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^^•
5oy ■
COMPENDIUM
or
MODERN GEOGRAPHY:
REMARKS
on THB PHYSICAL PXCULIARimBS, PRODCCTIONSf COMMXBCS, AITO
OOVKRNMBNT OP TBM VARIOUS C0UNTRIS8 ;
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION
AT THS INO or BACH DIYI8ION ;
AND
DESCRIPTIVE TABLES,
IN WHICH ARK aiVBir TIIJC PRONUNCIATION, AND A Cokifjb^^CCOitnrr
OP BVRRY PLACB OP IMFORTANCB THROUOHOUT TmtJff<flitA»^^_^ "^ ' C^^J
AND AN BNORAVINO SHOWING THB HBIOHTS OP THB PBINCIPAIi
MOUNTAINS ON THB OLOBB.
BY THE REV. ALEX. STEWART^
Anthor of •* Stories from the History of Scotland,'* &c.
SIXTH EDITION,
CARBPULLY RBYISBD AND BNLAROBD.
EDINBURGH :
PUBLIBHBD BY
OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT;
AND
8IMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., LONDON.
1839.
[Price Three Bhillings and Stopence boimd.]
[CVTEBED IN STATIOKXaS* HALL.]
Printed bf Ohirmtt k Boyd,
Twecddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh.
PREFACE TO THE SGLTH EDITION.
In preparing the present Edition of this CoMPiNDttnc
fi>r the press, neither labour nor expense has been
spared to render it still more deserving of Uie prefetw
ence which has been given to it both by Teachers and
by the Pablic £yery part of it has been minutely and
carefally revised, and the utmost attention has been
bestowed on the facts and descriptions, with the view
of maintaining its character for accuracy of detail.
Besides various improvements throughout, this im«
pression will be found to embrace a great deal of valu-
able geographical knowledge^ derived from the most
recent and authentic sources ; the extent of which can
only be fully appreciated by an examination of the
Work itself.
An accurate set of Maps has been prepared, strictly
adapted to the text, and including all the latest discov-
eries.
Upon the whole, this Edition is sent forth in the con-
fident expectation, that it will be found still more en-
titled than any of its predecessors to the high degree of
popular favour with which the Work has been every
where received.
4 PBEFACE.
In submitting a suggestion concerning the manner
of teaching by this Compendium^ the Author re-
commends that the Pupil shold read over the De«
soBiPTiYE Table% in such portions as the Teacher
may find convenient^ before committing to memory the
geographical detail of the countries to which they re-
spectively refer. Young persons will thus acquire the
correct pronunciation of the names of the places in the
text ; and the ideas associated with these names will
fiudlitate the task of learning them*
Jpril 1839.
CONTENTS.
Fiindpal MountainB on the Globe, 7
Principal Rivera in the World, II
Of the figure and Revolutions of the Earth, 13
Of the Solar System, 14
Geographical TermSv 16
BivisionB of the Earth's Surface, 17
EUROPE— Page 21-181.
British Empire — England and Wales, 23
. ' Scotland, 46
Ireland, 60
Norway, 71
Sweden, 72
Denmark, 79
Holland, 83
Belgium, 91
France, 95
Spain, Ill
Portugal, 119
Switzerland, 122
Italy, 127
Turkey in Europe, 136
Greece, 142
Russia in Europe, 146
Prussia, 159
Germany, 164
The Austrian Empire, 174
ASIA^181»238.
Turkey in Asia, 183
Arabia, 186
Persia, » 187
Afghanistan,. ••••. •«« ••«» •••• 189
6 CONTSMTB.
Fage
Hindostan, 190
The Eastern Peninsula, 195
China, 197
Thibet^ 200
Eastern or Chinese Tartar/, 202
Western or Independent Tartary, 203
Asiatic Russia, 205
Japan,. 207
The East Indian Islands, 209
Australia, 210
South Sea Islands, 212
Descbiptive Table of Asia, '. 213
AFRICA—Page 238-260.
Barbary, 240
Western Africa, 242
Southern Africa, 244
Eastern Africa, , 246
Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, 246
Central Africa, 249
Descbiptive Table of Afbica, 251
AMERICA-.260-306.
NoBTB Amebica, 262
The {lussian Territory, 263
British America, 264
United States, 267
Mexico and Ouatimala, 273
The West India Islands, 276
Greenland 280
Descbiptive Table of Nobth Amebica, 281
South Amebica, 296
Descbiptive Table of South Amebica, 300
Terrestrial Globe, 306
Problems on the Terrestrial Globe, 308
Celestial Globe,.^ 318
Problems on the Celestial Globes 319
Table of Iiongitude,t^ .•^••••MMtitMt • ••324
PftlNCIPAL MOUNTAINS ON THE GLOBE.
EASTERN HEHI8PHBRB.— 'EUBOPE*
The Monntaiiu marked * are Volcanoei* Feet above
Mountain. Sitoadon. Country. the Sea.
1. Mont Blanc Alps. Savoy ld,668
2. Monte Rosa. Alps. Switzerland 16,527
3. Schrekhorn Alps. Switzerland. 13,310
4. Ortler Spitz. Alps. Tyrol 12,852
5. Mulhaceo Sierra Nevada... Spain 11,078
a. SimploD Alps Switzerland. 11,542
7. Maladetta. Pyrenees Spain ll,43f;
8. Mont Perdu. Pyrenees France 11,168
9. 'Etna Sicily 10,870
10. StGothard Alps Switzerland 10,605
11. Ruska Carpathians. Hungary 9,912
12. Monte Corno Apennines Italy 9,523
13. Lomnitz. Carpathians Hungary 8,133
14. Sneehatten Dofrines. Norway 8,121
15. Olympus Turkey 6,504
IB. PuydeSancy Auvergne. France 6,224
17' Mezenc Cevennes France. 5,820
18. Parnassus Greece 5,750
19. •Hecla Iceland 5,110
20. Ben Nevis Scotland 4,370
21. BenMacdhui Grampians Scotland 4,362
22. Cairngorm Grampians Scotland 4,080
23. •Vesuvius Naples 3,932
24. Snowdon Wales. 3,671
25. Cader Idris Wales 3,550
26. MagiUicuddy's Reeks Ireland 3,412
27. Helvellyn England 3,313
28. Ben Lomond Grampians. Scotland 3,262
29. Skiddaw. England. 3,022
ASIA.
1 Chimularee. Himmalehs N.ofHindostan. 29,000
2. Dhawalagiri Himmalehs N. of Hindostan. 28,074
3. Javaher. Himmalehs N.ofHindostan. 25,800
4. Highest Peak of Hindoo-Coosh...N. of Cabul 20,000
5. Elburz Caucasus' Circassia 17,796
6. Ararat Armenia. 17,359
7> Mowna Roa. Sandwich Isl-
ands 15,988
8. Ophir Sumatra 13,840
9. Highest Peak of Lebanon Palestine 11,050
10. It^tzkoi Altai Siberia 10,735
11. *Awatsha Karatschatka..... 9,600
12! Olympus AsiaMinor. 9,100
8
Feet above
Ifottotaiii. SltuAdon. ConnCir- tbeSea.
13. Highest Peak of NUirherriei Hiodostan^ 8,835
14 Sinai Aiabu 7,W7
Ifi. Adam'iPeak Ceylon ^W
16. Ida Aiia Minor. MK
17. Carmd Palestine 2jS»
AFRICA.
1. Mount Hentet Atlas Range... Morocco. 1^000
2. Highest Peak of the Cameroons....W. Africa 13,0t0
3. •Peak of Teneriftb Canaries. 12,W
4. Compass Snowy Mountains.. 8. Africa. 16,260
5. Pico Huivo Madeira. d^233
6. Table Mountain C. of Good Hope 3,582
7. Diana's Peak St HeUoa 2,710
Aacent of (>ay Luuac, at Pari*, in 1604, the greatest bdgbt erer
attained by a balloon «.....Jt,040
Greatest height attained on the Hlmmalehi by Dr Genurd ....JMI,QQO
Height of Snow.lino on the N. tide of the Himmaleha........... ......17,080
Mansarowara Lake, In Thibet. ............IMOO
Height of Snow.lino on the Alps ...lO^iOO
Convent of the Great St ISornard, Alps MOO
Paii of the Little 8( Bernard, Alps. 7»lfl2
WEBTBBN HEMISPHBBE. — ^AMEBICA*
1. Sorata. Andes Upper Pern 25,250
2. Illimani Andes Upper Peru 24,200
3. Chimborazo Andes Colombia. 21,436
4. *Cayambe Andes Colombia. 19,l|85
5. Mntisana. Andes Colombia. 19,136
6. 'Cotopaxi Andes Colombia. 18,858
7. Mount StElias N. America 17)863
8. •PopocatepeU Mexico 17,780
9. •Orizaba Mexico 17,390
10. *Pichincha Andes ColombU 15,924
11. Mount Fairweather. N. America. 14,736
12. Coffrede Perote Mexico 13,275
13. James* Peak Rocky Mts..... United States.. ..11,500
14. Highest Peak of Blue Mountains.. Jamaica 7^8
15. Mt. Washington.... Allegbanies... United States.... 6,634
Greatest altitude attained by Humboldt and Bonpland on Chim.
boraso, in 1802 » 19,7M
Height attained on llUmani by Fentland 19,000
Height of Snow-line on Chimtx>razo 15,800
Hdgbts of Assuay, the ancient Feruvian Koad, Colombia. ......15,540
lake Titicaca, Upper Peru .....14,000
Farm of Antisana, the highest inhabited spot on the Andes.^...... 13,437
City of Potosi, BoUTia,or Upper Peru 13,350
City of Quito, Colombia- 9,542
City ofMeiOco «.....,.•.« 7,47(»
^
PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE WORLD.
SUROPB.
Lmgthla
Name. Coontnr* Tendnatloa. mU«u
VoI|^ Russia. Caspian Sea. 204U
Danube Germany, ^....Black Sea. 1800
Dnieper Russia Black Sea. 1160
Don Russia. Sea of Azof. 1080
Rhine SwitzerlandyGer-
maBy,&HollandNorth Sea 830
Dwina Russia White Sea..,..*.... 760
Elbe Oermany North Sea 716
Dniester Russia..., Black Sea. 700
Vistula. Poland, &o Baltic Sea 660
Loire France Bay of Biscay 620
Oder. Prussia Baltic Sea 680
Tsgus., Spain and Por-
tugal Atlantic Ocean.... 660
Rhone Switzerland and
France ....Mediterranean Sea 640
Guadiana. Spain, Gulf of Cadiz 460
Douro Spain and Por-
tugal .....Atlantic Ocean.... 466
Seine « France English Channel.. 450
Po Italy Adriatic Sea. 410
■Gbro Spain Mediterranean Sea 400
Garonne. France Bay of Biscay 400
Guadalquiver Spain Gulf of Cadiz 300
Thames England North Sea 310
Seyem , England Bristol Channel... 210
Tiber Italy Mediterranean Sea 210
Shannon Ireland Atlantic Ocean.... 200
flumber England North Sea 160
Tay Scotland North Sea 120
Forth Scotland North Sea. 116
Clyde Scotknd Frith of Clyde 100
A8IA. •
Vang-tse-kiang. China. Pacific Ocean 3000
Yenisei.. Siberia Northern Ocean... 2900
Oby and Irtish Siberia. Northern Ocean...2800
Hoang-ho China. PaciHc Ocean 2400
Lena. Siberia. Northern Ocean... 2000
Amur, or Sagalien..... Mongolia Sea of Ochotak...l000
MaykaangorCambodia....Thibet, ^cChinese Sea 1800
Indus, or Sind^ Hindostan Indian Ocean 1700
Ganges Hindostan Bay of BengaL....1600
Euphiataa Turkey in Asia Persian Gulf. 1600
Bnhmapootnu Thibet, &c Bay of BengaL....1600
12
length ia
Name. Country. ' Termination. milei.
Oxu9, or Jihon Bokhara Sea of Aral 1300
Sihon, or Jaxartes WesternTartarjSeaof Aral 1200
Irrawadjr Thibet and PeguBay of Bengal 1100
Choo-kiang China Chinese Sea 1050
Ural Russia. Caspian Sea. 1020
Tigris Turkey in Asia Euphrates 920
Meinam Siam Gulf of Siam 860
Godavery Hindostan Bay of BengaL.... 800
AFBIGA*
Nile Nubia & Egypt MediterraneanSea2750
Niger, or Quorra. Nigritia Gulf of Guinea.... 2300
Congo, or Zaire Congo Atlantic Ocean.... 1400
Orange, or Gareep Namaqualand ...Atlantic Ocean.. ..1060
Zambezi , Mozambique.... Indian Ocean 950
SenegaL Senegambia Atlantic Ocean.... 960
Gambia Senegambia Atlantic Ocean.... 700
AMEBICA*
Amazon, or Maranon Brazil Atlantic Ocean.. ..3300
Mississippi United States.... Gulf of Mexico... 3160
From the source of the Missouri 4265
La Plata Brazil and La
Plata Atlantic Ocean.. ..2130
St Lawrence ^includ-
ing the lakes) Canada G. of St Lawrence 2000
Arkansas United States.... Mississippi 2000
Madeira Peru and BrazilAmazon 1800
Mackenzie British America Northern Ocean . . . 1600
Para, or Tocantin BraziL Atlantic Ocean.. ..1500
Rio Roxo, or Red
River United States.... Mississippi 1600
Orinoco Colombia Atlantic Ocean.... 1480
Rio del North Mexico Gulf of Mexico... 1400
San Francisco Brazil Atlantic Ocean.. ..1276
Paraguay Brazil and La Plata... Parana 1200
Ohio United States.... Mississippi 1200
Rio Ne^ro Brazil Amazon 1160
Columbia, or Oregon United States .... Pacific Ocean 1090
Mendoza, or ColoradoLa Plata Atlantic Ocean*. ..1080
Nelson British AmericaUudson's Bay 900
Magdalena Colombia Caribbean Sea..... 820
Rio Colorado Mexico Gulf of California 700
Susquehannah United States. . . . Chesapeak Bay. . . . 460
Ottawa Canada St Lawrence 420
Essequibo Guiana. Atlantic Ocean.... 400
Delaware United States..., Atlantic Ocean.... 366
Hudson M..Umted Sute8,...Athmtic Ocean,... 320
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
The earth which we inhabit is not, as was long su^u
posed, a vast extendetl plain ; it is a ball or globe^
nearly rounds but a little flatter at two points^ called
the Poles, than in any other part of its circumference.
The inequalities arising from the loftiest mountains, or
the deepest caverns, no more affect the globular form
of the earth, than the roughness of the skin of an
orange takes from its entire roundness.
If you imagine a straight line to pass through the
centre of the earth, and to terminate at two opposite
points of its circumference, such a line is called a
Diameter of the earth; and that Diameter which
terminates at the Poles is called the Axis. The one
Pole is called the Arctic or North ; and the other
the Antarctic or South Pole.
The mean diameter of the earth is about 7912 Eng-
lish miles ; and its circumference 24,856 miles. Our
world, although it appears to stand still, is in constant
and rapid motion. It is only one of a number of
globes or planets, which revolve round the sun, at
clifferent distances, and in difierent periods. Tiie
nearly circular path, which a planet describes round
the sun, is called its Orbit ; and the time in which it
completes this revolution varies according to its dis-
tance. The earth, which is 95 millions of miles from
the sun, performs its revolution round it in 365 days,
5 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds ; and its progress
in this revolution, and its various positions in relation
to the sun, occasion the variety of the seasons, and
the difference in the respective lengths of the day and
night. Besides this motion, it is perpetually whirling
round, or revolving on its axis, and performs a complete
revolution of this kind in twenty-four hours. During
this roution of the earth from west to cast, part of it is
A
14 INTttODtfOTtOM.
towards the sun, and part of it turned fkom it>*^*«iMl
this is what causes day and night.
The Suii and the planets which revoWe round it
constitute the Solar System. The Sun is an immense
globe, nearly one million four hundred thousand times
hrger than the earth, placed near the centre of this
system^ and dispensing light and heat to the planets
toat revolve around him. The planets are either
primary or secondary. The primary planets revolve
nmnd the sun only : the secondary planets revolve
round other planets, as the moon round the earth ;
and, by the motion of their primary planets, are car*
ried round the sun also. There are eleven primary
Jlanets, Merouay, Venus^ the Earth^ Mars, Vksta«
UNO^ Ceres, PAiiLAS, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uaa-
Nus or the Georgium Sinus. There are eighteen
secondary planets, called also moons or satellites; of
which the earth has one; Jupiter, four; Saturn*
seven; and Uranus, six. Saturn is also surrounded
with two luminous rings.
Comets are luminous bodies, which move round
the sun in a very eccentric manner-^the length of
their orbit in general greatly exceeding the breadth.
The number of comets belonging to the Solar System
has not been ascertained, but the orbits of 130 have
been determined with tolerable precision, while the
periodical return of three has been found to agree ex«
actly with the calculation.
But the solar system forms only a very small part
of the universe. All the fixed stars, with which the
heavens are adorned, are supposed to be suns, around
which planets revolve. Of tnese, upwards of a thou*
sand are visible to the unaided eye. But, with the aid
of telescopes, they are found to be innumerable ; extend**
Ing through the immensity of space, and, as the agents
of the Infinite Creator, imparting lip;ht and life to the
inhabitants of an inconceivable number of worlds.
EXEIICI8E0.
Of what figure is the earth ? What is calUd a diameter of
the earth ? What is the axis ? What are the poles ? By what
lames ait the poles distinguished ? Of what extent is the
etftk'fl moB diameter ? What it the extent of iu drcumfer.
enoe 7 Is the ennh at rest, or in motion ? Does the earth alone
reTolveioand the sun ? What is the orbit of a planet ? What
is the distance of the earth from the sun ? In what time does
tht earth complete ite orbit ? What occasions the Tariety of
the seasons, and the difference in the lengths of the day and
ni|rht ? Uaa the earth any other modon ? What efiect does
this motion produce ?
What constitute the solar system ? What is the sun ? How
many times is he larger than the earth ? What is thedifTerencc
between primary and secondary planets ? How many primary
planets are there ? Name them. How many secondary pla-
nets aie there ? To what primary planets do they belong ; and
how many to each ? What are comets ? Of how many comets
hare the orbits been ascertained ?
What are all the fixed stars which adorn the heavens sup-
posed to be ? How many of them are visible to the unaided eye ?
CHAPTER II.
QEOGRAPHtCAL TERMS.
Geography is a term derived from two Greek words,
signifyinjf a " description of the earth," It teaclies
the position, names, and figure of the several parts of
the world, as divided into Land and Water.
That the position of places might be more conve*
nientl^ and accurately determined, it has been found
expedient to suppose a number of circles or lines traced
on the surface of the globe. These circles are either
great or small.
A great circle divides the globe into two equal parts ;
a siTftall circle into two unequal parts. Every circle is
toded into 360 equal parts, called degrees; each
(degree is subdivided into 60 equal parts, called minutes ;
aod each minute into 60 equal parts, called seconds ;
these are marked by the characters * ' " ; thus 28' 44'
^'^"9 means 28 degrees, 44 minutes, and 47 seconds.
The degrees vary in extent, according to the magni-
tude of the circles. On the great circles, a degree being
^ue 360th part of the eartVs circumference, is equal to
^ geographical miles, or about 69 J English miles.
Of the great circles, the most remarkable are the
^paior, the Ecliptic, the Meridian, and the Hori^emu
The equator is a circle round the globe, which di-
16 INTRODUOTIOK.
vides it into the northern and southern hemispheres,
each point of which is equally distant from the Poles.
The Ecliptic is a circle which cuts the equator
obliquely at two opposite points, and represents the
sun's apparent path in the heavens.
A Meridian is a great circle passing through the poles,
and every place on the earth has its meridian. Thus
a circle drawn through Edinburgh, and passing through
the poles, is the meridian of Edinburgh ; a circle
drawn through London, or Paris, or Madrid, and pass-
ing through the poles, is the meridian of London, of
Paris, or of Madrid.
The Horizon is either Rational or Sensible. If, placed
at the centre of the globe, we could take within our
view one-half of the heavenly sphere, a large circle
would appear to cut the globe into two equal parts,
and that circle would be the national horizon. The
Sensible horizon is the circle that bounds our view,
where the earth and sky appear to meet.
The meridian, from which we calculate the distance
of places east or west, is called ihe first meridian ; ami
that distance is the longitude of a place. The degrees
of longitude diminish in length as they advance towards
the poles. The latitude of a place is its distance north
or south from the equator.
Parallels of latitude are small circles parallel to the
equator, and diminishing in size as they approach the
])oles. Of these parallels, the most remarkable are the
Polar or the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the Trapic
of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn*
The Arctic Circle is 23 J degrees from the north
pole; the Antarctic Circle is 23^ degrees from the
south pole : the Tropic of Cancer is 23} degrees north
of the equator ; the Tropic of Capricorn is 23| degrees
south of the equator.
The spaces comprehended between the Polar Circles
and the Poles are called the Frigid Zones ; those be.
tween the Polar Circles and the Tropics, the Temper^
ate Zones ; and that between the Tropics, the Torrid
Zone.
The earth may be represented either by a globe or
WTRODUCTION. 1?
sphere, whidi corresponds very nearly to its real figure ;
or by maps, which exhibit the whole^ or some part of
its surface, delineated on a ^ane.
On maps, latitude is expressed by figures at the
side ; and longitude, by figures at the top and bottom.
The top of a map is north ; thehottom, south ; on the
right hand is the east; and on the left hand, the west.
EXERCISES.
What is Geography ? For what purpose do geographers
suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of
the globe ? Of what kinds are those circles ? Into how manjr
degrees are those circles divided ? What occasions a difference
in the extent of degrees ? What is the extent of a degree on
one of the great circles ? What are the most remarkable of
the great circles ? Describe the equator. Describe the ecliptic*
What is a meridian ? Wliat is the meridian of Edinburgh,
London, Paris, or Madrid ? What is the horizon ? What is
the rational horizon ? What is the sensible horizon ?
What is meant by the first meridian ? What is longitude ?
What is latitude ? What are parallels of latitude ? What
are the most remarkable of those parallels ? How far are the
Arctic and Antarctic circles distant from the north and south
poles ? How far are the tropics distant from the equator ?
w hat spaces are called the frigid zones ? What the temperate
zones ? What the torrid zone ?
By what means is the earth represented ? How are latitude
and longitude expressed on maps ? Which part of a map is
north ? Which south ? Which east ? Which west ?
CHAPTER III.
The surface of the earth pr-esents the two grand divi-
sions of Land and Water. These divisions are com-
prehended under the following names: —
Land.
Continent.
Country.
Island.
Peninsula.
Promontory.
Cape.
Istnmus.
Coast or
Shore.
A Continent is a very extensive portion of the globe.
A Country is a smaller portion of land distinguished
Watee.
Ocean.
Sea.
liiver.
Lake.
Gulf.
Bay.
Creek.
Strait.
Channel.
le
niTROOUOTIOKf
SKBTCHj ILLUSTRATmo THB OBOORAPHICAL
FEATURES OP TBB GLOBE.
IMVBdDVOTIOH. 19
by A particular name, people, and form of government.
An Itiand is land entirely lurrounded by water. A
Penuuuia ia land almost surrounded by water* A Pre-
montory is a large portion of land jutting out into the
sea. A Cape is a narrow portion of land stretching
into the sea, and appearing to terminate in a point.
An I9ihmu9 is a narrow neck of land joining two
larger portions between seas. A CoaH or Shore u that
part of the land which borders upon the sea*
An Ocean is a very large extent of salt water. A Sta
is a smaller portion of salt water. A Riter is a stream
of fresh water flowing through the land until it dis«
charges itself into the sea or into a lake. A Lake is a
body of water wholly surrounded by land.* A 6ftc(^ii a
body of water almost surrounded by land. A Bay is a
portion of sea running into but not nearly surrounded by
land. A Creek is a narrow portion of water running np
into the land. A Strait is a narrow passage of water unit-
ing two seas. A Channel is a wider kind of strait i-
The surface of Uie earth is composed of MaunMnBs
Hills, Valine, and Plains; the residences of men are
called Cities, Tovjns, and Villages.
The prindpal Points of the Compose are ibur,«-
North.
West. East.
South.
These terms mean the four opposite points of the earth
or the heavens. They are called points of the compass
from the valuable instrument called the Mariner'e
Compels, by means of which, at night, or when the
sun does not appear, the several points may be found.
• Lakes are often in Ireland called /(mjfA«, and in Scotland io€Mtf
though these terms are frequently. In both countries, applied to aims
of the sea.
f Small portions of the sea are also distinguished by the terms rtmd,
eri, Aarbour, haven. A road affbrds anchorage a little way off the
id, with partial thulter from winds. A port, a haven, or harbour, is
a place where ships may lie in security. When the mouth of a river
widens at its Junction with the sea. It is called an estitary or frith.
Some of these definitions, it must be confessed, are not very precise,
though we have endeavoured to state them as accurately as possible.
Thus, guff and bay, promontory and cape, and some others, are often
used as convertible terms, frum their not possessing any established
magnitude or figure. If ate, ness, head, aifd pqinff are also often use^
as nearly synonymous with caff ,
2D INTSODUCTION.
The great continents of the globe are £urope, Asia^
Africa, North America, and South America.* Its
oceans are the Atlantic Ooean^ the Pacific Ocean, the
Indian Ocean, the Northern Ocean, the Southern
Ocean.
The surface of tlie globe contains about 196 millions
of square miles ; and nearly three-fourths of it are ooco«
pied with water. The habitable parts of the earth are
calculated at 50 millions of square miles ; of which
Europe contains nearly 4 millions ; Asia, about 20 mil-
lions; Africa, 11 millions; and America, 15 millions.
The population of Europe is about230 millions ; of Asia
probably 460 millions; that of Africa is very uncertain,
but may perhaps be reckoned at 70 millions ; North
America may contain 27 millions ; South America, 13
millions. This will make the number of inhabitants
in the whole world amount to 800 millions.
EXERCISES.
What grand divisions does the surface of the earth present ?
How is the land divided ? How is the water divided ? What
is a continent ? What is a country ? What is an island ?
What is a peninsula ? What is a promontory ? What is a
cape ? Wnat is an isthmus ? What is a coast or shore ?
Point out on the map a continent, a country, an island, a
peninsula, &c.
What is an ocean ? What is a sea ? What is a river ?
What is a lake? What is a gulf? What is a bay? What la
a creek ? What is a strait ? What is a channel ? Point out
on the map an ocean, a sea, a river, a lake, &c.
Of what is the surface of the earth composed ? What are
the residences of men called ?
What are the principal points of the compass ? Describe
them. Why are they called points of the compass ?
• Till latelT, in Systems of Geography, the earth was considered as
divided into four quarters— Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Other
cfaissifications are now common— as Europe, Asia, Africa, America, antl
Oceanica; which last comprehends theEabtlndianUlands, the very large
island of New Holland or Australia, with the numerous smaller islands
lying in the great ocean between America. Asia, and AArtca. Another
division is as follows:— viz. Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South
America, and Australasia or South Asia, which last comprehends New
Holland and the blands adjoin'mg, usually considered as belonging to
Asia. To this last arrangement some geographers have added a seventh,
which they denominate Polynesia,— a. term signifying many islands.
It embraces all the smaller islands which are scattered o?cr the great
expanse of the Pacific Ocean.
Mftme the f^reat condoents of the globe. Name its oceans.
What number of square miles does the surface of the globo
contain ? What proportion of it is occupied with water ? At
bow many square miles are the habitable parts of the earth
calculatea ? What proportions do the different divisions of
the globe contain ? What is the population of Europe ? Of
Asia? Of Africa? Of North America ? OfBouthAme*
rica ? Of the whole world ?
EUROPE
Is bounded N. by the Nortbern Ocean ; W. by the
Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Mediterranean; E. by
Asia, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, and the
Archipelago*
The superficial area has been estimated at 3 J00,000
square miles ; and its population at 230 millions.
Countries. — ^England, Scotland, and Ireland;
Norway and Sweden; Denmark; Holland; Bel.
qium; France; Spain; Portugal; Switzerland;
Italy; Turkey; Greece; Russia; Prussia; Ger-
ft A NY ; Austria.
Seas and Gulfs. — Mediterranean Sea, Gulfs of
Lyons, Genoa, and Taranto, Adriatic Sea or Gulf of
Venice ; Archipelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sea, Sea
of Azoph ; Bay of Biscay, English Channel, German
Ocean or North Sea, St George*s Channel, Irish Sea,
North Channel; Baltic Sea, Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland,
and Riga ; Skager Rack, Cattegat, White Sea.
Straits. — The Straiu of Waigati, the Sound, the
Otcat Belt, the Little Belt, the Straits of Dover, the
Straits of Gibraltar, Straits of Bonifacio, Straits of
Messina, the Hellespont or Straits of the Dardanelles,
Straits of Constantinople, Straits of Caffa or Enikale.
Islands. — Great Britain and Ireland ; Nova Zem-
bla, Spitzbergen, Iceland, Zealand, Funen, Laaland ;
Candia, the Cyclades, the Ionian Isles, Sicily, Malta,
Corsica, Sardinia, Majorca, Minorca, Ivi9a.
Peninsulas. — Spain and Portugal, Norway and
Sweden, Jutland in Denmark, Morea in the south of
Greece, Crimea or Taurida in the south of Russia.
Capes.— North Cape in Lapland; Naze, in the S.
a8
SUBOPS.
of Norway ; Skaw, K. of Denmark ; Dunnet Head, N.
of Scotland ; Cape Clear, S. of Ireland ; Land's End,
S.W. of England ; Cape La Ho«:ne, N.W. of France ;
Capes Ortcgal and Fiuisterre, N.W. of Spain; Cape
St Vincent, S.W. of Portugal ; Cape Spartiyento, S. of
Italy ; Cape Matapan, S. of Morea.
Mountains. — Alps, separating Italy from Germany,
Switzerland, and France ; Apennines, in Italy ; Hs-
mos or Bilkan, in Turkey ; Carpathian Mountains,
in the north of Hungary ; Pyrenee?^ between France
and Spain ; Dofriue or Dovrttield Mountains, between
Norway and Sweden ; Ural Mountains, in the nordi-
east of Russia, between Europe and Asia.
Riv£ns. — ^Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Don, Vistul3,0der,
Elbe, Rhine, Rhone, Po, Loire, Ebro, Tagus, Thames.
Lakes. — Ladoga, One^a, Wenner, Wetter, Geneva,
Constance.
BEMARKS.
Europe extends from 36 ° 20' to 7 1 " 10' N. lat. ; and froai
9* 30' W. to 64^* 20' E. long. Its length, from Cape Ma-
tapan in Greece to the North Cape in Lapland, is 2400
miles; and its breadth, from the west of France to the river
Don in Russia, is nearly 2200 miles.
Although the smallest of the grand divisions of the world,
it is the second in population, and by far the most import-
tint, from the ingenuity, industry, and intelligence of its
inhabitants, and their progress in learning, science, and
arts. Situate within the temperate zone (except a uwaU
part of Norway, Sweden, and Russia), its climate is more
agreeable, and better adapted to the health and vigour of
the human frame, than that of any other portion of the globe
of equal extent.
The Christian religion, comprehended under the three
divisions of the Protestant, the Roman Catholic, and tbe
Greek Churches, prevails in every part of Europe, except
Turkey ; and even there, a considerable number of the in-
habitants are Christians.
EXERCISES.
Name the boundaries of Europe. What is its superficial
area ? What countries does it contain ? Name its seas and
gulfs. Point them out on the map. Name its straits. Point
them out. Name its principal islands. Point them out. Name
wia point out its peninsulas. Name its capes, and point out
ENGLAKB AND WALES. 23
their situation. Describe the situation of its principal moun«
tains. Name its principal rivers, and trace tueni on the map.
Name and point out its principal lakes.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ?
What are its length and breadth? What proportion does Europe
bear, in extent and population, to the other grand divisions
of the globe ? In what respects is it the most important ?
What advantage does it possess in point of climate r What
are the three leading divisions of the Christian religion in
Kurope? What is the onlv country of Europe where the
Christian religion is not established ?
THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Boundaries. — ^N. by Scotland ; W. by the Irish
Sea, and St George's Channel; S. by the English
Channel ; E. by the German Ocean or North Sea.
Extent and Popui«ation. — The superficial area is
57,812 square miles. The population in 1831 was
13,897,187> exclusive of the army and navy^ which
amounted to 277,017.
England.
Counties. Chief Towns.
Northumbeiland... Newcastle, Alnwick, Berwick, J^lorpetfa,
Tynemouth, North Shields.
Cumberland Carlisle, Whitehaven, Penriih, Working-
ton, Keswick, Wij^ton.
Durham Durham^ Sunderland, Stockton, Soutli
Shields, Darlington.
WestDQoreland Appleby, Kendal.
Lancashire Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Pres-
ton, Blackburn, Bolton. Wigan, Old-
ham, Warrington, Rochdale, Ashton-
under-Line, Bury.
York York, Leeds, Sheffield, HuU, Halifax,
Scarborough, Bradford, Huddersfield,
Wakefiel<^ Doncaster, Whitby.
Lincoln Lincoln, Boston, S lamford, Gainsborough.
Notiingham or
Notts. Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield.
Derby Deiby, Matlock, Buxton, Chesterfield.
Cheshire Chester, Macclesfield, Stockport, Congle-
ton.
Shropshire or Sa- Shrewsbury, Brid^^nprth, Ludlow, Wei
lop Upgton,
34 BKOLANO AUD WAIiBfl.
Countlfli, Chief TbwiM.
Suifford. StaffonI, Litchfield, Wolverhampton, New-
castle-ttoder-Line, Stoke«upoD-Trent,
BiUton, WalsaU.
Iieioester. Leicester, Loughborough, Harboroug^,
Boaworth.
Rutland Oakham, Uppingham.
Northampton Northampton, Peterborough, Daventiy,
Bedford^ Bedford, Dunstoble, Wobum.
Huntingdon Huntingdon, St NeoU,St Ifcs.
Cambridge Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Wiabeach*
Norfolk Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn Regis.
Suffolk Ipswich, Bury St Edmunds, Sudbnry,
Essex* Chelmsford, Colchester, Harwich.
Hertford or Heru..Hertford, St Albans, Ware.
Middlesex.... Lokdov, Westminster, Brentford.
Buckingham or Buckingham, Aylesbury, Great Matlow,
Bucks High Wycombe, Eton, Olney.
Oxford Oxford, Banbury, Woodstock, Henley,
Witney.
Warwick Warwick, Bhroingham, Coventry, Slnt«
ford-on«Avon, I^mington.
Wofcester. Worcester, Kidderminster, Dudley* Droit-
wich, Stourbridge.
Hereford, r Hereford, Leominster, Ledbury.
Monmouth. Monmouth, Chepstow, Newport, Fonty-
pool.
Oloocester. Gloucester, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Stroud,
Cirencester, Cheltenham.
WilU Salisbury, Devizes, Bradford, Chippen-
ham, Marlborou^, Wilton.
Berks Reading, Windsor, Abingdon.
Surrey Guildford, Croydon, Kingston, Soutfa-
wark, Lambeth, Fambam.
Kent..... ..Maidstone, Canterbunr, Rochester. Green-
wich, Woolwich, DeptfonL Cnatham,
Margate, Ramsgate, Deal, Dover, Tun*
bridge.
Sussex Chichester, Lewes, Brighton, Hastings*
Hampshire, Hants, Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth,
or Southampton Lymington, Gosport, Newport.
Dorset. Dorchester, Weymouth, Poole, Lyme
Regis.
Somerset. Bath, Wells, Taunton, Bridgewater,
Frome.
Devon.. .• Exeter, Plymouth, Barnstaple, Tavistock,
Tiverton, Dartmouth.
Cornwall,..., ...Launceston, Bodmin, Truro, Falmoutfa,
^t Ives, Pensanc^ Redruth,
J
CKOLAVD AND VALBi. 85
Wales.
Counties Chief Towni.
Flint FliutjMold, Holywell, StAmpti.
Denbi/^h DeDbigh,Wrexhani, LUngoUen, Rathin*
CarnaryoD. Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway.
Angksea Beaumaris, Holyhead, Amlwdi*
Merioneth Dolgelly, Bala.
Montgomery At ontgomeryi Welcbpool, Newtown, Llan-
idloes.
Kadnor New Radnor, Presteign, Knighton.
Brecknock Brecknock or Brecon, Balltbi Hay.
Cardigan Cardigan, Abenrstwith.
Pembroke. Pembroke, Milnird, Haveifotdwest, Ten-
by, St Davids.
Carmarthen Carmarthen, Llanelly, Kidwely.
Glamorgan Cardiff; Merthyr Tydvil, 8 wanaea,Landaff.
IsLAyDs. — Man, in which are the towns of Douglas,
RuDtey, Peel, and Castletown ; Anglesea ; Scilly Isles,
the principal of which is St Mary's ; Isle of Wight, in
which are Newport and Cowes ; Jersey, Guernsey, Al-
dcmey, and Sark (near the coast of France), in the two
first are St Heller and St Pierre ; Sbeppey | Thanet ;
Coquet ; Holy Island.
Bays. — ^Bridlington Bay, Humber Mouth, the Wash,
Yarmouth Roads, the Downs, Spithead, Torbay, Mounts
Bay, Bristol Channel, Swansea Bay, Carmarthen Bay,
Milford Haven* St Brides Bay, Cardigan Bay, Carnar-
von Bay, Menai Frith, Morecambe Bay, Solway Frith.
Samd-banks. — Dogger Bank, in the German Ocean,
between the Yorkshire coast and Jutland ; Goodwin
Sands, on the east of Kent.
Capeb. — Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, North
Foreland, South Foreland, Dungeness, Beaehy Head,
Needles, St Albans Head, Portland Point, Start Point,
Lizard Point, Land's End, Hartland Point, Worms
Head, Gk)wens Point, St Davids Head, Strumble Head,
Great Ormes Head.
MouNTAms. — Cheviot Hills, between Northumber-
land and Scotland; Skiddaw and Scafell, in Cumber-
kad ; HelveUyn, between Cumberland and Westmore-
land; Whernside, Ingleborough, and Pennygant, in
the N. W. of Yorkshire ; Peak, in Derbyshire ; the
Wrekin, in Shropshire ; Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire;
Arraji Fowddy, and Cader Idris, in Merionethshur
26 JBNOLAND AND WALES.
Plinlimroon, in the S. W. of Montgomery ; Vann or
Brecknock Beacon.
Lakes. — Derwentwateror Keswick Lake, Ulls water,
Windermere, Wittleseamere.
RiTEBS. — Tyne, Wear, Tees, Eden, Yorkshire Onse,
Humber, Mersey, Dee, Wye, SeTcm', Trent, Witham ,
Great Ouse, Thames, Medway, Avon, £xe. Lower
Avon.
Foreign Possessions. — In the North Sea, Heli-
goland ; in the Mediterranean, Gibraltar, Malta, and
Gozo ; in North America, Canada, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, New-
foundland, Honduras ; in the West Indies, Jamaica,
Barbadoes, Trinidad, &c. ; in South America, Guiana^
comprehending Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice;
in the Atlantic, St Helena ; in Africa, Sierra Leone,
Gambia, Cape of Good Hope ; in the Indian Seas and
Asia, Mauritius, Ceylon, Aracan, IVfalacca, Peuang,
Singapore, the greater part of Hindostan ; in the Paci-
fic, Van Diemen's Land, Australia, &c. The United
States of the Ionian Islands are under the protection of
Great Britain.
REMARKS.
England, including Wales, extends from 49'* 58' to 55**
46' N. lat., and from 5° 40' W. to P 45' E. long. lu
length, frona Berwick to the Isle of Wight, is S60 miles, and
its breadth, from the North Foreland in Kent to the Land*s
End in Cornwall, is 300 miles.
Although England cannot be considered a mountainous
country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to exhibit every
feature requisite to beauty in landscape. The tendency to
moisture in the climate clothes the plains in almost perpetual
verdure; luxuriant plantations and rich corn-fields give to
the cultivated districts an air of comfort and opulence ;
while mountains and rugged rocks, narrow dells and roaring
torrents, exhibit in other districts a resemblance to the rude
grandeur of the scenery of the Scottish Highlands. In
Waleii, indeed, which may be regarded as the Highlands of
South Britain, mountain-scenery of the most picturesque
description every where occurs ; while the lakes of Cumber,
land and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not in magnificence,
with the enchanting lakes which give so romantic a character
to some districts in Spotlapd,
ENGLAND AND WALES. 2?
The climate of England, owing to its insular situation is,
extremely variable. The western counties are exposed to
heavy and frequent rains from the Atlantic ; the eastern en-
joy a drier atmosphere, but suffer, on the other hand, from
cold and ungenial east winds. In consequence of this dif-
ference of climate, pasturage is more attended to in the west,
and tillage in the east.
In every part of England the effect of industrious and
skilful culture is apparent; and there are few countries
where so small a portion of the soil is allowed to lie waste
and unproductive. In general, the soil is either naturnlly
^ood, or has been rendered highly fertile by culture ; al-
though there are some extensive moors, particularly in the
northern counties, which seem to bid defiance to tlie power
of cultivation.
The industry which has thus enriched and adorned tlie
country, has produced still more astonishing effects in ma-
nufactures and commerce. By the invention of machinery,
every species of manufacture has been increased to an ex-
tent which enables England to supply every quarter of the
globe with articles o£ commerce and luxury ; while the pro-
duce of every foreign clime is wafted to her ports in return.
In consequence of this extended commerce, England has
attained such a degree of maritime greatness, tliat her navy
rides triumphant in every sea, and constitutes the great
bulwark of the nation. This maritime greatness has enabled
her to establish colonies, and acquire large possessions in
the remotest regions of the earth ; and although, in the ex-
tent of her home-territory, and the amount of her popula-
tion, England ranks but as a small European stale, her
foreign dominions, and the population over which her power
extends, estimated at 150 millions, place her high in the scale
of nations ; while, in the magnitude of her resources, the
intelligence, activity, and valour of her inhabitants, she
holds almost the first place.
To a great commercial country, such as England, improved
facilities by internal communication are of the first import-
ance ; and, perhaps, nothing has tended more to her pros-
perity than the canals and railroads which have been con-
structed, most of them within little more than half a cen-
tury. The Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, executed in 1 766,
was highly successful, and first roused the nation fully to
appreciate the advantages of canal.navigadon. It was fol-
lowed in 1777 by the Grand Trunk Canal, which, by unit-
ing the Treat and the Mersey>. coxmect^d Liverpool w*
98 BKOtiAKH aKd y^Xht^*
Hull, and the Eastern with the Western Seas. By memM
of this canal, and its numerous branches and railwaja, a
read J communication was formed with the great mineral
and manufscturing districts. The Grand Junction Canal,
at an expense of £8^000,000, completed the inland nari-
gation by the Thames, the Severn, the Trent, and the Mer*
sey, thereby facilitating the commercial intercourse oi the
capital, not only with the principal seaports, but also with
all the great cities and manufacturing towns in the west
and north.— Railroads are of too recent introduction to war-
nmt any very decided opinion as to their comparative advan-
tages ; but that they may be of great national benefit, parti-
culariy where tliere is a very extensive intercourse, with a
dense population, is proved by the success that has hitherto
attended the Manchester and Liverpool railroad. This ma^;*
niBcent work, extending 31 miles, was completed in 1830,
since which several other important lines of railway have
been executed, or are now in progress.
Many of these attainments result from her unrivalled con-
stitution, which is a mixed or limited monarchy,—- combinin|^
all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical, and republican
forms of government, without any of their defects. The
queen is the head of the state, the fountain of dignity and
power. All laws and deeds are published in her name;
but her authority is restrained by parliament, consisting of the
House of Lords, which represents the nobility or aristocracy,
and the House of Commons, which represents the people.
The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or
Protestant Episcopacy ,«-but the greatest freedom is allowed
to all other forms of religious worship. There are two arch-
bishops, those of Canterbury and York, and twenty-five
bishops. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the Primate of
all England.
In their manners^ the English are frank and sincere, more
disposed to gravity than gayety. Their favourite amuse-
ments are horse-racing, the chase, and the theatre. In their
dealings they are fair and honourable, and the character of
an English merchant is held in universal respect for inte-
grity, liberality, and intelligence. All the arts that are
conducive to the comfort and elegance of life are culti*
vated with the greatest success. In every department of
science and literature, England can boast of the most illua»
trious names. To her Newton, her Bacon, her Milton, her
Shakspeare, few equals and no superiors can be fonnd ia
aneitnt or is modem tiniee.
£N0L4N1> AND WAI^KB. 29
BXSRCI8£8.
England and Wales.
What are the boundaries of Enp^land and Wales ? What
i> the superficial area ? Name the counties in England. Name
the counties in Wales. What are the principal towna of
Northumberland ? Of Cumberland ? Of Durham, &c. ?
Where is North Shields, Workington, Yarmouth, Chepstow,
Shrewsbury, Brentford, Blackburn, Stockport, Liverpool,
Stockton, Brighton, Bridgenorth, Whitehaven, Chichester,
Chelmsford, Eton, Bristol, Buxton, Boston, Leeds, Manches-
ter, Harwich* Launccston, Morpeth, Portsmouth, Leominster^
Lynn Regis, Kidderminster, Maidstone, 1'ruro, St Ncots,
Wellington, London, Tewkesbury, Ware, Ipswich, Exeter,
South Shields, Hastings, Chatham, Plymouth, Dover, &c. ?
What are the principal towns iu Flintshire ? In Denbigh-
shire, in Carnarvonshire, &c. ?
Where is Welchpool, Bala, Builth, Holywell, Presteiim,
Hay, Wrexham, St Davids, Bangor, Kidwely, St Asaph, Ha-
verfordwest, LandafT, Aberystwith, Dolgelly, Swansea, &c. ?
What are the principal islands ? What are the towns o
Alan? Where is St Pierre ? Where is Cowes ? Where is St
Helier ? Where is Newport ? Point out the islands on the
map. Name the bays, and their situation. Point them out on
the map. Name the sand-banks, and their situation. Name
the capes. Point them out. What are the principal moun-
tains, and where are they situated ? What are the principal
lakes ? What are the principal rivers ? Where is Milford
Haven ? Where is Flaraborough Head ? What is the course
of tlie Tyne ? Of the Thames ? Of the Great Ouse ? Of the
Medway? Of the Severn? Of the Trent ? Where is Plin-
linimon, Scafell, Start Point, Spurn Head, Gowens Point,
Land's End* Whernside, Cader Idris, Arran Fowddy, Port-
land Point, &c. ?
AVhat place belongs to Great Britain in the North Sea ?
Name the possessions of Great Britain in the Mediterranean.
Name her possessions in North America; in the West In-
dies ; in South America ; in the Atlantic ; in Africa ; in the
Indian Ssas and Asia ; in the Pacific What islands are un-
der the protection of Great Britain ?
Between what degrees of latitude and lonmtude is England
situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general
aspect? What appearance does the tendency to moisture
in the climate give to the plains ? What is the appearance of
the cultivated districts ? What imparts to other districts a re-
semblance to the Highland scenery of Scotland ? What is re-
markable in the scenery of Wales ? Mhat is the principal
feature in the scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland ?
What difference is observable in the climates of the weste'-
and eastern counties ? What is the consequence of this
30
SNOLAND AND WALBB.
fcrence of climate ? In what state it agriculture fn England ?
What is the general quality of the sou ? lo what part of the
countnr do extensive moors occur? In what state are the
manufactures and commerce of England ? What is the con*
sequence of her eztensire commerce ? What has her maritime
greatness enabled her to do ? Would England be consfdeicd
a great European state from the extent of her home-territonr
and the amount of her population ? Bv what ctreumstaiiCM u
she raised to almost the first place in the scale of nations t
What has materially tended to the prosperity of England ?
What great canals have been constructed since the middle of
the last century ? At what expense was the Orand Junction
Canal completed? What intercourse has it Atcilitated ? What
railroad was completed in 1880 ?
What is the form of her political constitatlon f How is the
authority of the queen restrained ? What is the established
religion of England ? What is the number of archbishops
and bishops ? Which of these is primate of all England ?
What is peculiar in the manners of the English ? What
are their favourite amusements ? By what qualities an they
characterized in their mercantile dealings ? Is mudi attention
paid to the arts in England ? Can this country boast of many
illustrious names in sdence and literature ?
DE8CRIPITVE TABLE&
[In the following Tables we have endeavoured to give the
most approved pronunciation of the names of places. By the
plan which has been adopted, wherever a simple accentuation
was thought sufficient, the accented syllable is correctly
marked. In words where the pronunciation differs mate.
rially from the orthography, we have pointed out the pro-
per mode of pronouncing by adapting the spelling (within
parentheses) as near as possible to the sound, in other
cases, particularly where any difficulty was anticipated, the
silent letters, with the exception of final e, are printed in
Italics ,* e marked with a grave accent is always sounded.]
ABEROAVEN'NY (pr. Aber-
gain'y), an ancient town in Mon.
mouthfbire, at the confluence of
the Gavenny with the Usic. Fo-
SuUtion 4^ p.*— 510 49' N. lat.
"» 1' W. long.
Abef yit'with (Aberust'ith ), a tea.
port in Cardigant hire, at the mouth
of the Ystwith. Pop. 412&— A
town in Monmouthshire, with great
coal and iron worki. Pop. 599f p.
AVlngdaa, a town in Bericahlre,
on the Thames. Pop. W50.
Al'bans St. a town In Herta, near
the f ite of the ancient Ferulam,
Pop. 477«.
Al'bans Head, St, a ewe on the
coaf t of DoffMt.-.AO, 85 N. 8, 3 W.
Al'demey, an island in the fkg-
liah Channel, fiimous for a breed
of small eows. Fop. 1045.^40, 43
N. J, 15 W.
• The letter p. annexed to the' number indicates that the MpulatkH)
given Is thst of the partali in which the town Is ittvatc,
■NSLAm AMD VALU.
SI
AbKwiek (Am'aft), a
KUDd,
NortbuiDlMKlaDd, near wbkb U
Aliiwjck CasUe, the mtgnifiooit
seat of the Duke of Nortnumber-
land. Flop. 6788 p.
Aiii^le^e,atown of Westmoi*.
iaod, OD Lake Windenaere. iVipu-
lationlOSa.
Amn'bury,* a town In Wilti, on
tiie Atod, the birthplace of Addl-
MB. Population M4 \i.
Am'lwch (A]n'luok),aMaportln
Aagiefea, with a harbour excaTat-
ed flrom the solid rock, capable of
ooaCaining 50 vetwls of 800 tons.
Population 6285 v—^ 9^ N. 4,
S8W.
An'doyer, a town in Hampahlre,
on the Andc. Pop. 4843 p.
An'glcsea, an island and county
of Wales, Joined to the mainland
by the Menai Bridge. It possess es
neb mines of copper and lead, and
is noted as an ancient seat of the
DmidB. pop. 48^&.-.^, 18 N.
4»S5 W.
Ap'plebT, the county town of
Westmoreland, on the Jbden. Po-
pulation 87SS p.
Ar'mn.Fow'ddy (Vou'thee), a
mountain InMerloneth, Wales,S05S
feet high.
Ar'undel, a town in Sussex, on
the Arun. Fop. 1803 p.
As'aph, 8t, an ancient city and
bishop^ssee, in Flint. P. 3144 p.
AshlMirton, a town in Devon-
shire. Ponulation 4 1 65 p.
Ash^-de>huZouch (ZooohJ, a
town In Leicester near the ooaflnes
of Derbyshire. Pop. 4727 p.
Ash'con-under-Line, a manufac-
taring town In Lancashire. Po-
pulation 33,567 p.
Ath'elney, an Island in Somer-
setshire, formed by the Tone and
the Parret.
A' von, a river which rises on the
borders of (Gloucestershire, flows
through Wiltshire, and, passing
Bath and Bristol, falls into the Se-
vern 8 miles below the latter city;
—another firom Warwick, which
joins the Severn at Tewkesbury ;—
a river in Hants, which flows into
the English Channel ;—a river in
N. Wales, which foils into Cardigan
Bay ;— another in S. Wales, which
flows into Swansea Bay.
Aytes^niry, a Wmt In Bueklag •
hamshlre. Population 4907 p.
BA^LA, a town in Merioneth-
shire, situate at the extremity of a
lake called Bala-Pool, through
which flows the river Dee. Popu-
lation of Bala township and part of
parish of Llanykill SS&.
Ban'bury, a town in Oxfbrdshlre.
Papulation £000 p.
Ban'gor, a village In PItntshIra,
on the Dee. Population 648.— A
town and bishopti see in Carnar-
von, near the K. entrance of the
Menai Stmit Population 4751 p.
Bams'ley, a manufacturing town
in the W. R. of Yorkshire, with ex-
tensive inm-founderies. P. 1U.330.
Bam'«taple, a town In Devon-
shire, on the Taw. Pop. 6840 p.
Bath, a large and beauttftil city,
the capital of Somersetshire, cele-
lirated for Its medicinal waters.
Pop. 38,063.-^1, S3 N. t, SS W.
Beach'y Head, a promimtorv on
the coast of Sussex,— the bignett
land on the S. coast of BritMB.-*
5U, 44 N. 0, 16 E.
Beauma'ris (BomaMs), a seaport,
the county town of Anglesea, si-
tuate on the Menal Strait. Popu-
lation 9497 p.— M» 17 N. 4, 5 W.
