bredael or Jan Frans van Bredael the Elder at the Netherlands Institute for Art History at Dorotheum (1 April 1686 – 19 February 1750) was a Flemish painter known for his landscapes, battle scenes and equestrian paintings.

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Jansenism

Jansenism was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination.

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January 5

No description.

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Jaquet-Droz automata

The Jaquet-Droz automata, among all the numerous automata built by the Jaquet-Droz family, refer to three doll automata built between 1768 and 1774 by Pierre Jaquet-Droz, his son Henri-Louis, and Jean-Frédéric Leschot: the musician, the draughtsman and the writer.

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Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil

The Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil is a botanical garden set within a major greenhouse complex located at the southern edge of the Bois de Boulogne in the 16th arrondissement, with entry at 1 avenue Gordon-Bennett, Paris, France.

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Jawi alphabet

Jawi (Jawi: Jāwī; Pattani: Yawi; Acehnese: Jawoë) is an Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, Acehnese, Banjarese, Minangkabau, Tausūg and several other languages in Southeast Asia.

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Jean Aubert the Elder

Jean Aubert the Elder (ca. 1680 – 13 October 1741) was a French architect, "responsible for many fine interiors but not a leader of the first rank.".

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Jean Audran

Jean Audran (1667-1756) was a French engraver and printmaker.

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Jean Baptiste Baudreau II

Jean Baptiste Baudreau Dit Graveline II (1715–1757) was a colonist in French Louisiana, and is one of the few persons to ever be executed in the Americas by the breaking wheel.

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Jean Baptiste Massillon

Jean-Baptiste Massillon, Cong. Orat. (24 June 1663, Hyères – 28 September 1742, Beauregard-l'Évêque), was a French Catholic bishop and famous preacher, who served as Bishop of Clermont from 1717 until his death.

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Jean Baptiste Seroux d'Agincourt

Jean Baptiste Louis George Seroux D'Agincourt (5 April 1730 – 24 September 1814) was a French archaeologist and historian.

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Jean Beausire

Jean Beausire (February 26, 1651 - March 20, 1743), was an architect, engineer and fountain-maker and the chief of public works in Paris for King Louis XIV of France and King Louis XV of France between 1684 and 1740, and was the architect of all the public fountains constructed in Paris that period.

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Jean Cailleteau

Jean Cailleteau (1690–1755), known as "Lassurance" (or as "Lassurance le jeune" to distinguish him from his architect father Pierre Cailleteau), was a French architect.

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Jean Calas

Jean Calas (1698 – March 10, 1762) was a merchant living in Toulouse, France, who was tried, tortured and executed for the murder of his son, despite his protestations of innocence.

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Jean Duvivier

Jean Duvivier (1687 – 30 April 1761) was a French medallist, who was appointed official medallist to King Louis XV of France.

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Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin

Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin (December 7, 1805 – June 13, 1871) was a French magician.

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Jean Gilles (composer)

Jean Hyacinthe Theodore Gilles (8 January 1668 – 5 February 1705) was a French composer, born at Tarascon.

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Jean Louis Petit

Jean-Louis Petit (13 March 1674 – 20 April 1750) was a French surgeon and the inventor of a screw-type tourniquet.

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Jean Marais

Jean-Alfred Villain-Marais, also known as Jean Marais (11 December 1913 – 8 November 1998), was a French actor, writer, director and sculptor.

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Jean Marie, Duke of Châteauvillain

Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Châteauvillain (17 July 1748 – 19 May 1755) was a French Duke and nobleman.

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Jean Moreau de Séchelles

Jean Moreau de Séchelles (10 May 1690 – 31 December 1761) was a French official and politician.

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Jean Paul Timoléon de Cossé Brissac

Jean Paul Timoléon de Cossé-Brissac, 7th Duke of Brissac (12 October 1698, Paris - 1784, Sarrelouis), was a French general during the reign of King Louis XV.

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Jean Pâris de Monmartel

Jean Pâris de Monmartel (3 August 1690 at Moirans – 10 September 1766 at his château at Brunoy) was a French financier.

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Jean Philippe d'Orléans

Jean Philippe, bâtard d'Orléans (28 August 1702 – 16 June 1748), called le chevalier d'Orléans or le Grand Prieur d'Orléans, was an illegitimate son of Philippe d'Orléans, nephew and son-in-law of Louis XIV.

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Jean Ranc

Jean Ranc (28 January 1674 – 1 July 1735) was a French painter, mainly active in portraiture.

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Jean Rochefort

Jean Rochefort (29 April 1930 – 9 October 2017) was a French actor whose career spanned more than five decades.

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Jean Thomas Dulaien

Jean Thomas Dulaien (fl. 1727-1728, last name also Dulaiën or du Lain) was a French pirate active in the Caribbean.

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Jean Thurel

Jean Thurel, or Jean Theurel (6 September 169810 March 1807), was a fusilier of the French Army with an extraordinarily long career that spanned over 75 years of service in the Touraine Regiment.

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Jean-Antoine Lépine

Jean-Antoine Lépine (L’Pine, LePine, Lepine, L’Epine), born as Jean-Antoine Depigny, was an influential watchmaker.

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Jean-Antoine Marbot

Jean-Antoine Marbot (7 December 1754 - 19 April 1800) was a French general and politician.

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Jean-Antoine Watteau

Jean-Antoine Watteau (baptised October 10, 1684 – died July 18, 1721),Wine, Humphrey, and Annie Scottez-De Wambrechies.

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Jean-Étienne Despréaux

Jean-Étienne Despréaux (31 August 1748 – 26 March 1820) was a French ballet dancer, choreographer, composer, singer and playwright.

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Jean-Baptiste Barrière

Jean-Baptiste Barrière (2 May 1707 – 6 June 1747) was a French cellist and composer.

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Jean-Baptiste Berthier

Jean-Baptiste Berthier (1721–1804) was an officer (Lieutenant-Colonel) in the French Corps of Topographical Engineers during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI.

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Jean-Baptiste Capefigue

Jean-Baptiste Honoré Raymond Capefigue (1801 – December 1872) was a French historian and biographer.

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy

Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy (14 September 1665 – 2 September 1746), generally called Colbert de Torcy, was a French diplomat, who negotiated some of the most important treaties towards the end of Louis XIV's reign, notably the treaty (1700) that occasioned the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), in which the dying Charles II of Spain named Louis XIV's grandson, Philippe, duc d'Anjou, heir to the Spanish throne, eventually founding the line of Spanish Bourbons.

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Jean-Baptiste de Belloy

Jean-Baptiste de Belloy (9 October 1709, Morangles, Diocese of Beauvais – Paris, 10 June 1808) was an Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville

Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville, comte d'Arnouville, seigneur de Garge et de Gonesse, was born in Paris on 13 December 1701 and died on 12 July 1794 in a French Revolutionary prison.

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Jean-Baptiste de Sénac

Jean-Baptiste de Sénac (1693–1770) was a French physician born in the town of Lombez.

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Jean-Baptiste Forqueray

Jean-Baptiste Forqueray (3 April 1699 – August 1782), the son of Antoine Forqueray, was a player of the viol and a composer.

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Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne

Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (15 February 1704 – 1778) was a French sculptor and among the greatest French portraitists.

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Jean-Baptiste Louis Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld de Roye

Jean-Baptiste Louis Frédéric de La Rochefoucauld de Roye (August 17, 1707 – September 16, 1746) was made duc d'Anville by King Louis XV of France and pursued a military career in the French galley corps.

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Jean-Baptiste Massip

Jean-Baptiste Massip (1676 in Montauban – 1751 Montauban) was an 18th-century French lawyer, poet, playwright and librettist.

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Jean-Baptiste Matho

Jean-Baptiste Matho (16 March 1663 – 16 March 1743) was a French composer of the Baroque era.

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Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay

Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch, seigneur de Ramezay, born 4 September 1708, in Montreal, and died 7 May 1777, in Blaye (France), was an officer of the marines and colonial administrator for New France during the 18th century.

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Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Marie de Beauvais

Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Marie de Beauvais (b. at Cherbourg, 17 October 1731; d. at Paris, 4 April 1790) was a French bishop of Senez.

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Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené

Jean-Baptiste-Claude Séne (1747-1803) was a French furniture maker in the 18th century, primarily during the reign of Louis XVI.

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Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (November 2, 1699 – December 6, 1779) was an 18th-century French painter.

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Jean-Benjamin de La Borde

Jean-Benjamin François de la Borde (5 September 1734 – 22 July 1794) was a French composer, writer on music and fermier général (farm tax collector).

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Jean-Charles François

Jean-Charles François (4 May 1717 – 22 March 1769) was a French engraver.

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Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléonde Badts de Cugnac, Chantal.

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Jean-François Leriget de La Faye

Jean-François Leriget de La Faye (1674, Vienne, Isère – 11 July 1731, Paris) was a French diplomat, wealthy landowner and art collector, poet, and member of the Académie française for a single year.

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Jean-François Marmontel

Jean-François Marmontel (11 July 1723 – 31 December 1799) was a French historian and writer, a member of the Encyclopédistes movement.

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Jean-François Oeben

Jean-François Oeben, or Johann Franz Oeben (9 October 1721 Heinsberg near Aachen – Paris 21 January 1763) was a French ébéniste (cabinetmaker) whose career was spent in Paris.

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Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas

Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, 1st Count of Maurepas (9 July 1701 – 21 November 1781) was a French statesman and Count of Maurepas.

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Jean-Gaspard Heilmann

Jean-Gaspard Heilmann (c. 1718 – 27 September 1760) was an 18th-century French painter, author of popular landscapes, historical scenes and fine portraits.

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Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet

Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet (15 September 1700, Saint-Pol-de-Léon – 21 March 1784, Paris) was a French ecclesiastic, bishop of Limoges and preceptor to the grandchildren of Louis XV.

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Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Jean-Honoré Fragonard (4 April 1732 (birth/baptism certificate) – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism.

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Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie

Jean-Jacques Blaise d'Abbadie (1726–1765) was the French Director-general of the Colony of Louisiana.

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Jean-Jacques Caffieri

Jean-Jacques Caffieri (29 April 1725 - 22 June 1792) was a French sculptor.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.

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Jean-Joseph de Laborde

Jean-Joseph, marquis de Laborde (29 January 1724 – 18 April 1794) was a French businessman, fermier général and banker to the king, who turned politician.

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Jean-Joseph Mouret

Jean-Joseph Mouret (11 April 1682 in Avignon – 22 December 1738 in Charenton-le-Pont) was a French composer whose dramatic works made him one of the leading exponents of Baroque music in his country.

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Jean-Louis Anselin

Jean-Louis Anselin (26 May 1754 - 15 March 1823) was a French engraver.

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Jean-Louis Favier

Jean-Louis Favier (1711 – 1784) was a French diplomat and publicist.

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Jean-Louis Lemoyne

Jean-Louis Lemoyne (1665–1755) was a French sculptor whose works were commissioned by Louis XIV and Louis XV.

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Jean-Luc Godard

Jean-Luc Godard (born 3 December 1930) is a French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic.

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Jean-Marc Nattier

Jean-Marc Nattier (17 March 1685 – 7 November 1766), French painter, was born in Paris, the second son of Marc Nattier (1642–1705), a portrait painter, and of Marie Courtois (1655–1703), a miniaturist.

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Jean-Marie Leclair

Jean-Marie Leclair l'aîné, also known as Jean-Marie Leclair the Elder (10 May 1697 – 22 October 1764), was a Baroque violinist and composer.

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Jean-Marie Winling

Jean-Marie Winling (born 1947) is a French actor.

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Jean-Martial Frédou

Jean-Martial Frédou (January 28, 1710, Fontenay-Saint-Père – February 26, 1795, Versailles) was a French painter known for his portraits.