Bed^fordsnire,f an inland coun-
ty, large numbers of the ftmale
population of which are employed
in the ftrawplait and thread-lace
manufiftctures. Pop. 95,383.
Bed'ibrd, the county town of
Bedfordshire, on the Ouse, distin-
giiished for its charitable institu-
tions. Population 6059.
BcFper, a town in Derbvshlre,
on the Derwent, noted for its cot-
ton-mills. Population 789a
Berks, or Berk'shlre, a county
separated b^ the Thames (Vom
those of Oxford and Buckingham.
Population 145.889.
Ber'wick, a fortified town near
the mouth of the Tweed. Though
assigned to Northumberland, It
enjoys the privileges of a county by
itself. In the wars between £ng.
land and Scotland, lU importance,
as a key to both kingdoms, render-
ed this town and its neighbour-
hood the scene of perpetual contest
and bloodshed. Pop. 89S0 p.—
55. 46 N. 8, W.
• Bury Is pronounced as If written 5er»y. ....
•|-$bl|« yrhen )olned to thename, is prooounocd ihort, ailf writtao
32
XMOLAND AND WAI.S8.
Bev^crlef , « town In tb« K R. of
Yoriuhire, near the Hull P. 8302.
BewdHer, a town in Worcetter-
•hire, on the Severn. Pop. 3008.
Btl'iton, a town in SUffbrdshire,
in the vicinitjr of great coal and
iron mine*. Population 14,499.
Bii'mingham, a large and flour-
ishing town In Warwiclifbirc, cele>
bruted for iti Immense hardware
manufacture!. Pop. 146«080.—
52, 28 N. 1,53 W.
Blacli^urn, a manufacturing
town in Lancashire. Pop. 27>0i)l.
Bod'min,atown in Comwiili.with
a manufacture of serges. P. 3375.
Bol'ton, a large manufacturing
town in Lancashire. Pop. 41,195.
Bos'ton, a seaport in Lincoln*
shire, situate on both sides of the
Witham, is a place of considerable
trade. Its Gothic church is one of
the finest in the kingdom. Fop.
11,«40 p.— 52, 59 N. 0, 2 W.
Bot^worth, Marlcet, a town in
Leicestershire, near which was
fought a memorable battle lie.
twcen Richard lU. and the Earl of
Richmond, afterwards Henry VII.,
in which Richard fell Pop^ 2530 p.
Brad'ford,a nianufkctuiingtown
in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the
Aire. Pop. 93,233 ; of the parish
76,996.— A town in WilU, on the
ATon, noted for its manufactures
of fine cloths. Pop. 10,102 p^
Brock'nockshire, a mountainous
county of Wales. Pop. 47,763.
Breck'nock or Bre'con, the coun.
ty town of Brccknoclcshire, at the
confluence of the Usk and Hond.
dy. Population 5026.
Breck'nock Beacon, a mountain
in Brecknockshire, 2862 feet high.
Brent'ford, a town in Middlesex,
on the Thames. Pop. 4359.
Brides Bay, St, in St George's
Channel, ou the W. of Pembroke.
Brid^e'north, a town in Shrop.
shire, mtersected by the Severn.
Population 5065.
Bridgc^watcr^a town in Somerset-
shire, on the Parret Pop. 78()7 p.
Brid'lington, or Bur'lington, a
town in the E. R. of Yorkthire. si-
tuate on the bay of the »ame name,
having Flamborough Head to the
N. E. Pop. 4792.
Brid'port, a seaport in Dorset,
shire, on tlie English Channel,
Pop. 4242 p.-^0. 44 N. 2, 45 W.
Bxight'oa, orDrigbtbelmstoof, «
seaport in Suiicx',— « flirmtrfte re
sidenceof George I V.,and aplaeeof
fashionable resort for sea.bathing.
Pop. 40,634 p.— 50, 4d<N. 0, 7 W.
Bris'tol, a seaport in Giouoeater.
shire, formerly second only to
London, though now sutpaised by
Liverpool, is situate on tne Lower
Avon, near the head of the chan-
nel which t>ears Its name. Ita mi-
neral waters are much esteemed.
Pop. with suburtM, 103,886; includ.
ing parish of Bcdminster, in So-
merset, 1 17,016.-^1,27 N.2,3.> W.
Bris'tol Chan'nel, an eatuary
stretching between the coaat of
Wales and the counties of Somer.
set and Devon.
Buck'inghamshire, or Burks, a
fertile midland county. P. 140^529.
Biick'inghnm, the county town
of Burks, on the Great Onse. Fou
puiation 3610 p.
Builth (Beelth), a town in Breck-
nock, on the Wye. Pop. 1034 p.
Bun'gay, a town in bufTolk, on
the Waveoey, carries on a consi-
derable trade. Population 3734 p.
Burn'ley, a town in I>u)cashire,
with manufiKctures of woollen and
cotton. Population 7551.
Burfc'Iem, a town in StaflFbrd-
shire, a principal scat of the pot-
teries. PojiuUition 12,714 p.
Bur'ton, an ancient town in'Staf.
fordshire, on the Trent, over which
is a bridge of 37 arches ;— it is fa.
mous for ale. Population 6988 p.
Bur'y (BcKry), a manufacturing
town in LAncashire, on the IrweU.
Population 15,086.
Bury St £d'munds,atown in Suf-
folk, on the Larke, with a great
com and cattle market. Its abbey
was one of the richestand most meg-
niflceiit in Britain. Pop. 11,436.
Bul'tcrmerc, a small lake in Cum-
berland.
fiux'tnn, a town in Derbyshire,
celelirated for its mineral springe.
Population 1211.
CA'DER-l'DUIS, a mountain in
Merionethshire, 2914 feet high.
Cnlnc, an ancient town in Wilt-
shire. Population 4476 p.
Cam'tn-idgcshire (Caim), an in-
land county in the 8. E. of Englaud.
Population 143,955.
Cam'bridge, the capital of Cam-
bridgeshire,on the Cam or Granta,
the seat of a celebrated university.
Pop, 20,917.-^, 13 N. 0| 7 £«
XMeLAMD AMD WALBS.
83
CnFterfaufy^dtrin Kent, on the
8tour,«> the ardxicpiscopal see of
tile primate of all England. It has
a magnificent cathedral, in which
Tboroiis 4 Bccket was murdered
before the altar in 1170. Pop.
14,463.— 51, 16 N. 1,5 E.
Car'diff, the county town of Gla.
morganibire, on the Taafe. In the
cntJe of Cardiff, Robert, dulce of
Nonnandy, was imprisoned by his
brother, Henry I. Pop. 6187 p*—
51, 29 N. 3, n W.
Car'diganshirc, a maritime coun.
ty of 'Wales, with extensive lead-
mines. Population 64,780.
Car'digan, the county town of
Cardiganshire, on a steep baulc near
tiie mouth of the Teify. P. rj9S,
Cat'digan Bay, a large bay on the
W. of Catdiganaliire.
Car'lifle, the capital of Cumber.
land, on the Eden, with an ancient
castle and cathedral, and formerly
surrounded by walls. Pop. 20,006.
-^4. .M N. 2, 56 W.
Carraar'thensliire, a fertile coun-
ty in Wales. Pop. 100,655.
Carmar'then, a flourishing sea.
port, and the county town ot Car-
marthen, on the Towy. P. 9995 p.
Carmar'ihen Bay, in the Bristol
Cbannc'l, S. ot Carmarthenshire.
Carnar'Tonshire, a county of
North Wales. Pop. 65,753.
Carnarvon, the county town of
Carnarvonshire, on the Menai
Strait ; its splendid castle was built
by Edward I. Pop. 7642 p.
Carnar'von Bay, in St iieorge's
Channel, washes the coast of An-
glesea and Carnarvon.
Cas'^letown, a considerable town
on the S. coast of the Isle of Man.
Pop. 2062.
Ohard, a town in Somersetshire.
Population 5141 p.
Chat'Aam, a town in Kent, on
the Medway, one of the principal
naval stations in England. Popu>
lation 17,9.)6 p.— 51, 23 N. 0, 31 £.
Chelms'ford, the county town of
Essex, on the Chelmer. P. 5435 p.
CheKsea, a villageon the Thames,
near London, where is a grand na-
tional asylum, called Chelsea Hos>
fdtal, for decayed and wounded sol.
diers. Population .32,371 p.
Chelf emuuB (CheU'nam),atown
in Oloueestersbire, much Arequent.
ed for its miaeral springs. Pop.
Cbep^stow, a town in Ifonaiontb.
shirt, on the Wye. witb the mag.
niflcent remains of an ancient cas-
tle. Population 3524 p.
Chesh'ire, a county kwrdering on
Wales, celebrated for its cheese
and large mines of rock.salt. Po^
pulation 334,410.
Ches'ter, the Deva of the Ro-
mans, the capital of Cheshire, a
fine ancientcity, on the Dee. Pop.
21,363.-53, 11 N. 2, &3 W.
Ches'terfleld, a town in Derby,
shire, on the Rother. P. 10,688 pb
Che'viot, arangeof hills between
Scotland and Northumberland ;
the highest is 2658 feet.
Chichester, an ancient city and
bishop's sec, the capital of Sussex,
situate on an arm of the sea ; its ca-
thedral is a fine Gothic structure.
Pop. 8270.— 50. 60 N. 0, 46 W.
Chil'tem Hills, a ridge of chalky
bills in the counties of Bucking,
ham, Hertford, and Oxford.
ChipfpenAam, a town in Wilts,
on the Avon, with manufactures
of fine cloths. Pop. 4533 p.
Chor'ley,a thriving manufactur-
ing town in Lnncashirc. P. 9282 p.
Chorl'ton-Iloitr, a township in
the parish of Manchester ; in 1801
it contained only 675 inhabitants,
in 1831 they amounted to ao.fiSO.
Christ'church, a town in Hants,
with a considerable trade in knit
silk stockings and watch-chains.
Population 5344 p.
Gi'rencester (Ci'cister), a town in
Gloucestershire, on the Chum, a
great mart for wool. Pop. 5420 p.
Cli'theroc, a manufacturingtown
in Lancashire, on the Ribble. I'u-
pulation 5213.
Cock'ermouth, a town in Cum.
berland, at the confluence of the
Cocker and Derwent. Pop. 45.36.
Coi'chester, a town in Essex,
on the Colnc. Population 16,167.
-r51, 53 N. 0, 53 E.
Colne, a manufacturing town in
Lancashire. Population 8080.
Cong'leton, a handsome town in
Cheshire, with manufactures of
leather, cotton, and silk. P. 0353.
Con'way, a river of Wales, form-
ing the Ixnindary between the
counties of Carnarvon and Den.
bigh, and falling into the Irish Sea
at Conway. The vale through
which this river flows is celebrated
for ita beauty «Qd f«itUity.
d4
■IftoAMt AKl» WAt«0.
Oon'vsjryor Abiveon'miy, a town
in CanurTOO, where are tlie niiiw
oTeiMgiitfloeateaetle. P.lS45|i.
Coquet, an islet off the eoeit of
NoKnumberUnd, at the mouth ot
the river of the tame name
Coro'wall^aoottnty oecupyinr the
MMith-westem extremity of Bri*
talB» and Aumwe for its mines of
tin. Population 50X,440.
Cov'entry, an ancient eity In
Warwick, crtebrated for its manu-
fiMtures of watches and ribands.
ftM. C7,070.— 69, 94 N. I, 30 W.
Cow'bridfe, a town in Glamor-
lanshire. Population 1097 p.
Cowei , a seaport on the N. coast
of the isle of Wight, beauUAilly
situate on the Medina. Pop. 4401
p.-^50. 47 N. 1» 80 W.
Crick'iade, a town in WllU, on
the Thames, up to which that ri->
Ter is navigable. Pop. 164f .
Croy'doit, a town in Surrey, on
a canul which joins the Grand Sur-
rey Can«L Population 19,447 p.
Cum'berland, one of the north-
ern counties, flamed for its lakes
and picturesque mountain-foenery.
Population 168,681.
DAR'UNGTON.atownhi Dur-
ham, carries on considerable trade
and manufactures. Pop. 8974.
Oarl'ford, atown in Kent, where
the Ar«t paper-mill in England was
erected by Sir John Spelnian,tn the
rekj^n of Uicabeth. P0pw47l5p.
Dartmouth, a seaport In Devon-
shire, near the mouth of the Dart.
Pqa. 4fi07^->fiO, S3 N. 3. 36 W.
Dav'entry, a town in Northamp-
tonshire, near the source of the
Avon and Nen. Pop. 3646 p.
Da'vids, St, a town In Pembroke,
and a bishop's see. Popb 9388 p.
Davids Head, tft, a cape on the
W.of ferobroke.— 6133 N.5,18W.
Deal, a town on the E. coast of
Kent, where Cmwr first landed ;
now much frequented by shipping.
Pop. 7968 p.— 51, 13 N. 1, S3 E.
Dee, a river which flows through
Bala Pool, in Merioneth, formiag
the boundary between DenUgn
and Cheshire, and fidling into the
Irish Sea, 15 miles below Chester.
Den'Mftehlre. a eoutttr in North
Wales. Population 83,107.
Dtnmgk, the coonky town of
Denbighshire, finely situate on an
eninenoe, overlookinf the fertUe
valeofawyd, Vvf^Jmjft
Depi'foid, a town in Kent, cm
the Thames, has a royal dockyard,
with fine wet docks. Population
19,785.«-^1, 99 N. 0, 3 W.
Der'brshlrc, a hUly and rodiy
county in the centre of England,
noted for its picturesque scenery,
its lead roine«, aiMl mineral waterr.
Fbpttlatioo 937(170.
Dei^, the county town of Der*
byshire, on the Derwent. Here
tlie first BngHsh silk-mlU was erect.
cd in 1718, and the silk manufae-
ture is still considcrHMe. Foo.
93.607.-^9,155 N. i, «8 W.
Der'wentwater. or Lake of Kes-
wick, a very picturesque lake In
Cumlierlaod.
Devi'scs, a town in WUU, on the
Kcnnet and Avon Canal. PomUa-
tion 4.569. *^^
Dev'onport, a seaport in Devop.
shire adjoining Plymouth, of which
it is considered a suburb. Pop,
44,454 p.-^0, 94 N. 4, 1 1 W.
Dcv'onshire, a picturesque and
fertile county in the W. of Eng.
land, noted for its mild and salu-
brious climate. Pop. 494, 166.
Dewk'bury, a maniifaeturinff
town, in the W. R. of Yorkshli^
fleasantly situate on the Cahler.
'opulation 8979.
Dolgel'ly, the county town of
Merionethshire, situate on the
Avon, at the base of Cader-ldrla.
Population 4067 p.
Don^caster, a town in the W. R.
of Yorkshire, oelrtnratcd for ita
hcne-raoes. Poa J 0,801.
Dor'chcster, the county town of
Donetshire, pleasantly sitnate on
theProme. Pop. 302(3.
Dor'king, a town In Soney, flu
mous for its fowls. Pop. 4711 p.
Dor'sctshire a county in the S.
W. of England. Pep. I59ji9t.
Deug'las, a seaport on the S. E.
coast of the Isle of Man, with an
exorilent harbour. Pop. 0786.—
54. 10 N. 4, 99 W.
Do'vcr a seaport in Kent, about
23 miles ftom Calais In Phmoe,be«
tween which paekeu and steam,
veaiels regularly saiL Fopb 11,994.
-^1. 7 N. 1, 19 B.
Downs, a famous roadstead be-
tween the Goodwin fiands and
Deal in Kent, the usual rendci.
voos for otttwaid-bound fleets.
Dfoit'^wieh, a town In Worcester,
fomouf-for Mf biiat ^ngs, frtoi
MiHitAMt Ai<0 VfAtRt.
3fi
tvbloh IB ■MMi Aelwed a fin* white
»lt Pop.Stt7.
Dud^ley, a town of WoveMter-
sbire, sumniiMled by StaflbKtohtra.
Its Mighboarhood abo«u)d« in mi.
naahg and the iron trade U carried
on to a Gonaiderable extent. Fopi
23»043 P.--5S, 30 N. 2, fl W.
Bunganeu', a promontory on
th« coast of Kent, in the lilkiglish
Channel.— 50, 55 N. 0, 58 E.
Oans'table, a town in Bedford,
shire, noted for its manufacture of
ctrawphut Population 8117 P*
Dui'Aam, a county in the K. E.
of England. Pop^ 253,910.
DurAam, the capital of the coun-
ty, a city and bishop's see, with a
unlTersityand an ancient cathedral,
beautifully siluate on the Wear.
Pop. 10,125 54, 46 N. 1, 34 W.
JBiyDYSTONE, a reef of rocks
in the English Channel, 14 miles
&, W. from Plymouth ; on the high-
ert is a fionous lighthouse, erected
in 1759.— 50, 11 N. 4, 15 W.
£'den,a river which rises in West-
mor^nd, and, Bowing through
Cumberland, falls into the Solway
Frith below Carlisle.
Edge'hill, a village in Warwick,
near which the first battle in the
civil wars between Charles, I. and
the parliament was fought, in 164S.
fi'ly, a city in Cambridgeshire,
•ituate in a marshy district on the
Ouse, called the Isle of Ely. Here
is a very large and veneratue cathe*
dral. Pop. 6180.
Ep^Mun.a town in Surrey, noted
for its mineral springs. P. 3231 p.
Es'sex, a county on the £. coast.
f«ned for its agriculture and its
dairies. Population 317,233.
E'ton* a town in Bucks, on the
Thames, celebrated for iu school
called Eton Colkge, founded by
Henry VI. in 1441. Pop. 3232 p.
Ese^sham, an ancient town in
Woreestershire. situate in a beau-
tiful vale on the Avon. Here a
great battle was fought in 1265, be>
tveen Simon de Mootford, earl of
Leicester, and Prince Edward, af-
terwards King Edward I. P. 3001.
Exe, a river which rises in Ex-
moor forest. SomeiseUhire, and
flowing Ibrougfa Devonshire,. foils
iato tiM Ettglisb Channei at Ex-
mouthy
S«'et«r» the capital of Devon-
ihiie, OQ tiM Exe, mi elegant city.
and a bishop's see. Population
28|S0I.*^0, 43 M. 3, 31 W.
Ex'niouth,a town in Devonshire,
beautlAilly situate at the mouth of
the Exe, celebrated as a w&terini;
place, and for the roildnew of ils
climate. Population i'ib2 \k
FAL'MOUTH,a seaport inCom-
widl, with a noble harbour, whence
packets regularly sail for the Me-
diterraneau and the Wefet Indies.
Pop. 72K4 p.— 50, 9 N. 5, 5 W.
Fam'/kam, a town in Surrey, on
the Wey, noted for the hop plauta-
tions near it. Pop. :i 1 A 2.
Fisb'gKard, a sea(>ort in Pern*
brokeshire. Pop. 19!)0.
Flam'uorougb Head (burro), in
Yorkshire, a bold and lofty caiie,
nearly 500 feet hi|;h, with a ligbt-
house.-^4, 7 N. 0, 2 E.
Flinl'iihire, a small county in
North Wales. Pop. 00,012.
Flint, the county town of Flint-
shire, on the estuary of the Dee.
P^ulation 2:216 p.
Flod'den-tield, 5 miles north of
Wooler in Northumiierland. Here
a great battle was fought between
the English and Scots in 1513, in
which James IV. and many of his
nobility were slain.
Fo/k'stone, a seaport in Kent, the
birthplace of Dr Harvey, who dis-
covered the circulation of the blood*
Pop. 4296 p.— 51. 4 N. 1, 10 E.
Fore'iaiid, North and isouth, two
Sromontories on the east coast of
lent.
Foth'eringay.a village in North-
amptonshire, in the castle of which
Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded,
in 1587. Pup. 280 p.
Fow'ey, a seaport in Cornwall,
with a fine harbour, carries on an
extensive trade in the pilchard*
fishery. Pop. 1767 p.
Frome, a town in {Somersetshire,
on the Fiome, noted for its manu-
factures of cloths and kerseymeres.
Fop. 12,240 P.—51, 14 N. 2, 20 W.
GAIN&'BOKOUGH, a town in
Linccdnshire, on the Trent, with a
considerable foreign and inland
trade. Pop. 7535 1>.
Gates'head, a town in Durham,
forming a suburb to Newcastle.
Population 15,177 p.
Olamor'ganshire, a fertile coun-
ty in South Wales, enriched by
Tast mines, both ofironaodof eoai*
Population 126«612*
36
BNOLANO AND WALKS.
(ilouceitcrsliire (Glot'ter), a
county in the W. of England, fa-
mous for Its choetc. Pop. 396,904.
Gloucester, an ancient city, and
a bishop's see, the capital of tht
county, situate on the Severn. It
has a noble cathedral, and carries
on considerable manufactures.
Fop. 11,933.-51,52 N.2, 14 W.
Uod'alming, a town in ijurrcy,
on the Wcy. Pop. 4529 )>.
Good'ariu Stinds, alarKe and dan-
gerous sand-bank offthe east coast
of Kenu
Goole, a town in the W. R. of
Yorkshire, on tiie Ouse, which, in
the last few years, has risen to
great importance, and been admit,
ted to the privileges of a bonding
port. P. 1671.— .53, 42 N. 0, 52 W.
Go/port, a sea|>ort in Hampshire,
on the west side of Poitsmouth
harbour, carries on an extensive
trade. Population 12,637 p.
Gow'ens Point, a cape on theS. of
Pembrokeshire.— 51 , 37 N. 5, W.
Grani'Aam, a town in Lincoln-
shire, on the Witiiam. Pop. liitJ p.
Gravcfc'end, a seaport m Kent,
near the mouth of the Thames, 22
miles from London. Pop. SOtiH p.—
51, 27 N. 0, 22 E.
Green wich, a town in Kent, on
the Thames, about 5 miles below
London, famous for its Royal Ob-
servatory, and noble hospital for
superannuated seamen. I*opula.
tion 24,5.13 p.— 51, 28 N. 0, 0.
Giims'by, Great, a sca|iort in
Lincolnshire, at the mouth of the
Humber. Pop. 4225 p.
Guem'sey, an island in the Eng-
lish Channel, near the coasts of
Bretagne and Normandy, 9 miles
long by 6 in breadth. On the S.
and fiart of the E. coast, it is a con-
tinued cliff; rising 270 feet high.
Pop. 24,349.-19, 20 N. 2, 40 W.
Gtfild'ford, the county town of
Surrey, on the Wey— once a resi-
dence of the English kings. P.3815.
HAI/IFAX, a thriving town in
the W. R. of Yorkshire, noted for
its woollen manufactures. Popu-
lation 15,382.— M, 45 N. 1, 54 W.
Hamp'shire, Hants, or South-
amp'ton, a county in theS. of £ng.
land. Population 314,313.
Har'borough, or Market Haxbo-
rough, a town In Leicestershire, on
he Welland, which separates it
Qoi Nuribainpcoaslure. P, 'iili .
Haracigh ( Harly). a town on the
W. coaKt of M crioneU), once a place
of consequence, now only remark-
able for its ancient castk*.
Har'rotvgatc. a village in the W.
R. of Yorkshire, 21 miles W.
from York, famous for ita medicinal
waters. Pop. 2812.
Hart'land Point, a promontory in
Devon, on the Bristol CuanneL*^
51,1 N.4.30W.
Hai'unch, a seaport in Essex, the
seat of a royal Jock-yard, and a fa-
vourite watering-place. Pop. 42U7.
—61,57 N. 1, 17 E.
Ha'stin^s, an ancient town in
Sussex, where Harold was defeated
by William the Conqueror in 1066*.
Pop. 10,097.-50, 53 V. 0, 36 E.
Haver'fordwcst (Hartford west),
a town in Pembroke.on the Cleddy,
nearitii entrance into Milford Ha-
ven. P. 391 5,-J 1 , 47 N. 4, 56 W.
Hay, a town in Brecknockshire,
pleasantly situate on the Wye. Po-
pulation 19j9 p.
He'iier, St, a handsome town,
the capital of the island of Jersey,
situate on the E. side of .St Aubina
i3ay.Pop.lC,027p.— 49, 12N.2,7W.
McKstone, a town in Cornwall,
on the Cober, with a good haibour.
Population 5293.
Helvel'lyn, a mountain cm the
borders of Cumberland and West-
moreland, 3055 feet high.
Hei/ley, a town in Oxfordshire,
on the Thames. Fop. 3618 p.
Her '^fordsh ire,a fertile and well-
cultivated county in theW. of Eng.
land, famous for its cider. Popu-
lation 110,976.
Her'^ord, the capital of Here-
fordshire, and a bishop's see, on
the lianks of the Wve. Pmulation
10,280.-52, 3 N. 2,' 43 W.
Heri'fordshire or Herts, a mid-
land county, which carries on a
great trade in malt. Pop. 145,341.
Hert'ford, the county town of
Hertfordbhire, situate on the Lea.
Pop. 5247—51, 48 N. 0, 4 W.
Hex'Aam, an ancient town iu
Northumberland, on the Tyne,
where are many Roman and other
antiquities. Fop. 6042 p.
Holt, a small town in Denbigh-
shire. Population 1609 p.
HoKybead, a scajiort situate in
a small island off Anglcsea, from
which the Irish packets saiU Pop.
42b» p,-53, 19 N. 4, 3U W,
BM«UIKD AMD WAI.B8.
87
Holy I'#1aiMl, on the coast of
NntbumberUnd. about 9 milei in
circumfinreoce, belonging to the
county of Durham. Pop. 836.—
65, 40 N. 1, 46 W.
HoKywell, a town in Flintshire,
with considerable manufactures of
cotton, copper, and brass. In the
oeiglibourhood is a rich lead mine.
Population 8969 p.
Ho'niton, a town in Deronsbire,
on the Otter, pop. 3609 pi
Hors'Aam, a town in Sussex, on
tbcAdur. Pop. 5106 p.
HucKdersfield, a town In the W.
Hot Yorlisbire, where the woollen
manu£icture is carried on to a con*
siderable extent. Fop. J9,ai5.
Hull, or King'ston-upon-Hull, a
waport in the £. R. or Yorl^sbire,
oa the Humber,at the mouth of the
HuiL It carries on a very extensive
trade. P. 32,958 ; including Scul.
coatet, 46, 426.-53, 48 N. 0, 18 W.
Hum'lier, a river, or rather et.
toary, formed by tne junction of
the Ouse, Aire, and Trent, and se-
pantiog Yorlc Arom Lincoln.
Huntingdonshire, an inland
county possessing numerous dai-
ries, in which is produced the fa>
mous St ilion cheese. Fop. 53, 1 49.
Hunt'ingdon, the county town of
Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse.
Population 3^67.
Hytbe, a seaport in Kent. Po.
pulation f 287 p.
I L'C HESTER, a town in So-
mcnetshire, the birthplace of Ro-
ger Bacon. Pop. 1095 p.
In'gleboroujrh, a mountain in
Yorkshire, ^368 feet high.
Ips'wieh, the county town of Suf.
folk, on the Orwell, the birthplace
of Cardinal Wolsey. Population
30,454.-^2, 5 N. 1, 8 E.
Islington, in Middlesex, former-
ly a pleasant country town, now
united to London. P. 37.316 p.
It'cben, a river In Hants, which
runs into Southampton Water a
little below the town.
Ives, St, a seaport of Cornwall,
OQ the bay of St Ive*. Here the
pilchard, fishery is carried on to a
^reat extent Pop. 4776 p. —A town
in Huntingdon, on the Ouse. Po-
pulation 3314 p.
JER'SEY, a fertile iaUnd in the
English Channel, near the coast of
Normandy. It is 18 miles long by
7 in brea^^h, and possesses all (he
adrantases of a delightAil elimate,
a rich soil, and a oonsiderable com-
merce. Population 36,58<.— 19,
17 N. 2, 10 W.
KEIG'HLEY, a thrlvinsmantt-
ftcturing town In the W. R. of
Vorkshtre.on the Aire. P. 1 1 ,176 p*
Ken'dal. a flourishing town in
Westmoreland, long celebrated Ibr
its woollen manufactures. P0|>.
10,015.-^4, SO N. 2, 45 W.
Ken'iiworth, a town in Warwick*
shire, about 5 miles N. ftom War*
wick, celebrated Ibr Its magnifl.
cent castle, now in ruins* wbera
Dudley, earl of Leicester, enter-
tained Queen Eliaabeth for 17 days.
Population 3097 p.
Kent, a county in the S.E. of
England, fiimous for the culture ol
hops. Pep. 479,155.
Kes'toick,atown in Cuinberland«
beautifully situate on DcrwenU
water. Population 2159*
Kid'derminster, a town in Wor-
cester, on the Stour, noted for iti
manufacture of carpets. P.30,865p.
Kidwel'y, a town in Carmarthen-
shire, situate on Carmarthen Bay.
Peculation 1681 p.
KIng'ston, an ancient town la
Surrey, on the Thames. P. 7257 pw
KJrk'by-Lons'dale, a neat town
in Westmoreland, pop. 16K6.
Knares'borough, a town in tba
W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Nid*
Population 5296.
Knif At'on,a town in Radnorshire^
on the Teme, which sqiaratee
Wales from Shropshire. P. 1259 p.
LAM'BETH, a large town in
Surrey, forming the western extra*
mity of that part of the metropolii
which lies on the S. bank or tba
Thames. Population 87^56 p.
Lan'cashire or Lancaster, an ex-
tensive county in the N. W. of
England, containing the principal
seat of the cotton manufacture and
of the trade to America. Popo.
lation 1,336,854.
Lan'caster, the county town of
Lancashire, on the Lune, famoua
for its noble castle Population
12,613.-54, 3 N. 2, 47 W.
Ijandaa'% a city and bishop's see
in Glamorgan, with the venerable
ruins of an ancient cathedral. Po-
pulation 1290 p.
Land's-End, a lofty headland In
Cornwall, the S. W. extremity o^
England.— 60, 4 N. 5, 41^ W.
38
Launce«ton (Lans'ton), the
county town of Cornwall, situate
on the Tamar. Fop. TISl p.
Lcam'ington, a town in War-
wickthire, pleasantly situate on the
Leam, and celebrated for its mi-
neral waters. Pop. 6209 p.
Lttl'bury, a town in Hereford-
shire, with manufactures of ropes
and sacking. Pop. 3909 p.
Leeds, a town in the W. R. of
York, the greatest seat of the wool.
k>n manufacture in the kingdom.
Pop. 123,595.-53, 48 N. 1, 32 W.
Leek, a town in StifTordfihirc,
with extensive manufneturc^ cf
silks, twisbi, &c. Pop. 10,780 p.
Leicestershire (Lcs'ter), an in-
land county, famed for its breed of
sheep. Population 197,003.
Leicester (Les'tcr), the county
town of Leicestershire, noted for
its manufacture of worsted stock-
ings. P. 39,306 5J, 3$> N. 1, 7 W.
Leominster (Lcm^stcr), a town
in Herefordshire, situate in a fer-
tile vale on the Lugg. It has an
excellent market for wool, cider,
hops, and wheat. Pop. 5249 p.
Lew'es, a town In Sussex, on the
Ouse, which is navigable for some
miles above It. Pop. 859*?.
Lin'co/nshire, a county on the
E. coast of England, noted fur its
marshes. Pop. 317,24'l.
Lin'co/n, the Lindum of the
Romans, the county town of Lin-
colnshire, on the Witham. It has
a fine Gothic cathedral, in which is
a very large bell, called Tom o' Lin-
coln. P. 11,873.-53, 11 N. 0,3:'W.
Lis'k«ard, a town in Cornwall.
Population 2853.
Litch'field, an ancient and ele-
mt city in StafTordshirc, the
>irthplace of Dr Johnson and of
Garrick. Population 6499.
Liverpool, a seaport in I^nca.
•hlie, situate at the mouth of the
Mersey, has made a most rapid pro-
gress in commcrci-.il prosperity, car-
rying on a great trade with Ireland,
America, and the West Indies.
It has some fine public buildings,
and wet docks of surprising raagui.
tude, covering 90 acres. Popula-
tion 165,175; inchidinur Toxtcth
Park, l.->»,':ii— 53, 2% S. 2,riO W.
l^iz'ard Point, in Cornwall, the
most southerly promontory of Eng-
land.— 49, 67 N. 5, II W.
Lkui'bcder, or Lam'pcter, a town
ENGLAND AND WAhKR,
in Cardlganshiret near valuable
silver-lead mines. Pop. 1317.
Llanel'ly, a seaport in Carmar-
thenshire, near the mouth of the
Burry, with a large trade in coals
and copper. Pop. 7646 p.
Llanfyl'lin, a town in Montgome-
ryshire. Pop. 1856 p.
Llangol'Icn, a town in Denbigh-
shire, situate in a beautifiil vale on
the banks of the Doe, and sur-
rounded by scenery of imposing
grandeur. Population 4498 p.
Llanic^loes, a town in Montgo-
raeryshlre. with a brisk trade in
flannels. Population 4189 p.
Llantrls'feut, a town in Glamor-
ganshire. Population i'789 p.
LoN'ooN, the ujctropolis of the
British empire, situate on the
Thame<i, the largest.the wealthiest,
.ind ijerhaiK the most populous city
in the world. It is divided into
three parts : the City, in which
the immense commerce is chiefly
carried on,— Westminster, the scat
of the Court and Parliament, — aiul
Southwark, on the southern bank
of the Thames. The«e parts arc con-
nected by six roagnilicent bridges.
Pop. 1,171,941.— .51, 30 N. 0, 5 W.
Lough'borough, a town in Lei-
cestershire, has an extensive ho.
siery and lace trade. Po|x 10,?00.
Louth, a town in Lincolnshire,
situate on a canal which joins the
Humber, carries on considerable
trade and manufactures. P. 6927 p.
Lowe'iitofl', a seaport town in
Suffblk, and the most easterly point
of England. Pop. 4238 p. — 52, 29
N. I, 45 E.
Lud'loto, a fine ancient town of
Shropshire, with the ruins of a
most magnificent castle. P. 5t'.'53L
Lyme He'gis, a seaport in Dor-
setshire with a good harbour, an da
noted watering-place. Pop. 2621 n.
—50, 4) N. 2, 55 W.
Lym'ington, a seaport in Hants,
much resorted to for sea-bathing.
Population 3361.
Lynn Re'giR. a flourishing sen-
port in Norfolk, at the mouth of
theOuse, with a great trade in corn.
Pop. 13,370.— .52, 46 N. 0, 25 E.
MACCLESFIELD, a manufac-
turing town in Che»hirf, Popula-
tion 23.im— M, IG N. 2. 7 \V.
M;ich) n'lloth, an ancient town In
Montgomery, with man ufactt ires
of flannels oud cottons. P. 2381 p«
XVahAKD AND WALES.
39
Mahl'stoDe, (he county town of
Kent* situate on the Medwav. It
is the great emporium of the hop
trade. Pop. 16,387 p.
Mai'don, a seaport in Essex, on
the filackwater, carries on aoon-
iiderablc imfwrt trade. Pop. 3831.
Ma/mes^ury, a very aiicicnt
town in Wilts. Pop. TJ93 p.
MaKton, a town in the N. R. of
Vorkbhiie,oa the Derwent. Pop.
H73.
HalVem, a watering-place in
Worcestershire. Pop. '2140 ji. — The
Malvern Hills are a range in the
S. W. of Worcestershire, and in the
county of Hereford, 1 44^i I'cct high.
Mali, anciently Muna, an island
in the Irish Sea, 30 miles in length
by 12in breadth ; 20 miles from the
coast of .Scotland, and nearly equi-
distant f^om England and Ireland.
Pop. 404)85.-54, 17 N. 4, 35 VV.
Ma&'chester, a town in Lanca-
shire, the scat of thegreatestmanu-
£(ctures in the world. Its staple
consists in the different branches
of the cotton manufacture, which
are carried on to a Tasc extent.
A magnificent railway now con.
nects it with JLiverpooi. Popula-
tion 142,026 ; incluoingSall'ord and
•uburbs, 237,83-i.— 63,>{9 N.'i!,14W.
Mans'tield, an ancient town in
Nottinghamshire, on the Main.
Pup. »4^6 pi
Mar'gate, a seaport of Kent, in
the Isle of Thanct, much frequent-
ed for sea-bath ing. Pop. 10, 339 pi
-51, ?3 N. 1, 22 iS.
Itfari'borough, a town in Wilts,
00 the Kennet. Pop. 34iK5.
Max^oWtGreat, a town in Backs,
00 the iMnks of the Thames, with
considerable manufactures and pa.
per-mills. Pop. 4237 p.
MaVyport, a seaiiort in Cumber,
laod, at the mouth of the Ellen,
has a large export trade, particu-
larly of coals. Po|). 3877*
Mat'lock,a town inDerby .beauti-
fully situate on theDerwent,amid8t
romantic scenery, and noted tbr its
iQediciaal springs. Pop. 3262 p.
Med'way, a river which rises in
Sussex, and, flowing through Kent,
falls into the mouth of the Thames
at Sheerncss.
Me'oju Frith, a strait between
the Isle of Anglesea and Caniar von ,
which are connected by a magnifi-
ent suspension bridge of 560 feet
P4n thrown over the frith.
MenMip Hills, a noted mineral
range in the N. E. of Somerset,
1094 teet hish.
Mei'ionethshire, a mountainous
and romantic county of N. Wales,
t)etween Montgomeryshire and St
George's Channel. Pop. 35,609.
Mer'sey, a river which flows be-
tweenChesliireand Lancashirc,<nnd
falls into the Irish Sea at Liverpool.
Merthyr Tydvil (Mur'thlrTud'-
vll) a town in Glamorgan, situate
in the valley of the Taafe. From
an obscure village it has been rais-
ed by its extensive iron- works to
be the largest town in Walcf. Poft.
22,0{'3 p.— il, 41 N. 3, 20 W.
Mid'dleKCx, one ot the smallest
counties in the kingdom, but by
far the most important in wealth.
Population 1,358,541.
Mid'dleton, a town in Lanca-
shire, between Manchester and
Rochdale, with flourishing manu-
factures. Pop. 6903.
Mid'hurst, a well-built town in
Sussex. Population 1478 p.
Mil'ford, a modem town on Mil-
ford Haven, from which the pack-
ets sail for Waterford and the south
of Ireland. Pop. 2984 p.— 51, 43 N.
5, 1 W.
Mil'lord Haven, a deep Inlet of
the sea in the S. of Pembrokeshire,
the safciit and most capacious har-
hour in Britain.
Mold, a town in Flintshire, with
a handsome church and the ruins
of a strong castle. Pop. 93S.5 p.
Mon'mouthshirc, asmall county
on the borders of Wales. Popula-
tion 9B.130.
Moti'mouth, the county town of
Monmouthshire, on the Wye, the
birthplace of Henry V. Near it are
the picturesque remains of Tiniern
Abbey. Population 4916 p.
Montgom'eryshire, a county in
Wales. Population 66,485.
Montgom'ery, the county town
of Montgomeryshire, pleasantly
situate on a hill near the Se-
vern, Its castle, built in the
time of William the Conqueror, is
now a picturesque ruin, overhang-
ing the town. Pop. I lh8 p.
More'cambe Bay, a bay of the
Irish Sea, indenting the coast of
Lancashire.
Moi'iJC^h, a town in Northum^
berland, having one of the grcatc
cattle. markets in England. Poi
latioR 3b9<).— 55, 11 N. 1, 42 W,
40
BNOLAND AKD WAX.K8.
Moantf Btv, an exteauve bay
ia tb« R.W. of Cornwall.
NANT'WICH, a town in Che.
•hire, on th« Weever ; bat a great
trade in salt and ehee«e. P. 488&
Nar'berth, a town in Pembroke,
•hife. Population 25HQ |>.
Nase, a noted promontory on
tlie R. coast of Eimx.— 61, 53 N.
1, 17 E.
Neath, a town in Glamorgan,
shire, possessing a eonsldenble
trade. Population 4043 p.
Nee'dle*, a cluster of pointed
rocks, at the western extremity of
the Isle or Wight-JM), 40 N. 1,
54 W.
Neots, St, a town In Hunting,
don, on the Ou«e. Pop. 2617 p*
New River, a large aqueduct
from Hertfordshire to Islington,
by which a great part of London is
supplied with water.
New'ark, a town in Nottingham
on a branch of the Trent, has an
extensive trade. Pop. 0.557 p.
New'bury, a town m Berkshire,
situate in a fertile plain on the
banks of the Kennet P. 5077 p.
Newcaa'He, the principal town
of Northumberland, tibout 10
miles A'om the mouth of the Tyne.
It is a place of great trade, per.
ticularly in coals and the manufkc*
ture of glass. Population 4^,760 ;
including Gateshead in Durham,
57,937.-64. 59 N. 1, 37 W.
Newcas'/le-under.Line, a town
in Staffbrdshire, on the E. bank of
the Line, noted for the extensive
manufactures of stoneware in its
vicinity. Pop. 8192 p.
NeWmar'ket, a town in the coun-
ties of Cambridge and Suffolk, ce-
lebrated for its borse-racet. Popu-
lation ?848 p.
New'port, a town in the Isle of
Wight, on the Medina, near the
centre of the island. Pop. 4081 p.
—A thriving seaport in Monmouth,
on the Usk, with a very extensive
trade in coal and iron. Pop.706S p.
New'town, a town in MontgO'
mery, on the Severn, the chief seat
of the fine flannel trade. P. 4550 p.
Nore, a celebrated naval sta-
tion and ancboring-grouod in the
Thames, off Shccrness.
Nor'foft, a county on tho east-
ern coast Pop. 390,054.
Northal'lerton, a town in the
J<f.R. of Yorkshire, Pop. 3004. I
Nortiiaap'tfliMhlr«^ m Inluid
county, noted Cor ita woodtaa* and
pastuiBge. Pop. 17S,S7iu
Nortnamp'toD, the eouaty town
of Northamptonabire, on Hk^ Kco,
Popi 15,351.— 5t, 15 N. 0, 54 W.
NortbumHierland, a comUy in
theN. offiMiriaad. Pop. 9SS>11P.
North' «rich, a town in Cbcshkc,
with very extensile aah mlno.
Population 1481.
Nor'irich, the capital (^Norfolk,
a city and bishops see, witli a very
fine cathedral, long noted for its
trade and manufactures. Fop.
61.110.— 52, 38 N. 1, 18 E.
Not'tingbamshire, or Notts, an
Inland county. Pop. t£l,3Sa
Not'tingham, the county town of
Nottinghamshire, on the Trent i
the chief seat €ti the slocking and
lace manufactures. PopbdOyfiMI.—
52, 57 N. 1. 8 W.
O AK'AA M, the eotmty town of
Rutbind. Population S440 p.
Oki'Aam, a manufacturing town
In Lancashire, on the Medlock.
Population 32,381.
Ol'ney, a town in Buckingham*
shire, near which the poet Cow-
per long resided. POpu 2S44 pi
Or'ford, atown in 8uffi>lk, at the
confluence of the Aide and theOre.
Population 1302.
Ormea Head, Great, a promon-
tory on the coast of Denlrigbehire.
-53, 20 N. 3, 50 W.
Os' wastry, a town in Shropshire,
near the Severn and Mersey Conaly
carries on a considerable trade in
woollen and cotton goods. P.4478.
Ot'terbum, a village tn Nor.
thumberland, fismous as the scene
of a battle between Hotspur Percy
and DougUs in 1388. Pop. 385.
Quae (Uos), the name of fimr ri«
vers. The Yorkshire Ouse, formed
by the junction of the Swale and
Aire, unites with the Trent to ftvm
the Humber. The Great Onse,
which rises in Northamptonshire,
flows through the oountics ofBuck-
Ingham, Bedford. Huntingdon,
Cambridge, Norfolk, and falls into
the sea at Lynn Rc«is. The Little
Ouse divides Norfolk ftom Snllblk,
and falls into the Great Ouse. The
other riverof this nameisin Sussex*
Ox'fordshire, a county In the SL
of England. Population 151,728L
Ox'ford, the capital of Oxfind-
Ihire, a biahop*» aae, and the scat
BWXilVO ANB WALMt
41
qC t fcqp ttMnaicd imiVOTsUf,
Motaliiini tWMty coUcgat and Ave
luIU. Po^ fl0,43«.--^l, 40 M.
P8AK, a loll J mountain in Der-
bytbi<«» ceMmated finr the exteo.
ifveeavom* bj whieli It ii perTo*
ntadf and elTing name to a diirtrict
DDUd fiir lead niaoa.
Peel, a aaaport in the W. of the
Ide of Man, with an ancient caade.
Pon.lira.
Penlwokcahlre, a county of
South Walei. Population 81,484.
I^m'tooke, the county town of
ftmbrokealilie, on « bay of Mil-
lord Ha?en ; near It are the re.
uMint of a magnificent eacclOi Po^
pablkm 6511.— ^Sl, 40 N. 4^ 55 W.
Pefoygant^a hill in the N.W.
of Yorkshife, SS70 feet high.
Pm'rith, a town in Cumberland,
pieaauitly uttuate in the vale of
Mfleifeod Foreat Po|iiG059p.
Pen'ryn, a town In Cornwall, on
tke cnek that ntna Into Falmouth
Hnhour, with n oonsiderable trade
in the pilehard and Newfoundland
fitheiiea. Papulation 3581.
Pen'aance.eaeapoitia Cornwall,
itBttikaMe fbr the salubrity and
aildnen of the air. It ia kltuate
on the N.W. aide of MounU Bay,
«ndhaaacoD8lderabletrade» Pop.
mi P...60, 7 N. 5, 31 W.
l^teiboiough, a city and bisbopr*
>ce in Northamptonthire, on the
river Nen« Pop> 5553.
Petcnfield, a town in Hanta.
F^latlon 1803 p.
Pierre', St, the capital of Guem-
ley, in the B. of the island. It has
a good harbour with a noble pier.
Pq^ 13,893 p.-*-49, 35 N. 9, 35 W.
Plinlint'mon, a mountain on the
borders of Montgomery and Car-
diffuishirea, :2483 feet high.
Plym'outn, a seaport of Devon-
•bire, the second naval station in
the kingdom, situate at the head
of Plymouth Sound, a capacious
haven, formed by the Piym and
Tamar. Population,*including De>
vonport, 75,554'*-5U,![(S M.;4, 7 W.
Pan'tefract or Pom'fret, a town
in the W. R. of Yorkshire, with an
aodtnt castlci now in ruins. Po>
pttlatlon 4838.
Poo'typoQi* a town in Monmouth,
00 a stMp eliff overhanging the
Avon, long fiunoua for iu japaDned
«»e. ropulatioo 10,880.
Pooie» a ttottrbhfbf snaport in
Dorsetshlm. mueh cnMod In
llahery. P.045a— 50, 4tNj, 50 W.
Portland tsla, a peninsula in
Dorsetshire, flunous for Its f^ee*
stone quarries. Near the extreme
S. point, called Portland Bill, two
lighthouses are erected.— 50, 31 N.
S, 86W.
Ports'mouth, a seaport in Hants,
the most important naval station
in the kingdom. Population, with
Portsea, 50,380.-50,48 N. 1, 6 W.
Prea'oot, a town in Lancashire,
noted for its manufacture of watch
tools and movements. Po|i. 5055.
PreB'teiirnt a handcome town of
Radnorshire, situate in a fertile
valley on the Lugg. Pop. 3288 p.
Pres'ton, a handsome manufec-
turlng town in Lancashire, on the
RlbUe. Pop. 33,1 1«.
Pwllheli (Pulhc'll), a seaport In
Camarvonsbire. Pop. 8U01 p.
RAD'NORSHI RB,a mountain-
ous county in Wales. Pop. 84,651.
Rad'nor, New, the county town
of Radnorshire, on the Somergtll.
Population 478 p.
Kam'sey,atownln Huntingdon,
formerly noted for its rich and ex*
tensive abbey. Pop. 3006 p.— An.
other town In the Isle of Man, on
a apadous bay. Pop. 1 754.
Bamsyate, a seaport of Kent, In
the Isle of Thanet, noted for its
excellent artiflclal hartiour. Po*
pulation 7985.^^1, 19 N. 1, 85 R
Reading (Red'iling), the county
town of Berkshire, situate at the
junction of the Kennet with the
Thames. Population 15,595.
Hed'ruth, a flourishing town In
Cornwall, in the vicinity of exten-
slve copper and tin mines. Popu-
lation 8191 p.
Ret'ford, East, a town In Not.
tinghamshlre. Pop. 8491 p.
Uhydd'lan, a village in Flint-
shire, once the largest town In
North Wales. Pop. 1506 p.
Ribl>le, a river rising in the W.
of Yorkshire, and entering the sea
below Preston.
Rich'mond, a town in the N. R.
of Yorkshire. Pop. 5900 p.
Rif/on, a town in the W. R. of
Yorkshire, onoe celebrated for Its
manufacture of spurs. Pop. 5060.
Rocb'dale» a manufacturing town
In Lancashire, on the Rochei Po-
pulaUoD 74,487 p.
42
BNOLAND AND WALB8.
Riycheftter, n veryanci«it city I
and seaport of Kent, on the Mcd-
way. P. 9891.— 51, 23 N. 0, 30 E.
lioth'erliam, a town in the W.
R. of Yorkshire, near the junction
of the llother with the Don, long
noted for ita extensive iron wurkx.
Population 4083.
Uu'thin, a flourishing town in
Deiibighshira Fop. 3376 p.
Ilui^iandshire, the smallest
county in England, being only 15
miles long and 11 broad. The soil
i» in general fertile, — ^particularly
the rich vale of Catmose. Popu-
lation 111,385.
Rye, a seaport in Sussex, at
the mouth of the Rother. Popu-
lation ;i715 p.— 50, 57 N. 0, 43 E.
Uyc'gatc, an ancient town in
Surrev. Population 3397 p.
SAl/DLKUACK, amounUin in
Cumberland, i!787 feet high.
Sal'ford, a township in Lanca-
sSitre, and a suburb of Manchester.
Population 40,78(>.
&ilti)'bury, or New Sarura, an an-
cient city and bishop's sec, the ca-
])ital of Wilts. Its cathedral, the
spire of which is 4lU feet high, is
imeof the finest in Kuropc. Fop.
tf»7«p.— 51,4N. 1,47 W.
.Sa'iop> see Shropshire.
Sand'wlch, a sea{>ort in Kent, on
the Stour. Population 3136.
Sark, a small island off the
French coast, between .Jersey and
(fUtrnsey. Pop. 513.— 19, 25 N.
2, 26 W.
ScafelK, a mountain in Cumber-
land with two))caks, 309:^ and 3 166
feet high.
Scat'oorough. a seaport in the
N. It. of Yorkihire, and a favourite
watering-place, with considerable
trade, is much admired for the
beauty of its situation. Population
8T6«» P.-^4, 18 N. 0, '23 W.
SciKly Isles, the CassUerida of
the ancients, a numerous group,
stretching westward from the
Land's-End, of which 6 only are in.
habited. The principal is StMaryV.
Total pop. 2ll>j.— 49,58 N. 6, 15 W.
Sel'tjy, a thriving town in the VV.
R. of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, with
a considerable trade. Pop. 4()00 p.
Sev'ern, a large river, second only
to the Thames in importance. It
rises in Plinlimmon mountain ; and
]Mssing, by a circuitous course,
through the counties of M outgo.
mery, Salopi Worciitar, and Glou-
cexter.fftlls into the Briatol Chauiiel.
Shal'ces'bury, a town it% Dorset-
shire* Part of the wall whicti sur-
rounded it« abbey, founded by Al-
fred, is still standing. Pop..l<i61.
Sheerncsti% a seamirt in Kent, at
the mouih of the Medway, with a
strong and commanding fortress.
Pop. 7983 p.-^l, 27 N. 0, 44 K.
Shei'field, a town in the W. R.
of Yorkshire, famous for its manu-
factures of cutlery and plated goods.
Pup. 59,011 53, 24 N. 1, 30 W.
.She{/ney, an island at the mouth
of the Thames and Med way, sepa-
rated from the mainland of Kent by
an arm of the sea called the Swale.
Sher'borne, an ancient town in
Dorsetshire, pleasantly situate on
the Ivel. Pop. 4()75 p.
Shields, North Shields in Kortli-
umberland, and South Shields in
Durtiam, two towns on the Ofipo-
site banks of the Tvnc, both places
of considerable trade. Population
of North Shields 6744 ; including
Chirton, 11.717; of South Shield^
9074 ; including Westoe and Jar-
row, 22,354.-55, N. 1, 26 W.
Shore'Aam, New, a town in Sus.
sex, on the Knglish ChanneL Po-
pulation 1503 p.
Shrewsbury (Shros'berry) the
county town of Salop, beautifully
situate on the Severn, with a con-
siderable trade. Pop. 21,!f27«— ^2,
42 N. 2, 45 W.
Shrop':»hire or Sa'lop, an inland
county, the seat of mo«t extensive
iron-w(»rks. Pop, 222,503.
BkidMaw, a mountain in Cum-
berland, 3022 feet high.
SiieaYell, a mountain near the
centre of the Isle of Man, 2004 feet
high.
SnowMon, in Carnarvon, the lof-
tiest mountain in Sauth Britain,
3371 feet high.
Sol' way. Soo Descriptive Table
of Scotland.
S-im'erset, a county on the Bris-
tol Channel. Pop 403,908.
S.)utham;/ton,a cons uierable sea-
port on the Southampton Water,
in Hants. It ranks as a count v of
itfcCif. P. 19,324.-30, 54 N. 1,24 W.
Bouth'trark, commonly called the
Borough, a town of Surrey, united
by several bridges with London, of
which it is considered a suburb.