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Jean-Pierre Guignon

Jean-Pierre Guignon, né Giovanni Pietro Ghignone (10 February 1702 – 30 January 1774) was an 18th-century Franco-Italian composer and violinist.

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Jean-Pierre Houël

Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houël (28 June 1735 – 14 November 1813) was a French painter, engraver and draftsman.

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Jean-Pierre, Count of Montalivet

Jean-Pierre Bachasson, Seigneur et 1er Comte de Montalivet (Neunkirch, now part of Sarreguemines, Moselle, 5 July 1766 – Château de Lagrange, Cher, 22 January 1823) was a French statesman and Peer of France.

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Jean-Pierre-François de Ripert-Monclar

Jean-Pierre-François de Ripert-Monclar (1711-1773) was a French aristocrat, landowner and lawyer.

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Jeanbon Saint-André

Jean Bon Saint-André (February 25, 1749December 10, 1813) was a French politician of the Revolutionary era.

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Jeanne (given name)

Jeanne is a French female name, equivalent to the English Joan, Jane, Jean and several historical figures in English named Joanna.

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Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, marquise de Prie

Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, marquise de Prie (1698 – 7 October 1727), was a French noblewoman who for a brief period exercised extraordinary control of the French court during the reign of Louis XV.

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Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes

Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, comtesse de Verrue (18 January 1670 – 18 November 1736) was a French noblewoman and the mistress of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia.

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João da Bemposta

D. João of Braganza, Duke of Abrantes jure uxoris (12 June 1726 - 23 October 1780), more commonly known as João da Bemposta, was a legitimized natural son of Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja.

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Johann Amadeus von Thugut

Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula Freiherr von Thugut (24 May 173628 May 1818) was an Austrian diplomat.

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Johann Julius Heinsius

Johann-Julius Heinsius (1740-1812) was a German oil painter and miniaturist.

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Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz

Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz GmbH (English: John Maria Farina opposite Jülich's Square) is the world's oldest eau de Cologne and perfume factory.

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John Barrymore on stage, screen and radio

John Barrymore (born John Sidney Blyth; 1882–1942) was an American actor of stage, screen and radio who appeared in more than 40 plays, 60 films and 100 radio shows.

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John Cleland

John Cleland (baptised 24 September 1709 – 23 January 1789) was an English novelist best known as the author of Fanny Hill: or, the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.

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John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair

Field Marshal John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair (20 July 16739 May 1747) was a Scottish soldier and diplomat.

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John Francillon

John Francillon (1744–1816) was a jeweler and lapidary, an English naturalist and an entomologist of Huguenot descent.

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John Keating (soldier, land developer)

John Keating was born in Ireland in 1760, and raised in France.

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John Law (economist)

John Law (baptised 21 April 1671 – 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself and that national wealth depended on trade.

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John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier

Field Marshal John (Jean Louis) Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier, (7 November 168028 April 1770) was a French-born British soldier.

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John of Saxony

John (full name: Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph Anton Xaver Vincenz Aloys Franz de Paula Stanislaus Bernhard Paul Felix Damasus) (12 December 1801 – 29 October 1873) was a King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.

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John V of Portugal

Dom John V (Portuguese: João V; 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750), known as the Magnanimous (Portuguese: o Magnânimo) and the Portuguese Sun King (Portuguese: o Rei-Sol Português), was a monarch of the House of Braganza who ruled as King of Portugal and the Algarves during the first half of the 18th century.

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Jordi Savall

Jordi Savall i Bernadet (born August 1, 1941) is a Spanish conductor and viol player.

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Joseph Bodin de Boismortier

Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (23 December 1689 – 28 October 1755) was a French baroque composer of instrumental music, cantatas, opéra-ballets, and vocal music.

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Joseph de Riquet de Caraman (1808–1886)

Joseph de Riquet de Caraman, 17th Prince de Chimay (20 August 1808, Paris – 12 March 1886, London) was a Belgian diplomat and industrialist.

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Joseph François Dupleix

Joseph Marquis Dupleix (23 January 1697 – 10 November 1763) was Governor-General of French India and rival of Robert Clive.

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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to his death.

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Joseph Lieutaud

Joseph Lieutaud (21 June 1703 – 6 December 1780) was a French physician.

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Joseph Marie Terray

Joseph Marie Terray (9 December 1715 in Boën – 18 February 1778) was a Controller-General of Finances during the reign of Louis XV of France, an agent of fiscal reform.

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Joseph Pellerin

Joseph Pellerin (1684–1783) was a French Intendant-General of the Navy, first Commissioner of the Navy as well as a celebrated numismatic pioneer.

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Joseph Raulin

Joseph Raulin (1708–1784) was a French physician.

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Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer

Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer (ca. 1705 – 11 January 1755) was a French composer and harpsichordist.

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Juan de Canaveris

Juan de Canaveris (or Canaverys) (1748–1822) was an Italian lawyer who served as accounting officer in the Tribunal de Cuentas de Buenos Aires, during the viceroyalty of Río de la Plata.

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Juan de Miralles

Juan de Miralles (July 23, 1713 in Petrel, Spain – April 28, 1780 in Morristown, New Jersey) was a Spanish arms dealer and messenger to the American Continental Congress.

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Juan Tomás de Boxadors

Juan Tomás de Boxadors (1703–1780) was the Master of the Order of Preachers from 1756 to 1777 and a cardinal from 1776 to 1780.

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Juan, Count of Montizón

Don Juan Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, Count of Montizón (Jean Charles Marie Isidore de Bourbon, comte de Montizón) (15 May 1822 – 18 November 1887) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain from 1860 to 1868, and the Legitimist claimant to the throne of France from 1883 to 1887.

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Julian Swann

Julian Swann FRHS is a British historian and academic, a professor of early modern history at Birkbeck, University of London, where he has taught since 1989.

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Julien Le Roy

Julien Le Roy (1686-1759) was a major 18th-century Parisian clockmaker and watchmaker.

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Jus exclusivae

Jus exclusivae (Latin for "right of exclusion"; sometimes called the papal veto) was the right claimed by several Catholic monarchs of Europe to veto a candidate for the papacy.

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Juste Chevillet

Juste Chevillet (1729–1802) was a French engraver.

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Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier

Juste Aurèle Meissonier (1695 – 31 July 1750) was a French goldsmith, sculptor, painter, architect, and furniture designer.

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Karl Heinrich von Hoym

Karl Heinrich Graf von Hoym or Count Karl Heinrich von Hoym (18 June 1694 – 22 April 1736) was a diplomat and cabinet minister of the Electorate of Saxony, who was later disgraced and imprisoned, and took his own life.

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Kaskaskia Bell State Memorial

Kaskaskia Bell State Memorial is a monument located in Kaskaskia, Illinois containing the Kaskaskia Bell, also known as "The Liberty Bell of the West," a gift from King Louis XV of France to the Catholic Church of New France.

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Kaskaskia, Illinois

Kaskaskia is a historically important village in Randolph County, Illinois, United States.

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Kazimierz Krasiński

Count Kazimierz Krasiński (1725–1802) was a Polish noble, politician and patron of art.

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King Louis

King Louis may refer to.

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King of the Wind

King of the Wind is a novel by Marguerite Henry that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1949.

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King of the Wind (film)

King of the Wind is a 1990 British adventure film directed by Peter Duffell and starring Richard Harris, Glenda Jackson and Frank Finlay.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called simply Great Britain,Parliament of the Kingdom of England.

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Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy

The Kingdom of Sicily was ruled by the House of Savoy from 1713 until 1720, although they lost control of it in 1718 and did not relinquish their title to it until 1723.

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Kings of Poland family tree

This is a family tree of the Kings of Poland.

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Kiosk

A kiosk is a small, separated garden pavilion open on some or all sides.

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Klingenthal, Bas-Rhin

For the ski resort in Germany, see Klingenthal Vogtlandkreis Klingenthal is a hamlet in the Bas-Rhin department of France, and is divided between the communes of Boersch and Ottrott.

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Koopmans-de Wet House

# Koopmans-de Wet House is a former residence and current museum in Strand Street, Cape Town, South Africa.

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Kyrie in F major, K. 33

The Kyrie in F major, K. 33, is a sacred composition for choir and strings by a ten-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, dated June 12, 1766.

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L'Enseigne de Gersaint

L'Enseigne de Gersaint, or "The Shop Sign of Gersaint", (1720–21) is a painting by Jean-Antoine Watteau, which is considered to be his last masterpiece.

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La belle Arsène

La belle Arsène (1773) is a French opéra comique by Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny to a libretto by Charles-Simon Favart.

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La Flèche

La Flèche is a town and commune in the French department of Sarthe, in the Pays de la Loire region in the Loire Valley.

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La Motte-Picquet – Grenelle

La Motte-Picquet – Grenelle is a station of the Paris Métro, at the interconnection of lines 6, 8 and 10 in the 15th ''arrondissement'', near the 7th ''arrondissement''.

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La Thieuloye

La Thieuloye is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

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La Tour, prends garde !

La Tour, prends garde! (The Tower, watch out!) is a 1958 French adventure drama film directed by Georges Lampin, written by Claude Accursi, starring Jean Marais.

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Labergement-du-Navois

Labergement-du-Navois is a former commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

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Lady Dior

Lady Dior is a commercial name given to a handbag by the Christian Dior company in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

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Lambert-Sigisbert Adam

Lambert-Sigisbert Adam (10 October 170012 May 1759) was a French sculptor born in 1700 in Nancy.

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Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg

Princess Caroline of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (18 August 1714 – 14 June 1741) was Princess of Condé by marriage to Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.

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Landgravine Victoria of Hesse-Rotenburg

Viktoria of Hesse-Rotenburg (Anna Viktoria Maria Christina; 25 February 1728 – 1 July 1792) was a princess of Hesse by birth, and the Princess of Soubise by marriage.

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Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle

Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle (28 January 1726 in Valleraugue – 17 November 1773 in Gard) was a French Protestant writer.

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Laurent Cars

Laurent Cars (28 May 1699 – 14 April 1771) was a French designer and engraver.

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Laurent Jean François Truguet

Laurent Truguet (10 January 1752, Toulon – 26 December 1839, Toulon) was a French admiral.

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Le Bénédicité

Le Bénédicité (Grace) is a painting by the French artist Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin.

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Le Chevalier D'Eon

is a 24-episode anime television series produced by Production I.G based on an original story by Tow Ubukata.

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Le devin du village

The Village Soothsayer (French: Le devin du village) is a one-act French opera (intermède) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who also wrote the libretto.

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Le Livre des tournois

Le Livre des tournois ("tournament book"; Traicte de la Forme de Devis d'un Tournoi) by René d'Anjou describes rules of a tournament.

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Le Secret du Masque de fer

Le Secret du Masque de fer (The Secret of the Iron mask) is a historical essay by French novelist Marcel Pagnol, who identified the famous prisoner in the iron mask as the twin brother of Louis XIV, born after him and imprisoned for life in 1669 for having conspired against the King.

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Leda and the Swan

Leda and the Swan is a story and subject in art from Greek mythology in which the god Zeus, in the form of a swan, seduces Leda.

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Lekain

Lekain was the stage name of Henri Louis Cain (31 March 1728 – 8 February 1778), a French actor.

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Les Aventures de Télémaque

Les aventures de Télémaque (The adventures of Telemachus) is a didactic French novel by Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambrai and tutor to the seven-year-old Duc de Bourgogne (grandson of Louis XIV and second in line to the throne).

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Les élémens

Les élémens (The Elements), or Ballet des élémens, is an opéra-ballet by the French composers André Cardinal Destouches and Michel Richard Delalande (or de Lalande).

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Les Indes galantes

Les Indes galantes (French: “The Amorous Indies”) is an opera-ballet by Jean-Philippe Rameau with libretto by Louis Fuzelier.