Population 91,501.
BNOLiKO AMD WAIiSS.
43
Spit'bfad, 8 wdl-kiiown road-
•tcaiid between PorUmouth and the
hie of Wight, capable of contain-
ing 1000 ye8.<els in security.— ^0,
45 N. 1, 10 VV.
Spuru'head, a promontory in the
8. K. of Yorkshire, on which ia a
iighthotise.-^>3, 35 N. 0. 7 £.
SCaf tbrdthire.-an inland county,
noted for its potteries and iron
founderies. Pop. 410,483.
Stafford, the county town of
Staiibrdshire. Population 6998.
Siam'ford, an ancient town in
Lincolnshire, on the Wclland. P.
5837.
Start Point, a cape on the 6.
coast of Devonshire.— 50, 13 N.
3, 38 W.
Siock'|tort,a manufacturing town
in Cheshire, on the Mersey. Pop.
25,469.-53, 25 N. 2, 10 W..
Stock'ton, a hancUome town in
Durham, on the TecK, about 6
miles from its mouth, with consi-
derable trade. Population 7763.>-
fi4, 35 N. 1. 20 W.
Stoke-upon-Trent, a town in
Staflbrdshire. Pop. 37,220 p.
Stone'henge, on Salisbury Plain,
in Wilts, a range of immense stones,
some upright, and others resting
upon them, supposed to be the re-
mains of a Druidical temple.
Stourbridge, a town in Worces-
tershire, on the Stour, noted for the
manufacture of glass. Pop. 6148.
Strai'tbrd-on-A'von, a town of
Warwickshire, the birthplace of
Shakspeare in 1564. Pop. 3488.
Stroud, a town in Gloucester-
shire, with an extensive cloth
trade, the waters of the Stroud and
Siadebemg celebrated lor theirprc-
pcrties in dyeing cloth. P. 8607 p.
Sirum'ble Head, a cape iu tlie
N. W. of PembrokcHhire.— 52, 2 N.
5, 3 W.
Sud'burv, a town in BuSoIk, on
the Stour,'uuce a place of great im-
portance for its woollen uianufac-
ture. Population 4677*
Suffolk, a county on the E.
coast, separated from >forfulk by
the Little Ouse and the Waveney.
Pop. 296,301.
SunMerland, a seaport in Dur-
ham, on the Wear, over which is
an iron bridge of 237 feet span, and
100 ft. above the river. P. 17,u60 ;
ifldudini; Bishop and Monk Wear-
mouth, 39,434.-^54, 55 N. 1, 21 W.
Sur'rey, a county in the S. of
England. Population 486,326.
Su&'sex, a county on the English
Channel. Population 27>2,3)W.
Swan'tfca, a seaport in Glamor-
gan, situate on a fine bay of the
Bristol Chtinne). It is a great resort
for sea-bathing, and possesses an
immense trade tn copper, iron, and
coaU. P. 13,694.-51, 37 N.3,55W.
TAM' WORTH, a town in Staf-
fordshire, on the Tame. P. 7182 p.
Taun'ton, a town in Somerset-
shire, on the Tone. Pop. 11,139.
Ta'vistock, a town in Devon-
shire, on the Tavy, the birthplaee
of Sir Francis Drake. Pop. 6602.
Tees, a river whiah rises in
Crossfell, Cumberland, and flow-
ingeastward, divides the counties
of Durham and York, and falls into
the German Ocean below Stockton.
Tcn'by, a town in Pembroke-
shire, much resorted to for sea-
bathing. Population 2128.
Test, a river in Hampshire, fiUl-
ing into Southampton Bay.
Tewkes'bury, a fine old town of
Gloucestershire, the theatre of a
famous battle in 1471 , which ter-
minated the wars of York and Lan-
caster. Population 5780.
Thames, the most important ri-
ver in Britain, rises in Gloucester-
shire, separates Berks firom Oxford
and Buckingham, Surrey from
Middlesex, and Kent from Essex,
and falls into the German Ocean
46 miles below London bridge.
Than'et, Isle of, a district of
Kent, at the mouth of the Thamee,
forming the N. £. angle of the
county, and separated ftom the
mainland by the Stour on the S.
The air is peculiarly mild and sa-
lubrious— the soil fertile and highly
cultivated.
Thet'ford, an ancient town In
Norfolk, on the Little Ouse. Pop.
3462.
'i'hirsk, a town in the N. Riding
of Yorkshire. Population 283.5.
Tiv'ertun, a town in Devonthlre,
at the confluence of the Exc and
Loroan. Population 9766 p.
Torbay', a commodious bay on
the coast of Devon, the principal
rendezvous of the British navy.—
50, 26 N. 3, 30 W.
Touiesa', a town in Devonshire,
on the Dart, with aranidly-increa^
ing woollen trade. Pop. 3442 p
44
ZKQLAMO AUn WAMM^
'I'MNtl^ • liirf* rtrvr whkh riiM
IH (H« N. uf Hcallbrtlghtnr. flow*
|HH»M||t( iH4» vuunCtM uf Darby,
NuUitttthHnit Mt4 Llncuto, anti
mtii«M with kh« Ytirkahir* Uuw io
|i>r***lt«ii (^«) ItumlMr.
l'H»t»'i>itaii«t « umo In WliUi OS
Ihv WbHs wtih miiauf)M.turM ^
vUi*h uml litHrwymvr*. P. lo.MSS p.
k*m Ht. n rti»Mrtihtitg town of
(l*tu«»fiUt *llMn(«t til N iUMTp d«U at
iH«» ^•«*Mrt(iii*H»« tif th« Kvnwyn and
m AilMM, t*0|K lMUlli>.-dU» 17 N.
iM >»( viilHutM. m»uiiIIihI iVttoi th«ir
^MM^ht4iMv4WuiatH»c (»«(•* PbP*
l'>»«v, «hv i»»»m'iiN»l tWwof Nor-
^4u4 ii»)<* ***^** ^'*v Uvf«iiiiit Uvuttii
I \M« lut'Miit, 4I« iMH»l«t«lt town iH
x\
\\
\ '
;, .^ .1 'W ' .!♦«•♦«••*«*> \»M
^K
. 1
t 4
W , M' •*'.«*.
*
' .» «lK
«
w
•\
^
Wric4/pool.ftUnni ia
mnynbln, pleMaatlj ciUia&cia lb*
vaJo of the hewen^ and a 0Mar
market for flannek. Poo. 45K.
WcKiiogton, a tow mi Stomp*
9bin,9mrSiutm^urfCmaaL Fop.
9671 pw<— A town is SomcnMsbirs^
with mannfartuyea of •et|rea,dnis>
gcta.Jcc Fopolation 47fiB p.
Wella. » cnr in Somonetahirc.
•Uuate at the base of the Mcndir
Hillf. Ita cathodal U ono of Um
fineat hi England. Po|».«64&.
Wan^jcfc, a town In Salop^ with
an ancient abbcf. Pop. MM n.
Wcafbory, a town in Wilta.
P.
Wcat'minat«r, a dtjr in Middle.
MX, a4ioining London, of which it
tnay be eonwdcred aa forming a
part« although It pniariafi dkttnct
righu and pririlegea. P. ttOjgOflO.
MTasemoreland, a county in the
N. of EauUnd, calebaatcd tar tU
Ukaa and fomantic scenery. Pkip.
wwy'iBouth. a Mapoet in Donct*
«hire« ttnlfead to MatBaaOie Bagia
by a bridge over the Wev, much
ty«i|uenCed aa a taathiag-fitaocb Po-
pulabun 7<iaft.— dO» 38 N. S» 19 W.
^, Wbam'nide. a mounuin in the
N« W. uf Yoriuhk»» 3384 ftet high.
Whifb«» a aaaport in the N. R.
i*r Yorkahini. the birthplaee of
Whitehafven, a thriving aeaport
th .Cumberland, with extviive
i*^^»«i»««S Pop- lWl«L-.54, 31
>^i|t«n»aauMiufteturingtowDin
^Si"?^**^ P^nnikilnn *),774.
Wiitbt. tale unthe F^fiaof the
ilMM«ik»K 4 tiMauni\il ti.t«»^ oflTtbe
s*. CM«a tit Btogiaatt between which
^«M) l>kc«aMMiuth la the great naval
'*««a vM SH^thead. In the centre of
'<H> iaj«Ma >• Carlabwoke Cattle,
;r*HN» i.'Jiattwa L waa conflnad.
t^^^ AX W4 — SQ» «| N. U « W.
^> '^ t\H)* a tttwn in
«* w4tK^ «w« aunw t
^11 «v«^ a UraMt a£ Wika. loag
*^Hv^ .*^* »to manuActur* of car.
^^ ^'IHftlMftMM inm p»
KNGIiAMO AMD WALES.
45
vith a (T^aciotu cathedral, fbmous
for its fiublic school. Pop. 921 2.
Wh/dennere, the largest lake in
Bnslaml, between Westmoreland
^nd Lancashire.
Wind'>or, a town In Berkshire,
on the Tbames, 22 miles from Lon-
don, celebrated for its cattle, a fa-
vourite residence of the British
sovereignfi. Population 7103.
Wis'bcach, a town in Cambridgc-
sliire, on the Nen, carries on a con-
sidprahle trade in corn. Pop.8777p.
Witl/am,a river in Lincolnshire,
which flowa past Lincoln, and^ptir-
Miing^ a 50uth-easterly course, falls
into the Wash,
"Wit'ncy, a town in Oxfordsbire,
long noted for its manufacture of
woollens, particularly blankets.
i'npiiUtion 5336 p.
Wil'tlPKeamere, a lake in the
N.E. of Huntingdonshire.
VVdmrn, a town in bedford«bire.
Within n mile of it is Woburn Ab-
bey, the splendid seat of the Duke
of Bedford. Population 1827 p.
Wolverhami/ton, a town in Staf-
fordshire, noted for its manufsic
tures ot locks and keys. Popula-
tion 24,';32.— 52, 35 N. 2, 7 W.
Wood'bridge, a town in Suffblk,
on the Dclien, carries on a consi-
derable trade. Pop. 4769 p.
Wood'stock, a town in Oxford-
shire, with extensive manufac
tures of gloves. Near it is Blen-
heim, the magnificent scat of the
Duke of Marlborough. Pop. 1380.
WooKwich, a town in Kent, on
the Thames, 8 miles below Lon-
don. It is famous for its arsenal,
dock-yard, and military academy.
Pop. 17,661 p.— 51, 30 N. 0, 5 E.
Worcestershire ( Woofc'tcr),a rich
and t^eamiful midland county of
England. Population 211,356.
Worcester ( Woos'ter), the coun-
ty town.ofWorce>:tcrUiire, near the
centre of the kingdom, noted for
its porcelain manufacture. Here
Cromwell defeated the army u(
Charles IL in 16.51. Population
18,610.— .52, 12 N. 2, 13 W.
Work'mgton, a seaport In Cum-
berland, ha^ingextensive collieries
in the neighbourhood. Population
641.5.— i4, 38 N. 3, 33 W.
WorkVop, a town in Nottlngw
hamshirc, pleasantly situate in a
valley; its ancient churrh is a fine
structure. P>ipuiation 5566p.
Wrek'ui, a hill in bbroi)sbire,
1320 feet hiKli.
Wrcx'Aam, a town in Denbigh-
shire, carrying on a large inland
trade, particularly in flannel. It
has a very elegant church. Popu-
lation 5484.
W\ 'combe. High, a handsome
town in the county of Buckinj:-
ham ; in the vicinity are numerous
com and paper milb. Pop. 3101.
Wye, a niclurei*que river of
Wales, whicn rises in the S. of
Montgomeryshire, crosses Radnor
and lierefurdshires, divides Mon-
mouth from Gloucester, and falls
into the Severn below Chepstow.
YA R'M OUTH,a seaport of Nor-
folk, at the mouth of the Yare,
with a considerable trade. Pop.
21,11.5 p.— 52, 36 N. 1. 43 E.
Vork'shire, the largest county in
England, divided into the East,
West, and North Ridings. The
East is very fertile, while the West
is the principal seat of the woollen
manufacture. Pop. 1,371,296.
York, the Ebor&nim of the Ro-
mans,^the capital of Yorkshire, and
the sc« of an archbishop. Its ce-
lebrated cathedral or minster is
the most magnificent specimen of
Gothic architecture in Europe,
Pop. 25,359.^53, 57 N, 1, 4 W.
SCOTLAND
Is bouniled N. by the North Sea ; W. by the Atlantic
Ocean ; S. by England^ and the Irish Sea ; and £. by
ibe German Ocean.
It contains 32,1G7 square roiles. The population in
1831 amounted to 2,365,114.
It is divided into thirty-three counties :—
B 2
46 SCOTLAND.
Counties. Chief Towns.
Orkney &3t)etland. Kirkwall. Siromnea:^, Lerwick*
Caithnesa Wick, Tnurso.
SatherlancL Dornoch.
K088 Tain, Dingwall, Fortrose,
Cromarty Cromarty.
Inverneu InverneM, Fort George, Fort Augustus,
Fort William.
Nairn Nairn.
Elgin or Moray l^lgin, Forres, Fochabers.
Banff Banff, Cullen, Keith.
Aberdeen Aberdeen,Peterbead,Fra8erburgh,HuDtly.
Kincardine or
Meams Stonehaven, Bcrvie, Laurencekirk.
Forfar or Angus.... Forfar, Dundee, Montrose, Arbroath, Bn*
chin, CujMir-Angus.
Fife., Cupar, St Andrews, Dunfermline. Kirk*
caldy, Kinghom, Burntisland, Dysart,
Inverkeithing, Falkland.
Kinross Kinross.
Clackmannan Clackmannan, Alloa, Dollar.
Perth .Penh, Culross, Kincardine, Dunkeld,
Crieff, Dunblane, Callander.
Argyll... Inverary, Campbelton, Oban.
Bute. Rothesay, Brodick (in Arran).
Dunbarton or Len-
nox Dunbarton, Helensburgh.
Stirling Stirling, Falkirk, Grangemouth.
Linlithgow or Linlithgow. Queensferry, Borrowstoun^
West Lothian ness, Bathgate.
Edinburgh or Edikburou, Leith, Portobello, Mussel.
Mid-Lothian burgh, Dalkeith.
Haddington or
East Lothian Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick.
Berwick or Meme... Greenlaw, Lauder, Dunse, Coldstream.
Koxburgh or Te-
viutdaxe Jedburgh, Kelso, Hawick. Melrose.
Selkirk Selkirk, Galashiels.
PeeblM or Tweed-
dale Peebles, Inverleithen.
Lanark or Clydes-Lanark, Glasgow, Hamilton, Airdrie,
dale Kuthcrglen.
Renfrew Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock, Port GUu|gow
Ayr Ayr, Irvine, Kilmarnock, Girvan.
Dumfries DumfKes, Annan, Sanquhar, Lochmabea,
Moffat, Langholm.
Kirkeudbright or
E<ist Galloway... Kirkcudbright, New Galloway.
Wigtown or Weit Wigtown,Stranraer,WhitUor«,PortPatricIr,
Galloway Newton-Stewart.
SCOTLAND. 47
Islands.— Shetland Isles^ the principal of which
8n\ Mainland and Yell ; Orkney Isles, the principal
of which are^ Pomona or Mainland^ and Hoy; the
Hebrideff^ or Weatem Isles, the principal of whidi are,
Lewis, Skye, Mull^ Jura, and Isla ; Bute, Arran.
FaiTHS, Bays, and Lochs.*— 'Pen tland, Dornoch,
Cromarty, and Moray Friths; Friths of Tay ami
Forth, Sol way Frith, Frith of Clyde; Wigtown and
Glenlucc Bays ; Sounds of Isla^ Jura, and Mull ; The
Minch; Lochs Ryan, Long, Fyne, Etive, Linnhe,
Broom.
Cape8. — St Abb's Head, Fifeness, Buchanness, Kin-
naird*s Head, Burgh Head, Tarbetness, Duncansbay
Hf»d, Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis,
Point of Ardnamurchan, Mull of Cantyre, Corsill
Point, Mull of Galloway, Burrow Head, Satumness.
Laxes.— Loch Lomond; Awe; Tay^ Rannoch, Er«
icht, Ketterin, Erne ; Shin ; Laggan ; Ness, Lochy 5
Maree; Leven.
MotJNTAiNS.— Ben Nevis, the loftiest mountain
in Great Britain ; Ben Wyvis, Ben Macdhui, Cairn-
toul. Cairngorm ; the Grampians, of which the most
remarkable are Mount Battock, Schiehailion, Ben
Lawcrs, Ben More, Ben Ledi, and Ben Lomond; Ben
Cruachan ; the Ochils ; Pentland Hills ; Lammermoor
Hills ; Tintock ; Moffat Hills ; Lowthers ; Cheviot
Hills, on the English Border.
RiVEBs. — ^Spey, Findhorn, Deveron, Don, Dee, Tay,
Erne, Forth, Clyde, Tweed, Teviot, Nith, Annan, Ken.
REMABK8.
Bcotlaad, exclusive of the Shetland and Orkney Islands^
extends from 54*' 40' to 58* 4^ N. lat., and from 1* 48' to
S^Sif W. long., not including the Western Isles. Its extreme
length is about 280 miles, and its greatest breadth 150 miles.
Scotland is in general a mountainous country, although
it has some extensive level districts of great fertility. It
is divided into the Highlands and Lowlands ; the former
diiefly occupied with lofty and rugged mountains, and in-
habited by a race of Celts, who, in many parts, still fpeak
the Celtic or Gaelic language ; the latter more diversified
- ■ . ,, .1 I ■ ■- I fc ii ■
• By X<0cA« are here meant armt nftht tea.
48 800TI.AKO.
with hilly and level districu, end inhibited by people of
Saxon origin like the English, and who speak dialects of
the same language. But the natural geography of tlie
country suggests a more distinct division of it into three
portions, NoRiHsaN, Middlx, and Sooth eaif.
The Nortlnem Divition extends from the Pentland Frith
to that great chain of lakes which crosses the country from
the coast of Argyll to the Moray Frith, in the line of the
Caledonian Canal. It is in general mountainous and bleak,
with some fertile spots on the eastern coast.
The Middle Division extends southward from the above
line to tlie Friths of Forth and Clyde, and the Great Canal
by which they are united. Of this division, likewise, the
aspect is chiefly mountainous, although on the eastern coast
there are extensive tracts of great fertility and in high
cultivation*
The Soutltem Divition^ stretching to the English border,
bears in soil and appearance a greater resemblance to Eng-
land. Though it contains several extensive ranges of hills,
and wide tracu of moor, its more general aspect is that of
verdant plains, watered by beautiful streams,and enlivened by
herds of cattle ; ample valleys or gently. swelling eminences
of great fertility, waving with corn, or clothed with wood.
Scotland abounds in minerals, the most valuable of which
are lead, iron, and coal. Its fisheries form an important
branch of industry, and are prosecuted to a considerable
extent, particularly along its northern shores.
Its climate, though variable, is, on the whole, mild and
salubrious. The western counties are exposed to frequent
and heavy rains from the Atlantic Ocean ; the eastern,
though less frequently deluged with rain, suffer more from
piercing east winds, accompanied with chilling fogs from
the German Ocean. There is no country in the world
where agriculture is better understood than in Scotland •
and the consequent improvement in its soil and produc
tions, which have taken place within the last forty years,
are astonishing. Many of its districts are best adapted for
the rearing of cattle, which are exported in large numbers
to England.
Manufactures of various kinds are likewise carried on to
a great extent. Glasgow and Paisley are tlie principal seats
of the cotton manufactures ; Dundee, and the other towns
in Forfarshire, are noted for the manufacture of coarse
linens; and Dunfermline for damasks and fine lioena.
At Carron, near Falkurk^ are the largest iron. works in
SCOTUiND. 49
the Idngdom. Of iho commercial piroip€rit]F of Britain,
Scotland enjoys her due share.
The rapid pron;re8s which the country has made of late
years has been greatly accelerated by the introduction of
steatn.navigation on its coasts and friths, while the facilities
of internal communication will, in the progress of time, be
much increased by railroads*
Since the accession of James VI. to the throne of Eng-
land, in 1603, the whole of Britain has been under the
dominion of one sovereign ; and since the union of England
and Scotland in the reign of* Queen Anne» A.D. 1707. the
government cf the two kingdoms has been nearly the same.
The Presbyterian form of cburch.government is coeval with
the Reformation in Scotland. After many struggles with
James VI. and his successors, who patronised episcopacy,
the Scots succeeded in procuring the establishment of Pres-
byterianism as the national religion, at the Revolution of
1688.
The Scots may be characterized as industrious, frugal,
prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to the excellent insti-
tution of parish-schools, the advantages of education are
enjoyed even by the lowest classes of the people. They are
fond of learning ; and can boast of some of the brightest
names in literature and science.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Scotland ? What is its extent
in square miles ? Into how many counties is it divided ?
Name them. What are the principal towns of Orkney and
Shetland? Of Caithness ? Of Sutherland ? Of Ross, &c. ?
What are its principal islands ? Point them out on the map.
Name its principal friths, bays, and lochs. Point them out
on the map. Name its capes. Point them out on the map.
What are its principal lakes ? Point them out. Name its
principal mountains. Name its rivers.
'Where is Falkland, Kirkwall, Kelso, Whithorn, Camp-
belton, Dornoch, Stranraer, Irvine, New Galloway, Dalkeith,
Kilmarnock, Dunkeld, Falkirk, Dingrwall, Stonehaven, Mon-
trose, Fortrose, Fort George, Port Patrick, Dunbar, Dun-
barton, Dunse, Edikbuhgh, Glasgow, Greenock, North
Bjrwic^ Annan, Dunfermline, Alloa, Lerwick, Brodick, In-
verary, Inverness, Hamilton, Lteith, Musselburgh, Borrows-
tounness, Forres, Bervie, Peterhead, &c. ?
Where is Pomona, Yell, Mainland, Mull, Skye, Lewis,
noy, Bute, &c. ? Where is the Solway Frith, Glenluce Bay,
Pentland Frith, Frith of Tay, Wigtown Bay, Frith of Forth,
Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Loch Fyne, Loch Broom.
Loch Lon^, Frith of Clyde, I^och Etive, Loch Linnhe, &c.
Where is Cape Wrath, Tarbetness, St Abb's Head, 5
60
8C0TLANP*
tunuMn, Kliiiiairdl*t Hc«d,ConiU i'oink, Duncaokbajr Head,
Point of AfdiMui)urch«n, &c. ?
Where it lioch Ncsm, Loch Awe, Loch Lomond, Loch
Maree, Ijoch Ketterin, Loch Kricht, &c. ?
Where are the Lammermoor Hillii, the Pentland HiIIji,
the Orampians, Ben Ledi, Ben Lawer«, Ben Nevin, Tintock,
the Lowthere, Blc f Which is the highest moan tain in Oreat
Briuin f Deaaibe the course of the Tweed, of the Nith, the
Clyde, the Tajr, the Forth, the Don, the Spejr^ the Dee, the
Teviot, the Annan.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it sitoate ?
What are its length and breadth ? What is the general appear-
ance of Scotland ? How is it divided ? What Ts the aspect of
the Highlands ? By what race of people is it inhabited ?
What is the appearance of the liowlknas ? Of what origin
are its inhabitanu ? What other division does the natural
geography of the country suggest? What is the extent and
situation of the Northern Division P What is the aspect of
the country ? How far does the Middle Division extend south-
ward ? What is its ffeneral aspect ? How far does the Southcm
Division extend ? What is the general aspect of this division ?
What are the most valuable minerals of Scotland ?
What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties of wea-
ther prevail in the western and eastern counties ? What is
the state of agriculture in Scotland ? For what are many of
its districts best adapted ? Are its manufactures extensive ?
What towns are the principal seats of the cotton manufac-
tures ? For what manufacture is Dundee noted ? What are
the chief manufactures o( Dunfermline ? For what is Carron
cdebrated ? Is Scotland a commercial country ? B v what
has the progress of Scotland in commercial prosperity Seen of
late years greaUy facilitated ?
At what time was Scotland united with En^^lond in govern-
ment ? What form of church-government is established ?
How long has this been the national religion ? To what in-
stitution ao the Scots owe the general diftusion of education ?
Have they made a figure in literature and science ?
DEBCRIPTIVB TABLE.
ABB'S HEAD, ST, a promoa-
tory on the N.B. of Berwickshire.
-r^* 5& N. Isi. 8* r W. long.
Atierdeen'shire. an extensive
county In the N.E. of Scotland,
coinprialoe the dfitricts of Mar,
tiierlocfa, Pormsrtin, and Buchao.
Population 177,657.
Aberdeen^ a large leaport, and
the caplUl of the county. Thl«
MSgant city oomprebends Old and
New AberdeeD,-4he former altu-
5* *J? *w«pon, and the latter on
the Dee. In each of them there if
aunivertity. Populatton, Includ-
ing the parUh of Old Madtar,
5g,0ig.~67, 9 N. 3, 6 W.
Abemeth'y, a town in Perth,
shire, near the mouth of the Erne,
•aid to have been the capital of the
Pictlsh kingdom. Pop. 1776jp.
AU'm. a rocky idet in the Frith
of Clyde, betwixt Ayrshire and
Cantyre, two miles in circumfe-
rence, iind 1096 feet high.«*5d, 15
N. 6, 6 W.
Aii'drie, a thriving town in Ia-
narksblre, Populatton 9967 p.
BCOTLAND.
51
KVUiit a cnns!dflrab1e seaport in
Clackmannanxhirej on the Forth.
Populatton 6377 p>
An'drewa, St, an ancient city on
the ^ coast of Fife, once the eccle-
siastical capital of the kingdom.
The Hint rise of the Rerormation*
and the aaraMination of Cardinal
Heaton, aI«o of Archbishop Sharpe,
which tooic place in its vicinity,
have made it famous in history.
lu university still remains; but
its castle and noble cathedral are
in ruins. Population 5621 p.— M,
5il N. 2, 48 W.
An'nan, a town in Dumflries.
shire, nt the mouth of the Annan.
Pop. .WIS p.— M, 59 N. 3, 14 W.
Auoian, a river which rises on
the bordei-s of Peebles-shlre, and
flows through Durafries-^ire, into
the Solway Frith.
An'stnither (commonly An'ster),
Easter and Wester, two small towns
on the fi. coast of Fife. P. 1437 p.
Arbroath', or Aberbrothock, a
eansiderable seaport in Forfhrshire,
with the ruins of an ancient abbey.
Pop. 11,247 p 56, 34 N. 2. 35 W.
Ard'Damur'chan, Point of, a cape
in Argyll, the most westerly point
of the mainland of Scotland.— ^56,
44N.6.5 W.
Ardroc'san,a seaport in Ayrshire,
with an excellent harbour; it is
much resorted to for sea-bathing.
Population 3494 p.
ArgylPghire, an extensive High-
land county on the.W. coast, in-
(iented by numerous arras of the
M?a, Population 100,973.
Ar'ran, an island in the Frith of
Clyde, dLstinguished by its moun.
tainoua as{)ect and the remarkable
formation of its rockp. Goat-Fell,
I he most elevated peak, is 2865 feet
high. P. 6427.-55, 35 N. 5, 18 W.
A'von, the name of a romantic
lake nnd river in Banffshire.
Awe, Loch, a beautiful lake in
Argyll, about «5 miles long and
from 1 to 2 broad.
Ayrthiro, a large county on the
western coast, comprising the dis-
tricts of Carriek, Kyle, and Cun-
ningham, noted for its cattle and
dairies. Population 145,055.
Ayr, the county town of Ayr-
shire, situate at the mouth of the
Ayr. P. 11,626 p.— 55,27 N.4, 36W.
D ANFF'SHI RE, a eounty 4m the
Moray Frith. Populatton 48,(i04.
Banff, a seaport, and the countv
town of BanlfiblT^near the mouth
of the DeveroD. Popolatlon 2935.
—57, 39 N. 8, «9 W.
Ban'nockbum, a thriving village
in Stirlingshire, with large manu*
fscturesof tartans and carpets. The
field of Bannockbum is memorable
in Seotrish history for the victorjr
obUined hereby Robert Bruce oiver
Edward II. 84th June 1314.
Bass, an almost inaccessible Islel
at the mouth of the Frith of Forth,
formerly employed as a state-pri-
son 56, 5 N. 8, 38 W.
Bath'gate, a town in the county
of Linlithgow. Population 3593 p,
Bat'tnck, a mountain on the con*
fines of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and
Forfarshires, 3465 feet high.
Beou'ley, a pretty little town In
Invemess-shire, on the ftith of the
same name.
Beil Rock, a reef of racks In the
German Ocean, about IS miles S.E
ftrom Arbroath, completely covered
at high water. A stupendous light-
houxe with refiectors, 1 15 feet high,
was erected upon it in 181Iw— 46(
27 N, 2, 23 W.
Benbe'cula, an island of the He*
brides, lying betwixt North and
South Uist.
Ben* Cru'acban, a mountain in
Argyllshire at the head of Loch
Awe ; it is upwards of 20 miles in
circumference, and 3393 feet high.
Ben Lawyers, a mountain in
Perthshire, rising from the Innks
of Loch Tay to the height of 40U
feet above the sea.
Ben Lcdi, a mountain north-
west of Callander in Perthshire,
with a small lake on its top, 3009
feet high.
Ben Lo'mond, a mountain in
Stirlingshire, rising miUesticatly
from the side of Loch Lomond to
the height of 3840 feet above the
level ot the lake, and 3868 above
that of the sea.
Ben Macdhui', a mountain in
the 8, \V. extremity of Aberdeen-
shire, 4362 feet high.
Ben More, a cunical moimtaln.
towering from the side of Loch
Dochart, Perthshire, to the height
of 3903 feet above the see.
• Pen Is a Gaelic word, signifying a mounMn*
52
800TI<AND.
Ben Ne'vU, a mountain In Inver-
neM->hire, the loftiest in Urent Bri-
tain, being 4370 feet above the len.
Ben Venue', a picturetaue rooun.
tain on the south ride of Loch Ket-
tcrin, s;800 feet high.
Ben Voir'lich, a mountain in
Perthshire, rising from the S. bank
or Loch Erne to the height of
3300 feet.
Ben Wy'vis, a mountain in Ross-
shirc, 31i0 feet above the sea.
I^cr'vlcor Inverl^cr^vic, a neaport
in Kincardineshire. Pop. 15^.
Bcr'wiclcshire, or the Mer^e, an
agriculturai county on theS. K. of
the kiiijrdom. Population 54,0(8.
Bcrwiclc Sec England, p. 31.
Bcr'u/kk, North, a small seaport
in the county of Haddington. Pop.
18z1 p.— 3(5, 3 N. 2, 41 W.
Uhickticsi/, an ancient castle on
the Forth, in Linlithgowshire.
filairgow'rie, a town in Perth-
shire, finely »ltuato on the Ericht.
Population 92A44 p.
BorrowKtounness', or Bo'ness', a
ronktderable seaport in Ltnitthgow-
slitre, on the I'orth. Pop. 2900 p.
Uraeri'ach, a precipitous mouii«
taiu in tbei>. W. extremity of^ber-
decnshire 426.7 feet high.
Brecli'in, a town in the county
of Forfar, once an epbcopal see.
Population r>508 p.
Bmd'ick, a village on the east
coast of Arran, situate on Brodicic
Bay. Here the Duke of Hamilton
has a Ciistle.-^55, 40 N. .5, 7 W.
Broom, Loch, an extensive arm
of the sea in Russ.shire, having
some excellent harbours.
Buchunneft</, a promontory in
AiK.TdL>enshirc, the easternmost
point in iScotland, near which are
the remarknlilc rocks called the
Su/lfrs of Buc1ian,—Tti 29 N. 1,
47 W.
Burgh Head, a cape in Moray.
shire— 57, 43 N. 3, 26 W.
Burnti'fland, a seaport in Fife,
opposite to Leith. Pop. 2306 p.
hur'row Head, a cape on the S.
coast of Wigtownshire.— 54,41 N.
4, 20 VV.
Bute'&hirc, a county comprising
the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch-
marnoch, and the C!umbrays, in
thr Frith of Clyde. Pop. 14, 151.
Butc,thc principal inland, thon;;h
not tiic largest, in Buteshire. It is
distinguished lor picturesque beau-
ty and mild climate: Population
0830.-55, 5\ N. .% H \V.
CAIRNGORM', a monnUin on
thecooflnca of thecounties of BaniT,
Aberdeen, and Inverness, fiamout
for its rock crystals, 4080 feet high.
Cairntoul', a mountain on the
confines of Alierdeen and lover-
ness-shires, 4223 feet high.
Calth'ness, a county in the north-
ern extremity of Scotland. A
great herring-tishery is carried on
from its coast. Population 34,52V.
Cal'landcr, a village in Perth.
shire, 16 miles nortt.-weatof Stir-
ling.', beautifully situate on the
Teuh, and «urrounded by romantic
scenery. Population 1909 p.
Cam/}'beitcn, a flourishing sea-
port of Cantyre, in Argyllshire.
Pop. 4860.— &5, 25 N. 5, 33 W.
Cantyre', a peninsula forming the
southernmost district of Argyll.
Cantyre', Mull of, a promontory
at the S. extremity of Cantyre; it
is 10 miles distuit from Fair-Head,
on the coast of Antrim in Ireland.
—5.'*, I7N. 5, 43 W.
CarVon, a village in Stirlingshire,
on the Carron, famous for its iron,
worku, the largest in the kingdom.
Population about 2300.
Castle Doug'las, a town in tbe
stcwartry of Kirkcudbright. Pop.
2877 p.
Ca'trinc, a thriving village in
Ayrshire, on the Ayr, with extcn.
sive cotton-works. P. aliout 3000.
Clackman'nan, a county on the
N. side <if the Forth. Pop. 14,729.
Clackman^nan, the county town
of the above shire. Pop. 4266 p.
Clyde, a large livcr which rises
in Ciydcslaw, a hill in the iiarisbof
Craw fun), Lmarkshirc, and laUs
into the Frith of Cl>de.
Colc/'itream, a town in Berwick,
shire, on the N. bank of the Tweed.
Population 2897 l».
Coll, one of the Hebrides, he~
longing to Argyllshire, atmut 14
miles long, and from half a mile to
3\ broad. Population 1316.
Cor'sill Point, a promontory on
the W. coast of WigtowDshirCw—
55, 1 N. 3, 9 W.
Crail, a seaport in Fife, at the
mouth of the Frith of Forth. Po-
pulation 1824 p.
Crifir, a to*vn in Pcrtli«ihirc, de-
lightfully situate near the nortli
bank of tbe £uiu Pop. 47bCi p.
k.
aoaaMm.
53
CtmfaHf^ a (Smnty la the N. of
scotlind, fonwd or MNreral de-
tached portions within the coootf
or Rom. ate. Pio|mlation. with that
ofR«Mhiro,74,8«0.
Orom'Any, the oounty town, on
th« peniosula between the friths of
Craroutjr end Moi»y. Population
815.-57. 42 N. 4, OW.
Cram'arty Frith, a beeutifUl bay
of the German Ocean, atietching
neariy 80 milea luland.
(>il'ien, a town In Banffshire,
with considerable linen maaufisc-
tuiea. Population 1693 p.
CuKross (oommonly Coo'roM), a
M*port in a detached portion of
Perthshire, on the Frith of i*^>rth.
Population 1468 p.
Um'braTi, two Islands in the
Frith of Cl^de, near the Ayrshire
ctmt A lighthouse is erected on
the wffst side of Little Cumbray.
Po|J. 894.-68. 43 N. 4, 67 W.
Cum'uoek, Old, a village in Ayr.
<iiir«, noted for iu maoo&oture of
txautiAil snaff-boxea. P. 3763 p.
Cu'par, a handsome town, the
apiUi of Fife, on the Eden. Pop.
Cu'par-An'gut, a town partly in
forfanhire, and partly in Perth.
uire, situate on the Isla. P. 3616 p.
^ DAI/KEITH, a oonsiderable
town io Mid-Lothian, between
titc North and South E»k, aliout 6
iiuies & firom Edinburgh. Popu^
Jatlon5686p.
Dn, a river in Aberdeenshire,
which riies on the west of Cairn-
8onn, and flowing through a pic-
tareique valley, falls into the Oer>
man ocean at New Aberdeen, after
aeuuneof gOmiles.'.-A river, is-
(uingfhm LochDeeoothebordera
of Ayrshire, aikl flowing throimh
Kirkcudbrightabhre. fails into the
Mlwav Frith.
Oev'eron, a beautiful river which
fcnns, for a cunsidcratile distance,
th« boundary Ijetween the counties
of Aberdeen and Banff, and flows
loto the German Ocean.
IVvon, a river in Perthshire,
niiDg in the Ochil hills, and flow-
>ng to the Frith of Forth by a very
circuitous course. It if remarkable
forromanlio scenery.
Oing'wall, a town in Ross^shire,
tt the head of the Cromarty Frith.
Near it ia Strathpefl^r, a beautiAil
vale, with a celebrated minenU
well, whieh bas beeomea plaee of
great resort. Populatioo 21 f 4 p.
Dol'lar, a town in Clackmannan-
shire, beautifbliy situate on the
Devon, at the base of the Ochil
hills. An excellent academy waa
endowed here in IK 1 9 fftr the edu-
cation of youth. Pup. 1447 p.
Don, a river rising in the W. of
Aberdeenshire,and falling into the
German Ocean near Old Atterdeen.
Ooon, a river in Ayrshire, fall-
ing into the sea near Ayr; ren-
dered claasicai by the strama of
Bums.
Doi'nocA, the county town of
Sutherland, on the N. of the Dor-
Doch Frith. Population 5U4.
Dor'nocA Frith, a hay of the Ger.
man Ocean, between the counties
of Sutherland and Ross.
Doiig'lai, a village of great antU
quity, in the Upper Ward of Lan-
arkshire. Population 1346.
Doune, n village in Perthshire,
on the Teith, with large cattle mar-
kets, and an extensive cotton
manufkctory; near it are the mas.
sive ruins of its castle, in former
timet a strong fortress, and fre-
Suently a royal residence. Pop.
752 p.
Dumflries'ahire, a lar{>e county
in the S. of Scotland, comprising
the districU of Eskdalc, Annan,
dale, and Nithsdalc. Pop. 73,770.
Dumfrie*', a handsome town, the
capital of Dumfrie8.shire, situate
on the Nith, seven miles tVom the
Sol way Frith. Pop. 11,606 p., in-
cluding Maxwelltown in Kirkcnd.
bright, 16,271.-68, 1 N. 3,38 W.
Dunluir', a seaport in East L«o.
thian, at the mouth of the Frith of
Forth. Its castle, now in ruins, was
in ancient times a place of great
strength. Fop. 4736 p.-^56, N.
2, 30 W.
Dunbar'tonshire, or Lennox, a
sRUiU county in the W. of Scotland,
population 33,211.
Dunbar^ton, the county town of
Dunbartonshire, near the conflu-
ence of the Lcven with the Clyde.
Its ancient c^tle, on a precipitous
rock, is of groat strength. Pop,
3623 P.-55, 57 N. 4, 33 W.
DunbUine', a town m Perthshire,
on the Allan, a place of consider-
able resort on account of the mine-
ral waters to its vicinity. P. 3228 p.
Dua'wmibay Head, a promontory
54
In CaithneH, the norUi-eaatern ex.
tremity of Great Britstn.— 58. 40
N. 3, 3 W.
Dundee', a large noiport m For-
fanbire, on the Fritli of lay. It
carries on a great trade, chiefly
with the Baltic, and has extensive
manufactures of Osnaburgs and
other coarse linens. The town, and
uarticularly the harbour.have of late
been much extended and improved.
Pop. 45.a5.5 p — 66, «8 N. 2, 68 W.
Dunfenn'line, a flourishingtown
in the W. of File. Table-linen is
manufactured here in greater ex-
tent and perfection than in any
other part of the icingdora. The
abbey, now in ruins, was one of the
burial-places of the Icings of Scot-
land. Here, in 1818, the tomb
and skcletun of Robert Bruce were
discovered. Fop. IT.WW p.
Dunkeld', a town in Perthshire,
on the north bank of the Tav, si-
tuate amidst the most beautiful and
romaniic scenery. Po|i, 1471 p.
Dun^iet Head, a promontory in
Caithness, the most northerly point
of Great BriUin — 58,40 N.3,22W.
Dunse, a considerable town in
Berwtck«hire,betwcen theBlaekad.
der and the Whltadder. P. 3469 p.
Dy'sart, a seaport in Fife, with a
considerable trade in coals. Popu.
lation 1801 ; of the parish 7104.
JBD/INBURGHSHI HE, or Mid-
Lothian, the metropolitan county
of Scotland, on the S. of the Frith
of Forth . Population 2 19,345.
Ed'inbukoh, the metropolis of
Scotland, the seat of the law courts,
and of a celebrated university, situ-
ate in the county of Mid-Lothian.
lU New Town is considered the
most elegant and regularly built of
any city in Britain. Population,
With that of Leith, 162,403.-55,
57 N. 3, 10| W.
Ed'nam, a village in Roxburgh-
shire, N. B.of Kelso, on the Eden,
the tnrthplace of Thomson the
poet. Pop. 637 p.
Ei'gin, the county town of Elgin
or Morayshire, on the Lossic, about
6 miles from its mouth. Here are
the ruins of amagniflcentcathedraL
Pop. 4493.-57, 38 N. 3, 21 W.
fcrne or Earn, a river in Perth-
*> .u* *'•"'"« f'om a beautiful lake
or the same name, and falling into
the Tay below Perth.
Er'rocA, or Bt'icht, a lake partly
SOOTIiAND.
in Perth and laitly in Invcnesa
•hires, i4 miles long and a mile
broad.
Esk, the name of several rivers.
One rises in the N. of Dumfries-
shire, and flows to the Solway Frith.
In Mid-Lothian, the North Esk
joins the South Esk below Dal-
keith, and (alls into the Frith oC
Forth at Musselburgh. In For-
farshire, the North Esk flows from
the Grampian Mountains, and tails
into the sea 3 miles N. of Hon.
trose. The South Eak also rises
among the Grampians, and fails
into the sea at Montrose.
E'tive, Loch, an inlet of the sea
in Argyllshire, 20 miles long^
F A i R I SLE, an island belonging
to Shetland, situate about half-way
between that group and the Orlu
neys.
FaKkirk,a town in Stirlingshire,
noted for its large cattle-markets,
caUed I'rysts. Here Sir William
Wallace was defeated by Edward I.
in 1^8; and here the Pretender's
army defeated the Royalists in 1 746.
Pop. 12,745 p.
Fa/kaand,a small town in Fife; its
palace was formerly a residence of
the kings of Scotland. P. 2658 p.
Fife, a large maritime county on
the N. of the Frith of Forth. Po-
pubtion 128,839.
Fifeness', a cape at the eastern
extremity of fire, from which a
dangerous ridge, called the Can-
Rock, projects mto the sea.— 56, 17
N. 2, 35 W.
Findhom% a small seaport in
Morayshire, at the mouth of the
Findhom.
Foeh^abers, a thriving little town
in Morayshire, near the muuth of
the Spey ; in the vicinity ia Gor-
don Castle, now themagnificentseat
of the Duke of Richmond. P. 1040.
For'far or An'gus, a county N. of
the Tay, noted for its breed of cat-
tle. Population 139,606.
For'far, the county town of An-
gus, or Forfarshire, situate in the
valley of Strathmore. P. 7949 p.
FoT'res, a town in Morayshire,
near which is a remarluble obelisk-
Population 3424.
Fort George, Fort Augustus,
Fort William, a range of fortresses
in Invernesft.shire, erected to over-
awe the Highlands. The two last
have been recently dismanUed.
SCOTLAND.
55
Forth, anciently SotMria, one
of the prineipnl rivers of Scotland,
rises N. of Ben Lomond, and ex-
pands into a large frith before
unitibg with the German Ocean.
Fnrtnwe', a seaport in Ross-shire,
en t^e N. coast of the Moray Frith,
opposite to Fort George, ropula-
tion 29] 6 p.
Fra'serburuh, a seaport in Aber-
deenshire. Population SI054 p.
F3f'eri, or Foy'ers, a river in
Inverness-shire, which fells into
Loch Ness, remarkable for its stu-
IHjndous falls, the upiwr of which
ia 7«) and the lower S07 feet in
height
Fyne, Loch, an arm of the sea in
Areyllshire, about 40 miles long,
and from 2 to 4 in breadth.
HALASHIELS', « town in Sel-
kirlwshire, on Gala Water, noted
fnr its manufacture of woollens.
Population 2600.
Galloway, a large district in the
Muth.west of Scotland, including
the counties of Wigtown and Kirlc-
cudbn(>ht. It is famed for its breed
of cattle.
Gal'lowav, Mull of, a bold head-
land, on the S. extremity of Wig-
tnwnshire,the most southerly point
in Scotland.— 54, 39 N. 4, 48 W.
Gir'van, a seaport in Ayrshire,
carries on a considerable trade.
Populition 6430 p.
Glas'gou;, the principal manufac-
turing and commercial city in Soot-
land, situate on the Clyde in La-
narkshire. All the branches of the
cntion manufacture are carried on
upon the most extensive scale. It
has also a great trade with America
and the West Indies, a flourtiihing
university, and is adorned with
many handsome edifices. Popula-
tion 202,426.-55, 61 N. 4, 16 W.
Glenluce' Bay, a large bay in the
S. of Wigtownshire, deriving its
nanaefrom the Luce, a river which
falls into it.
Gram'pian Mountains, the Mons
Grampius of the Romans, cele-
l>rated for the battle between Gal-
gScus and Agric51a, a chain ex.
lending from the Atlantic in Ar.
gyllshire to the German Ocean in
Aberdeenshire.
Grange'mouth, a seaport in Stir-
lingshire, at the junction of the
GiMt Canal with the Frith of
Forth. Population about 1800.
Greenlaw, t1i« countf town of
Berwickshire. Population 144< p.
Green'ock, a seaport in Renfrew-
shire, at the mouth of the Clyde,—
the emporium of the American
and West Indian trade. Pop.
27,571 p.— 55, 67 N. 4, 44 W.
Gret'na.Green',a village in Dum-
fries-shire,near theEn^ilsh border,
noted for irregular marriages. Pop.
19U9 p.
HAIVDINGTONSHIRE, or
East Lothian, a county in the S. E.
of Scotland, the inhabitants of
which are distinguished for their
intelligence and enterprise in agri-
cultural purKuif. Pop. 36,146.
Had'din^on,the county town of
East Lothian. Its weekly market
for grain is the largest in Scot-
land. Population 5883 p.
Ham'ilton, a town in Lanark-
shire, 10 mile« S.E. from Glasgow,
near the confluence of the Avon
and Clydr. Population 9613 p.
Hatt/ick, a thriving manufactur-
ing town In Roxburghshire, at the
junction of the Teviot and Slltrig.
Population 4970 p.
Heb'rides, or Western Isles (an-
ciently EbOdes), a range of Isl-
and*, 900 in number, of which
about 80 are inhabited, scattered
along the western coast of Scot-
land. They extend, exclusive of
St Kilda. from 55, 40 to 58, 31 N.
lat. and from 5, 36 to 7, 45 W. long.
Population 104,021.
He'lensburgh, a modem town
in Dunbartonshire, on the Frith of
Clyde, opposite to Greenock, much
frequented for sea-bathing. Pop.
2(»32 p.
Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands,
about 15 miles long and 6^ broad.
The Dwarjie Stone oa this island is
a remarkable relic of antiquity.
Pop. 321.
Huni'ly,atown in Aberdeenshire,
pleasantly situate on the Deveron.
Near it are the ruins of the ancient
castle of Strathbogie. P. 3546 p.
INCHCOLM', a small island,
with the ruins of a monastery, in
the Frith of Forth, opposite Aber-
dour in Fife.
Inchkeith', a small island in the
Frith of Forth, opposite to Leith,
on which is an elegant lighthouse
with a revolving light.
Invera'ry, the county town of
Argyllthire, bcautiioUy situate
M
MBT tb* heail of UKb FyM^ Vo^
1117p.— 56, 15N. 5,4 W.
Inv«rkcUh'ing,«ieftiMirk in Fife,
on tt fliTe tMy In tbe Fritli of Forth.
po|i. aisa p.
Invcrleith'tn, « thriving village
In Peeblet-thlrtiploMioUy •ttuate
on the N. tenk of the Tweed, and
much retorted to for ita mineral
waters. Pop. 810 p.
InvcmeM^ahire, an extensive
oounty in the N. W. of Scotland,
including the districu of Badcnoch
and Loehaber, bettdec othen of
less importance. Pop. 94,797.
Invernetft', the oounty town of
Inverncti-thirc. and the capital of
the Highlands, is delightAilly situ-
ate near the confluence of the Ness
with the Moray Frith. Population
li,5S4 p.~67, it9 N. 4, U W.
Inveru'ry, a town in Aberdeen-
shire^ at the confluence of the Dun
and Ury. Pop. 904,
lo'na, or Peofmkill, a small isU
Uod of the Hebrides, W. of Muil.
famed as the retreat of learning
and religion during the dark ages.
It still contains several venerable
ruins. Pop, about 450.— M, 81 N.
6,85 W.
Ii'vine, a town In Ayrthire, on
the Irvine, which here falls Into
tba Frith of Clyde. Fop. 5«00 p.
l'«la, one of the Western Isles,
S. W. of Jura, is about 24 miles
long and 18 broad. (BowmorsT, a
thriving town, is its principal port).
Fop. 14,99f.— .55, 50 N. 6, If W.
JEiyBURGH, the oounty town
of Roxburghshire, pleasantly situ-
ate on the Jed. Here are the ruins
of an ancient abbey. Pop. 36 17.
Ju^'ra, one of the Western Isles,
sepanted ttom Isia by the Sound
or Isla, and from Scarba by the
OulfofCorryvreckin. It is remark-
able fur three conical mountains.
sootiAita
called the Paps of Jura, the high
Pi
1311-^56, ON. 5,64 W.
est of which U S470 foet. Fop.
KEITii, a town in Banfbbiie,
<m the Isla. Pop. 4464 p.
Kel'so, a handsome town in Box*
bufghshire, beautifully situate on
the north liank of the Tweed, op-
posite its junction with the Teviot.
Population 4939 p.
Ken, a river lb Kirkcudbright-
shbre, which expands into Loch
Kft'tcrio. Loch, alaks InFMrtb*
shire, about 10 milM long tmi 1
broad, remailuible lor subimeaiiA
picturesque scenery.
Kil'da, Bt, the most remote of
the Hebri(les,-about <iO mllca di*.
taot from Harria, the neercst land
to it FopLtt3...M, 49N. 8,36W.
Kilmat'nock, a large mamif<c»
turing town in Aynntre, on the
Kilmarnock Water, a tributary of
the Irvine; Pop. 18,ii03 p.
Kincar'dineshire.or the Meoms,
a county in the B. of Scotlaod.
Population, 31.431.
Kincar'dine, a seaport in Perth-
shire, on the Forth. Pop. 3550 n.
Kingborn'( KinR-gom'}, a town ui
Fife^ opposite to Lcith. P. 3fi7B p.
Ktnnairds Head, a promontorv
on the coast of Aberdeenshire, with
a lighthouse.— 57, 49 N. 1. 59 W.
Kinrost'-sbire. a small inland
county to the W. of Fife. P. tKHS.
Kinrosii% the county town of
Kinrosi-jhire, finely situate at the
W. end of Loch Leven. P. 9917 p^
Kirkca^My, a seaport in Fife, with
considerable trade. Pop. 6034 p^
Kirkcu^f'brigbt, a maritime
county on the Solway Frith. Po-
pulation 40,690.
KirkcucTbright, the chief town
of the stewaitry of Kirkcudbright,
at the mouth of the Dee. Pop.
2690^.^, 49 N. 4, V W.
Kirkintui'Joch, a town in Dun-
bartonshire, pleamntly situate on
the banks of the Kelvin. P. 6688 p.
Kirk'walLthechief town of Ork-
ney, in the lilaDd of Pomona. It
contains the ancient cathedral of
St Magnus, and has a great annual
talr. PapulaUon 3065..-58, 66 N.
3,«W.
Kirriemuir', a thriving manu-
facturing town in F<»farabiie*
Population 4014.
LAG'GAN, LOCH, a lake in In-
verness.shire, 8 miles kmg and 1
broad.
Lamlash', a small town at the
head of Lamlash Bay, on the east
of the Isle of Arrark
lAin'mermoor, a range of hills
between East Lothian and Ber-
wickshire.
Lan'arkshire, or Clydes'dale, one
of the most extensive and Import-
ant counties in Scotland. It is di.
vided into three districts, called
the Upper, Middle, and Lower
Wardi. Po|i.31M19,
wevttAm.
87
Lflt'jriE, the emmty town of La- 1
mrk^ire. near which are the fo-
mantic falk of the Clyde. At New
Lanaik are extensive cotton-milU.
Population 4266.
Lang'holm, atowa in DumfHct-
ahire, on the Eak, h few miles from
the Boglish border. Pop. 9676 p.
Laigs, a town in Ayrshire, bcnu-
tiftiJty siiuate on the Frtth ot Clyde,
and a favourite resort for sea-bath-
ing. The battle of Largs, in which
the Danes under Haco were de-
feated bv Alexaitder III. of Scot-
land in 1263, wae fought in the ad-
joining plain. Pop. 2384.
Laa'der,a townin Berwickshire,
situate on the Luuder, or Leader.
Population 1075.
Laurencekirk', a considerable
village in Kincardineshire, noted
for its manufacture of snufi^bozes.
Population 1886 p.
Leedhill^', a village in Lanark-
shire, occupied by lead-miners, the
highest inhabited place in thesouth
of Scotland, being 1300 feet above
the sea. It is the birthplace of
Allan Ramsay, Pop. 1188.
I^th, a seaport on the Frith of
Foith, about a mile and a half
from l£dinburgh, of which it may
be considered the port. Pop.
25»&» p.— 55, 58 N. 3, U W.
Ler'wick, the chief town of Shet>
land, in the E. of Mainland. Pop.
2750.-60, 10 N. I.IOW.
Le'ven,.Loch,alake m Kinrosf.
shire, copntaining four islands : on
one of these are the ruins of Loch
Lcven Castle, in which Queen
Mary was imprisoned.
Uw'is, the largest of the Hebri-
des, 62 miles long, and from lu
to 30 broad. Its southern penin-
sula is named Harris. Pop. 18,441.
Lewis, Butt of, the most north-
erly point of the island of Lewis.—
M, 31 N. 6, 14 V^.
LinUth'gotMhire,orWest Lothian,
a county lying along the S. side of
the Frith of Forth. P. 23,:291.
LinUth'gou;, the county town of
West Lothian, with the ruins of a
royal palace, in which Queen Mary
was bom in 154?. Pop. 3187.
Linnhe, Loch (Leoa), a large
arm of the tea in .\zgyUshire. It
extends from the Sound of Mull to
Gocan-ferry, when it assumes the
name of Loeh Eil.
Lucbma1)en« an ancient tovn
bi DmnfHea-ihlre. Popolatloii
2795 p.
Ixichni^T', a mountain ia Aber-
deenshire, 3800 feet high, and re«
markable for Its alpine appearanee.
Lo'chy, Loch, a lake in Inver-
ness-shire, in the line of the Cale-
donian Caiuil, 14 miles long.
Lo'mond, Loch, a beautiful lake
between Dunbartonshire and Stir-
lingshire, about 23 miles long, and,
near its southern extremity, 7 mile*
broad. It is studded with about 30
islands, and its scenery ia highly ,
picturesque.
Long, Loch, an arm of the sea,
separating Argyll flrom Dunbar-
tonshire.
Lo'thians, a fertile district on the
S. of the Forth, divided into three
counties, Linlithgow or West Lo-
thian, Edinburgh or Mid Lothian,
and Haddington or East Lothian.
liOw'thers, a lofty ridge of hills
between Lanarkshire and Dum-
frie^-shire, 2450 feet high.
MAREE', alake in lioss-shire,
13 miles long and 2 broad, beauti-
IuUt studded with islands.
Mary's (St) Ixich, a beautiful
lake in Selxirkshtre, 4 miles long,
flrom which issues the river Yarrow.
Mavch'line, a town in Ayrshire,
near the Ayr, celebrated by the
muse of Bums, who long resided
in its neighbourhood. Pop. 2232 p.
May, Ule of, a smalt island at the
entrance of the Frith of Forth,with
a lighthouse.— 56, 11 N. 2, 32 W.
Mel'rose, a town in Roxburgh-
shii'e, on the Tweed. Its abbey,
founded by David I. in 1136, was
peculiarly magnificent ; the ruins
are among the most entire and
beautiful in Scotland. P. 4339 p.
Minch, the sound or channel sc-
paratinjg the Island of Lewis from
the mainland and the Isle of Sky e.
Mol'fat, a town in Dumfries-
shire, noted for its mineral waters.
Population 2221 p.
Montrose', a considerable seaport
in Forfarshire, at the mouth of the
South Esk, over which there is a
beautiful suspension bridge. Pop*
12,055 p 56, 43 N. 2, 27 W.
Moi'ayshire, or Elgin, a county
on the south of the Moray Frith,
to which it gives name. P. 34,231.
Mor'ay Frith, a large inlet of the
German Ocean, stretching hetvtr'
the counties of Ross and Croro-
58
SCOTLAND.
on the N. and those of Moray,
NairDp and Invcrnefs on theS*
Mull, Isle of, one of the He-
brides, 25 miles in length, sepa-
rated from the mainland by the
Sound of Mull. Top. 1 0,538.
Mus'«elburgh, a town in the
county of Edinburgh, about 6 mlle«
8.E. of the capital, united to Fish-
errow by bridges over the Esk.
Population 8961 n.
NAIRN'SIURlC.a small county
on the Moray Frith. Pop. 0364.
Nairn, a seaport, the county
town of Nairnshire. Fop. 3266 p.
Ness, Loch, a beautiful lake in
Invemess-sliire, 22 miles long,
through which the Caledonian
Canal passes.
New'burgh, a seaport in Fife, on
the Frith of Tay. Pop. 2642 p.
New Gal'lowny, a town in Kirk-
cudbrightshire, on the Ken Fop.
1128 p.
Newton-Stewart, a modern town
in Wigtownshire, on the Crec,with
a thriving trade. Pop. 3461 p.
Nin^'ians, St, a town In Stirling-
shire, with considerable manufac-
tures. Pop. 9^32 p.
Nith, a river which rises In Ayr-
shire, and entering Dumfries-shire
runs S. E. and falk into the Sol-
way Frith below Dumfries.
(KB AN, a flourishing seafiort in
Argytlihire, and a central point for
steam-boats passing to or from the
Caledonian Canal and the Western
Islcu. P. 4830 p.— 5G, 25 N. &, 29 W.
Cctiii Hillf, a range of hills
stretching from the vicinity of
Dunblane in Perthiihlre, in an
ea«terly direction, into Fife. Ben-
cleugh, the loftiestt of the range, is
23.'i9 feet high.
Ork'ney and Shel'iand, a county
in the N. of Scotland, formed by
the islands bearing these names.
Pop. 58,239.
Ork'ne^s, anciently OrcSdcst a
group of islands, 67 in number, of
which 29 arc inhabited, separated
from the mainland by the Pentland
Frith. They extend from 58* 43'
to 69* 25' N. lat. and from 2® 20' to
S-ayW.long. Pop. 28,847.
PAIS'LEY, a town in Henfrew-
shire, next to Gla!*gu\v the great-
est Stat of the cotton manufacture.
ItsmuslinNaru the finest made in
Europe. Poi). 46,199.
Pce'blcs-shire, or I'wecd'dale, a
pastoral county in the AorSootlattd,
lying along both sides of the upper
course of tlie Tweed. P. 10,578.
Pee'bles, the county town of
Peebles-shire, situate on the
Tweed. Pop. 2750 p.
Penl'land Frith, a strait which
separates the mainland from Che
Orkney Isles, the navigation of
which is at all times hazardous
from itit rapid currenta and danger-
ous whirl|Hiols.— 58, 41 N. 3, lo W.
Penl'land Hills, a range of hills
in Mid- Lothian, of which the
Black Hill is 1878 feet high.
Perth'iihire, a county' in the heart
of Scotbnd, one of the largest in
the kingdom, containing the dis.
trtcts of Mcnteith, Breadalbane,
Rannoch, Athol, Stratheam, Star,
mont, Balquhidder, and the Carse
of Gowrie famed for its fertility.
Population 142,894.
Perth, the capital of Perthshire,
delightfully situate on the Tay,
and surrounded by the most beau-
tiful scenery. Pop. 20,016w~56.
24 N. 3, 25 W.
Peterhead', a seaport in Aber-
deenshire, with a fine harliour,
carries on a large trade, particu-
larly in the fisheriesw Pop. 5112.
—57, 32 N. 1, 45 W.
Pitcaith'ly, a village in Strath-
eam, Perthshire, noted for its mi.
neral waters.
Pumo'na, or Mainland, the lar-
gest of the Orkney Isles, 28 miles
long, and from 8tu 14 broad, much
intersected by arms of t he sea. F.
15,087.-59, 6 N. 3, 15 W.
Port-Glas'goto, a seaport in Ren-
frewshire, on the Clyde, .about 3
miles above Greenock. It has an
excellent hnrbour, and enjoys a
considerable trade. Pop. 5192 pu
Por'totiel'lo, a mmlem town on
the Frith of Forth, 2 miles S.E. of
Kttinburgh, principally frequented
for sea-bathing. Pop. 2781.
Port Pat'rick, a seaport in Wig-
townshire, with one of the finest
quattrs in Uritaln. It is the prin-
cipal passage to Donaghadce in
Ireland, the distance being only SI
miles. P. 2239 p.— 54, 50 N. 5, 7 W.
Prestonpans', a small seaport in
Haddingtonshire, near which the
ruyal forces under Sir John Co})g
were sisnally defeated by the
Illgldanders in 1745. Pop. 2322 n.
tfUEENSFEU'RV, South, a sea-
SCOTLAND.
59
port in Liolltbgowcblre, the prin-
dpal ferry on the Frith of Forth.
Population 684 p.
RAN'NOCH, Loch, a lake in
Pertlisiiire, 10 miles long by 1 in
breadth, discharging itself by the
Tummel at the eastern extremity.
Rer/frewshire, a county lying
along the Clyde, a great setit ot
trade and manufSactures. Pc*pula-
tion 15.3.443.
Ren'frew, the county town of
Renfrewshire, situate on the Cart.
Population i'002.
Ko«8, an extensive county in the
N. of Scotland. Top. including
that of Cromarty, 74,S5!0.
llothefiSLy, the principal town in
Rutc, a place of considerable t rade,
and a great resort for sea-bathing.
Pop. 4817.-55, 50 N. 5, W.
Rox'burgfa, or Tevioldalc, a
county in the S. E. of Scotland, on
the borders ofEngland. PoTi.43,6(f3.
Ruth'erglen (common ty Rug' ten),
a town in Lanarkshire, al)Out ii.^
miles from Glasgow. Pop. 4741.
Ry'an, Loch, an inlet of the sea
in Wigtownshire, about lU miles
long, aiid from 2 to 4 broad.
SALT'CO ATS, a seaport in Ayr-
shire, canrieson considerable trade.
Population 2800.
San'da, one of the Orkneys,
about IS miles long, and from 1 to
3 broad. Pop. 183i>.
Sanq'wAar, a town in Dumfries.
<hire, situate on the Nith. It car.
riesoa considerable manufactures
of stockings and carpets. P. 1527.
Saturnncss% a cape on the coast
of Kirkcudbright.— 54, 52 N. 3,
aiw.
Schiebal'Jion, a conical moun-
tain in Perthshire, rising to the
heipht of 3564 feet. Here Dr
Maskelyne made experiments for
ascertaining the power of moun.
tains in attracting the pendulum,
and in determining the mean den-
sity of the earth.
Sconn, or Scone, a vilhge in
Perthshire, noted for its ])alace,
vherethc kings of Scotland used
to be crowned. Pop. 2268 p.
Selkirkshire, or theForest,apa8.
toral coimtv in the S. of Scotland.
I'opulation'fiSa:?.
Sei'kirk,the county town of Sel-
kirlishirc, plca:>auily .situateon the
Kttrirk, below its confluence with
tbeVanow. Pop. IbSO.
Shetland Itlct, supposed to bo
the ancient Thuli, a group of is.
lands, above 100 in numl>er, 48
miles N. E. of the Orkneys. Only
32 of them are inhabited. They
are the seat of an exteubive fishery,
and lie between 59** 50^ and 60o biY
N. lat. and between O^' 30^ and l**
Syw. long. Pop. 29,392.
Shin, Loch, a lake in Sutherland,
aliout 14 miles in length and from
1 to 2 in breadth.
Skye, one of the largest of the
Western Isles, about 45 miles in
length, and 15 in breadth, remark,
able fur its lofty cliOb and spar
c.-ive. (Portree', its chief town,
^tands on the Sound of Ilaza.)
Pop. 22J96.-..57, 20 N. <>, 5 W.
Sol'way, a frith forming the
boundary between England and
Scotland fir upwards ot 50 miles.
Spey, a large and rapid river,
which, after a course of 120 miles,
through the counties of InvrrneM,
Banff, and Elgin, falis into the Mo-
rav Frith at Garmouth.
Staf'fa, a small isle of the He-
brides, west from Mull, celebrated
for its caverns and basaltic pillars.
The Cave of Fingal is (iG feet high,
42 wide, and 227 feet long, present,
ing a scene of almost unrivalled
beauty and magnificence. — 5b') 28
N. 6, 20 W.
Stiuchar (Stin'shar), a river in
Ayrshire, which falls into the sea
atBallantrae.
Stirlingshire, a county partly in
the Highlands partly in the I»w.
lands, between the Friths of Forth
and Clyde. Pop. 72,621.
Stir'lingfthe county town of Stir-
lingshire, with a celebrated ancient
castle, commanding a noble pros-
pect of the Forth. It was a favour-
ite residence of the Scottish kings.
Pop. 8556 p 50, 8 N. 3, 55 W.
Stoneha'ven, a seaport, and the
county town of Kincardineshire.
Population 19^.
Storn'oway, the chief town of
the island of Lewis, is situate on its
eastern cooiit, and carries on a con.
siderable trade in the white and
herrinjr fisheries. Pop. 5422 p.— .
58, 11 N. 6, 17 W.
Stranr.iei' (rawr'), a seaport of
AVigtownsliire, at the licad of Loth
llyan. It possesses corsidcrnblo
trade, and nas an excellent bar-
hour. P. 5329 p.
flO
SCOTLANB.
StromneM', a leaport in tbe isl-
and of Pomona, Orkney. Pop.
JIOT 58, 56 N. 3, 1« W.
Suth'ei'land, a county In the N*
of Scotland. Pop. ie&,5 1 8.
TA I N, a seaport, and tbe eountj
town of Koai-«nlre, on the S. shore
of the Frith of Dornoch. Popula.
tion 3078 p 57, 51 N. 4, 3 W.
Tar'betne•ft^ a cape in the E. of
Ross.shire, formed by the Frith«
of Cromarty and Dornoch.— 57, 54
N. 3, 44 W.
Tay, one of the largest rirers in
the kingdom, rises in Brcadalbane,
passes through Loch Tay, and,
swelled by neverat flne streams,
flows by Dunkeldand l*erth, after
which it is joined by the Erne, ex.
pands into a frith, and at last min-
gles with the German Oceui.
Tay, Loch, a twautiful lake in
Perthshire, receiving at its S. W.
extremity the united streams of
tbe Dochart and Lochy, and dis-
charging Its waters by the Tay. It
is about 15 miles long, from 1 to
2 broad, and its depth varies from
15 to 100 fathoms.
Teith, a tributary of the Forth,
compostsd of two branches, which
unite at Callander, and Call into
that river at the bridge of Drip,
uliove Sttrliog.
Te'viot, a beautiful 8tream,wbtrh
rises on the borders of Dumfries,
shire and joins the Tweed at Kelao.
Thui'i<j, a seaport in Caithness,
on the estuary of the river Thurso.
Pop. 4679 p^-58. 37 N. 3, 36 W.
'Iln'to, or Tiu'tock, an isolated
hill in Lanarkshire, ri»es 2350 feet
above the level of the sea, and 1740
feet above the Clyde.
I'irec^ a small island, one of tbe
Hebrides, noterl for its beautiful
marble. Pop. 4453.-56, 32 N. 6,
52 W.
Tobetta&rj, a modem seaport In
tbe Uland of Mull, iituate mm tbe
north-west extremity of the iMnd.
—56, 38 N. 6, 1 W.
lYanent', a town in East Lo.
thian, on the neat east road from
Edinburgh. Pop. 3690 p.
Troon, a thriving seaport iB
Ayrshire. Pop. 2516.
Tweed, one of the principal ri.
ven of Scotland, rises in TWeeda-
muir, on the confines of PMUes,
Dumfries, and Lanark sbires, near
tbe sources of the Clyde and An-
nan. K pursues a N. E. course to
Peebl es t hen, flowing nearly E.,
it is augmented by the Ettrick*
the Gala, the Leader, and tbe To*
viot Four miles below Kdso, it
becomes the boundary of the king,
dom, and falls into the Geman
Ocean at Berwick.
UI8T ( Wist) , North and South,
two islands of the Hebrides be.
longing to InvMTiesS'Shire. Popi
including Betibecula, 11,498.
Unst, the most northern of the
Shetland Isles. Populatioo SHOOl
WHll^'HORN, a seaport in
Wigtownshire, on the Bay of Wig-
town. Pop. 3415 p.
Wick, a seaport, and the coun.
ty town of Caithness, at the mouth
of a small river of the same name,
the seat of a moat extenaive her.
ring fisherv. Pop. 9650 p.— ^,
Ifir N. 3, 6 W.
Wig'town, a maritime eoonty in
Uie S. W. of Scotland. P. a6,25&
Wig'town, a seap or t , the oouaty
town of Wigtownshire. Populatioa
8337 p.— 54, 5S N. 4, 8S W.
Wig'towu Day, a fine bay of tbe
Solway Frith, running northward
between the counties of Wigtown
and Kirkcudbright
Wrath, Cape, a dangerous pro-
montory in Sutherland, the N-W.
point of the mainland of Scotland.
•~-56, 36 N. 4, 56 ^V.
IRELAND
Is bounded N. W. and S. by tbe Atlantic Ocean ; E.
by the Irish Sea and St George's Channel. It contains
3 1,874 square miles. The population in 1831 amount-
ed to 7,767,401.
Ireland is divided into four proTinces,— Ulster,
Leinster, Connavght, Mui7st£b; — ^which aie snb^
divided into 32 counties^ vis. :
IttKLAKll. ^1
In Ulster.
Counticc; Chief Towni.
Donegal Liffbrd, Donegal, Bally shaonon, Letter*
kennf.
liondonderrj Londondeny ,Coleraine,Ne wtonliiDavad jr«
Antrim Carrickfergus, Belfast, LUburo, Antrim,
Bally mena, Larne.
Tyrone Omagh, Dungannoo, Strabane« Newton-
Stewart.
Down Downpatrick, Newry, Dromoie, Newton*
ards, Donaghadee.
Armagh Artnagh, Lurgan.
Monagban Monaffhan, cC)nes9 CarrickmabroM.
Fermanagh Enniskillen .
Cavan Cavan, CootehilJ, Belturbet.
In Leikster.
Longford Longford, Edgewotthstown, Oranard.
WestMeath MuUingar, Athlone, Kilbeggan, Castle*
pollard.
iMeath,orE. Meath Trim. Nayan, Kfell«.
Ix>ath Drogneda, Dundalk, Ardee, Carlingford,
Louth.
Dublin Dublin, Balbriggan, Swords, Kings
town, Skerries.
Wickloir Wicklow, Arklow, Bray, Baltlnglass.
Kildare Athy, Naai, Kildare, Maynooth.
King*s County Philipstown, Birr, or Parsonstown, Tulla*
more, Banagher.
Qaeen*8 County Maryborough, Portarlington, Mountratb,
MountmelHck.
Carlow.. Carlow, Tullow.
Kilkenny Kilkenny, Callan, Thomastown.
VVexfora Wexford, New Boss, Enniscorthy.
In Connaught.
Leitrim Carrick-on-Shannon, Leitrim, Manor-
Hamilton.
Sligo« Sligo.
Mayo Castlebar, Ballinrobe, Ballina, Westport.
Roscommon Roscommon, Athlone, Boyle, Elphin.
Gal way Galway,Loughrea,Tuam,6ort,Ballina8loc»
In Munster.
Tippcrary. Clonmel, Cashel, Tippcrary, Carritk-on-
Suir, Koscrea, Nenagh, Thurles, Cahir.
Clare Enni8,ClaTe,Kilrush,Killaloe,Ennistimon.
Limerick Limerick, Rathkeale, Newcastle.
Kerry Tralee, Dirgle, KiUamey. ^ , ,^ „
Cork Cork,Bandor, Kinsale, Youghal,Mallow,
Fermoy, Cove, Charleville.
WatcrTord Wat erford, Dungar van, Lismore, Tallow.
o
63 IBSLAKP.
Islands. — Rathlin Isle, North Isles of Arran, Achil,
Clare Island, South Isles of Arran, Valentia.
Bays, &c. — Carrickfergus Bay or Belfast Lough,
Strailgford Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dublin ; Wex-
ford Harbour, Waterford, Cork; Dunmanus Bay,
Ban try, Kenmare, Dingle, Tralee, Gal way, Clew,
Sligo, Donegal ; Lough Swilly, Lough Foyle.
Capes. — Malin Head, Fair Head, Howth Head,
Wicklow Head, Carnsore Point, Cape Clear, Mizzen
Head, Loop Head, Slyne Head, Achil Head, Urris or
Erris Head.
Lakes. — Neagh, Erne, Allen, Conn, Mask, Corrib,
Ree, Derg, Lakes of Killarney.
Rivers. — Shannon, Barrow, Nore, Boyne, LifFey,
Slaney, Suir, Blackwater, Lee, Baudon, Bann, Lagan,
Mourne, Foyle.
Mountains.— Mourne, Sliebh Bloom, Wicklow
Mountains, Magillicuddy's Reeks, Mangerton, Mount
Nepbin, Croagh Patrick.
REMAnKS.
Ireland extends from 51' 25' to 53° 23' N. lat. and from
5" 28' to 10° S(y W. long. Itfl greatest length is 280 miles,
and ito greatest breadth 180 miles.
Situate between Britain and the Atlantic Ocean, Ireland
has a still more humid atmosphere, but at the same time en-
joys a milder temperature, than the sister island. Its ver-
dure, accordingly, is fresher and deeper ; and entitles it to
the distinction of the Green or Emerald Isle. It has com-
paratively few mountains; though several of them ?ie in
height with the loftiest eminencrs in England. Although
great part of the country appears to have been, at some re.
mote period, covered with trees, scarcely the vestige of a
forest now remains. The quantities of wood that are occa-
sionally dug out of the bogs, prove that these occupy the
place of the ancient forests ; and they constitute a striking
peculiarity in the aspect of the country.
In general the soil of Ireland is amazingly fertile, but the
mode of farming is bad. The land is, in the first instance,
rented from the proprietors by persons called middlemen,
who let it to farmers, and these again parcel it out in
small portions to an inferior set of tenants. £ach of the
Iiigher classes oppresses and grinds its inferior; and the
ground is occupied by men without capital to improve it,
IRELAND. 63
yfihose necessities eompel them to force from it whatever it
will yield for a miserable subsistence and the payment of
their rack-rents ; yet it yields a large surplus for exporta-
tion, both in grain and cattle. In 1833, the value of agri-
cultural products imported into Liverpool from Ireland ex-
ceeded £4,000,000 sterling.
Since the year 1800, Ireland has been united with Great
Britain, and made subject to the same laws. But the people,
long oppressed, and restricted in their commerce and manu-
factures by severe and injudicious enactments, are still in-
clined to turbulence and discontent. Religious distinctions
form another principal cause of this unquiet disposition.
The established form of religion is that of the church of
England ; but the great majority of the people are Roman
Ca^olics ; and although they enjoy complete toleration in
the exercise of their own religion, and are now admissible to
all offices, they contribute with extreme reluctance to the sup-
port of a church to which they are hostile. In Ireland there
were four archbishops and eighteen bishops ; but by an act
passed in 1833, two archbishops and eight bishoprics are to
be abolished; at present (1839) the numbers are three arch-
bishops and thirteen bishops. The archbishop of Armagh
is primate.
Linen is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is carried
on to a considerable extent, particularly in the province of
Ulster. Of late years the manufacture of cotton has been
introduced, and is flourishing. The Irish are a sprightly,
warm-hearted, and ingenuous people. In the vivacity of
their disposition, and the gayety of their manner, they re-
semble tlie French nation more than the English or Scotch.
Hardy, daring, and heedless of danger, they may be
ranked among the finest soldiers in the world. In science
and literature many of them have attained great eminence.
They excel particularly in eloquent declamation.
EXERCISES.
How is Ireland bounded ? What is its extent in square
miles? Into how many provinces is it divided ? How many
counties do they contain ? What are the counties in Ulster ?
In licinster ? In Connaught ? In Munster ? Name the prin-
cipal towno in Donegal, in Londonderry, in Antrim, &c
Name the principal islands of Ireland. Name its bays.
Name its capes. JName the principal lakes. Name the prin-
cipal rivers. Name the principal mountains. Where is
Dingle, Coleraine, Downpatrick, Sligo, Navan, Swords,
Knniskillen, Ennis. Youghal, Tuara, Tralee, Maryborough,
Mullingar, A thy, Uundalk, &.c. ?
64
mflLANII.
Where USIjrne H^d, Kninrtiey Ltken^ Lough 6wfl1f,UfTte
Head, Malin Head, Lough Allen, Lough Derg, Ac. ?
Between what degrees of latitude ana longitude is. Ireland
situate? What are its greatest lenstb ana breadth ? What is
the nature of the climate of Ireland ? What effect has this on
its appearance ? Is Ireland a mountainous country ? Does
it appear to have ever been covered with wood ? By what
is the place of lit ancient forests now ocbupied ? Of what
description is the soil of Ireland ? What is faulty in the mode
of farming ? M'hat was the value of its a^riculttml pro-
ducts imported into Liverpool in 1832 ?
When was Ireland united in government with Oreat Bri*
tain ? Why are the people in general discodtented ? What is
another cause of their unquiet disposition ? What is the esta-
blished religion ? Of what religious persuasion are the majority
of the people ? What is at present the number of archbishops
and bishops ? Who is the primate ?
What is the staple manufacture? What othet manufactnre
has been lately introduced ? What is the national character
of the Irish ? What nation do they resemble in disposition
and manners ? Are Uiey good soldiers ? Have they made any
figure in sdenee and literature ? In what do they parttcularly
excel ?
DESCRIPTITE TABLB.
ACH'IL, an Island 80 miles in
circuit, belonging to tlie county of
Majro, from which it is separated
by a narrow channel. Pop. about
40()U.
Acb'il Hnd, a promontory fonn-
Ing the western point of Achil Isl-
and. -»4o 5' N. lat 10" 8' W. long.
Al'len* Lough, an expanse of the
Shannon in the county of Leitrim.
An'trim, a maritime county in
the province of Ul«ter. P. S^ibfilS.
An'trim, a town in the above
county, at the N. E. extremity of
Liugh Neagh. Pop. Jf65.\
Ardee', an ancient town in
Louth, on the Dee. Pop. 597.5.
Ard'fert. a town in Kerry, once
tile tent nf a bishop, and of a fii-
mous university. Pup. 717-
Arlc'low, a seaport in Wicklow,
on the Avoca. Pop. iSM.
Armagh', a county in the S. E.
of Ulster. Pop. 220,13*.
Arma^/t', the capital of the above
county, and the seat of the Arch.
bithop of Armagh, primate of all
Ireland. Population tf 180.— ^4, SI
K. fl, 32 W.
Ac'ran, North Isles of, a group
on the W. coast of Donegal.—
South Isles of, a group at the eo.
trance of Galway Bay. Pop. 3191.
Aske'aton, an ancient town in
Limerick, at the junction of the
Shannon and Deal* with several
magnificent ruins. Fop. 1515.
Ath'boy, a pleasant town in Eaat
Meath, with some flne seats to the
vicinity. Population \95Si,
Athlonc', a town on the Shan-
non, partly in West Meath and
partly in Roscommon. Population
11,406.— M, 22 N. 7. 50 W.
Atby', the county town of Ril-
dare, intersected by the Barrow.
Pop. 4491 — 53, N. 6, 58 W.
Augh'rim, a village in Galway,
memorable for the signal victory
gained by General Glnckle over
the forcei of James II. in 1691,
which decided the fate of Ireland.
Population 587.
BALBRlG'GAN.athriTingsea.
port in the county of Dublin, noted
for the manufacture of imitation
silk stockings of very flne cextore.
population 9010.
Baili'na, a town In Mayo, irfes-
santiy situate on the rtver ffoy.
||I|S|<ANIK
65
(wer wHipii i«i| bfidftof 16 MrchM,
which unites it to tne town of Ard-
oaree. FopuUitioo 561p.
BalliQafloe', « thriving tows io
Galwiiy, with a part in Rofcom-
mon, £smoui for a large cattle<iair.
Fopulation 461Sk
Ballinrobe', a town in llaxo.
Population 2&7Qy
Ball ycac'tle, a seaport in Antritn,
io the yicinity of romantic scenery
and extensive coal mines. Mr
Boyd, the proprietor, obtained
L.33,000 from Government for the
erection of a pier, but it was over-
thrown by the dreadful swell which
the nort|i-we8t winds bring in, and
now lies in ruins. Pop. 1 L83.— 55,
IS N. 6, 8 W.
Ballyme'na, a town in Antrim,
on the MMne, with a good linen
trade. Pop. 4063.
Ballymo^^y, a town in Antrim,
with good markets. Pop. 2223.
Ballyshan'non, a seaport in Do-
negal, beautif^lly situate at the
mouth of the river flowing out of
Lough Erne. Poo. 3775.— M, 30
N. 8, « W.
Baltimore', t^ 9«anoct in Cork,
seated upon an excellent harbour.
Bal'tingl^st, a town in Wicklow,
in a heautifu) vale on t^e Slaney,
with extensive WQoUcn sjid linen
nanufacturea. Pupi 1669L
Ban'agAer, « town in King's
County, on tb^ Shannon. F. 2611.
Ban'bridge* 4 tpwn in Down, on
the fiann, with a considerable linen
trade. Pop. 216a
Ban'don, or BanMonbridge, a
towq in the county of Cork, situate
o& the beautiful river Bandon,
which falls into theses at Kinsale.
Pop. 12.617.— 61, 43 N. 8. U W.
lian'gor, a town in Down, on
Carrickfergus Bay. Fop. 2741.
Baoo, a river which rises in
Down, passes through Lough
Neagh, and falls into the sea four
miles below Coleraine.
Ban'try Bay, a fine bav in the
county of Cork, 30 miles lonir and
frum 4 to 6 broad ; here, in 1796, a
body of French troops effected a
Undtng, but were taken pri&oners.
Ban'try, a seaport in the county
of Cork, at the head of Bantry Bay.
Pop. 4S76.— 51, 37 N. 9, 25 W.
Bax'row, a river in Leinster,
which rises in Queen's County, se-
pantcf thft^^uAty and KUkeaDy
OR the W., from Kildare, Carlow,
and Wexford, on the k. ; and,
after receiving the Nore ana Suir,
falls Into Waterford Harbour.
Belfast', a flourishing seaport in
Antnm.on CarriclcrerpEUs Bay,witli
ekteutfive manutacturcs of hni'U
and cotton, and agreatcxport-traue.
Pop. 53,287 54, 35 N. 5, 55 W.
Beltur'bet, a town in Cavan, on
the Erne, in the vicinity uf exten-
sive linen manufacturc:<. P. 2()2G.
Birr or Par'donstown', a town in
King's County, on a tributary of
the Shanniin. Pop. 6a94u
Black'rock^atown in the county
of Dublin, acelebratcd sea-bathing
place, with many flne villas. Pop.
ii050.— 63, 18N.6, 10 W.
Black'water, a river which rises
on the borders of Kerry, and flow,
ing through the counties of Cork
and Waterfurd, enters the fca at
Youghal Bay.
Boyle, a town in Roscommon,
Bleasantfy situate on a stream of
he same name. Pop. 3433.
Boyne, a river which rises In
Klldare, and, flowing through
Meath, falls into the sea below
Drogheda. This river is famous
for the decisive battle in which
William III. defeated the troops
of James II. in 1G90.
Bray, a seaport in Wicklow. Pop.
a656.~«3, 12 N. 6, 6 W.
CA'HIB, a thriving town in
Tippcrary, on the Suir, with the
ruins of an ancient castle and
abbey. Pop. 34U8.
Cal'lan, a town in Kilkenny, on
the King's River, once a place of
importance. Pop. 61 11 p.
Cap'poquin, an ancient town in
the county of Waterford, on the
Blackwuter, with the ruins of a
strong castle. Pop. 2'J89.
Car'lingford, a town in Louth,
on Carlingford Bay. Pop. 1319.
Car'lingford Bay, a fine haven
in Louth, having 20 fothoms of
water, but dan}:erous from rocks.
Car'luw, a county in Leinster,
separated fVora WexVord by a fron-
tier of mountains. Pup. 81,988.
Car'low, the county town o» Car-
low, beautifully situate on the
Barrow. Pop. 9114.— 52, 5J N. C,
53 W
Carn'sore Point, in Wexford,
the S. £. point of lreland.^5^, 11
N.6.17W.
66
IftSLAND.
Ctinidkfet*gut, a leaport, and the
couoty town of Aiitrim, on Carrick-
fergus Bay. It u a place of great
antiquity, and hai a strong cattle,
•ituate on a rock projecting into the
•ea. P. 8698.-54, 42 N. 5, 45 W.
Carrickt'er'gus Bay, or Belfast
Lough, an estuary at the mouth of
the Lagan, on the E. coast of An.
trim, affording safe anchorage for
•hiiiping.
Carrickmacross', a town in Ho-
naghan. Pop. 2979.
Cat'rick-on-.Shau'non,thecounty
town of Lcitrim. Pop. 1870.
Car'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tip-
pcrary, which carries on extensive
woollen manufactures. P. 9G26.
Caih'cl, a city in Tipperary,
and an episcopal see. Population
6971.
Castlebar'', the county town of
Mayo, with considerable trade,
particularly in linens. Pop. 6373.
Castle.(3om''er, a handsome town
in Kilkenny, has a great trade in
conls and butter. Pop. 2436.
Castle-PoI'lard, a town in West
Meath. Pop. 1618.
Cav'an, an inland county in Ul-
ster. Pop. SJ27,933.:
Cav'an, the county town of Ca-
%'an, situate on a small stream of
the same name. Pop. 293L
Charltf'villei n handsomeiown in
Cork, with a good trade. P. 4766.
Clare, an island at the mouth of
Clew Bay, off the coast of Mayo.
Clare, a county in the M. of
Munstcr. Pop. 258,322.
Clare, a town in Clare, giving
name to the county, situate un the
Pcrguf. Pop. 1021.
Clear, Cape, a promontory in the
S. of Cape ClearIsland,ofl'the coast
of Cork, about six miles from the
mainland, and surmounted by a
lighthouse.— 51, 25 N. 9, 29 W.
Clew Bay, a bay in Mayo, 12
miles long and 7 broad.
Cio'gAer, an ancient city in Ty-
rone, see of a bishop, suffragan of
Armagh, — now reduced to a strag.
gling village. Pop. 623.
Clonakil'ty, a thriving town in
the county of Cork, has a great
trade in linpn. Pop. 3807.
Clones, a town in Monaghan,
with some interesting antiquities.
Pop. 2381.-64, 12 N. 7, 6 W.
CJonmel', the county town of
Tlmierory, plcaMnUy iltuate on
the Suir. Pop. 16,134.-«9, 21 N.
7, ."» W.
Cloyne, a town in Cork, and a
bishop's see,united to that ofCork.
Pop. 2227.
Coieraine^, a town in London-
derry, on the Bann, noted for the
manufacture of linen. Pop. 575:^.
—6.3, 8 N. 6, 36 W.
Conn, a lake of considerable ex-
tent in the county of Mayo.
Con'naught, a provincein theW.
of Ireland. It continued a distinct
kingdom till the reign of Henry
IV. of England. Pop. 1,343,914. :
Cooks'cown, a town In Tyrone,
with good markets. Pop. 28S3.
Coote'hill, a town in Cavan, with
excellent linen markets. P. 2178.
Cork, a county in Munster, the
most important of Ireland in ex-
tent and population. P. 810,7.13?.
Cork, tne capiUl of the county
of Cork, and the second city in the
island, situate at the mouth of the
Lee, on one of tlie safescand finest
harbours in Europe. It pouesscs
great trade, particularly in the ex-
port of grain, and all kind* of pro-
visions. P. 107,016.-51, 66 N. 8,
32 W.
Cor'rib, a beautifiil lake in Gal-
way, 24 miles long and about 4
broad, studded with islandiL
Cove, a town in Great Island, in
Cork Harbour, with magnificent
quays and other conveniences for
shipping. Pop. e966b— 51, 51 N. 8,
Croagh Pat'rick, a mountain in
Mayo,on the S.E.of Clew Bay,2660
feet above the level of the sea.
DERG, Lough, a lake formed by
the expanse of the Shannon, sepa-
rating Galway and Clare from Tijt-
perary, 18 miles long and 4 broad.
—Another lake in Donegal,a famed
resort of the Roman Catholics tor
performing certain religious rites.
Detxf* See Londonderry.
Din'gfe, a seaport in Kerry, on
Dingle Bay,thc most westerly town
hi Ireland. P. 4327.-62, 16 N. 10,
9W.
Donar^hadee^,a seaport in Down ,
on the Irii^h Channel, from which
packets sail regularly to Portpat-
rick in Scotland. Pop. 2966.-^4,
38 N. 5, 29 W.
Doiiogal', a maritime connty in
the N.W. of Ulster. P. 289,149.
Duacgftl', a town in the county
IBKI^ANO.
67
of IX>negaJ, on a bay of the lame
name, with a fine old castle. Pop.
830.— 54, 38 N. 7» 58 W.
Doneraile', a town in the county
of Cork, seated on the Aubcg ; the
scenery in the vicinity is much ad.
mired. Pop. 265'^.
Down, a maritime county in the
S.E. of Ulster. Pop. 352,012.
Downpat'rick, the county town
of Down, the see of the bishop of
Down and Connor.— 'Celebrated as
the i^ttce of St Patrick's interment.
Pop. 4784..-V54, 20 N. 5, 34 W.
Dn/j^beda, a seaport, and the
county town of L<outh, intersected
by the Boyne. Population 17,365.
—S3, 44 N. 6, 15 W.
Dromore', a town in the county
of Down, the seat of a bishopric.
Population 1942.
Dab'lin,the metropolitan county,
in the province of Leinster. Pop.
580,167.
Ddb'lin, the capital of Ireland,
and the see of an archbishop, beau-
tifully situate on the Liffey, is in
extent the second city in tne Bri-
tish empire, while Its general ele-
gance, and the magnificence of its
public buildings, rank it among
the finest cities of Europe. Pop.
265,316.-53, 23 N. 6, 20 W.
Dul/lin Bay, a spacious bay at
the mouth of the Littby, about a
mile below Dublin.
Dunda/k', a seaport in Louth, on
Duttdalk Bay. Here is a consider-
able manufacture of cambric. P.
10,078.-54, N. 6, 20 W.
Dunda/k' Bay, in Louth, on the
Irish Channel. At high water it
is a considerable harbour, but at
low water it is almost dry.
Duogan'non, a town in Tyrone,
the ancient residence of the kings
of Ulster. Pop. 3515.
Dungar'van, a town in Wflter-
ford, situate on Dungarvan Bay,
much resorted to for sea-bathing.
Pop. 6519 52, 5 N. 7, 37 W.
Dunman'us Bay, a spacious and
safe haven in Cork, S. of Bantry
Bay.
Dunman'way, a thriving town
in the county of Cork, pleasantly
situate in a valley, on the Bandon.
Pop. 2738 51, 42 N. 9, 5 W.
EDGE'WOttTHsrOWN', a
ideasant town in Longford, distin.
guished as the birthplace of Miu
^eworth. rup.lU01.
EPphin, a neat episcopal city
in Roscommon, the birthplace of
Oliver Goldsmith. Pop. 1507.
En'nis, the county town of Clare,
on the Fergus, which here be-
comes navigable by large boats. lit
Gothic abbey is the finest in the
island. Pop. 7711.-62, 53 N. 8,
55 W.
Enniscor'tby, a town In Wex-
ford, on the Slaney. Pop. 5955.
EnniskiKJen, the ooimty town of
Fermanagh, delightftilly situate on
an island between the two Loughs
Eine. P. 61 16.— 54. 20 N. 7, 3« W.
Ennbti'mon, a town in Clare, on
the Oyna, with a good export trade
in corn. Pop. 1430.
Erne, Lough, a beautiful lake in
Fermanagh, studded with nume-
rous islands. It consists of two
basins, the larger of which extends
upwards of 20 miles by 12.
Erne, River, rises in Longford,
crosses the countyof Cavan, passes
through Lough Erne, and flows
into Donegal Bay.
Eyre'court, a town In Oalway,
with the ruins of a castle« Popu-
lation 1789.
FAIR' HEAD, a promontory In
Antrim, 636 teet above the sea. It
is composed of basaltic pillars, some
of them 280 feet in height, the
largest yet discovered in any psirt
of the world.— 55, 14 N. 6, 3 W.
Ferman'a^rA, an inland county
in Ulster. Pop. 149,763.
Fermoy', a town in Cork, on the
Blackwater, which is crossed by a
bridge of 13 arches. Pop. 6976.
Feth'ard, a town in lipnerary ;
it was in former times fortified und
surrounded by walls. Pop. 34U0.
Foyle, a river in Ulster, which,
after passing Londonderry,ex panda
into a fine bay, called Lough
Foyle, sixteen miles long and nine
broad.
Fresh'ford, a town in Kilkenny,
Population 2175.
GAL' WAY, an extensive mari-
time county in Connaught. Popu«
lation 414,684.
Gal'way, the county town of
Galway, on the broad stream by
which the waters of Lough Corrib
are discharged into Galway Bay,
Pop. 33,120 — 53, 16 N. 9, W.
GaFway Bay,a large bay between
Galway and Clare.
Gi'ants* Causeway, a celebrr
«8
IBBL^ND.
pramootofy Wd natural curiosity
op the N. coa»t of Antrim, oom-
poted of lofty and regular liasaltic
columns, apeast'SO»o5o in number,
wbicb fun out a great way into tbe
tea.
Gor'ey, or NewlwroQgh, a town
in Wexford* with exteuive fish-
eries. Pop. 3044.
Gort, a town in Galway. Fopu.
lation 3627.
Graicue, a town in Kilkenny,
beautifully situate on tbe Barrow,
with tbe ruin« of a msKnificent
abbey and cattle. Pop. 2130.
Granard', a n^at town in Long-
fprd. Pop. 20*^8.
HOWTH' HEAD, a promon-
tory terminating the penimtula of
Howth, on the north of Dublin
Bay— 53,23 N. 6,. 5 W.
KELLS, an ancient town in
Meath, on tbe Blackwater. Pop.
4326.-53. 44 N. 6. 51 W.
Kenmare' River, an inlet of the
|ea in the S.W. of Kerry, about 40
miles long.
Ker'ry, a maritime county of
Ifunster, separated from t\zn by
the Shannon. Population 363.126.
Kilb^g'^n, a town in West
Heath. Fop. 1985. '
Kildare', an inland county in
JLeinster. Pop. 108,424.
Kildare', a town in the county of
Kildare, noted for the curraaM or
common in its neighbourhood, the
finest race-grounoin Europe, po-
pulation 1753.
Kilken'ny, a countv in the S.W.
of Leinster. Pop. 193,666.
Kilken'ny, the capital of the
county of Kilkenny, a city of con-
aideraole importance, beautifully
•ituate on the Nore. In its vicinity
are fine mirble quarries. Popu-
lation 23,741.-52, 39 N. 7, 12 W.
KillaHa, a pleasant little town
in Mayo, which the French occu-
B'ed for a short time in 1798. Fop.
25.-54, 18 N. 9, 5 W.
Killa]q«', an ancient town in
Clare, on the Shannon, over which
is a bridge of 19 arches. P. 1411.
KUlar'ney, a thriving town in
Kerry, much frequented on ac-
count 'of its lakes, which exhibit
the most beautiful and picturrsque
accnery in Ireland, pop. 7910.
Kilrush', a town in Clare, on tbe
Shannon. Population 3996.
^g'f CouQty, in tlie W' of
Leinster, adjoining TinperanF on
tbe S., anli sepaiated from uaU
way by the Shannon. P. 144,29S.
Kings'court.a th riving little tow n
in Cavan. Pop. 1616.
Kings'town, a town in tbe county
of DubHn, with a fine haitour, and
a railway to Dublin.— 'Steam-pack-
ets «ail daily to and from Liverpool,
and to and from Holyhcad,with the
mails. PopuUtion 573^—53,18 N.
6, 9 W.
Kinsale', a seaport in Cork, on a
fine bay at the mouth of the Bao-
don. Population 7312.— 51, 41 N.
8,30 W.
LAGr'AN, a river in Down,
which fnlisintoGarrickfergus Bay.
Lanes'borough , a village in Long-
ford, pleasantly situate on the
Shannon. Fop. 300.
I^me, a seaport in Antrim on
Larne Lough. Pop. 2615.
Lee, a river which issues from a
lake in the county of Cork, flows
eastward, and passing the city of
Cork, falls into the harbour.
Leigh'Iin Bridge, a fiourlahing
town m Carlow, on the Barrow^.
with the romantic ruins of an an-
cient castle. Pop. 2035.
Ldn'ster, an extensive province
in the S.E. It was the earliest
settled by the English, contains
Publin, the capital, and ia in gene-
ral well cultivated. P. 1,909,713.
Lei'trim, a county in the N.E.
of Connaught. Pop. 141,524.
Lei'trim, a small town in the
above county, on the Shannon.
Population 274
Letterken'ny, a town in Done-
gal, on the Swilly, with a good trade
in linen. Pop. 2l60.
Lif 'fey, a river which rises among
the Wicklow Mountains, and l^ows
through Kildare nnd Dublin into
Dublin harbour. So numerous are
its windings, that although the dis-
tance from its source to its mouth
is only 10 miles, its course is 71.
Lif ford, the county town of Do-
negal, on the Foyle, opposite iitra-
bane. Pop. 1096.
Lim'erick, a county of Munster,
separated from Clare by the Shan-
non. Pop. 315,365.
Lim'erick, the capital of the
county of Limerick, on the Shan-
non, a flourishing citv,enjoying an
extensive trade, and tiavine coii.
•iderable manufacture* otmeog
IRELAND.
69
voollen. and'paper. popi 66,554—
52, 42 N. 8, 32 W.
Liilmni, a fine town in Antrim,
on tbe Lagan, with considerable
manuActures. Pop. 5318.
Lismore', a town in Watcrford,
on the Blackwater, with a castle,
in which the celebrated Robert
Boyle was bom. Pop. 8894.
lastoVell, a town in Kerry, on
the Peale; its ancient castle is now
HI niins. Pop. 2289.
Lon'dondei'ry, or Der'nr, a ma-
ritime county in the N. of Ulster.
Population 222,012.
Lon'donder'ry , or Der'ry.the ca-
pital of the above county, a city of
.i;reat antiquity, pleasantly situate
•mtheFoyle. It sustained a mem Or-
acle siege against the whole Irish
lorccs under James II., from Oe-
craiber 1688 to August l(i89. Pop.
19,620.-54, SUN. 7. 19 W.
Long'ford, a county in the N.W.
of Leinster. Pop. 1 1 2,558.
Long'iard, the county town of
Longfurd, on the Camlin . P. 4.354.
L(iO)/.Head, apromontory in the
S W. of Clare.— 5«, 34 N. 9, 48 W.
I'Ollghrea^ a well-built town in
Galway. Pop. f^285.
Louih,amiuitime county in the
>. £. of Leinster. Pop. 124,846.
I'Outh, an ancient town, giving
name to tbe county, now reduced
to a village. Pop. 613.
Lur^gan, a pleasant town in
Annagh, with extensive linen
manufactures. Pop. 2842.
M:\CR0OM', a town in the
county of Cork, surrounded by ro-
^ntic ruins and picturesque sce-
"•■'ry. Pop. 2058.
MagiPiicuddy's Reeks, a moun.
[am io Kerry, the highest in Ire-
•^K rises from the W. shore of
the Lalte of Ki Harney to the height
«t 5404 feet above the sea.
Mal'in Head, a cape in Donegal,
!no most northerly i)oint of land
"1 Ireland.— 55, 23 N. 7, 25 W.
Mal'low, a town in the county of
Cork, on the Blackwater. P. 5229.
Man'gerton, a hill in Kerry, near
Iv^ilUrney Lakes, 2754 feet high.
Man'or-llaro'ilton, a pleasant
town in Leitrim, with the ruins of
an ancient castle. Pop. 1348.
Ma'ryborough, the capital of
IJwecn'* County. Pop^ 3220.
Ma«k, a considerable lake in
'''ajo, on the borders of Galway.
Maynooth', a town in KUdare,
where a college for the education
of tbe Roman Cath(^c clergy waa
established by the Irish parliiunent
in 1795. Pop. 2053.
May'o, a maritime county in
Coanaught. Pop. 366,328.
Meath, or East Meath, a mari^
tlmecounty in Leinster. P. 176,826.
jtfit'chelstown', a handsome town
In the county of Cork, situate on
the river Puncheon. Pop. 3545.
Miz'zen-Hmd, a cape in Cork,
the extreme point in the S. W. of
Ireland 51, 25 N. 9, 42 W.
Mon'agAan. a county in the S.
of Ulster. Pop. 195,536.
Mon'agAan, the county town of
Monaghan. Pop. 3848.
Muuntmel'llck, a neat town In
Queen's County, chiefly inhabited
by Quakers. Pop. 4577.
Mountrath'. a town in Queen's
County, on the river Nore. Po.
pulation 2593.
Mourne, a river in Tyrone, which
Joins the Foyle at Liffbrd.
Mourne, Mountains, a range of
hills in Down, of which Slicbh
Donard is 2796 feet above the sea.
MulUngar', the county town of
West Meath , a great mart for wool.
Pop. 4295.
Mun'ster, a province occupying
the S.W. of Ireland, and contain,
ing the great cities of Cork and
Umerick. Pop. 2,227,15i?.
N AAS, a town of great antiriuity
in Kildare, on a branch of the
Grand Canal. Fop. 3808 — 53, 14
N. 6, 38 W.
Nav'an, a town in Meath, on the
Boyne. Pop. 4416.
Ne'a^h, Lough, remarkable for
its petrifying quality, is a large lake
in ulster, surrounded by the coun-
ties of Antrim, Down, Armagh,
Tyrone, and Londonderry. It is
about 21) miles long, 12 broad, and
covers 100,000 acres.
Ne'na^ft,,a town in Tipperary,
on a stream of the same name ; has
a considerable trade. Pop. 8446.
Neph'in, a mountain in Mayo,
2659 feet al)Ove the sea.
Newcas'tle, a town in the county
of Limerick. Pop. 2908.
New Ross, a town in Wexford,
on a navigable stream formed by
the Nore and Barrow. Pop. 5011.
New'ry, a flourishing seaport and
manufacturing town in Down, on
c2
70
the Newrti Pop. ]3»0G5.— 54, 10
W. fi, 14 W.
Newtanardfl% a town In Down,
at thfe head of Strangford Bay, with
a diaper manufacture. Pop. 4442.
New'tonlimavad'y, a handsome
tiwn in the county of londonderry,
on the Hoe. Pop. 2428.
New'tongtew'art, a tmatl town In
Tyrone, on the Bioyle. Pop. 1737.
Nore, a river which nsei ih
Slifbh Bloom Mountains, passes
Hiliienny,and falls Into theBarrow.
UMAO/f', the countT town of
Tyrone. Population »211.
PA Il'SONS f OWN'. See Birr.
Pas'^age, a town In the county
of Cork, between Cove and the
city of Cork. Pop. 2131.
PhlWpaiown, the county town of
King's County. Pon. H54.
Portadown^ a thriving little
town in Armagh. Pop. 1591. •
Portafefrv, a town in Down, on
Strangford Bay. Pop. S203.
Portar'lington, a town in Queen's
County, on the Barrow. P. 3091.
Fortnish', a seaport in Antrim,
to the N. of Coleraine, with a good
harbour.
Portumna', a town in Galway , on
the Shannon, with a noble castle.
QUEKN'S COUNTY, an inland
county in Leinster, named In ho-
nour of Mary, queen of England.
Population 145,851.
IIA IHFRl'LAND, a town In
Down, situate on an eminence,
with large linen markets. P. 2001.
Rnthkcale', a town in Limerick,
on the Decl, once fortified and de-
fended by a castle. Pop. 4972.
Rath'hn,an island on the N. of
Antrim, 6 miles long and scarcely
1 broad. P. 1040.-55, 18 N. 6, 7 W.
Hec, a lake formed bv the Shan-
non below Lanesborougn, in which
are some beautiful islands.
Roscom'mon, a county in the E.
ofConnaught. Pop. 249,613.
Roscom'mon, the county town
of Ruscommun. Pop. 3306.
Roicre/i', a flourishing town In
Tippcrarv. Population 5512.
SH AN'NON, the princi|Mt river
of Irebnd, issues from Lough Al-
len in Leitrim, passes through
I^jughs Baflen, Ree, and Dcrg;
Heparates Roscommon from Lei-
trim, Longford, West Meath, and
King's County ; Galway and Clare
from Tlpperary« Limerick, and
IBBLAND<
Kerry, and falls into the .^ttantK
after a coarse of 214 mile*.
KkcKriet, a small seaport lit the
county of Dublin, op|x>site the
rocks called the Skerry Islands.
Pop. 2556.-53, M N. fi, 3 W.
Skibbereen', a town in thedounty
of Cork, on the lien, with consider-
able linen manufactures. P. 44S0.
Sla'ney, or Slane, a riter which
rises in the Wicklow Mountains
and falls into ^Vexford harbour.
Sliebh Bloom (SlcevcbloomOf a
ridge of mountains in King's and
Queen's Counties 2265 feet high.
Sli'go, a cotmty in Connaught.
Population 171,765.