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Les Ormes, Vienne

Les Ormes is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

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Leszczyński

Leszczyński (plural: Leszczyńscy, feminine form: Leszczyńska) was a prominent Polish noble family.

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Let Joy Reign Supreme

Que la fête commence... (English title Let Joy Reign Supreme) is a 1975 French film directed by Bertrand Tavernier and starring Philippe Noiret.

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Let them eat cake

"Let them eat cake" is the traditional translation of the French phrase "Qu'ils mangent de la brioche", supposedly spoken by "a great princess" upon learning that the peasants had no bread.

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Lettre de cachet

Lettres de cachet (lit. "letters of the sign/signet") were letters signed by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed with the royal seal, or cachet.

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Libelle (literary genre)

A libelle is a political pamphlet or book which slanders a public figure.

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Libertine

A libertine is one devoid of most moral or sexual restraints, which are seen as unnecessary or undesirable, especially one who ignores or even spurns accepted morals and forms of behaviour sanctified by the larger society.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class D -- History, General and Old World

Class D: History, General and Old World is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system.

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Liefmann Calmer

Liefmann Calmer, lord of Picquigny and vidame (avoué) of Amiens (1711, in Aurich, Hanover – December 17, 1784, in Paris) was an important personage in French Jewry of the eighteenth century.

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Linderhof Palace

Linderhof Palace (Schloss Linderhof) is a Schloss in Germany, in southwest Bavaria near Ettal Abbey.

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Lines of Weissenburg

The Lines of Weissenburg, or Lines of Wissembourg,Note: also known as the Weissenburg Lines or Lignes de Wissembourg.

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List of alumni of Aix-Marseille University

This list of alumni of Aix-Marseille University includes graduates and non-graduate former students of Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence/Marseille, France.

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List of ambassadors of Russia to France

Russian-French contacts began on August 9, 1717, when Hans Christoph Shleynits, the first Russian ambassador to France, was appointed by Tsar Peter I of Russia and presented his credentials to King Louis XV of France.

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List of assassinations in fiction

Assassinations have formed a major plot element in various works of fiction.

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List of Basques

This is a list of notable Basque people.

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List of battles 1601–1800

No description.

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List of big-game hunters

This is a list of famous big-game hunters who gained fame largely or solely because of their big-game hunting exploits.

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List of book-burning incidents

Notable book burnings have taken place throughout history.

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List of Canadian monarchs

Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over the French and British colonies of Canada, followed by the Dominion of Canada, and finally the present-day sovereign state of Canada.

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List of châteaux in Brittany

This article is a list of châteaux in Brittany, France.

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List of Co-Princes of Andorra

This is a list of Co-Princes of Andorra.

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List of coats of arms of the Capetian dynasty

Most of the members of the Capetian dynasty bore a version of the arms of France.

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List of country-name etymologies

This list covers English language country names with their etymologies.

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List of diamonds

A number of large or extraordinary diamonds have gained fame, both as exquisite examples of the beautiful nature of diamonds and because of the famous people who wore, bought, and sold them.

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List of Doctor Who cast members

This is a list of actors who have appeared in the long-running British science fiction television series, Doctor Who.

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List of dukes in Europe

The following is a list of historic duchies in Europe.

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List of foods named after people

This is a list of foods and dishes named after people.

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List of French artistic movements

The following is a chronological list of artistic movements or periods in France indicating artists who are sometimes associated or grouped with those movements.

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List of French artists

The following is a chronological list of French artists working in visual or plastic media (plus, for some artists of the 20th century, performance art).

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List of French consorts

This is a list of the women who have been queens consort or empresses consort of the French monarchy.

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List of French haute-contre roles

The following list includes most of the roles which were created by the leading French hautes-contre of the 17th and 18th centuries, or at least those to be found in operas by the major composers of the same period.

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List of French marquisates

The following page contains an incomplete list (A-Z) of marquisates (French marquisat) that currently, or once did, exist within France or within its conquered provinces.

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List of French military leaders

The following is a list of famous French military leaders from the Gauls to modern France.

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List of French monarchs

The monarchs of the Kingdom of France and its predecessors (and successor monarchies) ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of the Franks in 486 until the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.

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List of French peerages

For an explanation of the French peerage, see the article Peerage of France.

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List of French people

French people of note include.

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List of French royal mistresses

This page contains a listing of notable French royal mistresses.

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List of Governors General of Canada

The following is a list of the governors and Governors General of Canada.

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List of governors of Trois-Rivières

This article is a list of governors of Trois-Rivières: On August 10, 1764, eighteen months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, the post of Governor of Trois-Rivières was abolished.

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List of heads of state and government who died in office

This is a list of heads of state and government who died in office.

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List of heads of state and government who survived assassination attempts

This article is a list of heads of state who have survived assassination attempts.

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List of heads of state of France

Below is a list of all French heads of state.

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List of heads of state of Mauritius

This is a list of the heads of state of Mauritius, from the foundation of the Mauritius in 1968 to the present day.

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List of heirs to the French throne

The following is a list of the heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of France, that is, those who were legally next in line to assume the throne upon the death of the King.

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List of historical opera characters

This is a list of historical figures who have been characters in opera or operetta.

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List of Knights of the Golden Fleece

This page contains a list of Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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List of last scions

This is a list of last scions or individuals who were the last member of a ruling house, or other prominent family, where heredity is the prime form of inheritance.

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List of Le Chevalier D'Eon characters

This is a list of characters from Production I.G's Le Chevalier D'Eon anime series.

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List of living legitimate male Capetians

The Capetian dynasty is the largest dynasty in Europe, with over 120 living male members descended in the legitimate agnatic line.

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List of longest-reigning monarchs

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs of all time, detailing the 100 monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest in world history, sorted by length of reign.

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List of mayors of Bordeaux

Before the French Revolution, the municipality of Bordeaux was headed by the jurat (Jurat).

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List of monarchs by nickname

This is a list of monarchs (and other royalty and nobility) sorted by nickname.

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List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: L

No description.

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List of orphans and foundlings

Notable orphans and foundlings include world leaders, celebrated writers, entertainment greats, figures in science and business, as well as innumerable fictional characters in literature and comics.

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List of Outlander characters

The following is a list of characters from Diana Gabaldon's ''Outlander'' series, beginning with the 1991 novel Outlander.

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List of Outlander episodes

Outlander is a television drama series based on the ''Outlander'' series of historical time travel novels by Diana Gabaldon.

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List of Parmese consorts

No description.

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List of people associated with the French Revolution

This is a partial '''list''' of people associated with the French Revolution, including supporters and opponents.

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List of people from Edinburgh

This list contains famous or notable people who were either born, residents, or otherwise closely associated with the City of Edinburgh, Scotland.

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List of people who survived assassination attempts

List of survivors of unsuccessful assassination attempts, listed chronologically.

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List of places named after people

There are a number of places named after famous people.

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List of Polish people

This is a partial list of notable Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing persons.

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List of political conspiracies

In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of usurping, altering or overthrowing an established political power.

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List of portraits in the Centre Block

The Centre Block, part of the complex of parliamentary buildings on Parliament Hill in Canada's capital, Ottawa, hosts a gallery of portraits of present and former Canadian monarchs, former Prime Ministers of Canada, and other figures.

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List of Prime Ministers of France

The Prime Minister of France is the head of the Government of France.

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List of prostitutes and courtesans

This list of prostitutes and courtesans includes famous persons who have engaged in prostitution, pimping and courtesan work.

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List of regents

A regent is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated.

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List of Remarkable Gardens of France

The Remarkable Gardens of France is intended to be a list and description, by region, of the more than three hundred gardens classified as "Jardins remarquables" by the French Ministry of Culture and the Comité des Parcs et Jardins de France.

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List of rulers of Lorraine

The rulers of Lorraine have held different posts under different governments over different regions.

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List of Spanish inventions and discoveries

The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from Spain.

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List of state leaders in 1715

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List of state leaders in 1716

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List of state leaders in 1717

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List of state leaders in 1718

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List of state leaders in 1719

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List of state leaders in 1720

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List of state leaders in 1721

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List of state leaders in 1722

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List of state leaders in 1723

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List of state leaders in 1724

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List of state leaders in 1725

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List of state leaders in 1726

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List of state leaders in 1727

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List of state leaders in 1728

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List of state leaders in 1729

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List of state leaders in 1730

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List of state leaders in 1731

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List of state leaders in 1732

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List of state leaders in 1733

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List of state leaders in 1734

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List of state leaders in 1735

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List of state leaders in 1736

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List of state leaders in 1737

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List of state leaders in 1738

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List of state leaders in 1739

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List of state leaders in 1740

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List of state leaders in 1741

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List of state leaders in 1742

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List of state leaders in 1743

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List of state leaders in 1744

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List of state leaders in 1745

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List of state leaders in 1746

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List of state leaders in 1747

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List of state leaders in 1748

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List of state leaders in 1749

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List of state leaders in 1750

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List of state leaders in 1751

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List of state leaders in 1752

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List of state leaders in 1753

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List of state leaders in 1754

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List of state leaders in 1755

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List of state leaders in 1756

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List of state leaders in 1757

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List of state leaders in 1758

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List of state leaders in 1759

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List of state leaders in 1760

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List of state leaders in 1761

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List of state leaders in 1762

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List of state leaders in 1763

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List of state leaders in 1764

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List of state leaders in 1765

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List of state leaders in 1766

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List of state leaders in 1767

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List of state leaders in 1768

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List of state leaders in 1769

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List of state leaders in 1770

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List of state leaders in 1771

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List of state leaders in 1772

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List of state leaders in 1773

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List of state leaders in 1774

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List of state leaders in the 18th century

;State leaders in the 17th century – State leaders in the 19th century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 18th century (1701–1800) AD, such as the heads of state and heads of government.

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List of the Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit

This article presents the chronological list of knights and commanders of the Order of the Holy Spirit, established by Henry III (1578), abolished under the French Revolution (1791), re-established under the Restoration (1814), abolished in right by the July Monarchy (1830).

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List of the last monarchs in the Americas

This is a list of last monarchs of the Americas.

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List of The Rose of Versailles characters

This is a list of characters from The Rose of Versailles, a shōjo manga/anime created by Riyoko Ikeda which centers on the main character, Oscar François de Jarjayes.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of watchmakers

This chronological list of famous watchmakers is a list of those who influenced the development of horology or gained iconic status by their creations.

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List of women in the Heritage Floor

This list documents all 999 mythical, historical and notable women who are displayed on the handmade white tiles of the Heritage Floor as part of Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party art installation (1979).

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List of women who died in childbirth

This is a list of notable women, either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known, who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO): Note that this wording includes abortion, miscarriage, stillbirth, and ectopic pregnancy.

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List of works by Jean Antoine Injalbert

Jean Antoine Injalbert was born in Béziers in 1845 and died in 1933.

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Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year

The lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year (for each year) are ten-word lists published annually by the American dictionary-publishing company Merriam-Webster, Inc., which feature the ten words of the year from the English language.

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Lit de justice

In France under the Ancien Régime, the lit de justice ("bed of justice") was a particular formal session of the Parlement of Paris, under the presidency of the king, for the compulsory registration of the royal edicts.

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Loch Arkaig treasure

The treasure of Loch Arkaig, sometimes known as the Jacobite gold, was a large amount of specie provided by Spain to finance the Jacobite rising in Scotland in 1745, and rumoured still to be hidden at Loch Arkaig in Lochaber.

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Lodève

Lodève (Lodeva) is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France.

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Lodoicea

Lodoicea, commonly known as the sea coconut, coco de mer, or double coconut, is a monotypic genus in the palm family.

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Loire

The Loire (Léger; Liger) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world.

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Londonderry Vase

The Londonderry Vase is a hard-paste porcelain vase, standing at 54 inches tall.

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Lorettoberg

The Lorettoberg, also known as Josephsbergle in Freiburg, is a mountain ridge in the South-West of the Wiehre district in the city of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany.

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Lorient

Lorient is a town (French "commune") and seaport in the Morbihan "department" of Brittany in North-Western France.

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Louis (given name)

Louis is the French form of the Old Frankish given name Chlodowig (Modern German: Ludwig) and one of two English forms, the other being Lewis.

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Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn

Louis Francois Marie Aleno de Saint Aloüarn (25 July 173827 October 1772) was a notable French mariner and explorer.

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Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou

Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (Luis Alfonso Gonzalo Víctor Manuel Marco de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, Louis Alphonse Gonzalve Victor Emmanuel Marc de Bourbon;Eilers, Marlene A. Queen Victoria's Descendants. Princess Beatrice. Rosvall Royal Books, Falkoping, Sweden, 1997. pp. 166, 181; Enache, Nicolas. La Descendanace de Marie-Therese de Habsburg Reine de Hongrie and Boheme. Maison royale regnante d'Espagne. ICC/Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris, 1999, p. 535. (French)..Willis, Daniel A. The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain. The Descendants of Princess Anne, The Princess of Orange. Clearfield, Baltimore, 2002. p. 231. born 25 April 1974 in Madrid) is a member of the Royal House of Bourbon, and one of the current pretenders to the defunct French throne as Louis XX.

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Louis Antoine de Bougainville

Louis-Antoine, Comte de Bougainville (12 November 1729 – 31 August 1811) was a French admiral and explorer.

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Louis Antoine de Gontaut

Louis Antoine de Gontaut-Biron, duc de Biron (1700–1788) was Duke of Biron and a French military leader who served with distinction under Louis XV, and was made a Marshal of France in 1757.

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Louis Antoine de Pardaillan de Gondrin

Louis Antoine de Pardaillan (5 September 1664 – 2 November 1736), marquis of Antin, Gondrin and Montespan (1701), then 1st Duke of Antin (1711) was a French nobleman.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

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Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine

Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine (31 March 1670 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye – 14 May 1736 in Sceaux) was a legitimised son of the French king Louis XIV and his official mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes

Louis Auguste de Bourbon, Prince of Dombes (4 March 1700 in Palace of Versailles – 1 October 1755 in Palace of Fontainebleau) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France and of his maîtresse-en-titre Françoise-Athénaïs de Montespan.

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Louis César de La Baume Le Blanc

Louis César de La Baume Le Blanc, duc de Vaujours, ''duc de La Vallière'' (9 October 1708 – 16 November 1780), was a French nobleman, bibliophile and military man.

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Louis Charles de Lévis

Louis Charles de Lévis (1647 – 18 September 1717) was a French nobleman and Duke of Ventadour.

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Louis Charles, Count of Eu

Louis Charles de Bourbon, Count of Eu (October 15, 1701 – July 13, 1775) was a grandson of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre Madame de Montespan.

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Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt

Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt (24 July 1731 – 17 October 1799) was a French chemist who synthesised the first organometalic compound.

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Louis d'or

The Louis d'or is any number of French coins first introduced by Louis XIII in 1640.

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Louis de Brienne de Conflans d'Armentières

Louis de Conflans, marquis of Armentières (23 February 1711 - 18 January 1774) was a French general.

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Louis de Cardevac, marquis d'Havrincourt

Louis de Cardevac, marquis d'Havrincourt (born 20 June 1707 at Havrincourt; died 15 February 1767 in The Hague) was a French nobleman, soldier and diplomat.

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Louis de Carné

Louis-Marie de Carné (17 February 1804, Quimper, Finistère – 11 February 1876, Plomelin), comte de Carné was a French politician, journalist and historian.

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Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1688–1712)

Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (July 1688 – 22 February 1712) was a French nobleman.

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Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon

Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon (16 January 16752 March 1755), was a French soldier, diplomat and memoirist.

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Louis de Silvestre

Louis de Silvestre (23 June 1675 – 11 April 1760) was a French portrait and history painter.

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Louis François de Monteynard

Louis François, marquis de Monteynard (13 May 1713, La Pierre, Isère – 3 May 1791, Paris) was a French soldier and statesman.

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Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti

Louis François Joseph de Bourbon or Louis François II, Prince of Conti (1 September 1734 – 13 March 1814), was the last Prince of Conti, scion of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, whose senior branches ruled France until 1848.

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Louis François, Prince of Conti

Louis François de Bourbon, or Louis François I, Prince of Conti (13 August 1717 – 2 August 1776), was a French nobleman, who was the Prince of Conti from 1727 to his death, following his father, Louis Armand II de Bourbon.

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Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden

Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden (Ludwig Georg Simpert; 7 June 1702 – 22 October 1761) was the Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1707 until his death in 1761.

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Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne

Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (2 August 1679 – 3 August 1753) was a French nobleman and member of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne.

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Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon

Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, or Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé (18 August 1692 – 27 January 1740), was head of the Bourbon-Condé cadet branch of the France's reigning House of Bourbon from 1710 to his death, and served as prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.

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Louis Hercule Timoléon de Cossé-Brissac

Louis Hercule Timoléon de Cossé-Brissac, Duke of Brissac (14 February 1734, Paris - 9 September 1792, Versailles) was a French military commander and peer of France.

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Louis I of Etruria

Louis I (5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803) was the first of the two kings of Etruria.

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Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre

Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon (16 November 1725 – 4 March 1793) was the son of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon and his wife Marie Victoire de Noailles.

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Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France

Louis Joseph de France (Louis Joseph Xavier François; 22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789) was the second child and elder son of King Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette.

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Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé

Louis Joseph de Bourbon (9 August 1736 – 13 May 1818) was Prince of Condé from 1740 to his death.

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Louis Majorelle

Louis-Jean-Sylvestre Majorelle, usually known simply as Louis Majorelle, (26 September 1859 – 15 January 1926) was a French decorator and furniture designer who manufactured his own designs, in the French tradition of the ébéniste.

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Louis Mandrin

Louis Mandrin (pronounced lwi mɑ̃dʁɛ̃; February 11, 1725 – May 26, 1755) was a French smuggler (highwayman) from Dauphiné.

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Louis Odier

Louis Jean Odier (March 17, 1748 - April 14, 1817, Geneva) was a Swiss physician, medical campaigner and advisor; he was also a translator and publisher of medical texts - particularly from the English language.

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Louis of France

Louis of France or Louis de France may refer to.

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Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin

Louis Phélypeaux (18 August 1705 – 27 February 1777) comte de Saint-Florentin, marquis (1725) and duc de La Vrillière (1770), was a French politician.

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Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Louis Philippe d'Orléans known as le Gros (the Fat) (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785), was a French prince, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France.

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Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (13 April 17476 November 1793), most commonly known as Philippe, was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud.

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Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx

Louis Philogène Brulart, Marquis de Puysieulx (1727), Comte de Sillery (12 May 1702, Paris – 8 December 1770, Paris) was a French foreign minister.

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Louis Quinze

The Louis XV style or Louis Quinze is a style of architecture and decorative arts which appeared during the reign of Louis XV of France.

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Louis Racine

Louis Racine (born 6 November 1692, Paris; died 29 January 1763, Paris) was a French poet of the Age of the Enlightenment.

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Louis Tocqué

Jean Louis Tocqué (19 November 1696 - 10 February 1772) was a French painter.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XV furniture

The furniture of the Louis XV period (1715-1774) is characterized by curved forms, lightness, comfort and symmetry; it replaced the more formal, boxlike and massive furniture of the Style Louis XIV.

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Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly

The French Revolution was a period in the history of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church in France perforce underwent radical restructuring.

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Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louis XVI style

Louis XVI style, also called Louis Seize, is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1793), just before the French Revolution.

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Louis XVII of France

Louis XVII (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795), born Louis-Charles, was the younger son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara

Louis Marie Jacques Amalric, comte de Narbonne-Lara (17, 23 or 24 August 1755 – 17 November 1813) was a French nobleman, soldier and diplomat.

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Louis, Count of Armagnac

Louis of Lorraine (7 December 1641 – 13 June 1718) was the Count of Armagnac from his father's death in 1666.

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Louis, Count of Clermont

Louis de Bourbon (15 June 1709 – 16 June 1771) was a member of the cadet branch of the then reigning House of Bourbon.

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Louis, Dauphin of France

Louis, Dauphin of France (or of Viennois), or variations on this name, may refer to.

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Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)

Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the elder and only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Marie Leszczyńska.

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Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)

Louis, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712), was the first son of Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy, and Marie Adélaïde of Savoy.

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Louis, Duke of Burgundy

Louis, Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and father of Louis XV, and briefly heir to the throne from his father's death in April 1711 to his own death 10 months later.

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Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)

Louis Joseph Xavier, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 – 22 March 1761), was a French prince of the House of Bourbon.

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Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)

Louis, Duke of Orléans (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was a member of the royal family of France, the House of Bourbon, and as such was a prince du sang.

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Louis, Grand Dauphin

Louis of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France, and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain.

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Louis, Marquis of Brancas and Prince of Nisaro

Louis-Henri de Brancas-Forcalquier, (Pernes-les-Fontaines, 19 January 1672 – 9 August 1750) was a Marshal of France.

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Louis, Prince of Brionne

Louis of Lorraine (Louis Charles; 10 September 1725 – 28 June 1761) was a member of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine.

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Louis-Antoine Caraccioli

Marquis Louis-Antoine Caraccioli (6 November 1719 – 29 May 1803) was a prolific French writer, poet, historian, and biographer long considered an "enemy of Philosophy" because of his extensive writings as a religious apologist.

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Louis-Élisabeth de La Vergne de Tressan

Louis-Élisabeth de la Vergne, comte de Tressan (4 November 1705, Le Mans - 31 October 1783, from a fall from a carriage en route to Saint-Leu-la-Forêt) was a French soldier, physician, scientist, medievalist and writer, best known for his adaptations of "romans chevaleresques" of the Middle Ages, which contributed to the rise of the Troubadour style in the French arts.

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Louis-Camus Destouches

Louis-Camus Destouches (1668 – 11 March 1726), usually called Destouches-Canon, was an artillery officer in the French Royal Army.

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Louis-Claude Daquin

Louis-Claude Daquin (or D'Aquino, d'Aquin, d'Acquin; July 4, 1694 – June 15, 1772) was a French composer of Jewish ancestry, writing in the Baroque and Galant styles.

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Louis-Gabriel Guillemain

Louis-Gabriel Guillemain (5 November 1705 – 1 October 1770) was a French composer and violinist.

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Louis-Guillaume Le Monnier

Louis-Guillaume Le Monnier (sometimes written as Lemonnier) (27 June 1717 – 7 September 1799) was a French natural scientist and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.

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Louis-Jacques Cathelin

Louis-Jacques Cathelin (1738–1804) was a French engraver.

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Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Saint-Veran (28 February 1712 – 14 September 1759) was a French soldier best known as the commander of the forces in North America during the Seven Years' War (whose North American theatre is called the French and Indian War in the United States).

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Louis-Joseph de Montmorency-Laval

Louis-Joseph de Montmorency-Laval (1724-1808) was a French cardinal of the Catholic Church and Bishop of Metz at the time of the French Revolution.

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Louis-Michel van Loo

Louis-Michel van Loo (2 March 1707, Toulon – 20 March 1771, Paris) was a French painter.

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Louis-Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil

Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, comte de Vaudreuil (1691, Quebec City – 1763, Rochefort, Charente-Maritime) was a French naval officer.

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Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil

Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil (28 October 1724 – 14 December 1802) was second in command of the French Navy during the American Revolutionary War.