Sli^go, a flourishing seaport, and
capital of the above county, situate
on Sligo Bay. Population 1.5,152.
—54, 20 N. 8, 22 W.
Slyne'-Head, a cape on the W.
of Galway.— 53. 27 N. 10, 11 W.
Strabane', a town in Tyrone, near
the confluence of the Finn afid the
Mourne. Pop. 6457.
Strang'fbrd, an ancient town in
Down, near the entrance of the
bay to which it gives name. P. 582.
Strang'ford, a beautiful bay in
Down, 17 miles long and 5 broad.
Suit-, a river whicn rises in Tir«
perary, and falls into Waterford
harbour.
SwlKly, Lough, a bay In Donegal,
affording one of the nOblest har>
hours in Europe, nearly 25 miles
long and 2 broad.
Sti'ords, a town in the county of
Dublin. Population 2537.
TAI/LOW, a town in Waterford,
on the Bride. Pop. 2998.
Tanderagec', a town in Armagh,
situate in a beautiful vicinity, and
ill the centre of the linen mano^
facture. P. 1559.— 54, 20 N.6jl8 W.
Templemore', a town in Tippe-
rary, beautifully situate near the
Suir, in a highly fertile district
Pop. 293rt.— 52, 48 N. 7, 45 W.
Tbo'mastown, a town in Kit-
kenny, on the Nora Pop. 2871.
Thurl«, a town in Tipperary,
divided by the Suir. Pop. 7084.
'ilppera'ry, a county in the N. E.
ofMunster. Population 402,563.
Tippera'ry, a town In the county
of Tipperary. Population 6972.
Tralec', the county town of Ker-
', near the head of Tralce Bay.
ont 9562.-^59, 18 N. 9, 47 W.
Tramore',a handsome little town
?.
tBlKtAteH.
in the county of Waterford, on a
fioe hay. |top. g%S4.
Trial, the county town of Butt
Meatb, on the Boyne. Pop. 338S.
Tir'axn, a town in Galway, the
see of an archbishop, carrlei on
considerable triulc and manufac-
turer Pop. 14,%19 p.
TuIIamore', a handsome town in
King's County, intersected by the
Grand Canal. Pop. 6342.
Tul'low, a town in Carlow, on
the Slaney. Population 1929.
Tuscar Rock, a dangerous rocic
on the coast of Wexford, with a
iighthouse.-^S, 12 N. 6, 5 W.
Tynine^, an inland county in the
province of Ulster. Pop. 304,468.
UL'STER, an extensive pro-
Tince in (he M. of Ireland, and the
chief seat of the linen manufacture.
It has been in a great measure peo-
pled by emigrants Irom Scotlfind,
who profess the Presbyterian reli-
gion. Pop. 2.286,622.
Ur^is or Et'ris Head, a cape on
the ^. W. coast of Mayo.— 54, V? N.
9 52 W
'v ALENTIA, an island off the
coast of Kerry, 5 miles long and
2 broad.— 52, 3 N. 10, 13 W.
WA'TERFORD, a county in the
S. E. of Munster. Pop^ 177,054*
Wa'terford, the cupitol of the
coimty, a flourishing seaport, and
71
an episcopal se«. Its Vmd$ is oon-
siderable, tlie public buildings ele-
gant, and its quay one ot the most
beautitui in Europe. Population
28,881— 52, 14 N. 7,7 W.
West Meath, an inland county in
teinster. Population 136,872.
West'port, a well-built kcaiiort
in Mayo, on Clew Bay. Pop.
4148.-53, 62 N. 9, «7 W.
Wex'ford, a county in the S. of
Leinster. Pop. 182,713.
Wex^ibrd, the county town of
Wexford, at the mouth of the Sla*
ney, with a spacious harbour. Pop.
10.678.-52, 81 N. fl, i^ W.
Wick'low, a maritime county in
leinster, dlitinguished for the
beauty of its scenery. P. lt?l,557«
Wick^owr, a seaport, and the
county town of Wioklow, at the
mouth of the Leitrim. On Wick-
low Head,about 2 miles distant, are
8 lighthouses and some curious
limestone caves. Population 2472.
— 52.59 N. 6.2 W.
Wick'iow Mountains, a range of
mountains in the county of Wick,
low 3000 feet high ; gold has been
found in the bed of a torrent de.
scendin? from Croghan Kinshcla.
YOUGHAL (Yau'hal), a sea-
port in Cork, at the mouth of the
Blackwater. Pop. 9608.— 51,57 N.
7, 61 W.
NORWAY
Is bountled N. and W. by the Northern Ocean ; S.
by the Skager Rack ; and £. by Sweden. It contains
122,460 square miles. Population 1,200,000.
Provinces. Chief Towns.
ifUnmark or XMorwe«
gian l4«pland....,..4Uengaard, Hammerfest, Wardhuus.
Nordland.
prontheim Drontheim, Koraas.
Bergen Bergen.
Aggershuus, or Christ iakia, Frederlckstad, Preder«
Christiania. ickshall, Kongsberg, Drammen.
Chnstiansand. Christiansand, Slavanger.
Islands. — Hitteren^ Vigten Isles, Loffoden Isles,
Mageroe.
Bays. — Christiania, Drontheim, West Fiord.
Cap£s. — North Cape, Lindesnaes or the Naze.
MovMTAiNS,— 'DoYireQeldj LangeHeldi Kolen.
72 NOBWAY AND 8WKOSK.
Lakes.— MIoRen^ Rands, Tjrri, Foemund.
Rivers. — GlommeD^ Drammen, Laaycn^ Tana.
SWEDEN
Is bounded N. and W. by Norway ; S. by the Cattr-
gat and the Baltic ; £. by the Baltic, the Gulf of Both-
nia^ and Russia. It contains 170^240 square miles.
Population 3,023,000.
Diviiions. Chief Towns.
NorrlaDd, which includes
West Bothnia and Swed-
ish Lapland Tomea, Umea, Uemosand.
Sweden Proper Stock hol m, Upsal, Oeflr,Fah->
lun, Nykoping, Norrkn^inf^.
Gothland Gottenburg, Carlscrona, Calniar,
Malmo.
Islands. — Gothland, Oeland.
Lakes. — ^Wenner, Wetter, Mielar, Hielmar.
Rivers. ^ Gotha, Motala, Dahl, Tornea, Lulea,
Clara.
Foreign Possession. — Island of St Bartholomew
in the West Indies.
BEMARK8.
Norway and Sweden, comprising the whole peninsula of
ancient Scandinavia, extend from 55** 20" to 71« ICK N. lat.
and from 5"* 2(y to S 1 ° £. long., being about 1 150 miles in
length ; the breadth varying from 200 to 500 miles.
A^onva^.— •The aspect of Norway is wild but picturesque,
and in many places sublime. Mountains separated by deep
valleys or extensive lakes, immense pine-forests, rocks, and
cataracts, are the striking features in the landscape. The
great range of mountains (the MonsSevo of ancient geogra-
phy) stretching northward from the Nace to the North Cape,
and dividing this country from Sweden, is of various cleva.
tion. The Dovrefield, or central mountains, the loftiest of tlie
range, rise in some places to the height of 8000 feet above the
level of the sea. The rivers of Norway are numerous, but
in general rocky and impetuous, and when swollen by the
sudden melting of the snow, they overflow their banks with
great fury, often sweeping com, cattle, and cottages in one
common ruin. The whole coast is deeply penetrated by
gulfs and friths or fiords, and covered by a succession of
islands^ many of them vast insulated masses of rock, in.
habited by innumerable birds which furnish the eiderdown
KOBVAY AND SWSDBN. 73
of commerct. Among the Affoden Islet is the dangerous
whirlpool called the Malstrom.
So rude and barren is the soil of Norway in general, and
so imperfectly is agriculture understood, that not more
than the hundredth part of the country is under tillage.
In some districts, however, particularly in the province of
Bergen, there are tracts of considerable fertility. The crops
are barley and oats, flax and hemp. Our common fruits are
cultivated with success ; but gardening is very imperfectly
understood.
In the interior of Norway, although the cold of winter is
intense, the air is pure and serene, and extremvly condu*
cive to health and longevity. On the coast the tempera-
ture is milder, being softened by the breezes from the At-
lantic ; but the atmosphere is often loaded with clouds and
fogs. The shortness of the warm season in summer is com-
pensated by the length of the day ; for the sun is scarcely
five hours below the horizon, even in the southern provin-
ces; while, in the higher latitudes of Nordland and Fin-
mark, there are several weeks during which he does not set.
Vegetation is accordingly extremely rapid ; and, within
three months, the corn is sown, ripened, and reaped. In
winter, again, the day is proportionally short,— and in the
northern regions there is an uninterrupted night of several
weeks* duration, relieved only by moonlight brightly re-
flected from the snow, and by the aurora borealis, which, in
those high latitudes, is peculiarly brilliant.
Most of the animals common to the other countries of
Europe are to be found in Norway. The horses and horned
cattle are small ; but the former are hardy, and the latter
easily fattened. Goats are even more numerous than sheep.
The rein-deer forms the chief wealth of the Laplander, and
its care is almost his sole occupation ; the milk and flesh
serve him for food, and the skins for clothing. The coun-
try abounds with game of various kinds, and its coasts with
shell-iish, especially the lobster. Among its wild animals are
the bear, lynx, wolf, and lemming, the last a species of rat,
which, proceeding in immense swarms from the Kolcn
Mountains towards the coast, devours, in its progress, every
production of the soil.
The silver-mines of Kongsberg, the copper.mines of Ro-
nias, and the iron-mines of Arendal and other places, are rich
and productive. These mines supply, with the pine-forests
«nd the fisheries, the principal articles of the export-trade.
The Norwegians are simple, hospitable, frank, and brp
74 NOBWAY AND SWBO^tf.
Tb«y are not deficient in ingAiuity ; but education i« in a
Yery backward state, though a university haa lately beefi
founded at Christiania. Norway was governed by ita na-
tive monarabs till the year 1397, when it was annexed to
Denmark by the famous Union of Calmar. It waa ced^
to Sweden in IS 14, and is now governed by a viceroy uf
tlie Swedish monarch. It enjoys, however, a free consti-
tution, of which it had been deprived under the Danish rule*
f wTi^fa.— Much of the description tliat baa been given of
the aspect of Norway is equally applicable to Sweden.
With the exception of the ridges on the west and nortb, it
\% not, indeed, a mountainous country ; but it ia diversified
by lakes, rocks, cataracts, and green valleys. The foresu
of Sweden occupy more than a half of its surface, and its
lakes form the most striking feature in its lands^pe. The
latter are, in general, vast ^eets of pure transparent water,
and cover on the whole about 92(X) square milea.
The climate, though very cold in winter, is leaa aevere
than might be expected in so high a latitude, a portion of
the kingdom lying within the arctic circle ; and the steady
equable weather, and pure air, without violent winds or
frequent thaws, render even winter a pleasant season. Ip
summer the heat is great, and vegetation rapid, Tl^e trees
and plants of Sweden are nearly similar to those of Great
Britain, with the exception of the furze, broom, an4 the
walnut tree, which cannot withstand the long and severe cold
of a Swedish winter. Wheat can be raised in the southern
provinces only ; where our common fruit-trees likewise grow.
Oats, rye, and barley, are more generally raised. Berries
of different kinds grow spontaneously and luxuriantly.
Agriculture and manufactures are very imperfectly un<.
derstood ; the former, however, bat made great progress
within the last twenty years. Sweden has long been noted
for its mineral treasures. At present not less than 35,000
persons find employment in the mines* The copper-oaioes
of Dalecarlia are particularly famous, and the iron of Danoe-
oiora cannot be surpassed. The chief exports of Sweden
are timber, iron, steel, copper, pitch and tar, alum, potash,
and dried fish.
The government of Sweden is a limited monarcby, the
power of the king being considerably cireumscribed by the
privileges of the nobility and the people. The establiabed
religion, both in Sweden and Norway, is the Lutheran, 4^ld
the church episcopaL In manners the Swedes bear % very
itriking resemblance to the Norwegians, Altbovgb tbey
KORWAT AND 8WBDEN. 7^
cannot boast of many great names in literature, in botanical
sdenee that of Linncus is yet without a rival.
How is Norway bounded ? What is its extent in square
miles ? What populatioh does it contain ? What are the
divisions of Norway ? Name the principal towns of Ag-
gershutts or Christiania. Name the towns of f'inmark. What
are the jmncipal islands Of Norway ? Name its principal
bays. Name its capeSi What are its mountains ? What are
its chief lakes ? What are its principal rivers ?
How is Sweden bounded ? What is its extent in square
miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name its
divisions. Name the towns of West Bothnia and Swedish Lap-
land ? of Sweden Proper ; of Gothland. Where is Christiania,
Tyri, Stockholm, Upsal, Wardhuus, Fahlun, iioffoden Isles,
Dovrefield, Dahl, Glommcn, Tornea, Kolen, Nykoping, Hit.
teren, Oeland, Ac? What foreign colony does Sweden possess?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are Nor-
way and Sweden situate ? What are their length and breadth ?
Describe the general aspect of Norway. What are the
loftiest mountains of Norway ? To what height do they rise ?
What is the character of the rivers ? What is the appearance
of the coast ? Where is the whirlpool Malstrom ? In what
state are the soil and agriculture of Norway ? Are there any
tracts of great fertility ? What arc the prmcinal crops ?
Describe the climate of Norway. How is the shortness of
the warm season compensated ? Within what space of time
is the corn sown, matured, and rea|>ed ? Describe the winter
of the northern regions. What is remarkable about the
horses and homed cattle of Norway ? What animal consti-
tutes the principal wealth of the Norwegian Laplanders ?
What wild animals are found in Norway ? Which of them
b peculiarly destructive ? What mihes m Norway are parti-
cularly productive ? What are its principal exports ?
What is the national character of the Norwegians ? Till
what period did Norway continue under the government of
its native monarchs ? To what country was it then annexed ?
When was it ceded to Sweden ? How is it now governed ?
Is Sweden a mountainous country ? How is it diversified ?
What is the principal feature in the landscape ? What ex-
tent do the lakes occupy ? Describe the climate of Sweden.
What rfcnderi even the winters pleasant there ? What coun-
try docs Sweden resemble in its trees and plants ? With what
exftptions ? In what provinces is wheat raised ? What other
crops are more general? What fruits grow spontaneously ?
In what state are agriculture and manufactures ? For what
has Sweden long been noted ? Which of us mmcs are parti-
eakirly famous ? What are its chief expotts ?
76 NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
What h the nature of its government ? What is the csta-
bli«4hc<l religion both in Sweden and Norway ? What people
d:) ihc Swedes resemble in manners ? Of what great name in
botanical science can Sweden boast?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
AG'GERSHUUS, a province in
Norway, the largest and most ini-
Ijortant in the kingdom. P. 90,000.
Altengaard', a town in Pinmarli,
at the head of a deep bay. P. HUOO.
— 69«' 5.V N. lat. 2S» 4' E. long.
Aren'dal, a gmsill seaport on the
H. coast ofNtirway^with great iron-
mine.". I>.2(l00.— 58, 25 N. 9, 10 E.
BER^tEN. the capital of the
|)rovincc in Norway of the same
name, one of the most flourjshing
commercial towns in the kingdom.
P(»P. 'J2,000.— 60, 24 N.5, 18 K.
Both'nia, an extensive province
on both sides of the Gulf of Both-
nia. Blast Bothnia now l)clongs to
Russia, West Bothnia is still an-
nexed to Sweden.
Both'nia, Gulf of, a branch of
the Baltic, which separates Sweden
Irnm Finland.
<; Al/M AR, a town in Gothland,
situate on the sound to which it
Ktves name. It derives celcbritv
from the treaty of 1397, by whicn
Queen Margaret united the king,
doms of Norway, Sweden, and
Denmark, under one sovereign.
I'op. .5300.-56, 40 N. 16, 20 E.
CarlscTo'na, a strong seaport in
Gothland, the principal station of
the Swedish navy. Pop. 12,200.
—.v;, 9 N. IS, 33 E.
Caristad', a town in Sweden, on
i he N. coast of Lake Wenner, near
the mouth of the Clara, with ex-
tensive saw-mills. Pop. 5000.—
b9, 54 N. 13, £.
Cal'tegat See Descriptive Table
of Denmark.
Chriktia'nia, the capital of Nor-
way ,in theptovinceof Aggershuus.
It is Mtuate at the head of Chri^ti-
aniaBay, which i^nctr^tes above
00 miles into the interior, and is
»tudded with islands. A university
was founded here in 181 1. Pop.
21,000.-59, 64 N. 10, 45 E.
Chris'tiansand', the capital of a
province in Norway of the same
name, situate on the S. coast.
Pop. 8000 — 58, 8 N. 8, 3 E.
Christiansund, a town in the
ftrovince of Bergen. Fop. 2300.
Chriaaiaostad'. a strong fortren
in Gothland, on the Baltic. Popu-
lation 4200.— 66, N. 14, 8 £.
Clara, a river which traverses
Lake Foemund in Norway* and
enters the Wenner at Carmad.
DA//L, a river in SwedcD,wbich
rises among the Norwegian moun-
tains, and discharge* itself into the
Guir of Bothnia near Gefle.
DaU'car'lia, or Dalame^, a pro.
Tincc of Sweden, traversed by the
river Dahl, and famed for its rich
conper-minet.
Dannemo'ra, a town, or rather a
collection of villages. In Sweden
Proper, celebrated for its iron.
mine*. Population 400.
Dov'refiefd, or Dofrinea, the lof-
tiest part ot the Norwegian ridge of
mountains. Skagstlas-Find, the
highest summit, is 8306 feet, and
famous Snechatten 8121 feet.
Drammcn (Dram), a river in the
S. of Norway ,down which immense
?|uantities ot timber are floated ; it
alls into the W. side of Christiania
Bay.
Drammcn, a seaport, at the
mouth of the Drammen, has a
great export-trade in timber. Pop,
7500.— o9, 30 N. 10, 28 E.
Dron'theim, or TronMheim,thc
capital of the province of the same
name, andeutly the residence of
thcNorwegian kings, is beautifully
situate on a fine bay. In its neigh-
bourhood are rich copper.minea.
Pop. 12,700.-63, 26 N. 10, 23 E.
ELFVE'DAL, a town of Dale-
carlia, on the Dahl, where are very
valuable quarries of porphyry.-!
61, 15 N. 14, E.
FAHLUN ( Fa'Ioon), or Kopper-
berg, a town uf Sweden Proper, in
the neighbourhood of which are
rich coppcr-minef. Pup. 4500.—
60, 36 N. 16, 46 £.
Fin'mark, an extensive province
in Norway, called likewise Nor-
wegian Lapland. Pop. 33,394.
Fcp'mund, a lake in Aggersbuua*
near the borders of Sweden.
Fred'erickshalK, a town in Ag-
gcnhuus; in besieging Frederick-
HpBV4y AOB BWKOBM.
77
«teia. iti ftirtei, Cliarlef XII. of
Sweden ir«« lilted, lltb December
1718. P. 50II0.— .59, 8 N. 11,22 R
Fred'ericlutad', a fortified town
in the province of Aggershuu«, at
the mouth of the Glomnaeo. Pop.
2800.-59, ION. 11.6 E.
G B'F^E, a town of considerable
trade in Swedea Proper, on tb«
Gulf of Bothnia, Pop. 8000.— 60,
59 N. 17,8 E.
Gelllva'ra, a xnouatain in the ex-
treme north of Sweden, 1800 feet
high, and consisting altogether of
excellrat iron ore.
GlommWi, the largest river of
Norway, rises in the Dovrifield
Mountains, and falls into the
Skager Rack near Frederickstad.
Go'tha, a large river in Sweden,
which issues from the S. extremity
of lake Wenner, and falls into the
Cattegat at Gotten burg.'
G(/tba, Canal of, connecting the
Baltic with the Cattegat atGotten-
burg. By the completion of this
grand cai)al in 1832 an internal
navigation, by means of the lakes
Wenner, Wetter, &c. has been
formed from sea to tea.
Gothland, a large island in the
Baltic, o^ the S.E. coast of Swe-
den. It forms, with the southern
division of the peninsula, the pro-
vince of Gothland. Pop. iO.OoO.
Got'tenburg, a large and flou-
rishing commercial city of Sweden,
on the Cattegat. A great many
British merchants reside here.
Pop. 28,700.-57,42 N. 11,57 E.
H Atill'STAD, a strong seaport
of Sweden, on the Cattegat. Pop.
1800.— 57, X. 12, 40 E.
Ham'merfest, a small town on
an island near the northern extre-
mity of Norwegian Lapland. Po-
pulation 373.— 70. 35 N. 23, 45 £.
Hel'dingborg, a seaport on the
Sound, op})osite EMnore in Den-
taark. P. 2800.-^6, N. 12, 44 E.
Her'nosand, a seaport of S weden,
on a small island in the Gulf of
Bothnia, with a bishop's see and a
university. Pop. 2100.— 62, 40 N.
17,45 E.
Hiel'mar, a lake in Sweden, be-
tween thelakesWennerandlMaslar.
Hit'teren, a considerable island
00 the coast of Orontheim. Po-
pulation 3700.
Hueen', a small islet at the en-
tnuice to tUc Sound, remi(rJ(4ble
a« the residence of tht Mlcooomcr
Tycho Brahe.
lONROPlNG, a town in Goth-
land, on the 8. bank of the lake
Wetter. P. 430U.-57, 15 N. 14, OB.
KCLGN, the northern part of
the great chain of mountains that
separatesNorway from Sweden. the
highest of which, Sulitelma, isiS08l
feet above the sea.
Kongs'berg, a considerable town
in Aggershuus, celebrated fur its
silver-mines ; it is situate on both
sides of the river Lauveo. l*op.
40OO.— 59. 37 N. 9. 44 £.
LANDSCRO'NA, a seaport in
Gothland, on n small island in the
Sound. P. 4000 55,50 N. 12,50E.
Lan'gefield, the southern part of
the great Norwegian chain of
mountains, from the Naze to the
N. of the province of Bergen.
Lap'land, the most northern
country ofSurope.ex tending above
600 miles from the North Cape to
the White Sea in Russia. It is
divided into Norwegian. Swedish,
and Russian Lapland; and al-
though it contains 150,000 square
miles, tlie entire population does
not exceed 60,000.
Laur^vlg, a seaport of Aggers-
huus, on the W. side of Cnris-
tianla Bay, at the mouth of the
Lauven, remarkable for Its found,
eriex. Pop. 3400.— 58, 56 N. 10,
10 E.
Lau'ven, or Lou'ven, a river of
Norway, which rises in the Langd'
field llountains, passes Kongsberg.
and falls into the Skager Rack at
l^urvig.
Lindesnes. Bee Naze.
Linkop'iug, a town of S. Sweden,
in a fertile plain ; its cathedral
b, after that of Upsal, the finest in
thekingdom. Populalioo 3700.—
58, 27 N. 15,42 E.
LoSb'den Isles, a group of islands
on the W. coast of Noidland, the
seat of a most extensive cod and
herring fishery, which employs
more than 20,000 men. They
consist of five large and several
small islands, and contain about
11,000 inhabitants.
Lu'iea, a town on the Gulf of
Bothnia, near the mouth of the
Luiea. a river in which is a great
waterfal said to be half a mile
broad. Pop.l loa— 65,40N.22,1 DE.
LiM)d, a town in S. Swedeo# o
78
the Sound, the teat of a anWenity.
Pop. 4900.~.55, 42 N. 13, 15 K.
MM'LhR, a large lake of Swe.
den, extending from Stockholm
60 milei into the interior, and
containing about 1300 islands.
Ma'geroc,al>areand rocky inland
on the N. coast of Norwefrian Lap-
land, in habited by four or five fami-
lies, llie North Cape forms its
northern extremity.
Mal'mo, a seaport of E. Gothland,
on the Sound, carries on consider-
able t rade and manufactures. P(v
pulation 8CU0.— 55, 35 N. 13, E.
MaKittrom, a famous whirl|H>ol
near the S. extremity of the Lof-
foden iKles.— 67. 45 N. 12, E.
Miot'en, a lake in Aggcrshuus,
60 miles long and 15 broad.
Mo'dum, a town in Aggershuus,
near Lake Tyri, celebrated for its
rich mine of cobalt.
Mota'la, a river in Sweden, is-
suing lromLakeWetter,and falling
into the Baltic below Norrkoping.
NAZE, a promontory forming
the southern extremity of Norway.
—.57, 58 N. 7, 8 E.
Nord'land, a province of Norwav,
between Drontheim and Finmark*
Pop. 57,000.
Nnrd'kyn, a promontory in Fin-
mark, the most northern point of
continental Europe.
Norrkop'ing, one of the principal
commercial towns in Gothland, si-
tuate on the Mntala. Population
10,100.->58, 35 N. 16, 11 £.
North Ca|)c, the most northern
point of the island Mageroe, in
Norwegian Lapland, and of all Eu-
rope, excepting the northern ex.
tremity of Nova Zembla.— 71, 10
N. 25, 50 E.
Nykup'ing, a maritime town In
Sweden Proper; near it are mines
of cobalt. P. 2900 58,45N.17, 1 E.
0£'L AND, an inland on the S. E.
coast of Sweden, 83 miles long,
and from 8 to 14 broad, separated
from the mainland i)y the Sound
of Gal mar. Pop. 6000.
Orebro', a town in Sweden, near
the W. shore of the lake Hielmar.
Pop. 4300.— 59, 17 N. 15, 13 E.
R ANDSi a lake in the province
of Aggershuus.
U</raas, a town in Norway, at the
base of the Dovrdfleld Mountains ;
near it are famous copper-mines.
Pop. 3000.O-62, 32 M. 11, fU E.
NORWAY ANJ> SWEDEN.
Sa'ia, a town ia Sweden Proper,
remarkable for its silver mines.
Pop. 3000.
Boderkop'ing, a town in S. Swea
den, at the entrance of the Goth-
Canal into the Baltic. Pop. lOOC.
—58, 28 N. 16, 18 E.
Stav'anger, a seaport in Norway,
on the W. coast of Christiansand.
Pop. 4100.— 58, 58 N. 5, 45 E.
Stock'holh, the capital of Swe-
den, lieautifully situate at the June -
tlon of Lake Mailar with the Bal-
tic. It is built upon several islands.
Pop. 81,000.— 5tf, 22 N. 18, 5 £.
T A'N A,a river of Lapland, which
forms for 1.50 miles the boundary
between Russia and Swedeo, and
falls into the Northern Ocean.
Tons'herg, a seaport in Norway,
on the W. side of Christiania B^iy.
Pop. 2000.— 59, 20 N. 10, 20 E.
Tor'nea, a river of Sweden, has
its source in the mountains of Nor-
way, traverses Lake Tomca, and
falls into the Gulf of Bothnia.
Tor^iiea, a town formerly belong-
ing to Sweden, but ceded to Russia
in 1800, on a small island in the
river Tomea.— 65, 60 N. 24, 12 E.
Tor'rif, or Od'dern, a river in s.
Norway, flowing into the Skager
Rack at Christiansand.
Trolbat'ta, a small town of Swe-
den, near which is a celebrated ca.
nal, cut through the solid rock.
I'yri <Te'ree), a lake in Christi-
ania, 15 miles long.
U'MEA, a seaport of Sweden on
the Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth
of the river Umca. Pop. 1400.— 63,
49 N. SO, 20 £.
UddevaKla, a town in Gothland,
on a bay of the Cattegat. P. 40(Xi.
UP'SAL, or Up'sala, an ancient
city in Sweden, the see of an arcA-
bishop,and the seat of a ccletiral«ii
university. It was long the resi-
dence of' the Swedish monarch*.
Pop. 5000.— 59, 51 N. 17, 39 E.
VIG'TEN ISLES, a group of
islands on the coast of Drontheim.
WARDHUU8 (Vat^do), a small
island, with a fort, on theN.E.cou«t
of Finmark.— 70, 22 N. 31, 7 E.
Wen'ner, a large lake In Swe-
den, forming, by the Goiha Canal,
one of the great channela of com-
munication between Gottenburg
and the Baltic. It is about loU
miles long and 40 broad.
West Fiordj a great aound lepft-
l>fel4MARK.
19
rating the Loflbden Isles from
the mainland of Norway, through
which the tides of the Northern
Ocean rush with tremendous force
and rapidity.
Wes^eras, a oommercial town in
Sweden, on Litke Mslar, and a
bishop's see. Population 3300.—
59, 3b N. 16, 32 E.
Wcs'terwick, a seaport of Swe-
den, in the Baltic, with a good
harbour.— 57, 46 N. 16, 38 E.
Wet'tcr, a lake in Sweden, abr>ve
80 miles \uQff und Iff braid, coin-
municatini; with the Baltic by the
river Motala.
Wis'by, a seaport, the capital of
the island of Gothland. Popula-
tion 4200.— 57, 40 N. 18, SO K.
DENMARK
Is bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack ; W. by the
German Ocean; S. by the Elbe, which separates it
from Germany ; E. by the Cattegat, the Sound, and
the Baltic. It contains 22,680 square miles. The
population is 2,096,000.
Divisions. Chief Towns.
Jutland Proper, or N. Jutland.. AalborfHT, Aarhuus, Viborg.
Sleswick or 8. Jutland Slcswick, Fleosborg, Ton-
ningen.
Holstein- Kiel, Altona, Gluckstadt,
Rendsburg.
Lauenburg Lauenburg, Ratzeburg.
The Islands j ^Bt^Lla^ndil^^^^^^^^^^^
I falster,&c. J HoskUde, Odensee.
Stbaits and Gulfs. — The Sound, the Great Belt^
the Little Belt, Liim Fiord.
River. — The Eyder.
Cape. — The Skaw.
Islands subject to Denmark. — Iceland, the Faroe
or FsBroe Isles.
Foreign Possessions. — In the West Indies, St
Thomas, St Croix, and St John ; in the East Indies,
Tranquebar and Serampore ; in the Northern Ocean,
Greenland; in Africa several forts and factories on
the coast of Guinea.
REMARKS.
Denmark consists of an extensive peninsula (the Cimbrtca
Chersonestis of the ancients), and a number of islands to the
east of the mainland. Exclusive of the Isle of Bornholm,
it lies between 53** 26' and 57** 44' N. lat. and between 8«» IC
and 12° 40' E. long. Its length from the Elbe to the
Skaw, is 300 miles, an dits breadth from Copenhagen to
the German Ocean, is 175 miles.
80 BfiNMABK.
The Pantsli PeninftuU is a Y«»t plain, pre«entia|C little
yariety, and scarcely interrupted even by gentle swells. It
lias no river of magnitude; yet it is watered by many
rivulets or brooks. Its lakes are small, but exceedingly nu-
merous ; and several of them are admired for their beautiful
scenery. Xhe coast, which extends piore than 4000 miles, is
indented by innumerable creeks and bays. Of the islands,
Zealand, Funen, Laaland, and Falsler, are fertile and plea-
sant. The climate of Denmark is humid, but temperate ; its
winters are rarely so severe that the seas are covered with ice.
In the south of continental Denmark, the soil is fertile
and well cultivated ; in the north, agriculture is less skil-
fully conducted, and the country presents the dreary aspect
of moors and brushwood, with wastes of red sand totally
destitute of vegetation. On the coasts the aspect is more
cheering. The eastern coast is varied by a number of fer.
tile elevations ; and on the west are to be seen rich pastures
of the most beautiful verdure.
The productions of the soil are chiefly oats, barley, beans,
pease, and potatoes— wheat is but partially cultivated'^>inad-
der, and even tobacco, are raised in considerable quantity,
and of good quality, llie horses, particularly in HolsieiD,
are remarkable for their strength and agility ; and the horned
cattle are likewise of a superior description. Gardens are
very rare, except in the island of Amak, from which Copen-
hagen is almost entirely supplied with vegetables.
The fisheries in the bays and creeks furnish the chief occu-
pation of the Danes. Their manufactures are neither niioie-
rous nor important; but their commerce is rather considerable.
Previous to the year 1660 the Danish monarchy was elec-
tive ; after the memorable revolution of that year, it became
hereditary and absolute. The present king has lately
granted a representative constitution. The established reli-
gion is the Lutheran ; but all others are now tolerated, al-
though the penal statutes against dissenters were formerly
▼ery severe.
In their manners and customs the higher orders of Danes
differ little from persons of the same rank in other Euro-
pean countries. In general, they are fond of show ^nd
pomp, and considerably inclined to convivial entertainments.
They are courteous and humane, yet possessed of great
courage, — their seamen in particular being distinguished for
bravery. In literature, Denmark boasts of several indivi-
duals of great celebrity,-.-among others, Saxo Grammaticus^
Tycho Brahe, Torfieus, &6. Thorvdlds^p^ i| niitiv? of Ice*
mSKMARK. 81
!and, one of the most eminent seulptort of the present day,
received bis early edncation at Copenhagen*
BXERCISE6.
How is Denmark bounded ? What is its extent in sqnare
miles ? What is its population ?. What are the divisions of
Denmark? Name the towns in each of those divisions.
Hliere is Gluckstadt, Odensee, Copenhagen, Flen^burg,
Elsinore, Altona, Viborg, Kiel, Aaloorg, &c ? Name its
islands.
Where are the Little Belt, the Sound, the Great Belt,
Litm Fiord? Name and describe the river of Denmark.
Wiuit is its cape ? What islands are subject to Denmark ?
What are its colonies in the West Indies, in the £ast Indies,
in the Northern Ocean, and in Africa ?
Of what does Denmark consist ? Between what degrees
of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length
and broidth ? What is the general appearance of Denmark ?
Has it any rivers or lakes of importance ? What is re-
markable about the coast ? What kind of islands are Zea-
land and Funen ? Describe the climate of Denmark. What is
the state of the soil in the south of continental Denmark ?
Id what does the north differ from it ? What is the aspect
of the coast ? What are the productions of the soil ? For
what are the horses and horned cattle of Denmark remark-
able ? From what island is Copenhagen supplied with vege-
tables? What constitutes the principal occupation of the
Danes? Are their manufactures numerous or important?
Is their commerce considerable ?
What is the nature of the Danish government ? What is the
established religion ? Arc other religions tolerated ? Is there
any thing peculiar in the manners and customs of the Danes ?
What is their national character? Of what distinguished
names in literature, science, and art, can they boast ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
AAL'BORG, the capital of Jut-
land, on the S. shore of the Ljim-
flonl, with a good harbour. Pop.
9uoa— S?** «' N. lat. 9056' E.long.
Aai'huus, a seaport on the E. coast
of Jutland, near the N. extremity
of the Great Belt, with a good trade.
Pop. 8<>00.— 56, 10 N. 10, 14 E.
AFsen, a pleasant island in the
Little Belt, 18 miles long and 8
broad. Pop. 16.(i00.
Al'tona, a flourishing seaport In
Holstein, on the Elbe, two miles
W. of Hamburg, it is a place of
considerable commerce. Popula-
tion 27,000.-53, 33 N. 9, 58 E.
A'nuk, a Mnall Island in the
Baltic, opposite Copenhagen , with
which it is connectetlbytwo bridges;
it is laid ()Ut in gardens and pastures.
An'hol t , an island in the C'attegat,
with a lighthouse.
BELT, Great, a strait between
the islands ot Ze^iiand and Funen,
about I'O miles at its greatest
breadth, and of dangerous naviga-
tion.
Belt, Little, a strait between Fu-
nen and Jutland, varying from 1
to 10 mites in width, and hazard-
ous to navigators.
Born'holm, an island in the BaU
tic, about 30 miles in length a-
S^O in breadth, containing about
83
BBNHABK.
village!. It li rich in com and cat.
tie, and has a valuable salmon-fish-
ery. P. 24,0U0 53, 18 N. 14,48 E.
CAT'T£GAT, a laree channel
or sound, separating the Danish
peninsula from Sweden.
Cording, a town in Jutland, tu
tuate at the head of a bay in the
Little Belt.— ^, SO N. 9, 28 E.
Copenua'oem, the capital of the
kingdom, and one of the most ele-
gant cities in the N. of £uro|)e,
fctands on the £. coast of the island
uf Zealand. It possesses an ex-
cellent harlwur and docks, and is
surrounded by a chain of bastions
and a broad ditch,— the walls en>
closing a circuit of five miles. The
royal library and museum arc (lar-
ticularly rich in northern literature
and antiquities. Pop. 115,000.—
55. 41 N. 12, 35 E.
ELSINORE', or Chineur', a sea-
port in Zealand, 2J miles N. of
Copenhagen. Here all vessels pass-
ing through the Sound pay a toll to
the King of I>enm3rk. llie castle
of Cronberg commands the passago
of the Sound, which is about 3
miles broad. Population 7000.—
50, 2 N. 12, 33 K
Eyder (i'der), the only river of
importance in Denmark, separates
Hoistein from Sleswick, and falls
into the German Ocean. By means
o( the canal of Kiel, the Eyder
forms a navigable communication
between the German Ocean and
the Baltic.
FAL'S r£R, a fertile and pleas-
ant island in the Baltic, so pro-
ductive, especially nf fruit, as tobc
styled the orchard of Denmark.
Pop. 16,500.-51, 50 N. 12, E.
ran'oe, an island on the S. W.
coast of Jutland.
i'Vroe or Fs'rne Islands, a group
between Shetland and Iceland,
scattered from r;l» «6' to 62*» 2i'
N. lat., and from G to 8 W. long.
They are 22 in number, of which i?
are inhabited. lUiorshavn in Stro-
moe is the chief town. In general
they are naked rocks, and the chief
wealth of the inhabitants arises
from fishing, rearing of sheep, and
the feathers of birds. Pop. OUOO .
Feni'ern, a small island in the
Baltic, off ihc coast of Hoistein.
Flens'Oorg, a flourishing seaport
in Sleswick, with an excellent har-
bour. P. 16,000.-51,47 N.p, 26 E.
Fohr, an isUnd on the W. eoaat
of Sleswick, much frequented for
sea-tMUhing.
Fu'nen or Fio'nia, a large and fer-
tile island, separated from the pe-
ninsula bvtbe Little Belt, and from
Zealand by the Great Bslt. It is
40 miles long and 33 broad. Poui
I67.80a— 55, 20 N. 10, 20 EL
GLUCK'SfADT, a seaport in
Hoistein, near the mouth of the
Elbe, at its junction with the Rhu.
Pop. 6f)00.— .^3, 47 N. 9, 26 E.
HELIGOLAND', a small island
about 40 miles from the mouths of
the Eyder and Elbe, now belong.
Ing to Britain.— 5(, 11 N. 7, 53 h.
Hol'itein, an extensive duchy in
the northern extremity of Ger-
many, forming an integral port of
the kin^rdom of Denmark. Its su-
perficial extent is 3500 square
miles, and iu population 4.35,596.
Horn, the, a cape on the W.
coast of Jutland.— 55, 27 N. 8, 18 E.
lior'scns, a seaport In northern
Jutland, on the E. coast Popula-
tion 2400.— 55, 52 N. 9, 50 E.
Hu'sum, a seaport on the W.
coast of Sleswick.— 54, 29 S. », 4 E,
ICE'LAND, a large island in the
Atlantic Ocean, between 6.'5*» and
ffT** N. lat, and between 13® and
250 W. long. Its length is 3(W
miles, and its breadth 200. Its
.surface is rugged and mountainous,
its soil barren, and its climate se-
vere. Volcanic eruptions arc fre-
quent in many parts of the island.
Of Hecla, its principal burning
mountain, twenty-three eruptions
are recorded, the last of which cook
place in April 1766. Springs of
hot water arc numerous in Iceland,
of all degreel of temperature, up
to a state of violent ebullition.
The most remarkable of these
springs, called the Great Geyser,
throws up into the air columns of
boiling water, to the height of 90,
100, and sometimes even to idiove
150 feet, accompanied. with a noise
like the explosion of cannon. It is
very thinly {reopled, having a su-
perHcial area estimated at 38,230
square miles. Pop. 56,000.
JUT'L AND, a large province of
Denmark, which formerly com-
prised the whole pcnlnsuU; but
the name is now confined to the
northern division, extendinir frmn
560,25' to 67»,4y N. lat., in length
DBKHARK.
83
]@0 isile«, with an ayerage breadth
of 70. Population 526,000.
KIEL (Keel), a seaport in Hoi.
stein, and the seat of a university,
with an excellent haibour. It is
«itu^c at the K, extremity of the
canal which connects the Baltic
vitfa the German Ocean, and is the
great point of communication with
Copenhagen and Hamburg. Po-
pulation 8u00.->5i, 19 N. 10, 8 E.
LAA'LAND, an island at the
entrance of the Baltic, 60 miles
y.ng and 14 broad. It is the most
tcrtilc tract in the Danish domi.
nions. P.43,500.— 54, 48 N. 1 1 , 25 E.
Lan'g^land, an island between
Zealand, JLaaland, and Funen, 35
m:lcs loni; and from 5 to 5 broad.
Pop. Il.iKK).— 51, 56 N. 10, 46 E.
Lau'enburg, a duchy of Ger-
many, on the right bank of the Elbe.
It was a separate duchy till 168S),
when it passed to the House of
iionover. In 1815 it was ceded
to Prussia, but soon after made
over to Denmark, in exchange for
Hugen and Pomerania. P. 33,600.
Lau'oiburg, the capital of the
duchy of the same name, draws a
considerable revenue from a toll on
the Elbe. Population 3000.— 53,
-i N. 10, 38 E.
liim Piord,a long narrow gulf
in Jutland, which runs westward
from the Cattcgat across the pe-
ninsula, stretching from sea to sea.
NY'hORG, a seaport on the E.
coast of Funen, where vessels pass.
Dig through the Great Belt pay a
tolL— 55, 19 N. 10, 46 E.
ODENSEE', the capital of Fu-
nen, situate on a river, about a
mile from the sea. It carries on
considerable manufactures of wool-
ten cloths, leather, and soap. It is
the residence of a bishop, and of
the chief magistrate of Funen.
Pop. 7000.— 55, 25 N. 10, 22 E.
Kar/ders, a town in Jutland, with
a considera ble trade in corn. P.460U.
R.ATZE'BURG, a fortified town
in the duchy of Lauenburg, on an
: litnd In a lake of the same name.
Pop. 2000.— 53, 41 N. 10, 52 E.
Rcnd»'burg. a ttrong town in
Holstein, on the Eyder,wlth agood
trade. P. 8000—54, 18 N. 9, 40 E.
Ri'pen, or Ribd, a town on the
W. coast of Jutland, situate on the
Gram. P. 3000.— 55, 19 N. 8, «7 E.
Ros'kilde. in Zealand, the an<
clent capital of Denmark, now re.
markabie only for its Gothic ca-
thedral, in which the kings of Den-
mark are buried. Pop. 1200.-
55, .>6N. 12,0 E.
8KA'GEK RACK, a large sound
in the North Sea, separating Jut-
land from Norway.
Skaw, or Ska'ger Cape, a pro-
montory on the northern extremi-
ty of Jutland, with a lighthouse.—
67, 43 N. 10, 37 B.
Sles'wick, a duchy forming the
southern division of the peninsu-
!a, formerly comprised under the
name of Jutland. Its length Is 72
miles ; its breadth varies from SO
to 56 miles. Pop. 338,19?.
Sles'wick, the capital of the above
duchy, pleasantly situate on the
small river Sley. Pop. 8000.-^4,
31 N. 9. 34 E.
Sound, a strait between Sweden
and the island of Zealand, being
about 3 miles across from Elsi-
nore to Helslngborg in Sweden.
Sc-e Elsinorc, p. 82.
Syli'oe, an island on the W. coast
of Sleswick, famous for oysters.
TON'NINGEN, a seaport in
Sleawick, situate near the mouth
of the Eyder, with considerable
trade. P. 4000 — 54,19 N. 8, 5S K .
VI'BORG, or Wi'borg, an an-
cient town, on a small lake, nearly
in the centre of Jutland. Popula-
tion 3000.-56, 27 N. 9, 25 E.
ZKA'LAND, an island bttwoen
the Catcegat and the Baltic. It is
about 170 miles in circumference,
with ail area of 2600 square miles,
and 440,000 inhabitants. Its aspect
is finely varied with gcnile emi-
nences and cultivated fields; its soil
i8fertile,andits numerous bays and
creeks abound with fish. Here are
concentratetl mo$t of the manufac-
tures and trade of Denmark.
HOLLAND
Is bounded N. and W. by the German Ocean ; S. by
Belgium ; E. by Germany. It contains 14,000 square
mil^ Population 2^820,000.
84 BOLLAXD.
IMrMont. Chief Toirns
Oroningen, with DrcTithe...GroningeD.
Friesland lieuwarden.
Overyssel Zwoll, Devcntcf.
(ruelderland Arnheim, Nimeguen, Zutpheti.
Utrecht Utrecht, Amersfort.
Holland Proper Amsterdam, Haarlem, Alk-
maar, Hoom, Leyden, the
Hague, Rotterdam, Briel, Hel-
voetpluys, Dort.
Zealand. Middleburf^ Flushing, CampTere.
North Brabant Bois-le-Duc, Breda, Bergen-op-
Zoom.
•D.^^ff f Limburg Maestricht.
^»^°^ i Luxemburg Luxemburg.
Islands. — Walcheren, North Beveland, South Beve-
land, Tholen, SchoTcen, in the province of Zealand ;
Over Flakkee, Voorn, Ysselmonde ; Texel, Vlieland,
'SchelHng^ Ameland.
Seas and Bays — Zuyder Zee, Haarlem Meer, Ijau-
wer Zee, Dollart Bay.
Rivers. — The Rhine, with its hranches the Waal,
Yssel, and Leek ; the Meuse or Maese.
Foreign Possessions. — In the £ast Indies, Java,
and the Moluccas or Spice Islands ; in the West In-
dies, Cura9oa, Buen Ayre, St Eustatius, and part of
St Martin ; in S. America, Surinam ; in Africa, El
Mina, and several small forts on the coast of Guinea.
REMARKS.
Holland, exclusive of Luxemburg, which is disjoined
from it by the intervention of Belgium, is situate between
51° 12' and 53" 30' N. lat. and between 3«» 20', and 7«» 12'
£. long. Its length, from the north of Friesland to the
south of North Brabant, is 160 miles, and its breadth lio
miles.
To the lover of the picturesque, the aspect of Holland is
tame and uninteresting. The country is one vast plain, di-
versified neither by mountain, hill, nor knoll. Viewed from
the top of a tower or spire, it appears like an extensive
marsh, intersected by numberless ditches and canals. Yet
even the dull monotony of this prospect is relieved by sone
features of fjreat interest ;— meadows of wide extent and
of the most beautiful verdure, covered with large herds of
well.fed cattle ; sheets of water, clusters of trees, and, in
HOLLAND. 85
the vicinity of large towns, elegant villas surrounded with
gardens and parks, decorated with statues and busts.
No country can display more striking proofs than Hol-
land of the energies which man can exert in overcoming
the physical evils or difficulties of his situation. Placed
below the level of the sea at high water, many parts of this
country have been exposed to the most dreadful inundations.
The Zuyder Zee now occupies the bed of an ancient lake,
and also a district of country tlirough which a river, issuing
from the lake, pursued a course of fifty miles to the sea.
The islands that skirt the north-western shores are the evi-
dent remains of an old tract of continent, over which the sea
has established its dominion. In the tenth century, the
moutlis of the Scheldt spread into broad estuaries, leaving
the islands of Beveland, Walcheren, and Schowen, as ves-
tiges of the country which they overwhelmed ; and in the
fifteenth century (a. t>. 1446) the salt lake near Dort was
formed by a sudden inundation,which destroyed 72 villages,
and about 100,000 of the inhabitants. To protect them- ,
selves from the recurrence of such calamities, the Dutch
constructed, along their coasts, stupendous dikes, or mounds
of earth, which have effectually repelled the encroachments
of the sea. These mounds slope on each side, and are in
some places so broad as to admit of two carriages abreast.
Similar dikes are built along the banks of the great rivers,
^th sluices at intervals, by means of which the country can
be laid under water on the approach of an enemy.
The soil, near the coasts, is chiefly sand, mixed with turf;
but it is cultivated with the utmost care. In other parts of
the country it is a deep loam. Owing to the humidity of
the climate, a great part of the country is retained in grass ;
and the pastures are of unrivalled luxuriance. The princi-
pal crops cultivated are wheat, madder, tobacco, flax, and
hemp. But the rural wealth of Holland consists chiefly of
its cattle, and the produce of the dairy. Horticulture, es-
pecially the raising of flowers, has been brought to great
perfection.
In manufactures the same spirit of industry is displayed
»s in husbandry. These are various and extensive ; but
linens, leather, the distillation of gin, and that species of
pottery called Delft ware, may be particularly mentioned.
But it is chiefly to commerce that Holland has been in-
debted for the remarkable prosperity which she has long en«
joyed. After her emancipation from Spanish rule,she became
distiDgaiahed by the superior efforts and success in tradi'
D
86 HOLLAND.
which are the natural frtuts of independence. For eentorieft
almost the whole carrying-trade of £urope was in her.bands ;
her fisheries, particularly of herrings, were most extensive
and valuable ; and her colonies in the East Indies were the
sources of a very active and lucrative traffic Successive
wars checked her mauufactures and commerce,^and the tyr-
anny of Bonaparte brought them to the verge of ruin. By
the arrangements of the great European powers, Holland
was restored to independence, and placed in a fair way of
recovering her commercial prosperity.
After the Dutch had thrown off the yoke of Philip IT. of
Spain, in 1579f the provinces of Holland, called the Seven
United Provinces, became so many federal republics, and
the chief magistrate was named the Stadtholder (the Pro>
tector of the State). Holland was overpowered by the re-
volutionary armies of France in 1795, and converted into
the Batavian Republic. Napoleon afterwards erected it
into a kingdom under his brother Louis.
After the overthrow of the French power in 1815, Bel-
gium and the provinces of Holland were united, and fonned
the kingdom of the Netherlands, with a constitutional go-
vernment. This union, however, was never popular in
Belgium } and the movement by which Ctiarles X. was ex«
pelled from France in July 1830, was followed in August
by a similar one in Brussels, the issue of which has been the
separation of the Netherlands into two kingdoms, Holland
retaining the province of North Brabant, the greater part
of Luxemburg, and a small part of Limburg, with the oo.
lonies.
Throughout the kingdom the advantages of education are
enjoyed in an eminent degree. Schools are established in
every parish. The universities of Leyden, Utrecht, and
Groniogen have long been celebrated. The Dutch may
boast of attainments in letters and science, and even in the
fine arts. In the former, they possess the names of Eras-
mus, Grotius, Boerhaave, and Leeuwenhoeck ; in the lati
ter those of Rembrandt and a number of distinguished land-
scape and marine painters.
The Dutch are a laborious, plodding, sel6sb, but upright
p«>ple. In religion they are Protestant Calvinists ; but they
have long set the example of the most complete toleration*
SXBRCI8S8.
How is HoUand bounded ? What is its extent in sqoaie
miles? What is the amount of the population ? What me the
-moLM of Holland ? What are the prUicipal towns in 2ca^
land, Holland Bwnfn^ Utwchi, &e. f Whew ia RotteMUun,
Arnh^im^ Briel, Amfterdam, Breda, Nimeguen, Ber^n-op*
Zoonij P^venter, Zutphen, i^, ? What are the nrmcipal ri« ,
irers ? Kame the seas and bays. Name the islauai. Where
is Haarlem Aleer ? What are the branchet of the Rhine in
Hollana? Where 'is Scheming, DoUart Bay, Walcheien,
Ameland, South Bevdand, Lauwer Zee,VUeland,&c. ? What
&re its ooloniei in the East Indies, in the West Indies, in
South Ameriea, and in Africa?
Between vhat de^ees of latitude and longitude is Holland
situate ? What are its length and breadth ? iVhat is its gene«
ral aspecl B By what is the dull uniformity of the prospect re-
lieved ? From what cause have many parts of this country been
exposed to dreadful inundations ? What tract is now occupied
by the Zuyder Zee ? Of what are the islands on the northern
shores the evident remains ? In what century did the mouths
of the Scheldt expand into broad estuaries ? How and when
was the salt lake near Dort formed Y What devastation did
that inundation commit ? By what means did the Dutch
protect themselves from the recurrence of such dreadful cala-
mities ? What security do the embankments afford against the
invasion of a foreign enemy ? Why is a great part of Hol-
land kep^ in grass r What are the crops chiefly cultivated ?
In what does, the principal rural wealth of Holland consist ?
For what manufactures is Holland famous ? When did
Holland become distinguished by its efforts and success in
trade ? What were the chief branches of its commerce ? By
what was it brought to the verge of ruin ? How was it placed
ia a fair way of recovering its commeicial prosperity ?
What was the nature of the Dutch government after they
had thrown off the Spanish yoke ? What changes were caused
by the Frencii Eevolution in 1795? When was Holland
united to Belgium ? How and when were they separated ?
In what state is education in this country ? Are schools
conmaon ? What universities have long been celebrated ?
Of whnt liteiary and scientific names can Holland boast?
What OBlebrated artist has it produced ? What is the Dutch
character ? What is their religion ?
IUiSCBI?TIVJB TABliB.
ALKlf AAR', a fcn«iied town in | kingdom, a great oommeioiiU city,
Holland Fnq>er» slluat* on the ca. [situate at the confluence of the
nal which uaitei Amsterdam with
the North Sea. It has a great
trade in butter and cheese. P.lttOO.
-jgo 3V N. lat. 4*> 4y £. long.