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Louis-Pierre Anquetil

Louis-Pierre Anquetil (21 February 1723 – 6 September 1808) was a French historian.

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Louis-René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais

Louis-René de Caradeuc de La Chalotais (March 6, 1701 – July 12, 1785) was a French jurist who is primarily remembered for his role on the so-called "Brittany Affair", in which the Breton Parlement resisted the authority of the French monarchy over an issue of taxation.

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Louis-Toussaint Milandre

Louis-Toussaint Milandre (floruit ca. 1756 – ca. 1776) was a French composer, violinist, viol and viola d'amore player in the court chamber music of Louis XV of France.

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Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (1696–1750)

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (2 November 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a French princess of the Blood and member of the courts of Louis XIV and his successor Louis XV of France.

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Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (1757–1824)

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon (5 October 1757 – 10 March 1824) was a French nun.

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Louise Anne de Bourbon

Louise Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Charolais (23 June 1695 – 8 April 1758) was a French noblewoman, the daughter of Louis III de Bourbon, Prince of Condé.

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Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans

Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (Luisa Isabel; 11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was Queen of Spain from January to August 1724 as the wife of King Louis I.

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Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon

Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (Louise Élisabeth; 22 November 1693–27 May 1775) was a daughter of Louis III de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, and his wife, Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''légitimée de France'', a legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his famous mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Élisabeth of France

Marie Louise Élisabeth of France (Marie Louise Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was a French princess, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and his Queen consort, Maria Leszczyńska, and the elder twin of Anne Henriette de France.

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Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon

Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon (Anne Louise Bénédicte; 8 November 167623 January 1753), was the daughter of Henri Jules de Bourbon, Prince of Condé and Anne Henriette of Bavaria.

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Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier

Louise de Bourbon (1482 – 15 July 1561) was the Duchess of Montpensier, suo jure from February 1538 to 1561.

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Louise de Prie

Louise de Prie de La Mothe-Houdancourt (1624–1709), was a French noble and court official.

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Louise de Rohan

Louise de Rohan (Louise Gabrielle Julie; 11 August 1704 – 20 August 1780) was a French noblewoman and Princess of Guéméné by marriage.

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Louise Diane d'Orléans

Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 – 26 September 1736) was the sixth daughter and last child of Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723) and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon

Louise Françoise de Bourbon, ''Légitimée de France'' (1 June 1673 – 16 June 1743) was the eldest surviving legitimised daughter of Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine

Louise Françoise de Bourbon (4 December 1707 – 19 August 1743) was a grand daughter of Louis XIV of France and his mistress Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, better known as Madame de Montespan.

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Louise Henriette de Bourbon

Louise Henriette de Bourbon (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759), Mademoiselle de Conti at birth, was a French princess, who, by marriage, became Duchess of Chartres (1743–1752), then Duchess of Orléans (1752–1759) upon the death of her father-in-law.

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Louise Julie de Mailly

Louise Julie de Mailly-Nesle, comtesse de Mailly (1710–1751) was the eldest of the five famous de Nesle sisters, four of whom would become the mistress of King Louis XV of France.

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Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans

Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchess of Orléans (13 March 1753 – 23 June 1821), was the daughter of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre and of Princess Maria Theresa Felicitas of Modena.

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Louise Marie d'Orléans

Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) was a French princess of the blood by birth.

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Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois

Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois (Louise Marie Thérèse; 21 September 1819 – 1 February 1864) was a duchess and later a regent of Parma.

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Louise of France (1737–1787)

The Venerable Louise-Marie of France (15 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a French princess and Carmelite, the youngest of the ten children of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.

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Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel

Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel (Louise Élisabeth Félicité Françoise Armande Anne Marie Jeanne Joséphine de Croÿ de Tourzel) 11 June 1749 – 15 May 1832), the Marquise de Tourzel (later Duchess) was a French noble and courtier. She was the Governess of the Children of France from 1789 until 1792. Decades after the French Revolution, de Tourzel published widely read memoirs, which presented a unique perspective on the royal family.

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Louise-Jeanne Tiercelin de La Colleterie

Louise-Jeanne Tiercelin de La Colleterie (1746-1779), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France from 1762 to 1765.

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Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels

Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels, or Louise-Madeleine Hortemels, also called Magdeleine Horthemels (1686 – 2 October 1767), was a French engraver, the mother of Charles-Nicolas Cochin.

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Louisiade Archipelago

The Louisiade Archipelago is a string of ten larger volcanic islands frequently fringed by coral reefs, and 90 smaller coral islands in Papua New Guinea.

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Louisiana (New France)

Louisiana (La Louisiane; La Louisiane française) or French Louisiana was an administrative district of New France.

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Louisiana (New Spain)

Louisiana (Luisiana, sometimes called Luciana In some Spanish texts of the time the name of Luciana appears instead of Louisiana, as is the case in the Plan of the Internal Provinces of New Spain made in 1817 by the Spanish militar José Caballero.) was the name of an administrative Spanish Governorate belonging to the Captaincy General of Cuba, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1762 to 1802 that consisted of territory west of the Mississippi River basin, plus New Orleans.

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Louisiana Rebellion of 1768

The Rebellion of 1768 was an unsuccessful attempt by Creole and German settlers around New Orleans, Louisiana to stop the handover of the French Louisiana Territory, as had been stipulated in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, to Spain in 1762.

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Lourdes

Lourdes (Lorda in Occitan) is a small market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees.

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Louveciennes

Louveciennes is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

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Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is the world's largest art museum and a historic monument in Paris, France.

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Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues

Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues (6 August 1715 – 28 May 1747) was a minor French writer, a moralist.

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Lucie Madeleine d'Estaing

Lucie-Madeleine d’Estaing (1743-1826), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France from 1768 to 1774.

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Luke Joseph Hooke

Luke Joseph Hooke (born Dublin in 1716; died in Saint Cloud, near Paris, 16 April 1796) was a controversial academic theologian and the son of Nathaniel Hooke the historian.

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Lumières

The Lumières (literally in English: Enlighteners) was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement of the second half of the 18th century, originating in France and spreading throughout Europe.

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Lunéville

Lunéville (German, obsolete) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in France.

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Luton Hoo

Luton Hoo is an English country house and estate between the towns of Luton, Bedfordshire and Harpenden, Hertfordshire.

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Maîtresse-en-titre

The maîtresse-en-titre was the chief mistress of the king of France.

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MacMahon family

The MacMahon family originated in Ireland and established itself in France, where it gained prominence.

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Madame de Montesson

Charlotte-Jeanne Béraud de La Haye de Riou (4 October 1738 – 6 February 1806) was a mistress to Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, and ultimately, his wife; however, Louis XV would not allow her to become the Duchess.

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Madame de Pompadour

Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour (29 December 1721 – 15 April 1764), commonly known as Madame de Pompadour, was a member of the French court and was the official chief mistress of Louis XV from 1745 to 1751, and remained influential as court favourite until her death.

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Madame de Ventadour

Charlotte de La Motte Houdancourt, Duchess of Ventadour (Charlotte Eléonore Madeleine; 1654–1744) was the governess of King Louis XV of France, great-grandson of King Louis XIV.

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Madame du Barry

Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse du Barry (19 August 1743 – 8 December 1793) was the last Maîtresse-en-titre of Louis XV of France and one of the victims of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

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Madame Du Barry (1934 film)

Madame DuBarry is a 1934 American historical film directed by William Dieterle and starring Dolores del Rio, Reginald Owen, Victor Jory and Osgood Perkins.

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Madame du Barry (1954 film)

Madame du Barry is a 1954 French historical drama film directed by Christian-Jaque and starring Martine Carol, Daniel Ivernel, Gianna Maria Canale and Jean Parédès.

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Madame DuBarry (1919 film)

Madame DuBarry is a 1919 German silent film on the life of Madame Du Barry.

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Madame Pompadour (film)

Madame Pompadour is a 1927 British silent historical drama film directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Dorothy Gish, Antonio Moreno and Nelson Keys.

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Madame Pompadour (operetta)

Madame Pompadour is an operetta in three acts, composed by Leo Fall with a libretto by Rudolph Schanzer and Ernst Welisch.

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Madeleine (cake)

The madeleine or petite madeleine is a traditional small cake from Commercy and Liverdun, two communes of the Lorraine region in northeastern France.

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Madeleine de Puisieux

Madeleine d'Arsant de Puisieux (1720–1798), was a French writer and active feminist.

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Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur

The maisons d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur were the French secondary schools set up by Napoleon and originally meant for the education of girls whose father, grandfather or great-grandfather had been awarded the Légion d'honneur.

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Maison du Roi

The Maison du Roi ("The King's Household") was the name of the royal household of the King of France.

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Maison royale de Saint-Louis

The Maison Royale de Saint-Louis was a boarding school for girls set up in 1684 at Saint-Cyr (what is now the commune of Saint-Cyr-l'École, Yvelines) in France by king Louis XIV at the request of his second wife, Madame de Maintenon, who wanted a school for girls from impoverished noble families.

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Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London

Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park, London is a five-star hotel, located in the Knightsbridge district of London, owned and managed by Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group.

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Manneken Pis

Manneken Pis (meaning "Lil' Piddler" in Dutch) is a landmark small bronze sculpture (61 cm) in Brussels, depicting a naked little boy urinating into a fountain's basin.

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Manon

Manon is an opéra comique in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Meilhac and Philippe Gille, based on the 1731 novel L’histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut by the Abbé Prévost.

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Manufacture nationale de Sèvres

The manufacture nationale de Sèvres is one of the principal European porcelain manufactories.

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María Isabella of Spain

Maria Isabella of Spain (María Isabel de Borbón y Borbón-Parma 6 July 1789 – 13 September 1848) was an infanta of Spain and Queen consort of the Two Sicilies.

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Marc Antoine Louis Claret de La Tourrette

Marc Antoine Louis Claret de La Tourrette (11 August 1729, Lyon – 1 October 1793, Lyon) was a French botanist.

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Marc Antoine René de Voyer

Marc Antoine René de Voyer, Marquis de Paulmy and 3rd Marquis d'Argenson (1757) (22 November 1722, Valenciennes13 August 1787), was a French ambassador to Switzerland, Poland, Venice and to the Holy See; and later Minister of War.

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Marc René, Marquis de Voyer de Paulmy d’Argenson

Marc René, Marquis de Voyer de Paulmy d’Argenson (1721–1782), known as the Marquis de Voyer was a French army officer.

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Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier

Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier (17 July 1736 – 14 December 1828) was a French politician of the French Revolution.

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Marc-Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson

Marc-Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy, Comte d'Argenson (16 August 1696, Paris22 August 1764, Paris) was a French politician.

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Marcel Herrand

Marcel Herrand (8 October 1897 – 11 June 1953) was a French stage and film actor best remembered for his roles in swashbuckling or historical films.

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Marcel Hillaire

Marcel Hillaire (born Erwin Ottmar Hiller; April 23, 1908 – January 1, 1988) was a German-born character actor who had a lengthy career, appearing on stage, in films and on television.

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Marcoussis

Marcoussis is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France.

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Maremma Sheepdog

The Maremma Sheepdog or Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog (Cane da pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese), usually referred to simply as the Maremmano or Abruzzese Sheepdog, is a breed of livestock guardian dog indigenous to central Italy, particularly to Abruzzo and the Maremma region of Tuscany and Lazio.

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Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden

Auguste of Baden-Baden (Auguste Marie Johanna; 10 November 1704 – 8 August 1726) was born a member of the ruling family of Baden-Baden and was later the Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans.

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Marguerite de Launay, baronne de Staal

Marguerite Jeanne Cordier de Launay, baronne de Staal (30 August 1684 – 15 June 1750) was a French author.

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Marguerite-Antoinette Couperin

Marguerite-Antoinette Couperin (19 September 1705c. 1778) was a French harpsichordist, the first woman to hold the position of ordinaire de la musique de la chambre du roi pour le clavecin (court musician to the King of France).

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Marguerite-Catherine Haynault

Marguerite-Catherine Haynault (1736-1823), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France from 1760 to 1766.

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Maria Angela Caterina d'Este

Maria Angela Caterina d'Este (1 March 1656 – 16 July 1722) was an Italian born Princess of Modena who was later the Princess of Carignano by marriage.

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Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais

Maria Anna of Savoy (Maria Anna Carolina Gabriella; 17 December 1757 – 11 October 1824) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and Duchess of Chablais by her marriage to her uncle.

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Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria

Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Dauphine of France (Maria Anna Christina Victoria; 28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was Dauphine of France by marriage to Louis, Grand Dauphin, son and heir of Louis XIV.

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Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain

Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was a Queen consort of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

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Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa

Maria Beatrice d’Este (Maria Beatrice Ricciarda; 7 April 1750 – 14 November 1829) was heiress of Modena and Reggio as well as the sovereign of Massa and Carrara from 1790 until 1796 and from 1815 until her death in 1829.

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Maria Carolina of Austria

Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Karolina Luise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV & III.

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Maria Caterina Brignole

Maria Caterina Brignole (or Marie-Christine de Brignole; 7 October 1737 – 18 March 1813) was Princess consort of Monaco by marriage to Honoré III, Prince of Monaco.

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Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was queen consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Regent of Spain (1833 to 1840).

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Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy

Maria Elisabetta Carlotta of Savoy (16 July 1752 – 17 April 1753) was a Princess of Savoy by birth, and daughter of the king of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III of Savoy and his wife, Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (daughter of Philip V of Spain).

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Maria Fortunata d'Este

Maria Fortunata d'Este (24 November 1731 – 21 September 1803) was a Modenese princess by birth and a princess du sang by marriage.

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Maria Isabel of Braganza

Maria Isabel of Portugal (Maria Isabel Francisca; 19 May 1797 – 26 December 1818) was an Infanta of Portugal who became the Queen of Spain as the second wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain.

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Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony

Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony (Maria Josepha Amalia Beatrix Xaveria Vincentia Aloysia Franziska de Paula Franziska de Chantal Anna Apollonia Johanna Nepomucena Walburga Theresia Ambrosia; 6 December 1803 – 18 May 1829) was Queen consort of Spain as the wife of King Ferdinand VII of Spain.

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Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France

Maria Josepha of Saxony (Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria; 4 November 1731 – 13 March 1767) was a Dauphine of France from the age of fifteen through her marriage to Louis de France, the son and heir of Louis XV.

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Maria Luisa of Parma

Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 by marriage to King Charles IV of Spain.

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Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca

Maria Luisa of Spain (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) was a Spanish infanta, daughter of King Charles IV and his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain

Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (María Teresa Antonia Rafaela; 11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and Dauphine of France by marriage to Louis, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France.

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Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira

Infanta Maria Teresa (or; 29 April 1793 – 17 January 1874) was the firstborn child of John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain, and heir presumptive to the throne of Portugal between 1793 and 1795, until her short-lived brother António Pio was born.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

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Maria Theresa of Savoy

Maria Theresa of Savoy (Maria Teresa; 31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a French princess (Countess of Artois) by marriage to Charles Philippe, Count of Artois, grandson of Louis XV and younger brother of Louis XVI.

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Maria Vittoria of Savoy

Maria Vittoria of Savoy (Maria Vittoria Francesca; 9 February 1690 – 8 July 1766) was a legitimated daughter of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, first king of the House of Savoy.

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Maria Zofia Czartoryska

Countess Maria Zofia Czartoryska née Sieniawska (1699–1771) was a Polish szlachcianka (noblewoman).

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Mariana Victoria of Spain

Mariana Victoria of Spain (Mariana Vitória; 31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven.

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Marie Adélaïde of Savoy

Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy.

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Marie Anne de Bourbon

Marie Anne de Bourbon, Légitimée de France (2 October 1666 – 3 May 1739) was the eldest legitimised daughter (fille légitimée de France) of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress Louise de La Vallière.

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Marie Anne de Coislin

Marie Anne de Coislin (1732-1817), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France in 1755, known as l'altière Vasthi.

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Marie Anne de Mailly

Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchesse de Châteauroux (5 October 1717 – 8 December 1744) was the youngest of the five famous de Nesle sisters, four of whom would become the mistress of King Louis XV of France.

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Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France before the French Revolution.

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Marie Antoinette (1938 film)

Marie Antoinette is a 1938 American historical drama film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

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Marie Antoinette (2006 film)

Marie Antoinette is a 2006 historical drama film written and directed by Sofia Coppola and starring Kirsten Dunst.

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Marie Brûlart

Marie Brûlart, duchesse de Luynes (1684–1763), was a French court official (dame d'honneur) and close friend and confidante to Louis XV's queen consort, Marie Leszczyńska, whom she attended at Versailles for nearly thirty years (1735–63).

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Marie Brizard et Roger International

Marie Brizard et Roger International is a French alcoholic beverage company founded in 1755.

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Marie Isabelle de Rohan, Duchess of Tallard

Marie Isabelle de Rohan (Marie Isabelle Gabrielle Angélique; 17 January 1699 – 5 January 1754) was a French noblewoman and grand daughter of Madame de Ventadour.

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Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours

Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours (11 April 1644 – 15 March 1724) was born a Princess of Savoy and became the Duchess of Savoy by marriage.

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Marie Joséphine of Savoy

Marie Joséphine Louise of Savoy (Maria Giuseppina Luigia; 2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) was a Princess of France and Countess of Provence by marriage to the future King Louis XVIII of France.

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Marie Leszczyńska

Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768) also known as Marie Leczinska, was a Polish noblewoman and French Queen consort.

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Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne

Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne (Marie Louise Henriette Jeanne; 15 August 1725 – 1793) was a French noblewoman and member of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne.

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Marie Louise de Rohan

Marie Louise de Rohan (Marie Louise Geneviève; 7 January 1720 – 4 March 1803), also known as Madame de Marsan, was the governess of Louis XVI of France and his siblings.

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Marie Louise of France (1728–1733)

Marie Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) was a French princess, daughter of Louis XV of France and queen Marie Leszczyńska.

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Marie Sophie de Courcillon

Marie Sophie de Courcillon (6 August 1713 – 4 April 1756) was a French noblewoman and Duchess of Rohan-Rohan as well as Princess of Soubise by marriage.

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Marie Thérèse Françoise Boisselet

Marie Thérèse Françoise Boisselet (1731–1800), was a French noble, mistress to Louis XV of France.

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Marie Thérèse of France

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), Madame Royale, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11).

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Marie Tussaud

Anna Maria "Marie" Tussaud (née Grosholtz; 1 December 1761 – 16 April 1850) was a French artist known for her wax sculptures and Madame Tussauds, the wax museum she founded in London.

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Marie Victoire de Noailles

Marie Victoire Sophie de Noailles, Countess of Toulouse (Versailles, 6 May 1688 – Paris, 30 September 1766), was a French noble and courtier.

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Marie Zéphyrine of France

Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 – 2 September 1755) was a French princess, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, and Maria Josepha of Saxony.

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Marie-Angélique Memmie Le Blanc

Marie-Angélique Memmie Le Blanc (1712 in Wisconsin?, French Louisiana – 1775 in Paris, France) was a famous feral child of the 18th century in France who was known as The Wild Girl of Champagne, The Maid of Châlons, or The Wild Child of Songy.

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Marie-Aurore de Saxe

Marie-Aurore de Saxe (20 September 1748 – 26 December 1821), known after her first marriage as Countess of Horn and after the second as Madame Dupin de Francueil, was an illegitimate daughter of Marshal Maurice de Saxe and a grandmother of George Sand.

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Marie-Joseph Charles des Acres de L'Aigle

Marie-Joseph Charles des Acres de L'Aigle (November 7, 1875 – September 11, 1935) was a French politician.

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Marie-Louise O'Murphy

Marie-Louise O'Murphy (also variously called Mademoiselle de Morphy, La Belle Morphise, Louise Morfi or Marie-Louise Morphy de Boisfailly; 21 October 1737 – 11 December 1814) was one of the lesser mistresses (petites maîtresses) of King Louis XV of France, and a model for the famous painting of François Boucher.

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Marquis de Condorcet

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election.

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Marquis de Lally-Tollendal

The family of Lally (also O'Lally or O'Mullally) were an Irish family originally from Tuam, County Galway, who distinguished themselves in the service of the Jacobite pretenders and in the French army.

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Marquise de Créquy

Renée-Caroline-Victoire de Froulay de Tessé, marquise de Créquy de Heymont de Canaples d'Ambrières (1704–1803), was a French woman of letters, by marriage a member of the Créquy family, which counted several distinguished public servants and prelates, particularly in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

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Marstrand Free Port

The Marstrand Free Port was an largely autonomous island territory of Sweden, during the Gustavian Era of the late 18th century, which effectively functioned as a merchant republic.

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Martin Bladen

Colonel Martin Bladen (1680–1746) was a Commissioner of the Board of Trade and Plantations, a Privy Councillor in Ireland and Comptroller of the Mint.

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Masakazu Morita

is a Japanese actor, voice actor and singer from Tokyo.

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Master of Requests (France)

A Master of Requests (in French maître des requêtes) is a Counsel of the Council of State (''Conseil d'État''), a high-level judicial officer of administrative law in France and other European countries that has existed in one form or another since the Middle Ages.

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Matthias Lock

Matthias Lock was an English 18th century furniture designer and cabinet-maker.

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Maupeou Triumvirate

The Maupeou Triumvirate was the powerful trio of ministers that ruled Ancien Regime France from 1771 to 1774.

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Maurice de Saxe

Maurice, Count of Saxony (Hermann Moritz Graf von Sachsen, Maurice de Saxe; 28 October 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a German soldier and officer of the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperial Army, and at last in French service who became a Marshal and later also Marshal General of France.

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Maurice Quentin de La Tour

Maurice Quentin de La Tour (5 September 1704 – 17 February 1788) was a French Rococo portraitist who worked primarily with pastels.

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Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix

Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix, born Charles-Pierre-Maximilien Radix de Sainte-Foix (13 June 1736, in Paris – 23 June 1810, in Bourbonne-les-Bains), was a noted French financier and politician.

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May 10

No description.

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Médaillon Des Deux Épées

The Médaillon Des Deux Épées (Medal of the Two Swords – commonly known as the "Medal of Veterancy", Médaille de Vétérance, in French) was a French military award in the 18th century.

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McMahon

McMahon or MacMahon (older Irish orthography: Mac Mathghamhna reformed Irish orthography: Mac Mathúna) is an Irish surname.

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Melchior de Polignac

Melchior Cardinal de Polignac (October 11, 1661 – November 20, 1742) was a French diplomat, Cardinal and neo-Latin poet.

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Memory of Azov (Fabergé egg)

The Memory of Azov (or the Azova Egg) is a jewelled Easter egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1891 for Tsar Alexander III of Russia.

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Merkwiller-Pechelbronn

Merkwiller-Pechelbronn is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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Mesdames de France

Mesdames (My Ladies) is a form of address for several adult females.

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Metamorphic library steps

Metamorphic library steps are a type of archaic dual-use furniture, consisting of a small folding staircase that can be transformed into chair or desk form (such as a small writing table or library table).

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Meudon

Meudon is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France.

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Michel Benoist

Michel Benoist (October 8, 1715 in Autun or Dijon, France – October 23, 1774 in Beijing, China of a stroke) was a Jesuit scientist, who stood in the service of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor for thirty years and is most noted for the waterworks he constructed for the emperor.

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Michel Blavet

Michel Blavet (March 13, 1700 – October 28, 1768) was a French composer and flute virtuoso.