Am^'land, an island to the N.
of Frieslaud. BopuUtion 3000.
A'merafert, a pleasant town in
the province of Utrecht, with coa*
rideraUe manufiuMurea. Popula-
tioa 90Q0W-S8, 9 N. 5, S8 £.
AMSTsaDAii'i t&e es^ta^of the
Amstel with the Y, an arm of the
Zuyder Zee. Itisbuiitioamarsh,
upon piles, and lus a harbour ra.
pable of containing 1000 vessels.
The princifial streets are magni-
ficent, and the city is intersected
hgr numerous canals, communicat-
ing by S80bridges,and ornamented
with fine trees. Pop. 801,000.—
6S, 22 N. 4, 53 E.
AxuAeim^ the chief town olGi
88
HOLLAND.
derlaDd, on the Rhine. FopuU-
Uon 1 UUOO.-^i, 50 N. 6, 54 E.
Aufen, the chief town in the pro-
vince of Drenthe. Population
IjNX).— 53, N. 6, 35 E.
BEU'GEN-OP-ZOOM', an im-
e>rtant town and fortress in N.
rabant, communicating with the
Kast Scheldt by a canal. In 1814
it was exposed to a formidable but
unsuccessful nssault, by a British
army under the command of Sir
Thomas Graham, now Lord Lyne.
doch. Pop. eOOO.— 51, 29 N. 4,
17 E.
Bevf'land, North, an island In
the province of Zealand, about 13
miles long, and 3 broad. By the
dreadful inundation of 1.532, it was
so completely overwhelmed, that
for many years nothing but the
tops of spires were to be seen.
Bcvtr'land, South, an island in
Zealand, separated from North
Bevcland by the island of Wolfers-
dyk. It is 24 miles long and from
[» to R broad, and is the largest and
most agreeable of all the Zealand
Isles.
Bols-le-Duc (Bo'aw-le-Deuk') a
strongly.fortified town in N. Bra-
bant, at the confluence of the
Dommel and the Aa. Pop. 13«000.
—51,41 N. 5, 18 E.
Brabant', North, formerly called
DutchBrabant, a province to the S.
of Gueldcrland. Although a great
1>art of it is covered with moss,
icatb, and wood, it is very produc-
tive in corn, hops, and flax. |It con-
tains about 165.3 square miles. Po-
pulation 332,651.
Brc'da, a large town in North
Brabant, on the Merck, near its
junction with the Aa. It is con-
sidered one of the strongest places
!n Holland. Pop. 9000.— 51, 35
N. 1, 46 E.
Brie], a town on the N. coast of
the island Voorn, having a large
and commodious harbour. Pop.
4300.— 51. 54 N. 4, 8 £.
CAMPEN', a fortified town in
Overyssel, on the YsseL P. 7000.
Campcrdown', a village on the
coast of N. Holland, off' which the
British fleet under Admiral Dun-
can defeated de Winter, October
11. 1797.— 52, 43 N. 4, 39 E.
Campvere' or Veere, a town on
the N. £. side of the island of Wal-
cheren. it seiuU a member to the
General Auembly of the Church
of Scotland.
DELFT, a town in HoUami
Proper, between Rotterdam ar.4
Leydcn, formerly noted for its
manufacture of earthenware; and
still more celebrated as the birth-
place of Grotlus. Pop. 13,000.
Deven'ter, a town m Overyssel.
situate on the right bank of the
YKsel. P. 1 0,000.-52, 15 N. 6. 9 E.
Dol'lart Bay, a large arm of the
North Sea, to the E. of Gronin-
gen, at the mouth of the river Ems.
It is said to have been formed bv
an Uiundation of the sea, toward*
the close of the 13th century.
Doni'rael, a river of N. Brabant,
which receives the Aa at Bois-ie-
Duc, below which it falU into Uie
Macse.
Dort, or Dor^drecht, a town in
Holland Proper. It was the resi-
dence of the ancient counts of
Holland,— the birthplace of the fd-
mous brothers De'Witt,— and hero
was held, in 1618-l9,the ceiebrateti
Synod of Dort, by which the tcneJs
of Arminius were condemned. P.
17,000.— 51,49 N. 4,40 E.
FLUSHING, or Vlissingen, a
seaport in the island of Walcheren,
at the mouth of the Scheldt.
Within the town are two basins,
one of which is large enough to
contain eighty line-of-battle>hius.
Pop. 6000.— 51, 26 N.'a. 55 E.
Fries'Iand, West, a province in
the N. of Holland, having the
Zuyder Zee on the W. and the
German Ocean on the N. It coiu
tains nearly 1 200 square miles, and
221,000 inhabitants.
GOES, a strong town in the inl-
and of S. Beveland. Pop. 4500.
Gor'cum, 01 Gor'inchem, a to«-n
of Holland Proper, on tbe Waal,
near its Junction with the Maese.
Pop. 5000.— 51, 50 N. 4, 5? E.
Gou'da, a town of Holland Pro-
per, noted for its cheese and ma-
nufacture of tobacco-pipes. Pon.
12,000.-52, 2 N. 4, 43 E.
Gro'ningen, a province in the
north-eastern extremity of the
kingdom, containing 778 square
miles, and a population of 154,000.
It is protected by dikes against the
sea, and intersected by numerous
ditches and canals for carryiag
of!' the water. Its pastures are ex-
tremely ri«b. United with Gxo«
HOLLAND.
89
ningen is the province of Drenthe
(Orent), containing 888 square
railex, and 59^15 inhabitants.
Gro'ningen, capital of the pro.
vince of the same name, is a hand-
some city, situate at the junction
of threegreat canals. The Church
of St Martin is a noble Gothic edi-
fice, the tower of which is 530 feet
iiigh. It possesses considerable
trade, and is the seat of an ancient
nnlveniitv. Pop. 24,000.-53, 13
N.6,31E.
Guel'derland, or Gnel'dres, a
provincetothe S.E. of the Zuydcr
2ce, and separated from N. Bra-
bant by the Maese, contains S020
'q'lare miles, and a population of
i'i>3,3g6. It is watered by the
Khine, the Waal, the Yssel, and
the Leek; but the soil, in some
places heavy, in others light and
sandy, ig not generally fertile.
H AAR'LEM,a flourishing town
in Holland Proper, on the river
Spaarcn and the Haarlem Meer,
communicating by a canal with
Lcyden and Amsterdam. In its
principal church is an organ, sup-
posed to be the finest in the world,
consisting of 8000 pipes, the largest
of feet long and 16 inches in dia-
meter, and combining the sound of
raany instruments. Pop. 22,000.—
52, 22 N. 4, 38 E.
HaarOem Meer, a lake between
Amsterdam, Leyden, and Haar-
lem.communicating with the Zuy.
der Zee, by the Gulf of Y or Wye.
It is 14 miles long by 8 broad, and
is navigable throughout.
Hague (Pr. La Haye), an elegant
city iuHoUandProper, and the seat
of the court, 30 miles S. W. from
Amsterdam. About a mile to the
N. is the rural palace of the royal
family, embosomed amidst an ex-
tensive and nob]e wood. There
are, besides, the old and new pa-
laces. Fine villas and beautiful
promenades adorn the vicinity.
i*on. &5,000.— 52, 4 N. 4. 18 E.
Harlingen, a seaport of Fries-
land, on the Zuyder Zee. Popula-
tion 7000.— 53, 10 N. 5, 26 E.
Hel'der, a town in HollandlPro-
per, with a strong fortress, which
commands the entrance of theZuy-
der Zee. Pop. 2500.— 52, 57 N.
4, 45 £.
Hel'voetsluys, a fortified town
on the St side of the island Voorn,
inHoUandProper, having an excel,
lent harbour, and extensive dock*
yards. P. 1500.-51, 49 N. 4, 7 E.
Holland Proper, a province N.
of Zealand, remarkable for the
density of its population, the numr
her of its towns and villages, and
the triumphs of persevering indus-
try over the most appalling difl9-
culties. Its superficial extent does
not much exceed 2000squaremiles,
vet its population, by a census
taken in 1817, amounted, notwith-
standing all the evils of the French
war and the discouraging restric-
tions on its commerce, to 718,000.
In 1838 the population was 926,000.
Hoorn, a considerable seaport on
the Zuyder Zee, having the best
harbour on the coast of that sea.
Pop. 10,000.-52, 38 N. 5, 3 E.
LAU^WEIl ZEE, an arm of the
sea in the N. of Groningen.
Leek, a river which branches off
from the Rhine in Utrecht, and
joins the Maese above Rotterdam.
I^uwar'den, the chief town of
Friesland, on the river £e. It is
intersected with Iftanals, whose
banks are shaded with trees, so as
to form delightAil promenades.
Pop. 17,000.-53. 12 N. 5, 47 E.
Ley'den, one of the principal ci-
ties of the kingdom, on a branch
of the Rhincj in Holland Proper.
It is intersected by a number of
canals, forming upwards of 50
small islands, which are connected
by more than 100 bridges. The
principal street, in which is situate
the Stadthouse, is one of the finest
in Europe. Lcyden is the seat of
a celebrated university, and has
firoduced many eminent men : the
ibrary contains a rich collection of
oriental manuscripts. Population
55,000 —52. 9 N. 4, 29 E.
Lux'emburg, a large province to
the S. of Liege, having an extent
of 2392 square miles, and contain-
ing 311,113 inhabitants. It is a
grand duchy, and forms properly
Krt of the German states; by the
;e partition the greater part of it
remains attached to Holland.
Lux'emburg, capital of the pro-
vince of the same name, is, both
by nature and art, now one of the
strongest fortresses in Europe.
Here are many interestlngrematns
of Roman antiquity. Population
11,000.-49, 37 N. 6,9 E.
80
HOL&AKD.
MAE6E, or Mcnse, a tatrfe rlrer
wh ich riset tn the S. oTChMnpafcne^
In France, and flows through ICa.
mur, Llcge, LimbuiiK, andN. Bra-
bant: after forming the N. bound,
ftry of North Brabant, and being
Joined by the Waal, It falls Into the
Oerman Ocean below Rotterdam.
Mae'stricAt, a flourirfiing town
In the province of Limburg,4itiiate
on the Maew, near Its confluence
with the Jacr. It it strongly for-
tifled, and by the late treaty re-
mained with the King of Holland.
I ts ramparts fonn agreeable prome-
nades. P. I8,00a>-80, 51 N. 5, 41 E.
Mid'dleburg, the principal town
of the DTOTlnce of Zealand, situate
near tne centre of the Island of
'Wateheren. It Is a place of great
antiquity,andof consideraUe trade.
Pop. I3,?00.— 51. SU M. S, 37 E.
NIM'EGUEN, a strong town in
GuelderUnd, on the left bank of
the Waal. Population 16,000.^
51,S0N. 5w52E.
OVEKFLAK'KEE, an Island at
the entrance qf the Maese Into the
German Ocean.
Overys'sel, a province In the E.
of Holland, containing 1293 square
miles, and 165,936 Inhabitants.
RHINE. Hee GBBMAitr.
Rotterdam', the second city of
Hollandin commercial importance,
situate on the Maese. Although
SO miles firom the German Ocean,
it possesses great facilities for trade,
the streets being Intersected by
canals deep enough to receive the
largest vesMts. This was thebirth-
place of Erasmus, to whose me^
tnory his fellow-dtlcens have erect*
ed a bronze statue. Pop. 72,000k
-«1, 55 N. 4, 29 E.
Rurtf'monde, a town in the pro.
vince of Llmburg,at the confluence
of the Roer and the Maese, with
cloth manufactures. Pop. 4500.
SCHEL'LING, an island about
9mlles from the coast of Friesland.
It Is 15 miles long and 5 broad.
Population 3000.
: Schiedam', a town of Holland
Proper, famous for the excellence
of iU gin. Population 10,000.—
51, 55 N. 4, 20 E.
Scho'toen, an bland at the mouth
of the Scheldt, 15 miles long and
5 broad.
TEX'BL, an island at the eft-
trance of tne Buyder Zee, separat-
ed fVom the ooBtioent by the nar*
row channel of Mars-diep. It is
about 12 miles kmg and 6 bread.
Near this island Adnhal Bbke de.
fcatcd the Duteb fleet under Van
Tromp in 1853. PopulaUon SOOa
--53, 5 N. 4,30 E.
ThoHen, a fbrtUe and weU-caHi-
vated isUnd at the mouth of the
Scheldt, about 12 miles tof^ and
6 broad.— 51, 90 M. 4, 8 &
Tllburg^, a town in N. Bnbaot,
with considerable manaftctmts.
Ponulatlon 10,000.
U'tRECAT> a provtneetothe
£. of Holland Proper, and & of tbe
Zuyder Zee. Its soperfldal ex-
tent is 642 square miica, and lu
population 12V,313.
mrei«t,the2Vc||tefeiiMirtbe Ro-
mans, Ik the capital ofttae ptoviaee
of Utrecbt, and the seat of a eele.
brated university. Here were ooii>
eluded two memorable treaties,—
the one. In 1579runitinf the Seven
Provinces against the Spaniards,—
the other, in 171^, termlnaUogtbe
Wars of the Spanish saccessioo.
Pop. 34,000.-52, 6 N. 5, 8 E.
VECHT, or Wecht, a rivet
which rises in WcstpbaMa, and,
after uniting with several attcaiM,
falls into the Zuydet Zee.
Venloo', a strong town In the
province of Umburgkon tbteMMse,
with con^lerable trade and aAana-
fhctures. Fop. 5000.
Vlie'land, a small island at the
mouth of the Zuyder Zee, Smilei
in length and 8 In braadtta. Pop.
8U0.— 53, 17 N. 5, B.
Voom, ah island fbrmcd by two
mouths of the Maeae, about 15
miles in length and 5 in breadth.
WAAI^ a large branch of tbe
Rhine,flowing westward, and JoiO'
ing the Blaetle near Gorcum.
Walcheren (Wal'sheren), tbe
most populous and beat cultivated
of the islands that cnmpose tbe
piovirtce of Zealand. It is 12
miles in length, and 8 In breadth.
Besides three oonsiderable towns,
Middleburg, Fluking, and Veerc^
it contains a number of villagca.
Vs'sel, ot- Is'sel, a branch of the
Rhine, passes Zutpben and Deveiu
ter, and fails into the ZnyderZea
Ys'selmonde, a small iaiand in
Holland Proper, formed by the
Maese, the Merwe, and the Ysiel.
SAAlfDAM^ er B^iafMfHift, a
BELOIVlf.
91
town of K. RoUaod on the T, an
arm of the Zufiler Zee, has ao ex.
tensive trade In timber. Here Peter
the Great of Russia worked as a
common shipwright. Pop. 10«00().
Zealand, a province composfd
chiefly of islands, viz. Schowen,
Ouieveland, Tholen, Walcheren,
K. and S. Beveland,^ Wolfers-
dyk, and a strip of land on the
continent along the bank of the
W. Scheldt Its area is 5K8 square
miles, and its population 133,396.
Zlerik'zee, a strong town in Zea-
land, capital of the Isle of Schowctt.
Fopi,6D00.
Zui'phen, % ttnmg town In Ouel.
derland, on the Yssel Here the
brave Sir Philip Sydney feU in
IbhCu Pop. 9000.
ZuyMer Zee', a large gulf of the
German Ocean, about 80 miloe
long from N. to S. and from 15 td
30 broad. It was formed In 12^,
by an irruption of the ocean : for-
meriy it was a great inland lake*
called by the ancients Flevo.
ZwoU, the chief town of Overyt-
sel, situate between the Yssel and
the Vccht. It is a place of some
commerce. Pop. 13,000.
BELGIUM
Is bounded N. by Holland ; W. bj the German Ocean |
S. by France ; and £. by Germany. It contains 1 1^500
square miles. Population 4.230^000.
Divitlons. Chief Tbwttt.
liimbarg Tongres,* St Tron.
Antwierp Antwerp, Mechlin or Malines.
East Flanders (ihhent) Oudenarde, Dendcrmonde', &l Ni-
cholas.
West FlaQder8....BrugeB, Ostend, Courtray, Vpresi Nieu«
port.
Hainault Mons, Tournay.
South Brabant.... Brussels, LouTainy Tirlemont«
Namur. Namur.
Liege. Liege, Verviers.
Rivers. — The Scheldt, with its tributaries the Ly«^
the Haine, the Dender, and the Dyle ; the Maese or
Meuse, with its tributary the Sambre.
REMARKS.
Belgium lies between 49'' 50' and 51* SCy N. lat, and
between 2° 40' and 6° 15' £. long. Its length from East
to West is 150 miles, and its breadth from North to South
1 10 miles.
Belgium presents a pleasing variety of gentle eminences^
undulating plains, meadows, and rich corn-fields. The dts.
tricts along the Maese are hilly and highly picturesque. The
soil is either naturally fertile, or has been improved by assi.
duous cultivation, and yields the most luxuriant crops. All
^ Maestricbt, the largest town in this province, belongs to Holfanfl
93 BELaiUM.
t
kinds of grain and fruits are raised; flax and hops are
among the most noted productions. The climate resembles
that of the southern counties of England.
The Belgians are distinguished for fine noanufacturcs,
particularly of lace, lawns, and cambrics, and for good
broadcloth. From the twelfth to the sixteenth century,
their country was the most commercial in Europe ; but H
was afterwards greatly surpassed by Holland. Now that
war has given place to the arts of peace, the trade and ma*
nufactures of Belgium are rapidly improving ; new roads are
formed, and canals or railroads connect all the great towns
of the kingdom. The Flemings to the north resemble ia
character their Dutch neighbours, but towards the south have
adopted the dress and manners of the French* They are
zealous Roman Catholics, though salaries are now granted
from the public funds to the Protestant clergy. Three con-
siderable universities have been established, at Ghent, Li^e,
and Louvain. Belgium produced at one period a race of very
eminent artists^ Rubens, Vandyck, Teniers, &c. who form-
ed what is called the Flemish School of Painting. Their
architects were also very distinguished, and several of the
cathedrals, particularly that of Antwerp, rank among the
finest edifices in Europe.
Belgium, under the Counts of Flanders, enjoyed great
independence, and was very flourishing. It was s^terwards
added to the domains of the house of Burgundy, and in
1477 to those of Austria. It was overrun by the Revolu-
tionary armies in 1 792, and in 1795 was annexed to France.
At the peace in 1814, it was united with Holland in form-
ing the kingdom of the Netherlands; but in 1830 it sepa-
rated itself, and elected as its king, Leopold, Prince of Saxe
Cobourg, who has been acknowledged by the great powers
of Europe.
EXERCISES.
How is Belgium bounded ? What is its extent in square
miles ? What population docs it contain ? What are the di-
visions of Belgium ? What are the principal towns in West
Flanders, East Flanders, Hainault, &c. ? Where is Dender-
monde, Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp, Courtray, Louvain, &c. ?
What are the principal rivers ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Belgium
situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its
general aspect ? Of what nature is its soil ? What is the state
of cuhivation ? What are its productions ? What country
docs it resemble in climate ? For what manufactuivs is it
BBLQIVM.
03
taoM ^ M/ Im w«ft i| ilie OHM commeroUl oountf y in £u.
rop» ^ !■ Its eomsMVce aoain improving ? What is tlie cha-
neter of tl^ Flemings ? \rbat reUgion do they profeas ? What
muvenltim bate been established ? What celebrated artists
^ Be^^^m produced ? To what school of painting have they
civen rise ? Has aichitectuie been canied to aay pertection
by the Flemings ? Mention a cathedral considered to be one
of the finest In^^urope.
To whom did Ji^elgium formerbr belong ? When wa^ it
annexed to France ? When to Holland ? Under what mo«
natch is it now a separate kingdom ?
PKSOHIPTIVB TABtB.
A'LOST, a town in E. PUnden.
on theD«nder, with a trade io corn.
Populatiou 15^000.— dO<> 55' N. lat.
Ani'werp (Fr. Anver«)»anoxth-
ern province, bounded on the west
bj the Lower Scheldt, contains
1004 iquare wU^Sa with a popula-
tion of 338,107.
Ant'werp (IrY. Anyer»)i the capi-
tal uf the province of Antwerp, and
the chief maritime and c(»aaxe»-
cial city of Belgium, is situate on
t heScbeldtiaadhas nobledocks and
an arsenal, with a citadel of great
strength. The paiatings of Ru^
boas adorn the cathedral, one of
the finestGofthic edifices in ^rope,
being 50U fieet in length by 850 \u
breadth; Ua b«aufcil^ul spiire is 360
teet high. PopulaUoa 73,000.^
51. 13 N. 4, 34 £.
Ar'lop. a. town In the 9elglAB part
of the grand duchy ofiruxemburg.
Popul^ion 3300k
Atl», a fortified, town of H^i-
nault, on. the Denver. Pop. 765tfi
BOOM, a tojvi in the pioviape
of Antwerp. Pop. 5U0O.
Brabant', South, aa imporfaiMt
central province, rormerly distrin.
guisbed fKom N. Brabant by the
name of Austrian Biabant. It con.
tains 1464 square miles» and its po»
pu]atU»i&d65»333.
Bru'ges, the capital of W. FUin-
dwSfc vlmitos E. froQi itetend-i it
ow^M.on coosidflrable Uad«. and
i> intei]Bected by a nwnber of ca-
nals of which it is the central point
yop. 4^000—51, U N. 3. 14 E.
^amrsa^s iSn. BsuxeUes), the
metropolis oC Bslgium* and the ca-
pitajlof Sk Bc4hAnt, is sit^uate p^itly
ina>plAMik and parOs; on the slope
of a nilU altbg foob o£ whioh flowA
the river Seane. It U a very ele»
f;ant city ; its public walks, pajticu-
arly the Green Alley and toe Park»
are among the finest in Europe.
Pop. 10(i.U0O.— 50,51 N. i,V3 £.
CHARLERO'l, a fortified town
of Hainault, on the Sambie. Po-
pulation 4000.
Courtray (Coor'tray), a town la
W. Flanders, on the Lys, celebrat-
ed for its manufactures of lace and
fine cloths. Population 19,U0J.—
50. 49 N. 3, 16 E.
DEN'DER, a small river which
rises in Hainault, and joins the
Scheldt near Dendcrmonde.
Dendermonde', or Tennonde', a
fortified town,with a strong castle,
in E. Flanders, at the confluence
of the- Dcnder and the Scheldt.
Pop. 6000.— 51, 2 N. 4, 6 E.
Diest, a town in i^ Brabant, on
the Demer, with manufactures of
cloth. Pop. 6000.
Din'ant, a town in the province
of Namw, on the Maese. with a
sUrong citadel ; near it aremarble-
quarnesand iron.mines. Popula-
tion 4000.
D^le (Deel), a small but naviga-
ble river in S. Brabant ; after pass.
ing byLouvain and Mechlin.it falls
into the Scheldt above Antwerp.
ENG'^IEN. a town in Uui.
nault. Pop. 4000.
FLAN'DEllS. a very interest-
ing and fertile portion of Belgium,
forming it^ western quarter^ di-
vided into the provinces o£ fi. and.
W,. Flanders. The extent of K.
Flanders is 1232 square miles ; its
population 734,0u0. The extent
of W. Flanders is ldl!2 square
miles; its population 602,000.
Fleu'rus. a small town in Hat-
Q^ult, near the Sambre, a celebrau
D 2
94
ed batUe.fie1d in the Spuiish and
Jate wan. Pop. S158.
FoDtenojK, a village In Haioaalt,
near Tournaj, where the aUlea
were defeated by Manhal Saze, in
1745. Pop. 678.
GHENT, or Gand, a larce ma.
nufacturing citv, the capital of £.
Flanders, beautiftilly situate on the
Scheldt, at iU Junction with the
Lyi. By these rivers and a num.
bcr of navigable canals, the town is
divided into 26 Islands, which com.
munlcate by 360 wooden bridges.
It ii about 15 miles In circuit, great
part of it being occupied with gar.
dens, orchards, and fields. Ghent
is the seat of a university. Po-
pulation 84,000.— 51, 3 N. 5, 43 E.
Gram^'mont, a town in E..Flan.
ders, on the Dyle, with a good
trade. Pop. 7000.
HAINAULT (HinoltO, an ex-
tensive province to the N. of the
French frontier. Its superficial
extent is 14?8 square miles ; its po-
})ulation 604,057. This province
las, at dlfibrent periods, been the
scene of the most celebrated wars
recorded in the history of Europe.
Haine, a small river which flails
into the Scheldt at Condi.
Hamme, a trading town in £.
Flanders. Fop. 9000.
Has'selt, a town In the province
of Limburg, on the Demer. Po-
bulation 7000.
Huy, a town in the province of
Liege, aa the Maese, with exten.
sive iron-works and paper-mills.
Population 7000.
LIE'GE, a large province in
the S. E. of the kingdom, hav*
ing a superficial extent of 2173
square miles, and a population of
377 909.
Llegei the capital of the province
of Liege, situate in a pleasant val.
ley on the Maese, surrounded with
cultivated hills. It is a flourishing
town, strongly fortified, and has
extensive manufisctures, particu-
larly in the different branches of
iron-work and ciock.work. Fopu.
latlon 58,000.-50. 40 N. 5, 31 E.
Liei'. or Llerre', a town in the
firovlnce of Antwerp, at the junc-
tion of the two Nethes, has a con-
siderable trade Fop. 13,000.— ^1»
8 N. 4, 35 E.
LIm'burg, a province to the N.
Of Liege* baying an km of 1785
BELOlUSt.
square nailea, and 341,880 Inhabi.
taota. Part oi this provinoe. Id-
eluding Blaeatrlcbt, its chief town,
remains attached to Holland.
LimlMirg, a town in the province
of Liege, fonnerly the omital of
the province of Limburg. P. SSOa
Lok'eren, a flourishing town la
E. Flanders, between Ghent and
Antwerp, carries on a good cora
trade and large manufkctures. P.
16,000^-61, 6 N. 3, 50 £.
Louvain', a lane town In S. Brs-
bant, on the Dyle. Its walls are
nearly 7 miles in circuit ; but the
space which thev enclose is chiefly
occupied by gardens and vineyards
Its university, once celebrated, ha*
been lately revived. Population
26,000.-60, 63 N. 4,41 E.
Lys, a river which rises in the N.
of France, passes Menin and Court-
ray, and Joins the Scheldt at Ghent.
MAESE. See Holland, p. 9a
Mec'Alin (Fr. Malinger), a town
in the province of Antwerp, on the
Dyle, with a beautiful ancient cs-
thedral ; it Is noted for manufac-
turcs of fine lace and linens. Popi
24.000.^51, 1 N. 4, 28 E.
Men'in, a fortified town of W.
Fbmders, on the Lys, with consi.
derable manufactures. Pop. 5000.
Mons, the capital of the province
of Hainault, on the small river
TrouiUe ; in theneighbourhoodare
extensive coal-mines. It is strongly
fortified, and is one of the prioci-
pal barrler-towns against I^ance.
Fop. 23,000.-50, 26 N. 3, 66 R
N A M UR (NamoorO, a province
8. of Brabant, having a superficisl
extent of 1236 square miles, and a
population of 217,936.
Namur', the capital of the pnv
vince of Namur, situate at the coo-
fluence of the Maese and the Sam-
bre, in a beautiful valley between
high hills. The mines and iron,
works employ a great number of
the inhabitants. Pop. 19,000.— SO,
28 N. 4, 61 E.
NicA'olas, 8t, a handsome town
In EL Flandera, with consldeiable
manufactures. Fop. 16,000.— 61,
9, N. 4, 8 E.
NIeu'port, a fishing and trading
town in W. Flanders. Populatkm
300a— 61,8 N. 2,45 E.
NivellVtf, a town In S. Bnbant,
with manufisctures of laoe and
Ggmbric, f opulaUon 7000;»
BBLOIUSr.
95
OSTENiy, a seaport in W.
Flandon, from which packets re.
gularly uil to Dover, Ramsgate,
and LoDdoo. Ustend is famous in
bistory for its ol»tinate defence
against the Spaniards for upwards
or3year8,A.D.1601-lfi04. P.11.000.
-^1, 13 N. 2, 55 E.
Oudenarde', a town in E. Flan-
ders, on the Scheldt. Here the
Duke of MarIborou{?h and Prince
Eugene gained a memorable battle
over the French, in 1708. Fopu.
lation 5000.— 50, 52 N. 3, 36 E.
Ourthe, a river of Belgium,
which joins the Maeseat Liege.
POPERINGH£, amanufaccur-
ingtown in W. Flanders. P. 10,000.
RAM'ILLIES, a vilUge in S.
Brabant, where, in 1706, the Duke
of Marlborough ginned a signal
victory over the French.
Renaij^, a town in E. Flanders,
near Oudenarde. Pop. 10,000.—
5U,46N.3,.%E.
Rousselaer', or Roulerr, a town
in W. Flanders, with considerable
commerce. Pop. 9000.
SAM'BRE, a river which rises
in the north of France, and falls
into the Maesc at Namur.
ScAeld/, or Scheldt a river which
rises in France near Cambray,
mnds through E. Flanders, passing
Ghent and Antwerp, and fails into
tbe German Ocean by two mouths
called the E. and W. Scheldt.
Spa, a town in the province of
Liege, situate amid romantic seen,
ery , and one of the most celebrated
watering-places in Europe. Fopu«
lation 3600.-50, 39 N. 5, 5S K
TfriELT,atown inW.Flanders
with extensive manufactures. Po«
pulation 10,000.-51, 1 N. 3, 21 E.
Tir'iemont, a fortified town in S.
Brabant, on the Geete, with con-
siderable woollen manufactures.
Pop. 8000.— 50, 48 N. 4, 55 E.
Ton'gref, a town of Limburg.
Population 4000.
Toumay (I'oor'nay), a town in
the province of Hainault, on the
Scheldt, with considerable manu.
factures of carpets and cloths. Po-
pulation 29,000.-50, 36 N. 3, 24 E.
Tron, St, an ancient town in
the province of Limburg. P. 8000.
Tumhout',amanuftcturing town
in the province of Antwerp. Pop.
13,000.— 51, 18 N. 4,66 E.
VER'VIERS, a thriving town in
the province of Liege, with con>
siderable manufactures, particu-
larly of woollen cloths. Popula-
tion 19,000 50, 38 N. 5, 54 E.
WATERLOO^, a village 9 miles
S. of Brussels, where the most ce-
lebrated battle in modern times
was gained by the Duke of "Wel-
lington over Napoleon, 18th June
1815. P. 1900 50. 43 N. 4, 22 E.
YPRES^(Ee'pray). a fortified
town in W. Flanders, situate on a
small river. Population 15,000.— ■
50, 51 N. 2, 53 £.
FRANCE
Is bonnded N. by Belgium and the English Channel ;
W. by the Atlantic Ocean; S. by the Pyrenees and
the Mediterranean; E. by Italy, Switzerland, and
Germany. It contains 204,000 square miles. Popu-
ation 33,540,000.
Divisions. — France was formerly divided into 35
provinces. At the Revolution of 1789, these were sub-
divided into departments, the number of which, by the
addition of Corsica, amounts to 86.
Provinces. Departments. Chief Towns.
F„„ch Fl»der,...North 1 ^'£S,?Du'n'w£'"*
A"- PMe.C«l,i. j/^S; Bote.''"
96
PBAKC*.
CUif TowUi
Abbeville.
Isle of France.
Provfncw. Deptftmenti.
PfCAtdy Somme Amiens,
'^-"Sdn }%-:^aete
N»n»«<Jy • cri'^-.;;:::::::::::::::;::^:;sr"-
Blanche. 6t L6, Ghetbourg.
,Orne. Alefc^on.
^Aisne Laon, Soinoni.
Oise Beauvait.
Seine and Oise j ^Tfl^ ^^"'
I main.
Seine PABis^St Denii.
Seine and Mttn*.... { ^^{^ ^^°^"'-
S Ardennes M^nereS) Sedan.
Ar;:;;:.::::::::::;::::?ro*jS.*' "'"'""'
Upper Marne... Chaumont.
|Me«» {^^^f^*^^""
Lorraine J Moselle Metz, Thionville.
I Meurthe Nancy, LunlviUe.
(^Vosges Epinal.
Alnct, i liorer Rhine Strasburg.
} Upper Rhine Colmar.
f Upper Saone. Vesoul*
Kranche-Comt^... j Doubs Besan^on.
^ Jure lions-Je^Saulnicr.
/ Yonne Auxerre, Sens*
Tinrminilv ) ^^'C d'Of. DljOn.
ijurgunay j ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ Micon, Autun.
I Ain Bourg.
rKureand Loir. Chartres.
Or1(fanais... 3 Loiret Orleans.
y Loit and Cher. Bloic
Maine S M*y^""c Laval, Mayenne.
1 Sarthe Le Man?.
rllle and Vilaine. Rennes, St JMalo.
Cotes du Nord St Brieiic»
^'^^"/'.?:.!.">'«'"«« { "^aji. '""''
Morbihan Vannes, L'Orieot
Lower Loire. ...Nantes.
Anjou Maine and Loire Angers, Saumor.
Touraine Indre and Loire Tours.
Tj . iCher. Bourgcs,
■*'®'" i Indre Chaieauroux.
Nivemais., Nidvte Nevers.
Bourbonnais Allien Moulins,
Lyonnais ....*<
FIEIAMB. 97
De^aitmcnti. Chtef Towtu.
f Rhone Lyons.
.•^f«:w i AfontbriiOii, St
\^^^ I Eticnne.
Auyergne S^^J 4* Ddme .Clermont.
I Cantal Aurillac
LaMarch\e Cretlse Ourfrct
{Vend^ Bourbon- Vendi^c.
Two SetTts. k....Niort.
Vienne. Poitiew.
a^:::::::::::{^«''«-'--j'1oMn\^'''-
Angoumois. (Charentc. Angoul^mc
^'i^o-ri- j teey!!!!".!:::::::::T5r
Guicnne.
Gaseony.
liangttedoc kk.<
Dordotfne Ptfrigueux.
Gironok Bordeaux.
Lot ......Gabon.
Aveyron Rhodez.
Tarn and Garonne...Montauban.
Lot and Garonne Agen.
I/andes Mont-de-Matsan.
Gen Auch.
^Upper Pyrenees Tarbes, fiagn^tes.
Ardeche Privas.
Upper Loire Le Puy.
Loz^re. Mende.
Gard i Nimes.
H^rault Montpellier.
Tarn Alby, Castrc««
Upper Garonne Toulouse.
r Carcassonne, Nar-
Aude
\ bonne.
{Is^te. Grenoble, Vienne.
Drdme Valencfe.
Upper Alps * Gap.
Lower Alps .....Digne.
fto^nc Var. {"iSfu'*"'*'
(^Mouths of theRhone.Maneilles, Aix.
Comtat d'Avig- 1 ,
non, or de Ve— { Vaucluse .Avignon.
n&issin (
RottsslUon ^Eastern Pyrenees Perpignan.
Comtat de Foix...AHege. Foix.
B6am ...Lower Pyrenees... PaU, Bayonne.
Gonica..k....w Ajttccio, Bastia.
l8tANi>s.— tJshatit, BfeUelsle, Noirmoutier, Rhe,
Qleroi)^ tii^res^ C^Qtsil^.
98
FBANCE.
Capjes.— La Hofrae, Barfleur. '
Mountains.— Pyrenees, part of the Alps, Cevennes,
Cantal, Puy de Dome, Mount Jura, Vosges,
Rivers.— Seine, Loire, Garonne, Rhone, Rhine,
Moselle, Meuse, Scheldt, or Escaut, Somme, Marne,
Saone, Orne, Vilaine, Sevre, Charente, Adour.
FoEEioN Possessions. — In the West Indies^ Mar-
tinique, Guadaloupe,&c.; in South America, Cayenne;
in Africa, Algiers, Senegal, and the Isle of Goree ; in
the Indian Ocean, Bourbon ; in the East Indies, Pon-
dicherry and Chandernagore.
BEMARKS.
France lies between 42° 20', and 51* 5' N. lat. ; and be-
tween 4" 49^ W. and 8° 16' E. long. Its length, from
North to South, is 600 miles, and ito breadth, from East to
West, is 580 miles.
Although in a country of such extent much variety of as.
pect may be expected, the general appearance of France is
level. In the hilly districts, and in the valfeys through
which its rivers glide, particularly the Seine and Loire, the
scenery is often highly picturesque and beautiful; but the
country may be regarded as in general tame and uninterest.
ing. The English traveller has to proceed 400 miles south
from Calais, before he reaches the mountains of Auvergne,
which are connected with those of Dauphiny, Languedoc,
and Provence. This enormous assemblage of rocks, chiefly
basaltic, covers an extent of 120 miles. The other ridges
are the Vosges Mountains on the eastern frontier; a chain
of the Alps, which penetrates into Provence and Dauphiny,
and, stretching northward, separates France from Italy and
Switzerland; and the Pyrenees, the mountain-barrier be-
tween France and Spain.
Placed in the middle of the temperate zone, France enjoys
a pecuhariy fine climate. It varies, indeed, considerably in
the different regions. In the north it resembles the cli.
mate of the south-west of England ; although in summer
It IS rather hotter, as well as more humid ; and in winter
the cold is sometimes more severe. In the central region,
particularly in the provinces of Touraine and Limousin,
the temperature is delightful, and the air pure, light,
and elastic. But in this region violent storms of rain and
orI...^^*^r*''"*"y ^^^••°y ^^^ ^'"**Ke and corn ; and frosts
occur later in spring, and earlier in agtumn, than in the
FRAKCE. 99
•
south of England. The heat in the southern region is ex-
cessive during tlie months of June^ July, August, and part
of September. October and November are here the plea-
santest months of tbe year. In the mountainous tracts of
this region storms often rage with dreadful violence ; and
the swarms of flies and other insects are equally annoying
and destructive.
The soil is various,— but the greater part of it is highly
fertile, and produces admirable crops. Grain of all kinds
is raised in the northern districts, which are not very favour-
able to the growth of the vine. In the middle districts,
vines, and every species of grain grow luxuriantly,— while,
in the southern districts, olives, maize, and even the orange,
are cultivated with advantage. The wines of France, par.
ticularly those of Burgundy, Champagne, and the claret of
Bordeaux, are the most esteemed of any in Europe. AU
though coal is found in various parts of France, and is
wrought for the use of manufactories, yet, as it is little cm.
ployed for domestic fuel, great plantations are raised in aU
most every part of the country, both for firewood, and for
covert to the beasts of the chase. Among the wild ani-
mals of France may be mentioned the wolf ; and the bear is
still found in the Pyrenees. Provence, Languedoc, and
Dauphiny, maintain large flocks of sheep, which annually
migrate from the mountainous to the plain country, and
back again. They travel in flocks of from 10,000 to 40,000,
under the care of shepherds, and are from 20 to SO days on
the journey. The most extensive and fertile pastures for
cattle are in Normandy.
Tbe minerals of France are of considerable importance.
Iron and lead abound in Bretagne. Antimony is found in
various places in such quantities as would supply the whole
of Europe. Silver, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, vitriol,
and alum, may be enumerated among the other productions
of its mines. Jet is found in great quantities in the de-
partment of the Aube ; and turquoises, little inferior to those
of the East, are procured among the mountains of Avey-
ron. Quarries of excellent freestone occur in many parts
of the kingdom, especially in the neighbourhood of Paris—
of jasper in Franche Comt^, and of beautiful marble in the
Pyrenees. At Salins in Franche Comt^, are salt-springs.
The principal mineral waters are at Aix, Bagneres, and
Bareges. The hot springs of Bareges are well known.
Among the natural curiosities of France, the most re-
markabk is the piaia of La Crau, on the east side of the
100 FBANen.
Rboae. It coven wn wea of about 80 sqoiM lM|ga«i» ttled
witb gravel of quariz^-^somc of wbicb are as large as a maa'a
head,— and ibe whole plain ia as destitute of YegeUtioB as
the shingle of the seashore.
France abounds in antiquities. At Ninies there are more
numerous and interesting monuments of Roman art than in
any other city perhaps in Europe, with the exception of
Rome itself. Of these the most remarkable are the Maison
Quarr^e, an edi6ce of beautiful architecture, and akxMst as
entire as when built in the reign of Augustus ;<— a beuitiful
fountain, with the remains of baths, statues, and other deco*
rations ;— a building supposed to have been a pantheon ;—
and the walls of an amphitheatre, nearly as spacious as the
Coliseum of Rome, and in a better state of preservation.
Druidic circles and other monuments are found in Picardy ;
and on the coast of Vannes, in Bretagne, there is a Druidic
monument far surpassiog ihst of Stonshenge. In the ca«
tbedral church of Bayeux, in Normandy, is preserved a
suit of tapestry, said to be the work of Matilda, wife of
William the Conqueror^ representing the prepress and
termination of the grand contest between her husband and
Harold.
In political importance, France is one of the first coun-
tries in the world. The compactness of her territory gives
her the ready command of a dense population; her re«
sources are ample ; and her subjects, active, brave, and fond
of military glory, rush eagerly at the slightest call to oon-
pose or reinforce her armies. Her history under Napo-
leon proves what she is able to achieve in war. In 1012,
her army amounted to 600,000 n^o. After the peace of
1815, it was very greatly reduced ; at present (1839) it docs
not exceed 310,000. Were the navy of Franco eqiiajl to her
army, she would be the most formidable power in Europe.
In that important species of force she is far inferior to
Great Britain. A t present she possesses 1 09 ships of the line
and frigates, besides 37 armed steam-vessek. Her revenue
is about j£43,000,000, and the debt £2OO,75O«O0O sterling.
Ample as her resources are, France yields the palm, both
in manufactures and commerce, to Britain. Her silks
and woollen cloths are, indeed, remarkable for the du-
rability of their texture and their tine colours ; her laces and
linens, her plate-glas^ and porcelain, are in exiensivo de.
mand ; and her wines and brandies, and printed books^ are
exported every where ) but several circumstances* ameog
Mch oMy ha lemarked deficieat nwaDaof inlsnial cMumi*
FBANOJS. 101
mcatiooy the pravaleot lystem of banking, and the regula*
tioQ of her currency, combine to circumscribe her trade*
The anti-commercial spirit, and attachment to prohibitory
laws and duties, evinced by the succesMve races of French
statesmen, have also very xftuch fettered the development of
her productive industry.
The manners of the French are extremely agreeable.
They are lively, good-humoured, polite, and attentive to
strangers ; and their morals, except in lar<Te cities, are at
least as pure as those of their neighbours. In literature and
science the French have long held a distinguished place ;
but they are more to be admired for wit and elegance, than
ibr sublimity of imagination or profound reach of thought.
After the agitation of the Revolution had subsided, France
gradually returned from the anarchy of republicanism to the
more settled state of monarchy. Under Bonaparte the go-
vernment was military and absolute. On the restoration of
the Bourbon family, it was modified into a resemblance of
that of Britain. Since the last Revolution of 1830, which
again expelled the ancient regal branch of the Bourbons,
and elevated Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne,
the popular influence has been greatly increased.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of France ? What is its extent in
^quare miles ? What population does it contain ? What are
ita provinces ? Into what departments have those provinces
been divided? What are the principal towns of Picardy?
Of Normandy, &c, ? Name the chief islands of France —
its capes — its mountains — its rivers — its foreign possessions.
VVherc is Pau, Paris, Caen, Marseilles, Versailles, Nar-
bonnc, Dunkirk, Calaisy La Rochelle, Agen, &c. ? Where
are the Cevennes Mountains, La Hogue, the Seine, Noirmou-
tier, the Somme, Orne, Loire, Belleisle, Barfleur, Vosges,
Puy de Dome, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is France
situate? What are its length and breadth? What is its
ji,'eneral appearance ? In what parts of the country does pic-
turesque and beautiful scenery occur ? At what distance from
('alais does the traveller meet with mountains ? What ex-
tent is occupied by this enormous assemblage of rocks ? What
are the other principal ridges of mountains in France ?
What description of climate does France enjoy ? What
country does the northern region resemble in climate, and with
what difference ? Describe the climate of the central region.
During what months does excessive heat prevail in the south-
cm n^on ? What arc the pleasantest months of the vear
there ? To what evils is this part of the country exposed ?
102 PRANCE.
Wh&t is the genwnl description df the Mil ? Wbfl^ are the
prevailing productions in the scvenll districts ? Fot* What ptir-
Soses are great plantations raised in every pftrt of the rountry ?
\y what species of wild animals is France infested ? What
U remarkable about the sheep in the soutiiem provinces ? In
what provinces are the most extensive pastures for cattle ?
Are the minerals of France important ? Enumerate its
principal metals. Where does jet abound ? Where are tur-
quoises procured ? Where do quarries of freestone, of jasper,
and of beautiful marble occur? Where are salt-|(i)rings
found ? Where are the principal mineral springs ? What is
the most remarkable natural curiosity in France? Docs
France abound in antiquities? At what place alt the most
remarkable monuments of Koman art ? Mention the princi-
pal of them. In what provinces are Druidic mofaumetits to be
seen ? What relic of antiquity is preserved in the cathednl
church of Bayeux ?
What rank does France hold in political importance ? What
circumstances contribute to her military strength ? How has
she recently proved what she is able to achieve m war ? What
was the amount of her army in 1812 ? What it itk present
amount ? What is the amount of her navy ? What is her
revenue and debt ?
Is France equal to Great Britain in commerce and manu-
factures ? Mention some of her principal manufactures. By
what circumstances is her trade fettered and circumscribed ?
What are the characteristic manners of the French ? Are
their morals particularly corrupt ? What place do they hold
in literature and science ? For what literary quality are they
chiefly to be admired ? Through what chan|;e8 has the go-
vernment of France passed since the Revolution ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
ABBfi'VILLE, a matiufactar-
ing town in Picardjr, on the
Homme. Population 19,162.-^50<'
6' N. lat. 1«» 48^ E. long.
Adour (Adoor'), a river rising
in the Pyrenees, and flowing into
the Bay of Biscay below Bayonne.
Agen ( Aw'zheng),atown in Gui-
eniie, capital of the department of
Lot and Garonne, situate on the
Garonne. Population 112,631.— 44,
1 12 N. 0, 36 E.
Agincourt ( Ad'jinkort), a Tillage
in Artois, famous for the great vic-
tory gained by Henry V. of Eng-
land, ^t h October 1 i 1 5. Pop. 500.
Ain, a river which rises in
Mount Jura, and falls into the
Hhone above Lyons.
Ai«ne, a river which rises on the
Iwrden of Iiorraine, and, pasiiog
Soissons, Joins the Oite near Com-
piegne.
Aix (Ait), an ancient dty of
Provence, founded by the Romnns
123 B. C. who named it Aqu^ 8ex-
tia^ (torn its celebrated hot-liath* ;
it has considerable trade and ma-
nufactures. Population 22,575.—
43, 32 N. 5, 27 E.
Ajac'cio, a seaport, the capital of
Corsica, and the birthplace of Na*
poieon Bonaparte in 1769. P.9j51.
Ai'aif, a town in Languedoc, at
thefootoftheCevennea. P,1«,U77.
Al'by, an ancient city of Latigue-
doc, capital of the depitrtment of
Tarn, with a flne cathedral. Po-
pulation 11,665.
Alen'(on, a town in Nomandj,
capital of the department of Onie,
on the Barthe ; It possesses extent
PRAKC8.
lOB
iivenunit£ft(ttret. Pofr. 14|019.<^
«,25N.(K4E.
Al'VKr, a river whfch riles in the
CevenneaL flows notth^an), and,
purittg Moulint, enten the Loire
below KeTers.
Abace', a nroTince In the N. E.
of the kingdom, tfounded on the
east by the Rhine.
A^lem, an ancient city of Pi-
caxdy, capitai of thedepilttmont of
Somme, with eonsiderable manu.
fecturet. Ita cathedral is a noble
edifice. Here was concluded a
treaty of peace, March t5, 1802,
be t w e e n Britain and France. Pop.
45,000.-49, 53 N. 2, 18 £.
Angerj', a town in AnJoUj ca-
pital of the department of Maine
and Loire, near the Junction of
the Sarthe, the Mayenne, and the
liOiie, carries on eonsiderable trade.
Pbp. 32,743 — 47, 28 N. 0, 33 W.
Angoul^me', a handsome town
in Angoumois, capital of the de-
partment of Charente, in a beautl-
tul valley, through which flows the
Charente. It is celebrated for its
paper manufacturer. Fop. 13,186.
--43, 39 N. 0, 10 B.
Angoumofr, a province in the
west of the liingdom.
Anjou (Awngzhoo'), a province
loutii-esut of Bretagne.
Anno'nay, a thriving manufftc-
tnring town in the N. of Langue-
doc. Pop. 8000.
Ari^ge , a river which has its
source in the Pyrenees, passes
Foiz, and &lls into the Garonne
near Toulouse.
Ariet, a very ancient city of Pro-
vence^ on the Rhone. Pop. 20,236.
Ar'ras, a strong town in Attois,
capital of the department of Pas-
de-Calats, situate on the Scarpe.
It is flimous for its tapestry. Pop.
2a.419.— 50, 18 N. 2, 46 R.
Artois (Art'waa), a province in
the north of the Icingdora.
Auch (Osh), a city in Gascony,
capital of the department of the
Gets ; its cathedral is one of the
finest in France. Pop. 9801.
Aurii'lae, a town in Auvergne,
capital of the department of Can-
tat. Population 9966.
Antun (Oteung), an ancient city
in Burgundy, containing remains
of Homan magnificence. P. 9921.
Auvergne', a mountalnoui pro«
v|iicf in the interior.
Auxenre (Oun^, a city in Bur-
gundy, the capiul of the depart-
ment of Yonne, surrounded by ex-
tensive vineyards. Pop. 12,500.
Avcy'ron, a river which rises in
the Cevennes, and, flowing west-
ward by Rhodes, and VilletVanche,
Joins the Tarn below Montautian.
Avignon (Avin'yong), a small
province in the S. £.
Avlgn'on, a handsome city, capi-
tal of the department of Vaucluse,
situate on the Rhone in a rich
and fhiitnil plain. The celebrated
fountain of Vaucluse, hallowed by
the names of Petrarch and Laura,
in within a few miles of Avignon.
Pop. 31 ,000.— 4S, 57 N. 4, 48 E.
BAGNER£5% a town in Upper
Pyrenees, on the Adour, celebrat-
ed for iu mineral waters and warm
baths. PopL 7586.
Birterf', a village about 14 Miles
6. of Bagndres, famed for its mi-
neral hot springs. Pop. 700.
Bar'fleur, a promontory and
small town on the coast of Nor-
mandy.— 49, 40 N. 1, 16 W.
Bar-le-Duc, a town in Lorraine,
capital of the department of Meuse,
on theOme; tne vicinity is cele-
brated for its wine. Hop. 12,496.
Basqve Roads, on the coast of
Charente. between the Isle of Ole-
ron. La Rochelle, and Rochefurt,
Bas'tia, a seaport in Corsica, with
a strong castle. Pop 9600.
Bay'eu«, a town in Normandy,
with a noble cathedral. P. 10,303.
Bayonne', a strong seaport, in the
department of Lower Pyrenees,
finely situate at the confluence of
the Nive and the Adour, about a
mile from the Bay of Biscay. Pop.
14,713.-48, 29 N. 1, 29 W.
B^m, a small province in the
S. W. of the kingdom.
Beaacaire', (Bo), a town in Lan-
guedoc, on the Rhone : its annual
lair, held for six days, is one of the
greatest in Europe. Pop. 9600.
Bcaune, a town in Burgundy^
ftahed for its wine. Pop. 9908.
Beauvais (Bovay'), a thriving
town, capital of the department of
Oise ; it is noted for its beautiftil
tapestry. Pop. 12,867.
BeWeMef, an island off the S.
coast of Bretagne. Poj>. 8000.—
47» 20 N. 8, 10 W.
Ber'ri, a province in the interior,
Beaan'^ia handsome and strop'^
104
FRANCE.
city in Franche-Cotnt^, capital of
the department of Doubf, with ae-
vcral remains of antiquity. Fop.
29 167.— 47, 14 N. 6, 2 E.
Besier«', an ancient city of Lower
Languedoc, on the Orbc, near the
Uoyal Canal. Pop. 16,709.
Blois (Blo^aw), an ancient cityof
Orttenali, capital of the depart-
inMit of Loir anci Cher, situate on
the Loire, overhanging which is
Us celebrated castle on a rock.
Pop. 13,138.-47, 35 N. 1, 50 E.
Bordeaux (BoiMo), one of the
most opulent and elegant cities in
France, and the capital of the de-
partment of Gironde, situate on
the Garonne. The commerce of
Bordeaux is very extensive. Its
great articles of export being wines,
randies, and fruits. F. 109,467*
—44, 50 N. 0, 34 W.
Boulo^e', a strong seaport in
the department of Pas-de-Calais.
l»op. 20,856.-50, 44 N. 1, 36 B.
Bourtion'naii, a province iu the
interior of the kingdom.
Bour'bon-Vendee (Vang'day), a
town in Poitou, capital of the de-
partment of Vendue. Fop. 390*.
Bourg, a city in Burgundy, capi-
tal of the department of Ain, near
which is a magnificent church and
monastery. Fop. 8996.
Bourgc«, a city in Berri, capital
of the department of Cher, at the
confluence of the Auron and the
V6vre. Fop. 19,730.
Brest, a strongly-fortified sea-
porc in Bretagne, 'and the chief
iiavul station of France on the At-
lantic, with an excellent harbour
and roadstead* Population i'9,S60.
—48, 23 N. 4, 35 W.
Breta^ne', or Brit'tany, a large
maritime province in the N. W.