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Michel de la Barre

Michel de la Barre (c. 1675 – 15 March 1745) was a French composer and renowned flautist known as being the first person to publish solo flute music.

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Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette

Michel Louis Christophe Motier de La Fayette, marquis de La Fayette (13 August 1731 – 9 July 1759) was a colonel in the French Grenadiers.

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Michel Fourmont

Michel Fourmont (1690–1746) was a French antiquarian and -a so called- classical scholar, Catholic priest and traveller.

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Michel Poncet de La Rivière

Michel Poncet de la Rivière (11 July 1671 in Strasbourg, France – 2 August 1730 in Château d’Éventard, near Angers, France) was a French clergyman, preacher and, from 1706 to 1730, the 79th bishop of Angers.

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Michel Serrault

Michel Serrault (24 January 1928 – 29 July 2007) was a French stage actor and film star who appeared from 1954 until (including) 2007 in more than 150 films.

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Michel-Philippe Bouvart

Michel-Philippe Bouvart (Chartres, 11 January 1717 – Paris, 19 January 1787) was a French medical doctor.

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Miełżyński

The Miełżyński family, originally of Lithuanian and Polish stock in the first millennium, was a noble family within Poland from the 13th century to the 20th century.

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Miguel I of Portugal

Dom Miguel I (English: Michael I; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866), "the Absolutist" ("o Absolutista") or "the Traditionalist" ("o Tradicionalista"), was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King João VI (John VI) and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.

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Milady de Winter

Milady de Winter, often referred to as simply Milady, is a fictional character in the novel The Three Musketeers (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, père, set in 1625 France.

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Minority reign

The term minority reign or royal minority refers to the period of a sovereign's rule when he or she is legally a minor.

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Mirepoix (cuisine)

A mirepoix is diced vegetables, cooked for a long time on a gentle heat without colour or browning, usually with butter or other fat or oil.

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Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno

The Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno is a musical setting of the Ordinary of the Mass, for 40 and 60 voices, by Florentine Renaissance composer Alessandro Striggio.

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Mississippi Company

The Mississippi Company (Compagnie du Mississippi; founded 1684, named the Company of the West from 1717, and the Company of the Indies from 1719) was a corporation holding a business monopoly in French colonies in North America and the West Indies.

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Mistress (lover)

A mistress is a relatively long-term female lover and companion who is not married to her partner, especially when her partner is married to someone else.

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Moët & Chandon

Moët & Chandon, or Moët, is a French fine winery and co-owner of the luxury goods company LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE.

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Mon oncle Benjamin

Mon oncle Benjamin (My Uncle Benjamin) is a 1969 French film directed by Édouard Molinaro, starring Jacques Brel and Claude Jade.

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Monarchies in the Americas

There are 13 monarchies in the Americas (self-governing states and territories that have a monarch as head of state).

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Monarchs of Spain family tree

The following is the family tree of the Spanish monarchs starting from Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon till the present day.

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Monarchy in Nova Scotia

By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Nova Scotia as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.

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Monarchy in Prince Edward Island

By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Prince Edward Island as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.

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Monarchy of Canada

The monarchy of Canada is at the core of both Canada's federal structure and Westminster-style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy.

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Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

The monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, forming the core of the country's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy.

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Mondaye Abbey

Saint-Martin de Mondaye is a French Premonstratensian abbey in the Bessin countryside at Juaye-Mondaye, Calvados, nine miles to the south of Bayeux.

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Mons

Mons (Bergen; Mont; Mont) is a Walloon city and municipality, and the capital of the Belgian province of Hainaut.

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Monsieur

Monsieur (pl. Messieurs; 1512, from Middle French mon sieur, literally "my lord") is an honorific title that used to refer to or address the eldest living brother of the king in the French royal court.

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Monsieur Beaucaire (1924 film)

Monsieur Beaucaire is a 1924 American silent romantic historical drama film starring Rudolph Valentino in the title role, Bebe Daniels and Lois Wilson.

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Monsieur Beaucaire (1946 film)

Monsieur Beaucaire is a 1946 comedy film starring Bob Hope as the title character, the barber of King Louis XV of France.

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Monsieur Beaucaire (novel)

Monsieur Beaucaire is a short novel by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Booth Tarkington that was first published in 1900.

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Montesquieu

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.

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Montferrand (district of Clermont-Ferrand)

Montferrand is a district of the modern town of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne.

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Morsan

Morsan is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

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Mozart family grand tour

The Mozart family grand tour was a journey through western Europe, undertaken by Leopold Mozart, his wife Anna Maria, and their musically gifted children Maria Anna (Nannerl) and Wolfgang Amadeus from 1763 to 1766.

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Mozart's Sister

Mozart's Sister (French title: Nannerl, la sœur de Mozart) is a 2010 French drama film written and directed by René Féret, and starring two of his daughters.

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Musée de Picardie

The Musée de Picardie is the main museum of Amiens and Picardy, in France.

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Musée des Lunettes et Lorgnettes Pierre Marly

The Musée des Lunettes et Lorgnettes Pierre Marly is a museum of eyeglasses located in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France, at 380 rue Saint-Honoré.

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Musée national de la Marine

The Musée national de la Marine (National Navy Museum) is a maritime museum located in the Palais de Chaillot, Trocadéro, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.

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Museum Bredius

Museum Bredius is a museum named after Abraham Bredius on the Lange Vijverberg in The Hague.

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Museum Geelvinck-Hinlopen

Museum Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis was situated from its opening 1991 till the end of 2015 in a canal-side mansion, the Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Nancy, France

Nancy (Nanzig) is the capital of the north-eastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, and formerly the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, and then the French province of the same name.

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Napoléon (1955 film)

Napoléon is a 1955 French historical epic film directed by Sacha Guitry that depicts major events in the life of Napoleon.

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Napoleonic propaganda

During his rise to power and throughout his reign, Napoleon not only benefitted from circumstance but also cultivated his own image through the use of propaganda.

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Natchez revolt

The Natchez revolt, or the Natchez Massacre, was an attack by the Natchez people on French colonists near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, on November 29, 1729.

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Nathaniel Hooke (Jacobite)

Nathaniel Hooke (1664–1738) was a Franco-Irish Jacobite soldier, diplomatic envoy for the King of France and a Baron in the Jacobite Peerage of Ireland (as Baron Hooke of Hooke Castle, cr. 1708).

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National Art Museum of Azerbaijan

National Art Museum of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Milli İncəsənət Muzeyi) is the biggest art museum of Azerbaijan.

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National Library of Malta

The National Library of Malta (Bibljoteka Nazzjonali ta' Malta), often known as the Bibliotheca (Bibljoteka), is a reference library in Republic Square, Valletta, Malta.

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National Museum of Natural History (France)

The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities.

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Neoclassicism in France

Neoclassicism is a movement in architecture, design and the arts which was dominant in France between about 1760 to 1830.

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Nesle

Nesle is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Nesle-Normandeuse

Nesle-Normandeuse is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

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Neufville de Villeroy family

The Neufville de Villeroy family was a French noble family, the most notable member of which was François de Neufville, duc de Villeroi.

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Neuilly-Auteuil-Passy

Neuilly-Auteuil-Passy refers to an area covering the westernmost part of the city of Paris and a neighboring suburban community.

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New France

New France (Nouvelle-France) was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.

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Nicolas Beaujon

Nicolas Beaujon (1718–1786) was a wealthy French banker at the Court of King Louis XV.

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Nicolas Coustou

Nicolas Coustou (9 January 1658 – 1 May 1733) was a French sculptor and academic.

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Nicolas de Largillière

Nicolas de Largillière (10 October 1656 – 20 March 1746) was a painter born in Paris, France.

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Nicolas Desportes

Nicolas Desportes (1718–1787) was a French painter, specialising in representations of animals and hunting scenes.

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Nicolas Heurtaut

Nicolas Heurtaut (1720 – 1771) was a French wood carver and furniture designer.

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Nicolas Jacques Pelletier

Nicolas Jacques Pelletier (c. 1756April 25, 1792) was a French highwayman who was the first person to be executed by means of the guillotine.

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Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert

Nicolas-Joseph-Laurent Gilbert (December 15, 1750 – November 16, 1780) was a French poet born at Fontenoy-le-Château, Vosges, Lorraine.

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Nicolas Le Floch

Nicolas Le Floch is a fictional character, the hero of a series of police detective novels written by Jean-François Parot that take place principally in Paris in the 18th century.

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Nicolas Le Floch (TV series)

Nicolas Le Floch is a French television crime drama that premiered on France 2 on October 28, 2008.

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Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy

Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy (5 October 1674 – 16 January 1755) was a French scholar, historian, geographer, philosopher and bibliographer of alchemy.

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Nicolas Prosper Bauyn d'Angervilliers

Nicolas Prosper Bauyn, seigneur d’Angervilliers (15 January 1675 – 15 February 1740) was a French politician.

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Nicolas René Berryer

Nicolas René Berryer, comte de La Ferrière (4 March 1703 in Paris – 15 August 1762 in Versailles) was a French magistrate and politician.

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Nicolas-Alexandre, marquis de Ségur

Nicolas-Alexandre, marquis de Ségur (1695–1755) was a Bordeaux wine maker who during his lifetime was known as the "Prince of Vines" due to his ownership of some of the most famous Bordeaux chateaus-including Château Lafite, Château Latour, Château Mouton and Château Calon-Ségur.

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Nicolas-Henri Jardin

Nicolas-Henri Jardin (22 March 1720 – 31 August 1799), neoclassical architect, was born in St.

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Nicolas-Henri Tardieu

Nicolas-Henri Tardieu, called the "Tardieu the elder", (18 January 1674 - 27 January 1749) was a prominent French engraver, known for his sensitive reproductions of Antoine Watteau's paintings.

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Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor who built the first working self-propelled land-based mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile.

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Nicolas-Marie Gatteaux

Nicolas-Marie Gatteaux (2 August 1751, Paris - 24 June 1832, Paris) was a French medal engraver, also notable as the father of the sculptor and medallist Jacques-Édouard Gatteaux (1788–1881).

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Nicolas-Philippe Ledru

Nicolas-Philippe Ledru (1731, Paris – October 6, 1807, Fontenay-aux-Roses), known as Comus, was a noted European physicist, prestidigitator and illusionist of the late 18th century.

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Ninove

Ninove is a city and municipality located in the Flemish province of East Flanders in Belgium.

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Noël Riley Fitch

Noël Riley Fitch is a biographer and historian of expatriate intellectuals in Paris in the first half of the 20th century.

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Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont

The Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont was a baronial order of chivalry established around 1440 in the Free County of Burgundy.

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Noirmoutier-en-l'Île

Noirmoutier-en-l'Île, commonly referred to as Noirmoutier, is a commune located in the northern part of the island of Noirmoutier, just off the coast of the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.

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Notre-Dame de Paris

Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Nowina coat of arms

Nowina is a Polish coat of arms.

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Oath of Allegiance (Canada)

The Canadian Oath of Allegiance is a promise or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch, as personification of the Canadian state, taken, along with other specific oaths of office, by new occupants of various federal and provincial government offices, members of federal, provincial, and municipal police forces, members of the Canadian Armed Forces, and, in some provinces, all lawyers upon admission to the bar.

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Operation Chastise

Operation Chastise was an attack on German dams carried out on 16–17 May 1943 by Royal Air Force No. 617 Squadron, later called the Dam Busters, using a purpose-built "bouncing bomb" developed by Barnes Wallis.

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Order of Battle for the Battle of Fontenoy

The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745, was a major engagement of the War of the Austrian Succession, fought between the forces of the Pragmatic Allies – comprising mainly Dutch, British, and Hanoverian troops, as well a relatively small contingent of Austrians under the command of the Duke of Cumberland – and a French army under the titular command of King Louis XV of France, with actual field command held by Maurice de Saxe, commander of Louis XV's forces in the Low Countries.