Brieuc or Brieujr, St, a town in
Bretagne, capital of the depart-
munt of Cdtes du Nord, near the
Enirlish Channel. Pop. 10,402.
Jiur^guudy, a province in the E.
celebrated for Its fine wines.
CAEN (Kang), an ancient city of
Normandy, capital of the depart-
ment of CalvadoH, situate on the
(>rnc, which is navigable for large
vessels. It is the scat of a cele-
brated university, and here Wil-
liam the Conqueror was interred.
Fop. 39,H0.-.49, 11 N. 0, ^ W.
Cahor*', a thriving town in Gul-
eone, capital of th« department of
Lot i its vicinity prodacas exed-
lent wine. Fop. 12,056.
Cal'ais (or CalayO* ^ seaport
nearly opposite to Dover in Eng-
land, between which packets sail re-
gularly. After a memorable siege.
It surrendered to Edward II L in
1347, and remained in the posses-
sion of the English till 1558, when
it was taken by the Duke ot Guise.
Fop. 10,437.— jO, 57 N. 1, 51 E.
Cam'bray, an ancient city of
French Flanders, with a strong
citadel. It was Che archicinkcopal
see of Fenelon, and has been long
famed for the manufacture of cam-
bric, a name derived from this city.
Fop. 17,61&— 50, 10 N. 3, 13 £.
Cantai', a chain of mountains itt
Auvergne; of which the Flomb dc
Cantal is 6300, and the Puy de
Sancy, 630J feet high.
Carcassonne', a haudsome town
in Languedoc, capital of the de-
partment of Aude, with manufac-
tures of cloth. Pop. n,39i.
Cas'trM, a town in Languedoc,
<m the Agout, the seat of consider-
able manufactures. Pop. 16,000.
Cevennes't a chain of mountains
in Languedoc, remarkable as the
retreat of the Protestants in the
i7th century.
Chalons-sur-Mame (Shaflong),
an ancient town in Champagne,
capital of thedciiartment of Alame,
situate, as its name expresses, on
the Marne. Fop. lS,il3.;
Cha'lons-sur-Saone, a town in
Burgundy, situate at the entrance
of the central canal which unites
the Saoneand the Loire. P. 12,220i
Champagne (Shampan'), a pro*
vince in the N. E., celebrated for
the wine to which it gives name.
Charente (SharangtO, a river
which rises in Foitou, and, flowing
by a very circuitous course, passes
Cognac and iiaintes, and falls into
the Bay of Biscay below RocheforL
Charl^ville a town in Cham-
pagne, on the Meuse, with amanu*
factory of arms. Pop. 8430.
Chax'tret, a city of Orl^nais,
capital of the department of Eure
and Loir, situate on the Eure, with
a splendid cathedral. Pop. 14,439.
Chateauroux (Shato'roo),atown
in Berri, capital of the department
of Indre, with large woollen rnanu*
factures. Population 1 1,587.
Chaumont (bho'mong), a town in
FRANCE.
105
Champtme, capital of the depart,
ment of Upper Mame. Pop. 6318.
Cher, a rirer which rises in the
mountains of Auvergne, washes St
Amaod, and flows into the Loire
near Tours.
Cherbourg (Sher'boorg), an im-
portant seaport on the coast of
Normandy, between capet La
Hogucand Barfleur. Pop. 18,443.
-4y, o8 N. 1, 37 W.
Clermont (Clair'mong), a city of
Auvcrgne, capital of the depart-
ment of Puy de Ddme. It Is
the birthplace of Pascal, the seat
of a college, and possesses consi-
derable trade. Pop. 28,257.-45,
46 N. 3, 5 E.
Cognac (ConiakO, a town on the
Cbarente, famed for its brandy.
Pop. 3109.— 45, 39 N. 0, 19 W.
Colmai', a town in Alsace, capi-
tal of tlie department of Upper
Khine, situate near the Ille, in a
fertile plain. Pop. 15,442.
Complete', a town on the Oise,
near its junction with the Aisne,
45 miles N. E. of Paris, with a
royal palace. Pop. 8979.
Con'dd, a strong frontier fortress
in French Flander8,on the Scheldt.
Pop. 4600.
Cor'sica, a large island in the
Mediterranean, to the N. of Sardi-
nia, from which it is separated by
the struts of Bonifacio. It abounds
in mountains and forests, diversi-
fied with fertile plains. The great-
est elevation, Monte Rotondo, is
9060 feet high. Pop. 195,407.
Cres'sy or Cre'cy, a village of
Picardy, to the north of Abbeville,
memorable for the great victory
gained by Edward III. over the
French, August 26, 1346.
DAU'PHINY, a large and
mountainous provhice in the S. E.
bounded by the Alps.
Den'is, St, a town near the banks
of the Seine, 5 miles N. of Paris,
with a celebrated abbey and mag-
nificent church, the burialplace of
the French kings. Pop. 9686.
Dieppe^, a seaport of Normandy,
with a good harbour. Pop. 16,016.
^9, 55 N. 1, 5 E.
Dl^e, a town in Provence, ca-
]rital of the department of Lower
Alps, on the Bleonc, a tributary of
the Durance, It is celebrated for
its hot-baths. Pop. 393S.
U^on (Oeezhong'), a dty io
Burgundy, capital of the depart-
ment of cote d'Or, pleasantly situ-
ate in a fertile plain between tw<i
rivers. It has many fine struc-
tures, and is the seat of a dlstin.
guished university. Bossuet. Crc-
billon, and Buflbn, were natives of
Dijon. P. 26,000.-47, 19,N. 5, 2 K,
I>dlc. an ancient town in Franche-
ComtS, on the Doubs and the ca-
nal uniting the Rhone with the
Rhine: Population 9927.
Dordo^ne', a large river which
rises in the mountains of Au-
vergne, and joins the Garonne be-
low Bordeaux.
Dou'ay, afortlfled town of French
Flanders, on the Scarpe, with a
large arsenal and foundery fur can-
non. It has a college for the edu.
cation of English Catholics. Pop.
18,793.-50, 2* N. 3, 5 E.
Dragui^n'an, a town in Pro-
vence, capital of the department
of Var. Population 980 1 .
Dun'kirk, a strong seaport of
French Flanders, with an excel-
lent roadstead. Pop. 24,937.-51,
2 N. 2, 22 E.
Durance', a rapid river rising
in Mont Gen^vre, and discharging
itself into the Rhone near Avignon.
It is the Driientia of the KoroanK,
which Hannibal crossed in his
march to the passage of the Alps.
ELBEUF', a town in Normandy,
on the Seine, with extensive cloth
manufactures. Pop. 9600.
Epinal', a town in Lorraine, ca.
pital of the department of Vosgcs,
situate on the Moselle. Pop. 9070.
Etiennc', Bt, a flourishing town
in Lyoiinais, department of I^ire,
with very extensive manufactures
of arms, hardware, and ribands.
Pop. 52,000.-45, 26 N. 4, 23 E.
Evreuar', an ancient town in Nor-
mandy, capital of the department
of Eure, situate on the Iton, in a
fertile valley, with considerable
trade. Population 9963.
FALaISE', a manufacturing
town in Normandy, the blrtliplace
of 'William the Conqueror, with a
strong castle. Pop. 9581.
Fecamp' a seaport in Normandy.
Pop. 900U.
Fl^he, La, a town in Anjou, on
the Loir, noted for its military
school founded by Bonaparte. Po-
pulation 6421.
Foix (Foaw)a A town on Uxq
106
FBAMda.
AriiflA, capiUl of tb« deptfUwak
ofAril^e. PopuUtkm 4857.
FoDUinrbleAU (bloO* * town 4t
mllef S. £, of Parit, surrounded by
a forest of uearly 30,000 acres ; its
royal palace was a fiivourite resi-
dence of Napoleon. Pop. 81SS.
France, Isle of, a province in
which (ho capital is situate, now
forming the departments of Disc,
Seine, Seine and Oise, and Seine
and Mame.
Franche-Comt£ (Oong'tay >, a pro-
vince on the borders of Switserland.
ti AP, a town in Dauphiny, capi-
tal of the department of Upper
Alps, in a deep valley among
mountains. Pop. 7315.
Gard or Gai<don, a river which
rises in tlie Cevennefl, and flows
into the Rhone near Bcaucaire.
Garonne', a large and important
river whicli rises in the Pyrenees,
and traverses the S. W. regton of
the kingdoni: below Bordeaux it
receives the I)ordogoe, when it as-
sumes the name of the Gironde.
Gas'cony, a province in the S. W.
Ger'inain, bt, a town situate on
the Seine. 12 miles N. W. of Paris,
in the vicinity of a fine forest. Its
ancient castle, and magnificent ter-
race, 2 miles ill length, command a
delightful view. Pop. 10,671.
Ger«, a river which rises in the
Pyrenees, and flowing northward,
fillU into the Garonne above Agen.
Gironde', a river, or rather an
estuary, formed by the Junction of
^he Garonne and Dordogne, die.
charging its waters into the Atlau-
tic after a course of 45 miles.
Gran'ville, a seaport in Norman-
dy, with a good trade. Pop. 7000.
Orasse, a town in Provence, si.
tuate on the side of a bill, and
surrounded by rich fields and gar-
dens. Poph 12,716.
Gravelines', a strong seaport in
French Flanders. Pop. 400U.
Greno'bjle, a strong town in Dau-
phiny, capital of the department of
Isdre, whose plains are covered
with vineyards and mulberry-trees.
It is noted for its manufacture of
gloves. P. 24,888.— 45, 12 N. 5. 44 E.
Gueret, a town in La Marche,
eapitalof the department of Creusc.
Population 3921.
Ouienne', « pravlnce in the 8.
w. separated from Gascosy tay Uio
Goiooae.
UAVBIE^ LE, «i Hni
Gr^ce (Graws«>, a iourialdin^
port In Nonnandy, at th» mouth
of the Seine. .Fop, sa^l&^4».
20N. 0,$B.
Hier'ff, a cluster of ialets In the
Mediterranean. fL of Provence.—
43, ON. 6, 20 E.
Hog««, La, a cape in tbe N. W.
of Normandy— 49, 44 N. 1, 56 W.
Hon'fleur, a seaport in Norman-
dy, at the mouth of tfae Seine.
Population 8600.
1SER&. a rapid river which ricee
in the Alp, passes through Cre.
noble, and runs into tbe Rhone
above Valence.
Issou'dun, a handsome nnouAc-
turing town in Berri, department
of Indre. Population 11,«64.
Ju'ra, Mount, a great chain of
mountains between France and
Switzerland, the highest peak of
which is 5636 feet above the sea.
LAN'GRES, an ancient town in
Champagne, near tbe sources of
the Mame, the highest situate
town in France, noted for ita excel*
lent cutlery. Population 746Ui
Lauguedoc', an extensive pro.
vince in the south, celebrated for its
fine climate and the luxvuriant fer-
tility of its plains.
Languedoc^, Canal oi; extende
from the Mediterranean to Tou.
louse^ where it enters the Garonne,
forming an Inland navigation from
sea to sea. This f^rand canal is
150 miles long, and cost upwanfa
of £1,300,000.
La^on, a town in the Isle of
France, capital of the department
of Aisne. PopuUtioo 84U0.
Lav'al, a town in Maine, cqrftal
of the department of Ifayennei
with linen manufactures. F. 16,401.
Lille or liijle, a flourishing city
in French Flanders, capital of the
department of the North, situate on
the Deul, and one of the strongest
fortresses in Europe. It has ex«
tensive trade and manufactures.
Pop. 69,073.-50, 38 N. 3, 4 £.
limoge^, a (own in XimoiMin,
capital of the department of ^pper
Vicnne, with considerable woollen
and porcelain manu&cturea. Km.
29,07a— 45, 60 N. 1. 15 B.
Llmou'sin (seog), an inicrioi
Pffovin^e W. of Auvergne.
LO, St, a manufiseturiogtovn in
2(«rBMtfuly» ca|>i(ftl 9f t^ 4«HiC-
ment of Hancbe, Ota the Vere
Pofk 8481.
Loire( l4Uiwr^),n great river which
has iu source in the Ceveones, and
traverses the central region of the
kingdom. Its course, for al)Ove
500 miles, is N. W. till it reaches
the city of Orl^ns, thence, flowing
we^ward, it discharKCs itself into
the Atlantic below Nantes.
Lons-le-SauVnier (Long), a town
in Franche>Comtd, capital of the
defjartment of Jura, situate on two
small rivers, and in the vicinitj of
sa]t.springs. Pop. 7918.
L'^Vrtent (ang), a strong and
handsome seaport in Bretagne. de-
partment of Morbihan ; a depot for
naval stores. Pop. 18,322.-47,44
N. 3, 21 W.
Lorraine', a province in the N. 1&
bounded on the north by the grand
duchy of Luxemburg.
Louviers', a flourishing town of
Normandy, on the Eure, a great
seat for the manufacture of fine
cloth& Population 98S5.
Lu'niville, a town in Lorraine,
near the Meurthe, with a miUtary
school. Here a treaty of peace
was concluded between France and
Austria in 1801. Pop. 12,341.
Lyon'nai't, a province in the S.E.
leparatod from Daupbiny by the
Rhone.
Ly'ons (Fr. Lyon)> capital of the
department of Khone, beautifully
situate at the confluence of the
Rhone and the Saone. is, in wealth
and population, the second city in
France, and particularly distin-
guished for its extensive manufac-
tures of sillcs and other rich fabrics.
Lyons, the Lvgdunum of the an-
cients, was early an important city,
and it still contains several remains
of Roman magnificence. P. with
suburbs, 165,459.-45, 45N. 4, 49 £.
MACON (MakongO, a town in
Burgundy, capital of the depart-
ment of Sadne and Loire, noted for
its excellent wine. Pop. 10,998.
-46, 18 N. 4, SO E.
Maine, a province in the W.,
bounded on tne N. by Normandy.
Ma'lo. or Ma'k>«s, St, a strong
seaport in Bretagne, with a good
trade. Population 9981.
Maoji, Lie (Mawng), a manu&c-
turing town in Maine, capital of
the d«Mrtmcnt of Sarthe. Pop.
19,79^^8, \ N. 0, 11 £.
FBAKOSt 107
Marche, La (Marsh), a province
between Poitou and Auvergne.
Marne, a large river which rises
in the heights of Langres in Cham-
pagne, and enters the Seine at Cba-
renton, near Paris.
Marheilkj' (Fr. Marseille), a
flourishing commercial city and
seaport on the Mediterranean, ca-
pital of the department of Mnutlis
of the Rhone, and the great empo-
rium of the trade to the Levant.
It was founded by the Phoccans of
Ionia .539 years b. c, and named
MatsUku Pop. 145,11.5 AS, 17
N. 5, 22 £.
Mayenne', a river which rises in
Normandy.passes Angcrs,and falls
into the Loire.
Meaux (Mo), a town in Cham,
pagne, on the Seine, the epi&co|)al
see of the celebrated Bostuct. It
has a great trade in com and
cheese. Pop. 8557.
Melun\ capital of the depart-
ment of Seine and Marnc, 25 miles
S.E. of Paris. Pop. 6622.
Mende, a manufacturing town
in LanguedoCi capital of the de.
partmentofLozere. Pop. 5822.
Metz, a strongly. fortined town
in Lorraine, capital of the depart-
ment of Moselle, at the confluence
of the Moselle and the Seille, has
considerable trade and manufac-
tures. P. 44,416.-49, 7 N. 6, lU E.
Meuse, a large river which rises
in Champagne, and, flowing north,
passes Verdun, Sedan, Mezi^res,
and Charlemont, then entering
Belgium, and afterwards Holland,
falls into the sea below Rotterdam.
Mezi^r'e^. a strong frontier-town
in Champagne, capital of the de-
partment of Ardennes, on the
Meuse. Population 3759.
Montauban (MouMto'bang}, a
handsome manufacturing town in
Guienne,capital of the department
of Tarn and Garonne, beautifully
situate on the Tarn, and distin-
guished for its Protestant univer-
sity. P. 25,460.-44, 1 N. 1, 21 E.
Mon^lirisoii (zong'), a town in
Lyonnais, capital of the depart-
ment of Loire. Pop. 5265.
Mont-de-Marsan'. a town in Gas-
cony, capital of the department of
Laudes, on the Bidousc. P. 3774.
MontpeUier', an ancient town in
Languedoc, capital of the dcpart-
meat of Heraulia famed for iu
108
FRANCS.
pur« air and mild climate. Its
public walk, the Peyrnu, coni-
inanrt* a magnificent view of the
MediterrADean and distant Pyre-
nees. 1 1 is the seat of a celebrated
medical school, and has consider,
able trade and maniirnrtures. F.
35,825.-43. 36 N. S, 52 E.
Morlaix', a town on the coast of
Bret^ne, with considorzble trade.
Pop. 95i)6.— 48, 34 N. 3, 50 W.
Moselle', a river rising in the
Vosges Mountains, and, flowing
northward, passes Toul and Metz ;
beyond Thionville, it enters the
grand duchy of Luxemburg, and
falls into Che Rhine at Coblcntz.
Moulins (Mooleng'), a town in
Bourbonnais, capital of the der>art-
ment of Allier ; it was tlie birth-
place of Marshal Villars and the
Dulte of Bcrwiclc. Pop. 14,G72.—
46, 34 K. 3, 17 £.
Mulhau'sen, a town in Alsace,
on an island formed by the I lie and
the Canal of Monsieur, with flou.
rishing woollen and printed cotton
manufactures. Pop. 13,027.
NAN'CY, an elegant city of
Lorraine, capital of the depart-
ment of Mcurthe. The gates ap-
pear like triumphal arches, and
the Royal Square, built by Stanis-
laus, king of Poland, is adorned
with beautiful fountains. Pop.
29,783.— 48. 41 N. 6, 11 £.
Nantes (Nangt), a lar^e com-
mercial city and seaport m Brit-
tany, capital of the department of
I^ower Loire, about 34 miles from
the mouth or the Loire. It has an
extensive foreign trade, particu-
larly with the West Indies. Pop.
87.191.— 47, 13 N.I, 35 W.
Narbonne', a very Ancient city
of Languedoc, with a fine Gothic
cathedral. Pop. 10,246.
Never^^, a town in Nivemais,
capital of the department of NIC-
vre. At the junction of the Nidvre
and Loire,ce]ebrated for its enamel
and porcelain works. Pop. 15,085.
Nlme/r, or NLmie«,an ancient city
In Languedoc, capital of thedepart-
ment of Gard, in a fertile vale, en-
compassed by hills. It contains se-
veral interesting monuments of
Roman antiouity. Hie silk manu-
facture flourishes to a great extent.
P. 41.866.— 43,50 N. 4, 21 E.
Ni'or/, a town in Poitou, capital
of tbo d^iwztmeat of tb9 Two
Sevrco, situate on the picturesque
banks of the SCvre. Pop. 16.17-^.
Niver'naif, a province in the m-
terior on the west of Burgundy.
Noirmou'tier, an island on the
coast of Brittany, near the mouth
of the Loire. Pop. 6500.
Nor'mandy, amarittmepfTOvincc
on the English Channel.
OlSE, a river whicli rises in the
Ardennes,and, receiving the Aisnc
near Compiegne, falls into titc
Seine below St Germain.
OFeron, an Island on the S.W.
coast, opposite the numth of the
Charente. Pop. 19,000. — 16,55N.
1, 20 W.
O'mer, St, a strongly-fortifictl
town of Artols, on the Aar, the
seat of a college, and a seminary
for English Catholics. Population
19,344.— 50, 44 N. 2, 15 E.
Or'i^anai^, a province in the in-
terior, S. of the Isle of France.
Orleans (Or'leang), an ancient
city of Ori^anais, capital of tl i;
department of Loiret, beautifuUy
situate on the Loire, over whirii
is a noble bridge. Its cathedral U
a fine Gothic edifice ; and it is tij-<
seat of a university. Orleans is
famous for the memorable »ief!c
which its inhabitants, animati-^l
by Joan of Arc, sustained agatn»t
the English, in 14ifB. Pop. 40,in:.
—47, 54 N. 1, 54 E.
Ome, a river in Normandy,
which falls into the English Chan-
nel below Caen.
PAR'IS, the capital of the kin;;,
dom, is divided by the Seine, and
connected by 19 elegant bTidge^.
It is distinguished for its superb
public edifices and palaces, fine
gardens, promenades, and foun-
tains. 1 ts celebrated galleries and
museums, scientific mstitution«,
and public schools, with its noble
libraries, excite universal admira-
tion. Paris is about 270 mites dis-
tant fl-om London. Pop. 909,000.
—48, 50 N. 2, 20 E.
Pau (Po), a town in Bdam, ca-
pital of the department of Lower
Pyrenees, beautifully situate on
the Gave, the birthplace of Henry
I V. of France. Pop. 1 1 ,284.
Per'igueux, an ancient town in
Guienne, capital of the department
of Dordogne. Pop. 8956.
Perpvni'an (yang), a strong froo-
L Uer*town in RounllIoo» ca^tal of
FSANOS.
109
the dejpeatment at Eftstern Pyre*
nees, on the Thet. Pop. 17,114.
Pic'ardy, a proviuoe iu the north.
Poitierk^ aa ancient city of Poi-
tou, capital of the department of
Vieiine, situate on the Clain ; me-
morable for the victory of £dward
the Black Prince over the French
king, in 1356. P. 23,128.-46, 35
N. 0. %0 E.
Poitou', a maritime province in
the west of France.
Prira;', a town in Languedoc,
capital of the department of Ar-
decbe. Pop. 4000.
Provence (Provawngs'), a P>fO-
▼ince In the 8.E., bounded on the
eatt by Nice.
Puy, Le (Pwee), a town in Lan-
guedoc, capital of the department
of Upper Loire, situate in a pictur-
esque valley; its cathedral is a ma.
jeitic editicc. Pop. 14,930.
Puy de Ddme (Pwce), a moun-
tain in Auvergne, 5200 feet high.
Pyrenees', an extensive range of
lofty mountains, the boundary l>e.
tween France and Spain. Mont
Perdu is 11,168 feec.high.
QUENTIN, 2Jt, a flourishing
town in Picardy, on the Somme. Its
manufoctures, consisting of lawns,
cambrics, and cottons, are greatly
benefited by the Canal of St Quen-
tin, uniting the Scheldt at Cambray
wicti the Oise, in which is a remark-
able tunnel. 3 miles in length,' cut
through solid rocks. Pop. 17,686.
Quim'per, a town in Brittany,
capital Of the department of Finis-
tire, on the Odet. Pop. 96()0.
RENN'££,' a city of Brittany,
capital of the department of I lie
and Vilaine. Its public library con-
tains several rare books uid MSS.
Pop. 29,680.^-48. 7 N. 1, 40 W.
KA£, or R^, an island on the W.
coast, opposite La Rochelle. Pop.
17,000.— 16, 14 N. 1, 55 W.
RAeima, or Reims, an ancient
city of Champagne, on the Vesle,
the ecclesiastical capital of France.
The cathedral is one of the most
splendid specimens of Gothic archi-
tecture existing. Pop. 35,97^!.—
49, 15 N. 4, 2 E.
RAydex, or Ro'dez, a town in
Gttienne, capital of the department
of Aveyron, with a noble Gothic
cathedral. Pop. 8249.
RAone, a large and rapid river
which rises in Switserlaod, 5 mites
from the couroe of the BblM, and
expands into the Lake of Geneva ;
issuing flrom which, it foxnu the
boundary between Savoy and
France. At Lyons, It reeeivei the
Saone, where it turns southward,
and passing Vlenne, &c. dischargca
lt»elf into the Mediterranean by
several mouths. 'u\
Roannr', a town In Lyonnals, on
the Loire. Pop. 9260
Rochefort (Uosh'fort), a stronf;
seaport on the Charente, a princi-
pal naval station, with exteortve
arsenal and dockyards. Popula-
tion 14,040.-45, 66 N. 0, 57 W.
Rochelle, La (Roshel'), ft strong
seaport in Aunis, capital of the
department of Lower Charente, on
a small gulf; its trade is consider-
able P. 14,632.-46, 9 N. 1, 9 W.
Roubaix% a town in French
Flanders, with thriving manu&c-
tures. Pop. 18,000.
Rouen (Roc/awng), a commer*
clal andmanufactunng city in Nor-
mandy, capital of the department
of Lower Seine ; its fine cathedral
was built by William the Conque-
ror. Pop. 88,0S6.— 49, 26 N. 1, E.
RoufiilKon (yong), a small pro-
vincc in the S. now forming the
dqiurtment of Eastern Pyrenees.
SAINT£S(Sengt),atown ofSaln-
tonge, on the Charente, containing
several ancient remains. P. 10,4^.
Saintonge (SengtonshO, a pro.
vince in the W. now forming the
department of Lower Charente.
Satins', a town in PrancheComtd,
noted for its salt works. Pop. 700U.
Sam'bre, a river which rises in
Picardy, apd joins the Meuse at
Namur, in Belgium.
Soone, a large river which rise*
in the Vosges Mountains, and,
running southward, falls into the
Rhone at Lyons.
Saumur (Somure'), a town in
Anjou, on the Loire, surrounded
by l)eautiful scenery, famous as a
stronghold of the Protestants in
the 16th century. Pop. 10,658.
ScAeld/, or Escaut', a large river
which rises in Picardy, passes Cam-
bray, Valenciennes, and Condd,
and» entering Belgium, tails into
the North Sea below Antweri>.
Sedans a strong frontier-cown in
Champagne, on the Meuse, the
birthplace of Marshal Turenne.
I( is celebrated fgr its m ^ufacture*^
K
110
PiLAV6t.
or floe woollcB dotby and of 0re-
armt. P. 19,081.-^49, 42 N. 4, 57 £.
Seine (Seen), a larse riTCT
wbicb Hies in the mountainB of
Burgundy, recehrine in ita ooune
numeroiM tribatanet; it flows
tbrough the capital, pa«ef Rouen,
and (kite Into the English Channel
at Havre-de-Grace.
Sens (Sang), a town in Cham-
pagne, on the Yonne, with an ele-
gant cathedral. Pop. 9979.
0}vre, two rlTen in Poitou ; the
one flows Into the Lmre opposite
Nantes ; the other, after receiving
the Vendue, falls into the sea op-
posite the Isle of Re.
Sdvre^ a small town, 4 miles
8.W. or Paris, celebrated for its
nanufiMture of porcelain, long
considered as the most beautiful in
Europe. Pop. 3973.
Soissons (SwasongO, an ancient
city in the Isle of France, delight-
ftiny situate on the Alsne, in a
charming Tslley ; it was the capi-
tal of Clovis, the flrst king of
France. Pop. 8149.
Sorame, a river of Picardy, which
passes St Quentin and Amiens, and
ftills into the English Channel be-
low Abbeville.
Stras'burg {Fr, Stras'bouig), a
strongiy-fortifled city of Alsace,
capitid of the department of Lower
Rhine, situate on the 111, near its
junction with the Rhine. Theca-
thednd is a most splendid Gothic
edifice, its tower rising to the stu-
pendous height of 474 feet. It is
a flourishing commercial city, con-
tains several valuable institutions,
and also a Protestant university.
Pop. 49,712 — 18, 35 N.7, 45 E.
TARBBSf a town in Gascony,
capital of the department of Upper
Pyrenees, delightfully situate on
the Adour. Pop. 9706.
lYim, a river which rises in the
Cevennes, runs through Montau-
ban, and after receiving the Avey-
7on, fills into the Garonne.
TAI'ers, a town in Auvergne,
long Amed for Its manufactures of
hardware and cutlery, and also of
paper. Pop. 9836.
T/tionville', a fortified town in
Lorraine, on the Moselle. P. 5645.
Tout, a fortified town in Lorraine,
on the Moselle. Pop. 7000.
Toulon', a strong seaport in Pnv
vence, the chief naval station on
the Medilcmnean, vitk
sive dodcs aad anenal ; lis harbour
Isoneof the beat in Europe. Pop.
MMOfk-^AA. 7 N. 5, 55 E.
Toulouse', a city In Laafoedor,
capital of the department of Upper
Garonne, situate on tbe Gaionae,
at thejunction of the Canal of Lan-
guedoc. It has coDsideraUe trade,
and it the aeat of a university.
Pop. 59.63a~43, 35 N. 1, 2< EL
Touraine', a rich inland pitv
vince, on the Loire.
Touromng', a flouriahing maoa-
facturingtown in Freodi nuMkn.
Pop. 18.000.
Tour«, a city in Touraine, capi-
tal of the department of Indre and
Loire, driigntAiUy tf tuate on tbe
Ixrtre, over which ia an degant
bridge of 14 arches. It has coiisi<
derable manufactorea. Pop. 2^333.
—47, 23 N. 0, 41 E.
Troyes (Tro'aw), an ancient city
of Champagne, capital of the de-
partment of Aube, situate on tbe
Seine, in a fruitAil plain. Popula-
tion 39,143.-48, 18 M. 4, 5 E.
Tulle (Teul), a town In Limoa-
sin, capital of the dqiartmeat of
Corr^ae. Pop. 8688.
USHANT' (Fr. Oucaaant), a
small Island off tbe W. coast of
Brittany. P. 170a 48, 3K N. 6, 3 W.
VALENCE (VaKaimga), an an-
cient town in Dauphiny, capital of
the department of Drome, situate
on the Rhone. Pop. IO,406L
Valenciennes', a very atrong
town in French Flandera, with
fine manufactures of lace, gauae,
and cambric it ia the bicuiplace
of Froissart, tbe historian. Pop,
18,953.-50, 31 N. 3, 31 B.
Vann«s, a seaport in Br i ttany,
capital of the d^Mn-traent of Ifar.
binan, on a bay. Pop. 10,395.
Vendte (Vawng'dee), a aoiall ri«
ver in Poitou, falling into the ISivn.
Vendte, a department in the
province of Poitou, celebrated for
its heroic stand in favour of the
royalist cause In 1798-95.
Vendftme', a town in OiUanats,
on the Loir. Pop. 7771.
Verdun', a fortified town in Lor-
raine, on the Meuse, where the
English residents were detuned
prisoners of war in 1803. P. 9978.
Versaill^j', a town 18 milea & W.
of Paris, capital of the dqiartnient
of Seine and Oise» witli a magni'
0]»Am« 111
fieent loytf ^Imte, beautlAil ftar-
dens and fouBtains. Pop. S8,477>
yefoaY, a town in Franch«-
Comte, capital of the department
of Upper Sa6ne. Pop. 5583.
Tienne', an ancient eity of Dau-
phiny, on the Rhone, containing se-
veral interesting remains of Roman
antiquity. Fop. 14,079.
Vienne', a river which rises in
the mountains of Au vergne, pastes
limoges, and faUa into the Loire
above Saumur.
Yllaine^, a river of Brittany, runs
Vi'Crd, a town in Brittany, on
the Vilaine, with manufacturea of
woollens and linens. Pop. 885C.
Vo«ges (Vnzh), a chain of moun-
tains in the E. of France, extend-
ing in a line nearly parallel to the
Rhine. The highest peak is 4580
feet.
WEISS'EMBURG. a atrong
frontier-town In Aluace. P. 6097.
YONNE, a river which riaea on
the borders of Burgundy, and,
flowing N.W., pasaea Joigny and
Sens, and falls into the Seine.
through Rennes, and flowa into the ' Yv'eto/, a manufacturing town
Bay of Biscay. ! in Normandy. Pop. 9021.
SPAIN
Is bounded N. by tbe Bay of Biscay, and tbe Pyrenees
which separate it from France ; W. by Portugal and
the Atlantic Ocean ; S. and £. by tbe Mediterranean.
It contains 182,000 square miles. Population, includ-
ing the islands in the Mediterranean, 13,986,000.
Provinces. Chief Towna.
nalicia Santiafjo, Corunna, Vigo, Ferrol.
Asturiaa Oviedo, Gijon.
iieoD Leon, Astorge, Salamanca, Valladolid.
Old Castile Burgos, Saotander, Seffovia.
Biscay Bilboa. St Sebastian, Vittoria.
Navarre. Pampeluoa, Tudela,
AragoD Saragossa, Teniel.
Catfdonia Barcelona, Tarragona, Tortosa.
Videncia Valencia, Alicant.
New Castile Madrid, Toledo, Talavcra.
Estremadura. Badajoz, Merida.
Andalusia. Seville. Cadiz, Cordova, Xeres.
Granada Oranaaa, Malaga.
Mureia M urda, Carthagena.
Islands. — ^Msjorca^ Minorca, Ivi9a, Formentera.
Capes. — Ortegal, Finisterre, Trafalgar, Europa
Point, Pe Gata, Palos, St Martin, Creux.
Mountains. — Pyrenees, Mountains of Asturias,
Mountains of Castile, Mountains of Toledo, Sierra
Morena, Sierra Nevada, Moutserrat.
BiVERS. — Minho, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana, Gua-
dalquiTer, Ebro, Xucar, Segura.
Foreign Possessions. — ^Cuba, and Porto Rico, in
the West Indies ; the Canary Isles, off the coast of
Africa; the Philippine ond Ladrone Isles, in the T
112 SPAIN.
dian Archipelago. Spain possessed till lately Mexico^
and almost the whole of South America.
REMARKS.
SpaiD extends from 56" 3' to 43 "" 46' N. lat., and from 9"*
14' W., to 3° 24' £. long., being 600 miles in length from
£. to W., and 530 miles In breadth from N. to S.
With the exception of Switxcrland, Spain is the most
mountainous country in Europe; and it abounds in those
wild, magnificent, and beautiful scenes, which might be ex-
pected under so fine a climate. The lofty Pyrenees, form-
ing its north-eastern liarrier, are continued through the north
of Spain, where they receive the name of the Cantabrian
chain, running parallel to the Bay of Biscay,and terminating
in Cape Finisterre. A secondary range, called the Iberian,
stretches from the middle of the former, in a long irregular
11 ne, southward to Cape de Gata in Granada. From this, four
other chains extend from east to west till they reach the At.
lantic ; these are the Mountains of Castile, Mountains of
Toledo, Sierra Morena, and Sierra Nevada. Through each
of the extensive plains which those mountain-ranges enclose,
flows a great river which receives the smaller streams that
issue from the heights parallel to its course. The central
part of Spain, comprising part of Old and New Castile, is
an elevated table-land, containing several towns at a great
heif;ht above the level of the sea. Madrid is 2200 feet, and
St Ildefonso 3800 feet above that level ; being the most ele-
vated royal residence in Europe.
In a country so mountainous, the climate is necessarily
various. In the valleys and low grounds, the heat, during
the summer months, is excessive ; and the low districts of
Andalusia, Murcia, and part of Valencia, are visited by a
scorching wind from Africa, called the solano, similar in its
effects to the sirocco of Italy and Greece. On the elevated
grounds the temperature is cooler ; and the interior is subject
to piercing winds, which prevent the production of many
fruits that thrive in the more northern latitudes of Italy.
The soil is, in general, fertile ; especially where irrigation
can be employed. Besides wheat, maize, rice, hemp and flax
of the finest quality, oats and barley,— the usual products of
southern latitudes, viz. olives, figs, vines, oranges, and le-
mons, are found in great abundance. The vales on the east-
ern coast are remarkable for their fertility and perpetual sue.
*^T*S"c?*^ *^°P** ^^^ '^^^ *^*"«*> partlculariy those of Xcres,
called Sherry, there is an extensive demand abroad.
6PAIK. 113
Agriculture is in a great measure neglected in many parts
of Spain, for the rearing of vast flocks of Merino sheep,
the wool of which is particularly valuable. These sheep are
privileged to travel from one province to another, as the sea-
son and pasture require* The horses, especially of Anda-
lusia, have long been famous ; and the mules are likewise
superior to those of other countries. The bulls ore remark-
able for their fierceness ; and bulUfights, or combats between
bulls and men, are the favourite spectacles of the Spaniards.
Wolves are the principal beasts of prey.
The minerals of Spain are of great value ; but since the
discovery of the richer mines of America they have been
almost entirely neglected. A silver mine is still wrought
at Guadalcanal, in the province of Estremadura; iron
abounds in many parts of the country— the ironworks of
Aragon, Asturias, and particularly Biscay, have long been
famous Copper, tin, lead, and quicksilver, may be men-
tioned among the other products of its mines.
The manufactures and commerce of Spain are in a very
languishing state, which must continue while the country is so
oppressed. Although It abounds with the finest wool, and its
mines of iron are as inexhaustible as the quality is superior,
part of its broad-cloth and other woollen stuffs, and most
of its hardware, are imported from Britain. The silks and
cottons of Catalonia, leather and mats, baskets and shoes, are
its principal manufactures. The commerce of Spain is now
nearly annihilated by the loss of her American dominions.
The Roman Catholic religion is established in Spain.
There are eight archbishops and forty bishops. The nu-
merous priesthood exercise an almost unlimited sway over
the minds of the people.
The government is monarchical — but the power of the
sovereign is in some degree controlled by that of the church ;
so that the people groan under civil and ecclesiastical des-
potism. The present Queen Kegent, however, having as-
sembled the Cortes, a more liberal system was adopted.
The Inquisition, which long reigned here in all its terrors,
was abolished in 1820.
The Spaniards are grave, stately, and- formal in their
manners; indolence may be considered as their national
▼ice; but it is happily unaccompanied by intemperance.
Spain once reckoned 24 universities. They are now re-
duced to 1 1 ; and of these few are well attended. Some
very respectable names adorn its literary annals. That of
Cervantes, tbe author of Don Quixote, stands pre-eminent.
114 SPAIK.
SXBRCISBS*
What are the boundaries of Spain f What ii ito extent in
square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name
its provinces. What are the principal towns in Oalicia,
in Asturias, in Biscay, in Navarre, Itc. ? Where is Car-
thagena, Vigo, Seville, Barcelona, Badajoa, Valladidiid, As-
torga, Talavera, St Sebastian, Saraf^ossa, Cadiz, BUboa, &c ?
Name its islands, and their situation. Name its capes and
their situation. Name its mountains, and trace their direc-
tion. Name its rivers, and trace their course. Where is
Iviya, Europa Point, Montserrat, Mmorca, the Ta^s,
Sierra Alorena, the £bro. Cape de Oata, the Guadalqniver,
Majorca, Formentera, the Douro, &c. ?
Where does the Douro rise, and in whatdirection docs it flow ?
What is the name of the cape in the north of Oalicis ? What
cape forms the southern extremity of the Rock of Gibraltar ?
Name the promon tory in the east oi M urcia. What mountains
separate New Castile from Andalusia ? What are the colonies
of Spain ? What countries did she formerljr possess, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Spain situ-
ate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its general
aspect ? Describe the branch of the Pyrenees caUed the Can*
tabrian chain. Describe the Iberian chain. What moantsin-
ranges stretch westward from this chain till they reach the At-
lantic ? What is remarkable about the valleys which those
mountains enclose ? What is remarkable about the centml
part of Spain ?
What varieties of climate occur in Spain ? Of what nature
is its soil ? What are its productions ? For what are the vales
on the eastern coast remarkable ? From what cause is agricul.
ture much neglected in many parts of Spain ? What privi-
lege is given to these sheep ? For what other domestic ani.
mals is Spain famous ? What are the favourite spectadea of
the Spaniards ?
Since what time have the mineral treasures of Spain been
almost entirely neglected ? Where is a silver mine still
wrought ? What are its most famous ironworks ? What are
the other products of its mines ?
In what state are its commerce and manufactures ? Does
Spain reap the full advantage of its abundance in wool and
iron ? What are its principal manufactures ? By what cii-
cumatance has its commerce been nearly annihilated ?
What is the established religion of Spain ? What is the form
of its government ? B v whom is the power of the sovereign in
some degree controUea ? When was the Inquisition abolisSed ?
What qualities characterize the national manners ? What
is the national vice of the Spaniards ?
^ What is the present number of the Spanish univemties?
Can Spain boast of any eminent literary characters ?
APAIK.
BB8CRIPTIVB TABLB*
lU
AI/CALA DE HEN'ARBS^ •
town in New CtsCile, with a uni-
yettkty ; it is the birthplace of Cer-
vantes. Population fiOOU.
Aigesi'ras, a town in Andalusia,
on the west aide of the fiar of OitH
raltar. Pop. 13,000.— 36« 8' N.lat.
5«» SW W. long.
Ailcant, a seaport in Valencia,
with a great expOTt-trade in barilla,
wioe, fruits, and wool. Population
25,000 — 3«, Jl N. 0, 26 W.
Ahna'den, a town in New Cat-
tile, fhmed for its rich mines of
mercury. Population 10,000.
Atean'aa, a town in Murcia, with
astnmg castle, nesr which a great
battle was fought between the
French and English in 170?.
Afaae'iia, a flourishing town and
Kapott in Granada, at the mouth
of the Almeria. Pop. 10,000.—
36, 51 N. a, SO W.
Andalu'sia, a large and important
province in the south, watered by
the Guadalquiver.
Andor'ra, the capital of a small
republic of the same name, in Ga.
talonla. Pop. 2000.
Andu'jar, a town in Andalusia,
on the Guadalquiver, with consi-
derable porcelain-works. Pq>ttla-
tion 10,000.
Ante^ue'k-a, a town in Granada,
containing several ancient remains.
Population 20,000.
Ar'agon, a mointainous pro-
vioce in the north, intersected by
the Ebroii
Astor'ga, a dty of great antiquity
in Leon. Population KiOO.
AstWrias, a province in the K.,
extending along the Bay of Bis-
cay.
BAIKAJOZ (or Bad'ahos), a
strong town, the capital of Estre-
madura, beautifully Mtuate on the
Guadiana. Population 13,000.—
38, 40 N. 6, 40 W.
fialea'ric Islands, a eroup in the
Mediterranean, off the coast of
Valencia, viz. Majorca, Minorca,
and Ivi^a. Fop. 229,000.
ftircelo'na, a strong seaport, the
capital of Catalonia, and the first
commercial city of Spain, on the
Mediterranean. Pop. Iiz0,000.—
41, 22 N. 2, 10 E.
BidasBO'a, a river of Navarre,
\\^ boundsry between f ran^e and
Spain : it risti in the PyraiiMg
and falls into the Bay of Biacty.
BiKboa. the capiUl of Biscay, oB
a navinble river, about six miles
ftomtneaeaj its commeree is ex-
tensive, particularly In wooL JPDp.
15,000.-43, 12 N. a, W.
Blfcay, a mountainous piovibce
in the north.
Bur'gos.the capital of Old Cartlle,
foraierly the residence of the Unga
of Castile; iu cathedral Is one of
the finest Gothic structures in Eu-
rope. Population 12,000.
CAiyiZ, a principal seaport an4
commercial city, rituate on the
Isle of Leon in Andalusia ; it ia
strongly forUfied, and ito harbour
is one of the finest in Eunwe.
Pop. 58,50a-«6, M N. e, 17 wT
Carthage'na, the Nova Carffta'd*
of the Romans, a strong seaport
in Murcia, with a noble harbour.
Pop. 37,000.-37, 36 N. 1, 2 W.
Castel'Ion de la PJa'na, aflourish*
Ing town in Valencia. P. I&OOO.
Castile", Old and New, two pro.
vinces in the centre of the kin*,
dom, consisting of extensivephOna
intersected by mountidns.
Catalo'nia,a province in theN.E.,
bordering on the Mediterranean.
Chinchilla, a considerable town
in Murda. Papulation 11,000.
Ciu'dad Re'al, the capital of Lli
Mancha,near theGuadiana. Popu-
lation 8000.
Cordo'va, a city in Andalusia,
formerly the capiul of a Moorish
kingdom : it contains a mosque ef
extraordinary splendour. Ponu-
latlon 57,00a— 37, 52 N. 4, 50 W.
Corun'na, a seaport in Galida,
with considerable trade. Here Sir
John Moore fell, after repulsing
the French, under Marshal Soult,
16th January 1S09. Population
23,000.-43, 21 N. 8, 27 W.
Creujtr, Cape de, the extreme
north-east point of Catalonia.— 42.
19 N. 3. 19 E.
Cuen'^a, a town in New Castile.
Population 90U0.
DOURO (Doo^), alaif^river
which has its source on the t)orden
of Aragon, traverses Old Castile
and Leon, and, after passing
through the N. of Portugal, fails
into the Atlantic at Oporto.
£'BRO, a laisQ river which rise
116
SPAIN.
amfhthatitnot
taV with a
tkmvb Old CMile,
■, a pMtoffsl pnv
vinoeoa the inader oft FOTtosaL
Bdo^ Point, la AndahMia, the
7 cf the Rock of Gifarattar.
7N.5, 17 W.
FELIPE', ST. a town in Valen-
with rtlk and cotton tniniifcru
■ 15,00a
FcnoP/a M^nft in GaUda,
a iveat naval alatioo, with an ex.
edloit haitoor tUnrntfiir foitiaed.
F». 13/NML— a. S9 N. 8, 13 W.
nsVoM, the ftroognt of the
flpaMi fattraMCi fai the north-east
of Catalonia. Popnhrtion 7000.
FimatctTC, Cape, the oMth-
estrenity of Spain, on the
: of Galieiav-4S, 54 N. 9, 16 W.
Footaraljia, a atrong ftontier-
town in Biacaj. at the mouth of
the Bidavoa. Population 9000.
Fonnente'ra, a amall Idand in
the Mediterranean, aouth of Ivi^a.*
OALPCI A, a nMNintainou* pro-
vince in the N.W., Intenpcned
with fertile ud pictuietqueTaJleya.
Ga'ta, Capede, the & E. point of
Granada*— «!, 43 N. S, 8 W.
Gero'na, a ttranf town in Cata-
lonia, on the Ter. Fopw 6000.
Gibraltar, a finnous fortresi,
deemed impregn able, in the S. of
Andalusia, seiUed on a rode, the
Ifofu Caipe of the ancients, on the
B. side or a spacious bay. Since
1704, It has remained in possession
of the British,aithough it sustained
amcmorablesieire against thecom-
binAl fiMces of Bpain and France,
from 1779 to 1782. Population
15,00H.-.36, 6 N. 5, 21 W.
Gij'on, a seaport in Asturias.
Top. 0000—43, 35 N. 5, 47 W.
Grao'ada, a maritime province
in the &, intersected by the Sierra
Nevada, or Snowy Mountains.
Gran'ada, the capital of the pro-
vince of Granada, and the rcsi-
denee of the ancient Moorish lungs,
?vhose palace, called the Albambia,
A ^ ''*^' splendid monument of
ii'S!PH«*»««<*ijre existing. Pop.
80,000.<*^, 17 N. 3, 50 W.
Goadalavlar** river wbicb rises
in Angon.and flows into the Hedi-
tetranenn below Valencia,
Guadalaxafia, a town in New
Castile, VJL of liadrid. with a
royal mannfactotr of cMb. Po.
palation 7000.
Guadal^v'er,a large river wbich
rises between the Sierra Morcna
and Nevada, waters the plains of
Andahuia, flowing by Seville, and
lalls into the bay of Cndix.
Guadia'na, a liver which rises in
La Manclia, flows through New
Castile, Estremaduia, and Ako-
tcjo, sepanics Andalusia from AJ-
garve, and frlls into the Atlantic.
ILOEFON'SO.SAN, a town in
Old Castile, with a celebrated ro^
palace. Population 4000.
Iv^C*^ an island tu theMediter-
'in, about 60 miles from tbe
of Valencia; its chief trade is
In salt, which is produced hj eva.
poration. Population 15,100l— oil»
N. 1, 30 E.
JA'EN^a considerable town,capi-
(al of a district in Andalusia, ntu-
ate in a fertile valley. Popuiatioo
19,00a-37. 45 N. 3, 50 W.
LE'ON, a province in the KW.
on the borders of Portugal, bound-
ed by ranges of mountains.
Le'oo, an andent city, capital of
the province of Leon, with a splen-
did cathedraL Population 5500.
Lerlda, the ancient Ilerda, a for.
tifled town in Catalonia, bcauti-
I Ailly situate oA the Segre. Popu-
Ution 13/100.-41, T^O N. 0, 39 E.
Li'ria, an ancient town in Valen-
cia. Population ]2,€00.
Lor'ca, a handsome town in
Murcia, with flourishinR manufac-
tures. Population 40,000.
Lu'car, .St, a seaport in Andalu-
sia, at the mouth of tbe Giiada).
auiver, with a good trade and
!ouri»bing manufactures. Popula.
tion 17,000.-^37, 19 N. 6, 9 W.
Lu'go, an ancient town inGaltcia,
with hot springs. Pop. 12,00a—
43, ON. 7, 34 W.
MAORIiy, tfaecapiUl of Spain,
In New Castile, and nearly in the
centre of tbe kingdom, standson an
elevated plain 3i00 feet above the
level of the sea. The Manzanarcs,
a small stream, flows past it, and
falls 1 nto the Tagus. 1 1 is a band,
some city ; the royal palaces and
«oro« of the ppblJc buUdings aye
»U3.4f W.
"Mahoof, Fort, a tcrong ictport
in the bland of Minorca, with a
fine harbour. Popufailion 20,000,
-^9, 50 N. 4, JO E.
Majoi'ca, the larwst of the Ba-
learic Islands in the Mediterra-
nean ; its valleys are very fertile,
prodacing com, grapes, oranges,
and citrons. The highest moun-
tain is 507O feet above the sea.
Pop. 136,000.-39, 35 N. 3, 5 B.
Maladet'ta, the highest pealc of
the Pyrenees in Spain, attains
11,486 feet above the sea.
Mal'aga, a commercial city and
seaport in Granada, with an exoet-
lent harbour; it is noted for its
fruits and sweet wines. Population
&8,00a— 38, 43 N. 4, 25 W.
Manc'Aa, La, a pastoral district
ia New Castile, the scene of Don
Quixote's adventures.
Mar'tin, Cape St, the S. E. point
of Valencia, opposite the island of
M^a,-~3S, 44 N. 0, 12 E.
Mafaro, a seaport of Catalonia,
with thriving nianufactures.-^Pop.
13,000.
Mer^da, an ancient city in Es-
tienadura, on the Guadiana, con.
taining striking remains of Roman
Ip-andeur. Pop. 6000.
Min'ho, a river which rises near
Mondoneda, in the N. of Oalicia,
and separating that province f)rom
Portugal, fyM» into the Atlantic.
■ MinoT'ca, the second of the Ba-
learic Islands, in the Mediterra.
nean, 24miles £.of Majorca. Mount
Tore, near the centre of the island,
is 4760 feet high. Pop. 31,000.—
40 N. 4, E.
Mont'serrat, a lofty insulated
mountain in Catalonia, remarkable
for its hermitages and convent of
Benedictines.
Mui'cia, a province in the S. E.
between Andalusia and Valencia.
• Mur'cia, the capital of the above
province, beautifully situate on the
Segura. Population 56,000.-^8,
N. 1, IS W.
Murvie'dro, a fortified town in
Valencia, on the site of the ancient
Saguntum. Population 6000.
NAVARRE', a small province
bounded on the N by the Pyrenees.
OLIVEN'CA, a strong town of
Estremadura, near the Guadiana.
Population 10,000.
BYAIH* 1)7
ercMc^y • town III O ti W t , wi
Che MinlM, celebnt«l fer Us hoi
springs. Population SOOQ.
Orihue'la, a flourisJiing town in
Valencia, on the Segura, m»Certile
plain. Popubition 96.000.
Oi'tegali Ca|ie, the nuMt northern
point or Galicia, and also of Bpain.
~43,4BN.7, S3W.
Qssu'na, a manufactttring town
in Andalusia, in a fine valley. Po-
pulation 15,000.
Ovie'do, the capital of Aatuiiaf,
and seat of a university. P. 10,00a
PALEN'CIA, an ancient town in
Leon, on the Carrion. P. 11,000.
Fal'ma, a seaport, the capital
of Majorca, situate on a large Day.
Pop. 34,000.-39, 34 N. 2, 38 B,
I'a'los, Cape, a promontory in the
E. of Murcia.-37, 37 N. 0, 41 W.—
A seaport, flrom which Columbus
sailed for the discovery of America.
Pampeln'oafOrParoplCnata strong
fortress, the capital of Navarre, on
the Arga. lu casUe, garrisoned
by the French, was reduced by the
British, October 1K13. Population
15.000.-42, 49 N. 1, 41 W.
Pyrenees. See FaaNCE, p. 109.
RE'US, a flourishing roanufac-
turing town in Catalonia. Popula-
tion 30.000.-41, 11 N. 1, 10 E.
Bon'da, a town in Granada, si-
tuate on thesummitof a precipitous
rook, near the Guadiaro, which is
crossed by a stupendous bridge 280
feet high. Population 18,000.
Ro'sas, a strong seaport in Cata-
lonia, situate on a beautiful bay of
the same name. Population 3000.
— 4», 16 N. 3, 10 E.
SaLAMAN'CA, a city in Leon,
on the Tonnes, the seat of a ce-
lebrated university. Population
14,000.-41, 5 N. 6, 42 W.
Santan'der, a commercial town
and seaport In Old Castile. Popu-
lation 19,000—43, 28 N. 3, 42 W.
Santia'go, or St Ja'KO de Com-
po8tena,tbe capital of Gaiicia,with
a celebrated ancient cathedral. It
is the seat of a university, and also
of the Knights of St James. Po-
pulation 28,000. ^ ^.
Saracos'sa (flSp. Zaragoaa), the
capital of Aragou, on the Ebro, re-
markable for its heroic resistance
against the French in 1808-9, when
I^lafox, its gallsnt defender, gain-
ed an immortal name. I>opulation
43,000.-41, 4» N. 0, 49 W.
e2
118
8PAIN.