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Order of Elizabeth and Theresa

The Imperial and Royal Decoration of Elizabeth and Theresa (in German: Elisabeth-Theresien-Orden) was a decoration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, created in 1750 by Empress Consort Elizabeth Christine in her testament.

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Order of Military Merit (France)

The Order of Military Merit, initially known as the Institution of Military Merit (Institution du Mérite militaire) was an order of the French Ancien Régime created on 10 March 1759 by King Louis XV.

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Oreste Cortazzo

Oreste Cortazzo (1836, Rome - 1910/12) was an Italian-born French painter, graphic artist and illustrator.

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Orléans

Orléans is a prefecture and commune in north-central France, about 111 kilometres (69 miles) southwest of Paris.

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Osage Nation

The Osage Nation (Osage: Ni-u-kon-ska, "People of the Middle Waters") is a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Great Plains who historically dominated much of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma.

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Ossoliński

Ossoliński (plural: Ossolińscy) is the surname of a Polish szlachta (nobility) family.

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Outlander (TV series)

Outlander is a television drama series based on the historical time travel ''Outlander'' series of novels by Diana Gabaldon.

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Ouville-l'Abbaye

Ouville-l’Abbaye is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

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Pacte de Famille

The Pacte de Famille (Family Compact; Pacto de Familia) is one of three separate, but similar alliances between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain.

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Pacte de Famine

Pacte de Famine (Famine Pact) was a conspiracy theory adopted by many living in France during the 18th century.

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Palace of Fontainebleau

The Palace of Fontainebleau or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux.

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Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine

The Ducal Palace of Nancy (French: Palais ducal du Nancy) is a former princely residence in Nancy, France, which was home to the Dukes of Lorraine.

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Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles;, or) was the principal residence of the Kings of France from Louis XIV in 1682 until the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.

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Palacio Taranco

Palacio Taranco, located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of the Old City of Montevideo, Uruguay, is a palace erected in the early 20th century during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture.

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Palais Bourbon

The Palais Bourbon is a government building located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine, across from the Place de la Concorde.

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Palais de la Cité

The Palais de la Cité, located on the Île de la Cité in the Seine River in the center of Paris, was the residence of the Kings of France from the sixth century until the 14th century.

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Palais Rohan, Strasbourg

The Palais Rohan (Rohan Palace) in Strasbourg is the former residence of the prince-bishops and cardinals of the House of Rohan, an ancient French noble family originally from Brittany.

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Palais-Royal

The Palais-Royal, originally called the Palais-Cardinal, is a former royal palace located in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Palazzo Mancini

The Palazzo Mancini is a palazzo in Rome, Italy.

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Panelling

Panelling (or paneling in the U.S.) is a millwork wall covering constructed from rigid or semi-rigid components.

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Panthéon

The Panthéon (pantheon, from Greek πάνθειον (ἱερόν) '(temple) to all the gods') is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France.

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Papal conclave, 1721

The papal conclave of 1721, convoked after the death of Pope Clement XI, it elected Cardinal Michelangelo de' Conti who took the name of Innocent XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1730

The papal conclave of 1730 elected Pope Clement XII as the successor to Pope Benedict XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1740

The papal conclave of 1740 (18 February – 17 August), convoked after the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, was one of the longest conclaves since the 13th century.

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Papal conclave, 1758

The papal conclave of 1758 (May 15 – July 6), convoked after the death of Pope Benedict XIV, it elected Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico of Venice, who took the name Clement XIII.

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Papal conclave, 1769

The papal conclave of 1769 (15 February – 19 May), was convoked after the death of Pope Clement XIII.

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Parc-aux-Cerfs

A Parc-aux-Cerfs (literally, stag park), in France, was the name given to the clearings that provided hunting fields for the French aristocracy prior to the French Revolution.

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Paris Fashion Week

Paris Fashion Week is a series of designer presentations held semiannually in Paris, France with spring/summer and autumn/winter events held each year.

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Paris in the 18th century

Paris in the 18th century was the second-largest city in Europe, after London, with a population of about 600,000 persons.

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Paris in the Belle Époque

Paris in the Belle Époque was a period in the history of the city between the years 1871 to 1914, from the beginning of the Third French Republic until the First World War.

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Paris under Louis-Philippe

Paris during the reign of King Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) was the city described in the novels of Honoré de Balzac and Victor Hugo.

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Parlement

A parlement, in the Ancien Régime of France, was a provincial appellate court.

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Parlement of Brittany

The Parlement of Brittany (Parlement de Bretagne, Breujoù Breizh) was a court of justice under the Ancien Régime in France, with its seat at Rennes.

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Parthon de Von family

Parthon de Von is a French and Belgian family with a documented ancestry dating back to 1575, and ennobled by King Leopold I in 1845.

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Passemant astronomical clock

The Passemant astronomical clock is an astronomical clock designed by Claude-Simeon Passemant in the eighteenth century.

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Passy

Passy is an area of Paris, France, located in the 16th arrondissement, on the Right Bank.

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Pastel

A pastel is an art medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.

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Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta

Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician, with the distinction of Marshal of France.

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Patrick Poivre d'Arvor

Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (20 September 1947) is a French TV journalist and writer.

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Paul-Edouard Delabrierre

Paul-Édouard Delabrièrre (29 March 1829 – 1912) was a French animalier sculptor who worked in the mid-to-late 19th century and the early 20th century.

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Paul-Godefroi de Berlo de Franc-Douaire

Paul-Godefroi de Berlo de Franc-Douaire (1701—1771) was the thirteenth bishop of Namur.

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Pauline Félicité de Mailly

Pauline Félicité de Mailly-Nesle (1712–1741), marquise de Vintimille, was the second of the five famous de Nesle sisters, four of whom would become mistresses of King Louis XV of France.

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Pavillon du Butard

The Pavilion du Butard is a hunting lodge in the Forêt de Fausses-Reposes in the territory of La Celle-Saint-Cloud in Yvelines, France.

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Péreire brothers

The Pereire brothers were prominent 19th-century financiers in Paris, France, who were rivals of the Rothschilds.

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Pedro I of Brazil

Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil.

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Pedro II of Brazil

Dom Pedro II (English: Peter II; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years.

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Pension Belhomme

The Pension Belhomme was a prison and private clinic during the French Revolution.

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Perp walk

A perp walk, or walking the perp,The term "perp" is short for "perpetrator", and is commonly used by police departments for those they arrest.

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Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV

The persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV refers to hostile activities against French Protestants between 1715 and 1774 during the reign of Louis XV.

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Peter Chartier

Peter Chartier (16901759) (Anglicized version of Pierre Chartier, sometimes written Chartiere, Chartiers, Shartee or Shortive) was a fur trader of French and Shawnee parentage who became a tribal chief and was an early advocate for Native American civil rights, speaking out against the sale of alcohol in indigenous communities in Pennsylvania.

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Petit appartement de la reine

The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms in the Palace of Versailles.

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Petit appartement du roi

The petit appartement du roi of the Palace of Versailles is a suite of rooms used by Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI. Located on the first floor of the palace, the rooms are found in the oldest part of the palace dating from the reign of Louis XIII. Under Louis XIV, these rooms housed the king’s collections of artworks and books, forming a museum of sorts. Under Louis XV and Louis XVI, the rooms were modified to accommodate private living quarters. At this time, the rooms were transformed and their decoration represent some of the finest extant examples of the style Louis XV and style Louis XVI at Versailles (Kimball, 1943).

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Petit Trianon

The Petit Trianon (French for "small Trianon"), built between 1762 and 1768 during the reign of Louis XV of France, is a small château located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France.

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Petite messe solennelle

Gioachino Rossini's Petite messe solennelle (Little solemn mass) was written in 1863, possibly at the request of Count Alexis Pillet-Will for his wife Louise to whom it is dedicated.

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Petroleum seep

A petroleum seep is a place where natural liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons escape to the earth's atmosphere and surface, normally under low pressure or flow.

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Petticoat Government

Petticoat Government was written by Baroness Orczy, author of The Scarlet Pimpernel, in 1910.

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Pheasant Island

Pheasant Island (Isla de los Faisanes, Île des Faisans, Konpantzia) is an uninhabited river island in the Bidasoa river, between France and Spain.

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Philibert Delavigne

Philibert Delavignealso mentioned as De La Vigne, Lavigne (c. 1700–1750)La Vigne, Philibert de (1700?-1760?) in the catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France was a French composer.

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Philip Astley

Philip Astley (8 January 1742 – 27 January 1814) was an English equestrian, circus owner, and inventor, regarded as being the "father of the modern circus".

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Philip François Renault

Philippe François Renault (c. 1686 – April 24, 1755) was a French politician, businessman, explorer, metallurgist, and favorite courtier of King Louis XV of France, who left his native Picardy in 1719 for the Illinois Country, Upper Louisiana, in French North America.

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Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield

Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, (22 September 169424 March 1773) was a British statesman, diplomat, man of letters, and an acclaimed wit of his time.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe V, Philippe, Filippo; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 15 January 1724, and from his reascendancy of the throne upon his son's death on 6 September 1724 to his own death on 9 July 1746.

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Philip, Duke of Parma

Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Infante of Spain by birth, and Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765.

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Philippe Curtius

Philippe Curtius (1737–1794) was a Swiss physician and wax modeller who taught Marie Tussaud the art of wax modelling.

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Philippe de Commines

Philippe de Commines (or de Commynes or "Philippe de Comines"; Latin: Philippus Cominaeus; 1447 – 18 October 1511) was a writer and diplomat in the courts of Burgundy and France.

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Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt

Philippe, comte de la Mothe-Houdancourt (1605 – March 24, 1657), Duke of Cardona, was French and a Marshal of France who fought in the Thirty Years' War.

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Philippe du Contant de la Molette

Philippe du Contant de La Molette (1737-1793) was a theologian and biblical scholar, born at La Côte-Saint-André, in Dauphiné, France, August 29, 1737.

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Philippe Hubert Preudhomme de Borre

Philippe Hubert, Chevalier de Preudhomme de Borre (Liège, 17 September 1717 – Bruxelles, 30 May 1789) joined the French Army in 1740 and served in the War of the Austrian Succession.

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Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria.

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Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723), was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723.

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Philippe of Anjou

Philippe of Anjou (Philippe d'Anjou) may refer to.

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Philippe, Chevalier de Lorraine

Philippe of Lorraine (1643 – 8 December 1702), known as the Chevalier de Lorraine, was a French nobleman and member of the House of Guise, cadet of the Ducal House of Lorraine.

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Philippe, Duke of Anjou

Philippe de France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 7 April 1733) was a French prince and second son of king Louis XV of France and Marie Leszczyńska.

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Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans

Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans known as Mademoiselle de Beaujolais (Philippine Élisabeth Charlotte; 18 December 1714 – 21 May 1734) was the daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, duc d'Orléans (Regent from 1715 to 1723) and his wife, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.

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Pierre Étienne Bourgeois de Boynes

Pierre Étienne Bourgeois de Boynes, Marquis de Boynes, Count Gueudreville, Marquis de Sains, Baron Laas (29 November 1718, Paris – 19 September 1783, Boynes) was a French magistrate, statesman, and Secretary of the Navy of Louis XV.

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Pierre Beaumarchais

Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (24 January 1732 – 18 May 1799) was a French polymath.

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Pierre Charles L'Enfant

Pierre Charles L'Enfant (August 2, 1754June 14, 1825), self-identified as Peter Charles L'Enfant while living in the United States, was a French-American military engineer who designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C. (capital city of the U.S.) known today as the L'Enfant Plan (1791).

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