SelMt'tUm. St, a MHport in Bli-
cay .strongly fortlBed. Itwaswrert.
ed from tne French by Tx>rd Ljne.
doch, SUt August 1613. PopuU-
tlon 9000.— 43, 19 N. 2, W.
Segorbe'tao ancient town in Va-
lencia, on the Palancia. Pop. 6000.
Sego'via, a city In Old Ca«tile ;
it contains a mauinificent Roman
aqueduct, and other noble monu-
ments of antiquity. Pop. 1S,000.
Segu'ra, a river of Murcia, which
traverses the province and falls
into the Mediterranean.
Sev'iile, the ancient HitpSUs, an
important commercial city, the ca-
pital of Andalusia, situate on the
Gu<idalquiver, in a delightful and
fertile iii«trict. Its cathedral is a
magnificent Gothic pile, the tower
of which is 350 feet high. Fopula-
tion 91,000.-^7, 25 N. 5, 48 W.
Sier'ra More'na, or Brown Moun-
tains, separate New Castile from
And4iu<Ia.
Sier'ra Neva'da, or Snowy Moun-
tains,in Granada. Mulh.iccn, their
loftiest summit, is 11,678 feet high.
Syria, a town in Old Castile, on
the Douro, nrar the site of the an-
cient Numaniia. Pop. 5400,
TA'GUS (8p. Tajo), the Urgett
river of Spain ; issuing from the
mountains between Aragon and
New Cattile, it travenes the latter
province and Eiitremadura, inter-
sects Portugal, and empties itself
into the AtUutic below Lisbon.
Talave'ra, a town in New Castile,
on the Tagus. Here the French
were defeated by the British in a
series of sanguinary conflicts, 27th
and 28th July 1803. Population
8000.— 39, 56 N. 4, 47 W.
TaKifa, a seaport in Andalusia,
on the Straits of Gibraltar,themo«t
southern point of Spain, and also
of the continent of Europe. Pop.
13,000—56, 3 N. 6, 38 W.
Tarrago'na, the Torra'co of the
Romans, a maritime city of Cata-
Ionia, containing many ve»tiges of
its ancient greatness. Population
11^000.— 41,8 N. 1,15 E.
Ter'uel, a thriving town in Ara-
Son, on the GuadaUviar. Popu-
ttion 9000—40, 25 N. 1, 5 W.
Tolc'do, a celel>rated ancient city
in New Castile, situate on a lofty
rock near the Tagus. Its Alcazar
or palace, and its cathedral, once a
mosque, are pplendid •tructuret.
Totodo wat loOK ttmom for the
manuCscture of sword-blades. Its
archbishop is primate of Spain.
Pop. 15,00a-^30, 56 N. 4, W.
wro, a town In Leoo, oa the
Doura Popi 9000.
Torto^sa, a strong town in Cata-
lonia, near the mouth of the EIicd.
Pop. 16.000.— 40, 4S N. 0. 33 B.
Truxirlo,a town in Estremadura.
the birthplace of Pizarro. P. 4000:
Trafalgar', Cape, on the coaat of
Andalusia, between Cadiz andGit>.
raltar, memorable for the victory
obtained by the British fleet under
Lord Nelson Kner the oomtHned
fleets ci France and Spain, Slst
October 1803.-^ 9 N. C, I W.
Tu'dela. a pleasant town in Na«
varre, on the Ebro. Pop. 800GL
Tuy, a strong town in Galicia,
on the Minho. Pop. 6000.
UB'EDA, a town in Granarfa,
near the Guadalquiver. P. 15,000.
Ur'gel, amanufacturtng town in
Catalonia, on the S^re. P. 3000.
VALEN'CIA, a maritime pro.
vincein the E.; its valley ,conaider-
ed the garden of Spain, is covered
with vines and olive-trees.
Valen'cia, a maritime city, the
capital of the above province, at
the mouth of the Guadalaviar, and
the scat of a university ; its cathe.
dral is adorned with fine paintings.
Pop. 66,000.-39, 28 N. 0, 24 W.
Valladolid', a city in Leon, on
the Pisuerga, a tributary of the
Douro, the seat of a university.
Pop. 21 ,000.-41, 39 N. 4, 42 W.
vich, a town in Catalonia, with
considerable manufactures. In the
vicinity of copper and coal mines.
Population 13,000.
Vi'go, a small seaport in Galicia,
with an excellent hartiour. Po.
pulation 6000.— 43, 14 N. 8, 43 VI,
Vittu'ria, a town in Biscay, the
scene of the victory obtained by
Wellington over the French army,
21st June 1813. Population 13,000.
— 42,47 N. 2.40 W.
XEHES (Sha'res), a flourishing
town in Andalusia, on the Guada-
lette, N. E. of Cadiz ; its vineyards
produce the wine called Sherry,
Fop. 34.00a— 36, 38 N. 6, 5 W.
Xu'car, a river which rises in
New Castile,and,crosslngValenciaa
falls into the Mediterranean.
I ZAMO'RA, a town in Leon, OQ
the Douro. Populattoa 10,00(W
PORTUGAL. 119
PORTUGAL
Is bounded N. and £. by Spain ; S. and W. by tbe
Atlantic. It contains 36,500 square miles. Populaf^
tion 3^530^000.
FroTinces. Chief Towns.
Entie Douroe Minho Oporto, Braga.
Tias-os-Montes. firaganza, Miranda*
Beira Coimbra, CastcUc-Branco.
£stremadura Lisbon, Setubal, Santarein.
Alentejo. Evora, Elvan.
Algarve, Faro, Lagos, Tavira.
Capjss. — Roca, or Rock of Lisbon^ Espicbel, St
Vincent^ St Maria.
Mountains. — Sierra d'Estrella.
Rivers. — ^Minbo, Douro^ Mondego, Tagns^ Gua-
diana, Sado.
Foreign Possessions. — Brazil being now a separate
kingdom, Portugal has only — in Africa, the Azores, the
Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, Angola and Bengucla^
Mozambique; in Asia^ Goa in the East Indies^ and
Macao near Canton.
REMARKS.
Portugal lies between 36'' 58' and 42° !(/ N. lat., and
between 6° 20^ and 9° SO' W. long. Its extreme length is
S50 miles, and its greatest breadth 150 miles.
Traversed by several mountain ranges from Spain, and
by some peculiar to itself, Portugal bears a considerable re-
semblance to that country in its general aspect. Its soil is
in general light, and ill-adapted for tillage ; but it is pecu.
liarly favourable to the growth of the grape and other fine
fruits. In the high grounds are raised the usual corn-crops
of more northern latitudes ; vines and maize in those of
warmer temperature ; and rice in the low grounds. Tbe
cork-tree, the orange, lemon, and olive trees, are frequent
in this country, as well as the finest fruits of the south of
Europe. Its climate is delightful, especially on the coast
and in the high grounds. In the valleys^ the beat during
summer is excessive.
Tbe mineral treasures of this country, like those of Spain,
have been neglected since the discovery of the richer mines
of America. Its manufactures and agriculture are in a state
of backwardness almost Incredible. Wine is the staple ma-
nufacture of the country, and is exported in great ciuantjties.
ISO JPOUTUBAlu
chiefly to Britain. The other expert! are oil, fmitSy mlU
and cork. In return for these, Great Britain, to which the
commerce of Portugal it almost wholly confined, sendt
woollens, linen, cotton, hardware, and various other articles.
The Portuguese are no less attached than the Spaniards
to the Roman Catholic religion. Their ecclesiastics form a
large proportion of the population, and poasess mudi of
the land and opulence of the country.
The government, till lately, was an absolute mooardiy ;
and although a more limited form of royalty was introduced,
and supported by the influence of Britain, the people seemed
in general attached to their ancient form of government,
which was re*established ; at length, in Se p te ml ^ 1886; the
young queen. Donna Maria, declared her acce p tance of the
constitutional system of 1820.
The manners of the Portuguese in the northern and south*
crn provinces are almost as different as if they were distini^
nations. In the north they are industrious and blunt ; in
the south, polite, but indolent. A want of regard to clean-
liness is general. The ladies still ply the distaff in spin*
ning, and in many places retain the oriental fashion of sit-
ting upon cushions on the floor.
Education is much neglected in Portugal ; altfaoBgfa some
efforts have lately been made for its .improvement. It has
two universities ; that of Coimbra, founded in 1S06, and
that of Evora, on a smaller scale, founded in 1533.
Camoens, author of a celebrated epic poem called the
Lusiad, is the brightest star of Portuguese literature.
SXERCIBES.
What are the boundaries of Portugal ? What is its extent
in square miles ? What population does it contain ? Into
what provinces is it divided r What are its principal towns f
Name its capes ; mountains ; rivers ; foreign possessions.
Where is Evora, Oporto, Miranda, Bragaoza, l^boo,
&c ? Where is Cape Espichel, Cape St Vincent, the 6a-
do. Mondego, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Portugal
situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What country
does it resemble in its general aspect ? What is the nature m
its soil ? What crops are raised in its different regions ? What
fruit-tiees are common in this country ? What kind of climate
does it enjoy ? Is much attention paid to the mineral treasures
of this country ? In what state are its agriculture and mana.
factures ? What is the staple manufacture of the co u ntry ?
What are its other exports ? What articles does Gmt Britaii
send in retum ?
FORTVGAIi*
121
Whtt isthe ettablisbed religion of the Portugnese ? What
^BSy tiH lately, the form of government ? How did the peo«
pie receive a representative constitution ? Are the manners of
all the Portuguese alike ? What are their respective peculi-
arities ? What defect is general among them ? What is the
occupation of the ladies ? What fashion is still retained in
manjr places ?
In what state is education in Portugal ? What universities
has it ? What author is the brightest ornament of Portuguese
literature ?
DESCBXPTIYE TABLE.
ABRANO'BS, a town in Ectre-
n«lum,oo the Tkgu«, the passage
of which it commands. P. 5000.
AlaiteOo, a large province S. of
tbeTagus.
Algnrve, a province in the
south of the kingdom.
Abaei'da, a strong fortren in
Beira, <m the N.£L ftontier. Pop,
6ooa
BEI'RA, a pievinee N. of Bitre-
madura and Alentejo.
Be^a, a town in Alent«jo, with
acme ancient remains. Pop. 500a
Bra'ga, an ancient city of Entre
Douro 8 MiohOf and the see of an
archbishop, who is primate of the
kingdom. Popb 14.000.— il» SV
N. laL 8<» tr W. long.
Bragan'za, an ancient town in
Tras-os-Montes. From John, duke
of Braganan, who was raised to the
throne in 1640, the present royal
family is descended. Fop. 4000.
C A STE L'LO.B R AN'CO.astrong
town in Bdra. Pop. 5700.
Cintra, a town In Estremadu-
ra, beautiftilly situate, and noted
for the convention twtween the
British and French generals in
1808. Pop. 4000.
Coim'bra, tiie capital of Beira,
fine^ situate on the Mundcgo, and
the seat of the chief university
in Portugal. Pop. 15,000.-40, 12
N. 8, 25 W.
DOURO. See Spain, p. 115.
£I/V AS, a frontier-town in Al-
ente^ one of the most important
strongholds in the kingdom. Pop.
10,000 88. 52 N. 6, 57 W.
E^re Oou'toe Hin'ho, a province
in the N., situate, as the name
imports, between the rivers Douro
and Minho.
Es'picfael, Cape, a promontory on
U)e coett of Kstremadura, with a
Ughthouse 660 feet high.— 38, 25
N. 9, 13 W.
Estrella, Sierra d', a range of
mountains In Bnra above 70U0 feet
high.
jBiitremadu'ra, an important ma«
ritime province in the W.
Ev'ora, the capital of Alentejo,
with several ancient remains. It
is the see of an archbishop, and the
seat of a university. Pop. 9000.
FA'RO, a seaport, the capital of
Algarve. Pop. 8000.— 38, 8 N. 8,
4W.
Figuei'ra, a fortified town in
Beira, at the mouth uf the Mon.
dego. Pop. 6000.
GAVIAR'A, the highest moun-
tain in Portugal, iu the N. of En.
tre Douro e Minlio; 7881 feet
at>ove the sea.
Guadia'na. See Spain, p. lib*.
LA'GOS, a seaport in Algarve,
with an excellent harbour. Pop,
6800.— 37, 7 N. 8. 39 W.
Lam'ego, a town in Beira, near
the Douro. Pop. 9000.
Lis'bon, the capital of the kine.
dom, in Estremailura, beautifully
situate near the mouth of the Tagus
on several hills, presenting from the
bay a noble appearance. A great
part of it was destroyed by an
earthquake in 1755. Pup. 260,000.
—38, 42 N. 9. 8 W.
MA'FRA, a town In Estrema.
dura, with a magnificent royal pa-
lace. Pop. 3000.
Mari'a, Cape 8f, the southern
point of Algarve.— 36,58.N.7,48W.
Mia'ho. See Spain, p. 1 17.
Miran'da,a town in Tras-os-Mon-
tes, on the Douro. Pop. ISOO.
Mondc'go, a river which rises in
the Sierra d'Estreila, and flows
through Beira to the Atlantic.
UPOR'TO, or Pw/io, a seap
122
8WITZBRI<AND.
the leeond city in the kingdom, in
Entre Douro c Minho, finely situ-
ate on Che Douro, about S miles
Itom its mouth, is noted for its
wine, which has received fh>m it
the name of Port. Pop. 70,000.—
41, 8 N. 8, 32 W.
Ov'ar, a thriving town in Beira.
Pop. 10,000.
PORTA LE'GRE, a town in AU
entfjo, with manutacturcs of cloth.
Pop. 6000.
IlCyCA, Cape, or the Rock of
Lisbon, the most western point of
lilstremadura, and also of the con.
tinent of Burope.— 38, 46 N. 9,
SA^DO, a river which rises in
the S. of Alentejo, and (ails into
the harbour of Setubal.
San'tarero, an ancient town in
Estremadura, on the Tagus* Pop.
8000.
Setubal', or St Ubes, a seaport fn
Estremadura, at the mouth of the
8ado, has a great trade in salt.
Pop. 15,()00.— 38, 31 N. 8, 57 W.
TA'OUS. See SpAiw, II. lia
Tavi'ra, a fortified seaport io
Algarve. Pop.90U0.
Tho'mar.atown ioBstrenudflra,
with considerable ootUMi numufac-
tares. Pop. 4000.
Tor'res Ve'dras, a town in Eitre*
nadura, the centre of the cele-
brated militaiy lines formed bj the
BriUshinlSlO. Pop. 3500.
Tras-os.Mon'te«, a province in
the N. E., separated from Spsia by
the Douro.
VIA'NA, a seaport in Entre
Douro e Minho, at the nMuih of
the Lima. Popt. 8000.— 41, 42 N.
8 43 W
'villa Wal, a town in TrM-(»-
Montes. Pop. 4000.
Vimiel'ro, a town of Estremadu-
ra, celebrated for tbe victory gain-
ed by Wellington over Junot, 2lit
August 180N.
Vin'ccnt, Cape St, a promontory
on the S. W. coast of Algarve, U-
mous for the victory gained over
the Spanish fleet, 14tb Feb. 1797,
by Sir John Jervis, sfterwards
created Earl St VinccnL— 37, 8 N.
8 59 IV
' Vise'u*, a town in Beira ; it has a
groat annual fiur. Pop. 9000.
SWITZERLAND
Is bounded N. by Germany ; E. by Austria ; S. by Italy ;
and W. by France. It contains 15,250 square miles.
Population 2^184^000.
Divisions. — This country formerly comprised thir*
teen cantons; but since the year 1815^ it has been di-
vided into twenty-two, viz. : —
Cantons. Chief Towns.
SchafFhausen. SchafFhausen
Tburgau Frauenfeld
Zurich Zurich
Aargau Aarau
Basle Basle
8oleure Soleure
Berne BERK£,Thun
Lu cerne Lucerne
5»i? Zug
Schwcitz Schweitz
^tUall St Gall ,
Cantons. Chief Tovni*
AppenzslL ....Appenzell
Glarus Glarus
Uri Altorf
Unterwald«n..Stanz
Fiiburg Friburg
Neufchatel. ...Neufchatel
Vaud Lausanne, Veyay
Geneva Geneva
Valais Sion
Tessin Bellinzoni^
Grisous Coix^
SWITZSBLAND. 123
MoYTNTAiNs. — Rhetian Alps; Pennine and HeU
vetian Alps, including Mont Rosa, Schrekhorn, Sim-
plon, Mont St Gothard, and Great St Bernard ; Mount
Jura ; Mont Blanc is on the immediate borders.
Lakes. — Geneva, Brienz, Thun, Neufchatel,Bienne,
Lucerne, Zug, Zurich, Wallenstadt, Constance, Mag-
giore, Lugano.
RivBRs. — Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Reuss, Limmat, Ti*
cino. Inn.
RSMARKS.
Switzerland is situate between 45'* 5(y and 47** 5(y N.
lat., and between 6"* 5' and 10^ SC/ £. long. Its length, from
Mount Jura to the Tyrol, is 205 miles ; its breadth, from
Como to the Rhine at SchafFhausen, ISO miles.
Switzerland, the ancient Helvetia^ is the most mountain-
ous country in Europe. The Alps form not only its south-
em and eastern frontiers, but penetrate the chief part of its
interior. These mountains, towering in some instances to
the stupendous height of 15)000 feet, present innumerable
scenes of unrivalled sublimity, as wellas of the greatest beauty.
In many respects Switzerland is one of the most interesting
countries which the traveller can visit,or tlie philosopher con-
template. Here nature wears every variety of aspect, from
the most awful grandeur to the most enchanting sweetness.
The perpetual snow, the glaciers or ice-fields of the higher
Alps, the avalanches, or masses of snow, falling like moun-
tains loosened from their foundations, the bold craggy pre-
cipice, the dashing cataract, and the roaring torrent, form a
rude, but striking contrast to the more peaceful scenes be-
low—- the varied woodland, the vineyard and the corn-field,
the verdant plain, with its smiling cottages and crystal
streams. The lakes of Switzerland form a grand and in-
teresting feature in the landscape ; and some of the noblest
rivers in Europe issue from its mountains, and wind along
its vales.
The soil is as various as the surface is diversified. But
industry triumphs over every difficulty ; and the traveller
sees, with wonder, rocks clothed with vineyards, where the
slightest herbage could not be expected to grow,and grounds,
which appear inaccessible except to the ibex or goat, subdued
by the plough. Besides the common kinds of grain, Swit-
zerland produces abundance of fine fruits. But it is on
their cattle that the Swiss chiefly depend.
Almost every variety of temperature is known in Swit-»
]24 BWinnmhAsm.
zerlfliid, from the eold of Ltplaad or Icdand to fkiB encs-
tive heat of Italy or Spain.
Among the animala that frequent the Alps may be men-
tioned the ibex, or rock-goat ; the chaoKHs, a species of an-
telope ; and the marmot, which is often found in a torpid
state during winter.
Metals are leas abundant tlian might be expected in so
mountainous a country. The chief mines are of iron ; but
sftver, copper, and lead, are also to be found.
The principal manufacture is linen ; that of cotton bas been
lately introduced to a great extent in the northern cantons;
and woollens and silks are likewise fabricated. Watcfamaking
is carried on extensively in the districts of Keufcfaatel and
Geneva. Switzerland has no seacoast, but trade is carried
on to some extent with Germany and the Netherlands by
means of the Aar» the Reuss, and the Rhine ; and with
France by means of the Rhone.
Since tiie Swiss, instigated by the brave and patriotic
Tell, threw off the Austrian yoke in 1315, the form of their
government has been a federal republic. £acfa canton was
regulated by its own laws and magistrates, but all were vu-
tually bound to assist and protect each other in case of
need. For a time this government was set aside when the
country fell under the dominion of the French ; but it has
since been restored. In case of foreign aggreaaion, eaeb
canton is bound to send a certain number of men to tte
field. An army of 34,CXX> men can thus be raised almost
instantaneously ; although the whole revenue of the repob-
lie hardly exceeds £400,000.
In eight of the cantons the lUmum Catholic reiigion is
established; in seven, the Protestant. In the remaining
seven both these forms of religion exist together; bat, of
the whole population of Switzerland, at least three-fifttis are
Protestants.
Simplicity, frugality, honesty, bravery, and a strong at-
tactiment to home, are the characteristic qualities of this
interesting people. In the Protestant cantons the advan-
tages of education are as generally diffused as in Scodand.
Switzerland has produced many characters of distinguished
eminence in literature and science, as Zuinglioa the re-
former, Gessner, Haller, Rousseau, Neckar, I^vater, &c
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Switzerland ? What is its ex-
tent in square miles? What population does it eontalD?
Into how many cantons ia it divided ? Name them. What
6W1TZ£BLAND* 125
are the principal towns ? Name it8 mounlains ; its lakes ;
its riren. Where is Frauenfeld, Stanz, Lugano, Altorf,
Coire, &c. ? Where does the Rhine rise ? Trace its course.
Where is lake Brienz ? Where is Mont St Gothard, Great
St Bernard, Mount Jura, Lake Constance, Lake Wallenstadf,
Mount Schrekhorn, && ?
Between what dee;rees of latitude and longitude is Swit-
zerland situate ? What is its extent in length and breadth ?
What is its general appearance ? What part of it is occupied
by the Alps ? What character do these mountains give to
the landscape ? Mention some of the most interesting features
in the acenery of Switzerland.
What is the nature of the soil ? With what eftccU of cul-
tivation is the traveller astonished there ? What are the pro-
ducts of Switzerland ? On what part of their rurid wealtn do
the Swiss chiefl]^ depend ? What varieties of climate are ex-
perienced in Switzerland ? Mention some of the remarkable
animals that frequent the Alps.
Does Switzerland abound in metals ? What are its princi-
pal manufactures ? With what countries and by what rivers
does Switzerland carry on trade ?
What is the form of government in Switzerland ? When
was it for some time set aside ? How is an army raised in
case of foreign aggression ? What force can thus be brought
almost instantaneously into the field ? What is the religion
of Switzerland ? What are the characteristic qualities ot the
Swiss ? In what state is education among them ? Mention
some of the scientific and literary characters which Switzer-
land has produced.
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
A'AR. a river which rites in the
S. £. of Berne, flows through the
Jakes of Brienz snd Than, and
joins the Khine.
Aarau% the capital of Aargau, on
the Aar. Pop. 4000.
Aargau', or Aii^o^via, a canton in
the N. which derives its name from
the Aar. Pop. 182,000.
Alps, a stupendous range of
mountains, three principal chains
of which are the Rheetian Alps in
tbeGrisons, the Helvetian and the
Pennine Alps in the Valais.
Al'torf, the capital of Uri, situ-
ate on the Reuss, famous for the
heroic resistance of William Tell
to the tyrant Geisler, which laid
the foundation of the independence
of Switzerland. Pop. 1500.
Appen'sell, a canton in the N. E.
Ai^en'zell, the capital of the
canton, situate on the Sitter, a tri-
t>utary of the Rhine. Pop. 5000,
BASLE, BAle, or Ba'sel, a fron-
tier.cantpn in the N. W.
Bftsle, the capital of the canton,
on the Rhine ; it is a place of ^reat
trade, the seat of a university, and
the birthplace of several eminent
men. P. 24,000.-47« 35' N. lat.
T 3C' E. long.
Bplllnzo'na, the capital of the
canton of Tessin. Pop. 130U.
Bernard, Great St. one of the
Alp«, in thcS. of the Valais, tower,
ing to the height of 11,116 feet
Berne, a large canton in the in-
terior. Pop. 400,000.
Berne, the capital of the above
canton, and chief town of SwitztT-
land, on the Aar, the seat of a col-
lege, and the birthplace of Hallcr.
Pop. S 1,000.— 46, 57 N.7, 26 E.
Bienne', Lake of, between So-
leure and Neufchatel.
Brienz', Lake of. In Berne, sur-
rounded by lofty mountains.
126
BWITZBBLAMD.
COIREp or Cbur, the captUl of
the GrlioiM, near Che Bhine. Po-
puUtioo 500a
Con'»unce, Lake cf, or Boden-
•ee', in the N. E., between SviU
Zetland and Gennaoy. The Rhine
flows through It
FR AU'ENFELD, the capital of
Tbui^au, situate oa a branch of
the Thur. Pop. 1800.
Frilmrg, a canton W. of Reme.
Fn'burg, the capital of the can*
ton, mo*t romantically gituate on
ihe Saane. Here ia the largest lus*
Cfiision-bridge on the Continent,
sing 90d f<>et in length. P. 7000.
GALL, ST, a canton 8. of the
Lake of Constance. Pop. 158,000.
Gall, St, the capiUl of the can-
ton, a place of coosidemhle trade.
Pop. 10,000.
Gene^ra, a small canton in the
S. W. Pop. 58,000.
Gene'Ta, or Lem'an, Lake of, the
laigest'in Switzerland, traversed
by the Rhone. Its scenery is sin-
gularly beautiful and oiagniflcenL
Gene'va, the capital of the can.
ton, beautifully situate at the out.
let of the Rhone ftom the lake. In
its moral character it is one of the
most important cities in Europe.
It was here that Calvin resided
while he laboured in establishing
the Reformation. It is the birth-
place of many eminent literary
characters, and the teat of a Pro-
testant university. Pop. 26,000.
— 4fi, 12 N. 6, 9 E.
Gla'rus, a small canton in the
interior. Pop, 29.000.
Gla'nis, the capital of the above
canftm, a thriving town, on the
Linth. Pop. 4000.
GotA'ard. Mont St, between Uri
and Tessin, or which the Furca
peak is 14,040 feet high. The
height of the pass is 6890 feet.
Gri8ons',a large canton in theS.E.
H ERISA U', a manuFacturiog
town in Api)enzcU. Pop. 7000.
INN, a tributary of the Danube,
which risesin the Griaons, and flows
by a N.E. course through theTyrol.
JUKA, Mount. See Francs,
p. 106.
LAUSANNE', the capital of the
canton of Vaod, about a mile N.
frum the Lake of Geneva. The
peculiar beauty of its situation has
made it the resort of numerous
strangers. Pop. 12,000,
Laulecbnmn, a moat icmark-
able valley in the cantm of Berne,
where the gladcta appear in their
greatest magnittceoccs.
LIm'mat, a river whidi rises in
the 8. of Glarus, paasea through
the Lake of Zurich, and £Uls into
the Aar near its Junctloa with the
Reuss.
Lucerne', a canton In the interior.
Lueemc', the eqiital of the on.
ton, beautifully situate on an arm
of the Lake, where the Reoss is-
sues from It. Pop. BeOOL
Lucerne', Lake of, a beantiful
and romantie lake, surrovnded by
the four Forest Cantons, Bcbweilx,
Uri, Unterwalden, and Luoene.
Luga'no, a l>eautlf ul lake in the
canton of Teeain.
Luga'no, a town in the csaton of
Tessin, in a delightful situaftioa on
Lake Lugano. Pop. 4000.
M AGOIORK See Italy, p. 155.
NEUFCHATBL', a canton In
the W. bordering on the Lake of
that name, which separates it from
the canton of Friburg ; it is under
the sovereignty of the King of
Prussia, who exercites the exeeu-
tive government, but Is oWt^
to swear to uphold the constitution
of this little country. P. 58,O0a
Neu/chateK, the capital of the
canton, beautiAiUy situate on the
lake, and oommandlDg gnnd and
extensive views. Pop. 5000.
OL'TEN, a town in the canton
of Soleure. PopuUtion 1800.
REUSS, a large river which issues
f^om a lake in Mont St Gotbant,
flows through Uri, the lake of Lu-
cerne,andAargau,and joins theAar.
Rhine. See GsRMajir.
Rhone. See France, p. 109.
Ro'sa. Mont, the highest moun*
tain in Switserland, being 15,5!7
feet above the sea.
SAR'NEN, a town in UnterwaU
den, near the Lake of Samen. Pa-
pulation 2000.
Schaflhau'Ren, the most north,
em canton. Pop. 31 ,000.
Schafibau'sen, the capital of the
canton, a place of considerable
trade. The fall of the Rhine here
is the greatest cataract in Europe.
Pop. 7000.
Schrek'hom, one of the Alps In
the canton of Berne, rising to the
height of 1^,310 feet* Wini>rk»hlf
for iU glaciers.
Scftweitx, a watoni eaoton on
the E. of the JLake of Lucerne.
Here the Swiu confederacy was first
formed, aiid it has given its name
to the whole country. P. la^OO.
ScAweitz, thecapital of the above
canton, situate amid the finest
scenery. Pop. 5000.
Sim'plon, one of the Alps, over
which Bonaparte ccmstructed a fa.
mous military road into Italy. The
pass which leads from the Valaisto
Milan, is 6580 feet above the sea.
Sion (6eeonO> or Sit'ten, the
chief town of the Valais, situate on
the Rhone. Pop. 2500.
Soleure', or Sol'otAurn, a cniton
intheN. W. Pop. 63,000.
Soleure', the capital of the can.
ton, OB the Aar. Pop. 400a
Splu'gen, one of the Alps, across
which is the {wss leading from the
Grisons to Chiavenna and the Lake
uf Como.
Stanz, the capital of Unterwal-
den. Pop. 2000.
TES'SIN. or Tici'no, a canton in
the S. deriving its name from the
river Ticino, which flows through
it into Lake Maggiore.
Than (Toon), a lake In the
canton of Berne, united with the
Lake of Brienz by the Aar.
Thun (Toon), a town in Berne,
on the Lake of I^un, where tfae
Aar issues from it. Pop. 2000.
ITAIiY. 127
TAurgau', or T/»urg(/vta. a can.
ton in the N. E., on the Lake of
Constance. Pop. 84,000.
Tro'genta town in the canton of
AppenseU. Pop. t400.
UNTERWaL'DEN and U'RI,
two of the Forest Cantons, on the
S. of the Lake of Lucerne.
VALAIS ( ValayOf a canton con.
slsting of the picturesque valley
through which the Khone flows
between very high mountains.
Vaud (Vo), a fine canton on
the N. border of the Lake of Ge-
neva. I'op. 183,00a
Yevay', a beautiful town in the
canton of Vaud, on the Lake of
GenevH. Pop. 4S0O.
WAL'LENSTADT,alakebc.
tween St Gall and Olarus, con.
nected with the Lake of Zurich by
the Linth canal.
YV'ERDUN, a town in the can.
ton of Vaud, at the S. extremity of
the Lake of MeufchateL P. 5000.
ZUO, a small canton in the in-
tenor. Pop. 15,000.
Zug, the capital of the canton, on
the Lake of Zug. Pop. 3000.
Zu'ricA, a canton on the N. on a
lake of the same name. P. 23 1 ,000.
Zu'ricA, the capital of the above
canton, on the Limmat, where it
issues from the lake; the seat of
a college. Popuktiua lliOOO.—
47, 22 N. 8, 32 £.
ITALY
Is bounded N. by the Alps, which separate it from
Austria and Switzerland; W. by France and the
Mediterranean ; S. by the Mediterranean ; and E. by
the Adriatic. It contains 118,700 square miles. Po-
pulation 22,000,000.
In this extensive country there are sever&l states-^
Chief Towns.
1. Kingdom of Sardinia.
JSavoy Chamhery.
Piedmont Turin, Alessandria, Nice.
Oenoa Genoa, Savona.
Island of Sardinia. ...Cagliari, Sassari.
2. Austrian Italy.
Milan , Milak, Mantua, Lodi, Pavia, Cre-
mona, Brescia, Bergamo.
Venice Venice, Padua, Verona, Vioenza.
3. Parma. Parma, Piacenza.
4. Modena and Mas8a.,Modena, Massa^ Carrara.
128 ITALY.
Chief Towni.
6. Lucca. Lucca.
6. Tuscany Florence, Pisa, Leghorn, Sienna.
7* States of theCburcb.RoiiE, Perugia, Ancona, Ravenna,
Bologna, Ferrara.
8, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Naples Naples, Gaeta, Salerno, Reggio,
Taranto.
Sicily ...Palermo, Messina, Catania, Gir<
genti, Trapani, Syracuse.
Islands. — Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Lipari Islands,
Malta and Gozo, Capri^ Ischia, Elba.
Straits. — Bonifacio, Messina, Otranto.
Gulfs. — Genoa, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Policastro,
St Eufemia, Squillace^ Taranto^ Manfredonia, Venice,
Trieste.
Capes. — Spartivento^ Colonne, Leuea.
Mountains. — Mont Blanc, Great St Bernard, Viso,
Cenis, the Apennines, Vesuvius, Etna.
Lakes. — ^Maggiore, Lugano; Como; Iseo, Garda;
Perugia.
Rivers. — Po, Adige, Ticino^ Fiuroicino, Amo, Ti-
ber, Volturno.
remarks.
' Italy extends from 3V 65' to 46° 40^ N. lat, and from
5** 40" to IS*" S(y E. long. Its greatest length, frona Moot
Blanc to Cape Leuca, is 700 miles ; its extreme breadth,
from the head of the Adriatic to the Rhone in Savoy, is S80
miles ; but its general breadth is not much above 100 miles.
Italy, which may be regarded as a mountainous country,
presents in its extensive range, from Mount Cenis to Cape
Leuca, every variety of beauty of which landscape is sus-
ceptible. Its valleys are delightful, and even its plains are
enlivened with gentle undulations, rivers, and woods. Its
winding coast is indented by a number of fine bays ; and
its clear unclouded sky exhibits every object in a charm of
colouring and distinctness of outline, unknown in coun-
tries where the atmosphere is more obscured by fogs and
clouds. In climate it is equally favoured ; the air being
mild and genial in most of its districts. Some tracts, how-
ever, are unhealthy in the summer and autumnal months;
particularly that called Maremma, stretching from Leg-
horn to the Neapolitan frontier,— -a distance of 200 miles.
In the Neapolitan terrUory, the heat during summer is
excessive ; and its effect is occasionally rendered peculiarly
ITALY. 129
oppressive by a tulCrj wind, called the sirocco, which blows
from the hot and arid regions of Africa.
From the confines of France to Calabria, the soil is a deep
alluvial mould— 'farther south, it becomes light and sandy*
Cora, pulse, and other vegetables, maize, rye, cotton, silk,
vines, olives, and delicious fruits, are among the productions
of this fertile country. In Lombardy agriculture is well con-
ducted, particularly in the neighbourhood of the Po, where
(he system of irrigation is carried to great perfection ; but in
the other parts of the country it is very imperfectlyunderstood*
Among the domestic animals of Italy, the horses and
sheep of Naples are famous. The finest cheese in the world
is made from the milk of the cows of Lombardy and Parma.
Although in such a mountainous country mineral trea-
sures may be supposed to abound, its mines are entirely ne-
glected. Marble of uncommon beauty is found in the north,
aodin the neighbourhood of Florenceand Sienna. Alabaster,
jasper, agate, rock-crystal, chalcedony, lapis lazuli, chrysolite,
with other precious stones, are found in the Apennines.
Italy has few manufactures in proportion to its extent and
resources. Silk is the staple article. Velvet is manufac-
tured to a considerable extent in Genoa, and glass in Venice.
There are likewise some manufactures of linen and woollen.
Venice and Genoa once held the first rank among the
commercial cities of Europe ; but they have been far out.
stripped by England and Holland ; and even in Italy, Leg-
horn is now more flourishing than either. Their trade with
the Levant, however, is still considerable. The chief exports
are wine, oil, fruits, and silk.
Italy has long been distinguished as the chief seat of the
fine arts. Painting, music, and sculpture, have here been
carried to great perfection. Architecture has been most
successfully cultivated at Rome, Venice, and Florence.
The remains of antiquity still afford the most exquisite mo-
dels to the student of the fine arts, and the most interesting
objects to the research of the traveller and the scholar.
In all the states the Roman Catholic religion is es-
tablished. Rome, indeed, is the seat of the Pope, the
head of the Roman Catholic church. But all other reli.
gions are tolerated— provided the national worship is duly
respected. Among the lower orders education is almost
neglected,— and learning may be considered in a backward
Wste, compared with the advances which it has made in other
countries. Yet few nations have produced so great a num-
ber of men distinguished in literature and 9cience« Th«
laO ITALY.
principal uaiversities of Italy are those of Rone, Bologna,
Padua, Parma, Pisa, Pavia, Naples, and Palermo.
The government of the States of Italy is generally abso-
lute, though some unsuccessful attempts have been made to
obtain freedom. Naples and Sardinia are governed by tb^r
kings ; the States of the Church by the Pope ; Tuscany by
its Grand Duke ; Parma by the Ex-empress of France,
Maria Louisa ; Modena and Lucca by their Dukes.
Imagination, taste, and enthusiasm in the fine arts, viva-
city, sobriety, and courtesy to strangers, are the agreeable
qualities by which the Italians are in general characterized.
Indolence is their prevailing vice : robbery and assassination
are crimes by which they are too generally disgraced.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Italy ? What is its extent
in square miles ? What population does it contain ? Into
what states is this country divided ? What are the chief
towns of the kingdom of Sardinia ? Of Austrian Italy ? Of
Parma ? Of Modena ? Of Lucca ? Of Tuscany ? Of the
States of the Church? Of the Two Sicilies? Where is
Home, Padua, Turin, Leghorn, Palermo, Sienna, Savona,
Nice, Catania, Pisa, Piacenza, Pavia, Cfremoua, Cagliari,
Girgenti, Genoa, Slc* ? What are the principal islands ?
Name the straits of Ital^. Name its gulfs. Name itit
capes. What are its principal mountains ? What are its
lakes ? Name its rivers, and trace their courses. Where is
Mount Cenis, Cape Colonne, Gulf of Gaeta, Lake Como,
Straiu of Messina, Gulf of Salerno, Lake Perugia, the Fiu-
micino^ the Apennines, Mont Blanc, Mount Vesuvius, Cape
licuca, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Italy si'
tuate ? What are its extreme length and breadth ? What
is its average breadth? What is its general appearance?
What is the character of its valleys and plains ? What is the
appearance of its coast ? What is the effect of Its fine sky
upon the landscape ? What is the nature of its climate ? Are
all its districts equally healthy ? In what tract is the air par-
ticularly insalubrious? By what circumstance is the neat
occasionally rendered peculiarly oppressive in the Neapoliun
territory ? What diversities of soil prevail in Italy ? £nu.
merate some of the productions of this country. In what
part of Italy is agriculture well conducted ? In what state is
It elsewhere ? Which of the domestic animals of Italy are
worthy of notice ? Is Italy remarkable for its mineral wealth ?
Where are beautiful marbles found ? What precious mine-
rals are found in the Apennines ?
Does luily flourish in manufactures ? What are its prin-
cipal articles of manufacture? What Italian cities ooee
ITALY. 131
pOssMsed gfreat eommercial importance ? By what eountricn
have they been long outstrippeid ? What town in Italy now
excels them ? What branch of their trade is still consider-
able ? What are the chief exports from Italy ?
For what has Italy long been distinguished ? Where has
architecture been cultivated with particular success? What
does the student of the fine arts, and the learned traveller, find
particularly interesting in this country ?
^ What religion prevails throughout Italy ? Are other reli-
fpons tolerated ? In what state is education ? Has Italy
produced many learned men ? What are its principal uni.
versities ? What are the governments of Italy ? What are
the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are character,
ized ? What is their prevailing vice ? By what crimes are
they too generally disgraced?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
ABRUZ'ZO, a povince in the
N. of Naples, divided into Citra
and Ultra.
Ad'ige, a river which rises in the
Tyrol, and falls into the Gulf of Ve-
nice, N. from the mouth of the Po.
Aletsan'dria, or Atexan'dria, a
fctrong city of Piedmont, on the
Tanaro ; near it is the celebrated
field of Marengo. Pop. 3.5,000.—
44" «/ N. lat. 8' 3T E. long.
AmaKfi, a town of Naples, on the
Gul r of Salerno. Pop. 5000.
Anco'na, a seaport on the AdrU
atic, in the States of the Church,
witli a good harbour. P. 30,000.
-43,37 N. 13,30 E.
Ap'ennines, a chain of moun-
tains extending from the Alps near
Nice, tbrouffh the whole length
of Italy, ana terminating at the
Straits of Messina. Monte Corno,
in Naples, their loftiest peak, is S523
feet high.
Ar'no, River, rises among the
Apennines in Tuscany, and falls
into the Mediterranean below Pisa.
As^i, a city of Piedmont, on the
Tanaro. Pop. 22,000.
Au&'trian It'alv, or the Lombardo-
Venetian kingdom, lies between
the Alps and the Fo, and is sepa-
mtcd from Piedmont by the 'H-
cino. It contains 18,000 square
miles. P<9ulatlon 4,575,000.
BAR' J, a city of Naples, on the
Adriatic, capital of a province of
the same name. Pop. 19,000.
Beneven'to, a city in Naples, but
belonging to the States of the
Church. Pop. 14,000.
Bet'gamo, a commercial city, the
capital of a province of the same
name in Austrian Italy. P. 32,000.
Ber'nard, Great St. See Swit-
zerland, p. 125.
Blanc, Mont (Mong Blawng), on
the border of S.-ivoy, the highest
mountain in Europe, being 15,668
feet above the sea.
Bol'ca, a mountain in the terri-
tory of Verona, rich in the most
curious fossil remains. It is evi-
dently an exhausted volcano, and,
although lllty miles from the sea,
abounds in the petrifactions of
fishes remarkably entire, many
species of which are unknown to
European seas.
Bolo'^na, the ancient Bononia,
situate in a fertile plain at the base
of the Apennines, is the second
city in the States of the Church,
and the seat of a famous university.
Pop. 71,000.-44, 30 N. 11, 21 E.
Bonifa'clo, straits of, between
Corsica and Sardinia.
Bren'ta, ariver in Austrian Italy,
which rises in the Tyrol near Trent,
and falls into the Gulf of Venice.
Bre'scla, a city in Austrian Italy,
with flourishing manufactures. It
contains many remains of ancient
grandeur. Pop. 34,000.— 46, 32 N.
10, 13 £.
Brind/ji, the ancient BrunditH-
um, a seaport of Naples, on the
Adriatic. Pop. 6000.
CAGLIA'RI, the capital of the
island nf Sardinia, on the S. coast.
P. 27,000.-39. 15 N. 9, 6 E.
Cala'Dria, a mountainous am*
132
ITALY.
fertile province of Naplei, fonning
tbe louthern part of ItAly. Xt hat
•uflVred severely from eattbqoaket.
Ca'pri, a [licturefque little island
at the mouth of the Gulf of Na-
ples. It was aiicieiitif called CSa<
pr<'<r, and was the lavourite retreat
of tbe emperors Augustus and Ti-
berius. Pop. 900(1.
Carra'ra, a town in Masta-Car-
rara. famed for its marble quarries.
Population 4.S0U.
Casa'le, a town In Piedmont, on
the 1*0. Population iG.OaO.
Castellamyre, a maritime city of
Naples, on the site of tbe aoctent
StabUe. Puu. 15,000.-40, 41 N.
Cata'nia, an elegant city in Si-
cily, at tJie foot of Mount Etna, by
the la\*a of which it has been three
times destroyed. Pop. 40,000.—
37. 28 N. 15, 5 E.
Cen'is, a mountain of the .Mps,
11,460 feet high, acrMs which is
the principal passage from France
Into Italy.
ChamC'ery, the capital of Savoy,
In a fertile valley. Pop. U.OUO.
Chamou'niy a celebrated valley
in Savoy, at tbe foot of Mont Blanc
Chiaven'na,* a town of A ustrian
Italy, in the Valtelinc, a urincipal
route from Milan leading into
Germany. Pop. 30C0.
Chiox'gia, a strong town of Aus-
trian Italv, on an island in the
Uulf of Venice. It is built on
pileti. Pop. 24,000.
Circi'l'lo, Cape, the S. E. point in
the States of the Church : the an-
cient Ciraeum, the fabled resi-
dence of the enchantress Circe.—
41, 12 N. 13,5 £.
Civiu Vecchia (Che'vlU Vek'-
kia),* a seaport on the Mediterra-
nean, in tbe States of the Church.
Fop. 7000.— 42, 5 N. 11, 44 E.
Colou'ne, Cape, on the K. coast
cfCaUbria 39, 7 N. 17, 15 B
Co'mo, a beautiful lake in Aus-
trian Italy, between Milan and
Chiavenna.
Co'mo, a city In Austrian lUly,
at the S. W. extremity (if the lake
of that name, surrounded by en-
chanting scenery. Pop. I6,OO0L
Co'ni, or Cu'neo,a strong city in
Piedmont, on tbe Stun* Papnb*
tion 18.000.
Corsica. Sec FaAXCK,p. lilS.
Cremo'na, a city In Attstrfas
Italy, on the Po, famous for its
manufacture of violfau. Popiila*
tk>n ^^7,000.— 45, 8 N. 10. 2 C
EL'a A, an Ulaod near tbe coast
of Tuscany, the residence of Bona-
parte on his abdication in 1814.
noted for its mines of iron. Popu-
lation 14.000.— 42, 47 N. 10, 19 £.
Efna, a mountain in Sicily, oce
of the most celebrated volcanoes in
the world. Its height U 10,870 feet
above the sea, and Its circuit at tbe
Inse exceeds 80 miles.
FKRRA'RA, a city in the Sutn
of tbe Church, on a branch (rf* tbe
Po. Population Si.OOO.
Flumici'no, a small river in the
States of the Churchy the ancieDt
Rubicon.
FLo'aEKCR (Tiai. Firenie), tbe
capital of Tuscany, one of the
finest cities in Europe, beautifully
situate on the Ama The collcr.
tion of painting! and statues in the
Medicean or Florentine Gallery,
is one of the noblest in existence.
Florence U the native city of
Dante, Galileo, Michael Aogeh,
iind of many other eminent men.
Pop. 91.000.— 43, 46 N. 11, 15 C.
GAE'TA, a strong seaport of
Naples, on the gulf of the oane
name. Population 10,000.— 41, l:i
N. 13, 34 E.
Gar'da, Lake of, in Austrian
Italy, from which tbe river Uincio
issues.
Gen'oa, a province of tbe fiatii-
nian States, once the territory of s
celebrated republic
Gen'oa {Ital. Genova), a strong
city and seaport, capiul of tbe
above province, U beautifully si-
tuate on the Bay of Genoa. In
commercial greatness, Genoa v*i
long the rival of Venice. It vas
the native city of Christopher Co-
lumbus. Population 80,000.-44,
25 N. 8. 54 E.
Girgenai, the ancient Jgriga^-
tum^ a city on the S. W. coakt of
Sicily. Population 15.000.— 37,
15 N. 13, 32 E.
Go'zo, a small Island In the Me-
* The Italians sound ch as i(r, and ce, c{, cd, like ch in ekiidt^^
pronunciation which has now become commQn In this cotutry.
ITALY.
133
dfeeitiaetti. about 4 nileK N. W.
ofMdta. ItbeloogstoGreatBri.
uio. PiDpL 16,547.
ISCMIA (ItUa), a fertile isUnd
off the ooatt of Naples ; with hot
&pringfl. PoDu S4,0U0.— 40, 43 N.
la'eo, a lalce in Lombardy, tn-
vcrsedbythcOglio.
LEG'HORN. or Livor^o.aflour-
MhiDf? seaport in Tuscany, and the
greatest commercial cily of Italy,
rbp. TB.000.^43, St N. 10, 17 E
Leu'ca, Cape, the S.E. extremity
of Italy.— ;)0, 47 N. 18, « E.
Lip'ari Islands, a volcanic group
on the N. of Skctly, the most re-
markable of which are Llpari and
Stromboli ; the latter Tolcano is in
a5tate of pbipetual activity.
Lo'di, a town in Milan, on the
Adda, where Napoleon gained one
of his most q>lendid victories.
Pop. IJsOOO.
Loret'to, a town in the States of
the Church, on the Adriatic; Its
shrine Was long enriched by oflfer-
ings ttom every (juarter of Europe,
and annually visited by thousands
of pilgrims. Pop. 8C(N).
Lucfcsk, a small duchy on the N.
W. of Tuscany, containing 420
square miles. Pop. 155,000.
Luc^a, the capital of the above
duchy, situate lu a rich and fertile
vicinity. Pop. 22,000.
Luga'no, Lake. See Switcer.
LAND, p. 126.
MAGGIORE ( Mad jo'r^), a beau-
tiful lake at the foot of the Alps,
traversed by the Ticino. Its Bor-
romean islands arc remarkable tor
their picturesque scenery.
Marta, an island in theMediter.
ranean, 54 miles S. from Sicily. It
belongs to Great Britain. Popu-
lation 106,578.-35, 53 N. 14, 31 E.
Manfredo'nia, Gulf of, on the £.
coast of Naples.
Man'tua, a province of Austrian
Italy.
Mantua, the capital of the above
province, situate on the Mincio, is
one of the strongest fortresses in
Kurope. It is celebrated as the
Urthplace of Virgil. Fop. 228,000.
—45, 9 N. 10, 48 E.
Mar8a'la,theaneient LHsfbteunh
a seaport of Welly, at the W. ex-
tremity of the Island, is noted for
Its wines. Pop. 21,000.-37, 48 N.
l2,25Bk
Mas'sa, a town In the mall dndiy
of Maasa-Carrara, now united to
that of Modena. Pop. TOGO.
Messi'na, a strong and flourish-
ing seaport in the N. £. of Sicily»
situate on the strait of the same
name, with a fine harbour. Pop.
47.000.— 38, 11 N. 15,31 E.
Mil'an, a considerj^le duchy in
Austrian Italy.
Mil'an, a noble city, the capital
of Austrian Italy, situate in a beau-
tiful plain between the Adda and
Ticino. lu cathedral of white
marlrfe is the most splendid speci-
men of Gothic architecture In the
world. Pop. 155,000.-^5, 38 N.
9, 11 E.
Mod'ena, a duchy lying between
the Po and the Apennines. It
contains 2060 square miles. Pn.
403,000.
Mo'dena, the ancient Mu'tina,
a handsome city, cl^lital of the
above duchy. In a delightAil plain,
between the rivers Panaro and Sec-
chia. P. 27.000.-44, 38 N. 10, 55 £.
NA'PLES, Kingdom of, com-
Iirehends the S. of Italy and tile
sland of Sicily; hence it is also
denominated the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies. Extent 48,000
square miles. Pop. 7,075,000.
N A'PLEB {It. Nai/oli ), the capital
of the kingdom of^Naples, and the
largest city In Italy. lU situation
is delightful : rising like an amphi-
theatre, it fbrms, with its verdant
shores and magnificent bay, a scene
of almost unrivalled beauty. Pop.
364.000.-40,51 N. 14, 15 E.
Nice (Neess), a city and seaport
in Piedmont, on the Mediterra-
nean, finely situate at the mouth
of thePaglion, celebrated for its sa-
lubrity. Population 26,000.-43,
42 N. 7, 16 E.
OTRAN'TO, Strait of, separates
Italy flrora Greece.
PAD'U A, a city in Austrian Italy,
the seat of an ancient university,
and the birthplace of Livy. Pop.
51,000.-45, 24 N. 11, 52 B.
Palbr'mo, thecapital of Sicily ,on
the N. coast. It is a beautiful city,
and its situation is enchanting.
Population 168,000 — 38, 6 N. I3L
21 E.
Pair'ma, a duchy S. of the Po^
containing 220O square milea
Pop. 465,000.
Par'ma, the capital of the idwve
F
134 ITALY.
dotbyJbmatiiunyriUui0<m» mull
mcr of the nme luunc, aiid the
neat of a imiverfity. Pop. 30,000.
44, 48 N. 10,80 E.
Pa'ria, a cttj of Aiutriaa Italy,
on the Tidno, tbc ancient capital
of Looterdf , and the aeat of a unU
▼eriity. P. 34,000^^45,11 N. 9,9 E.
Peni'gia, Lake of, in the State*
of the Church ; the Laeus TnuL
imftim of the Roinana.
Pern'gta, a city in the States of
the Church, situate on the Tiber.
Pop. .10,000.--43, 6 N. 12, S5 E.
Piaoeo'ka, or Placcn'tia, a town
in Parma, near the confluence of
tbeTirebbUandthePo. P. 28,000.
na'vd, a river of Austrian luly,
which falls into the Gulf of Venice.
PiAi'mont, the principal conti-
nental province of the Sardinian
dominions.
Pi'sa, a city in Tuscany, on the
Arno, the seat of a celebrated uni.
venity ; it is noted for its salubrity.
P. 20,000—43, 43 N. 10. 85 E.
Po, the lanest river in Italy,
issues from Mont Viso, and, tra-
veninR the N. of Italy firom W. to
£., discharges itself into the Adxi-
atic by several mouths.
Pollcas'tro. Gulf oC on the W.
coast of Naples.
Por'tid, a town In Naples, at the
foot of Mount Vesuvius, on the site
of ancient /fercvtoitfinfi. P. 5000.
Pro'dda, a small island, between
Ischia and the coast of Naples.
Pop. 14,000.
RAVEN'N A, a city in the States
of the Church, on the Adriatic ; it
was the seat of the Western Em-
pire in the 5th century. Popula-
tion 16,UI0.~44. 2.5 N. 12, 12 E.
RegKio (Red'Jio). a city in Mo-
dena, the birthplace of the poet
Ariotito. Pop. IS.ObO.
Reg'gio, a seaport of Naples, on
the Straits of Messina. Popula-
tion 17,000.— 38, 6 N. 15, 41 R.
Rim'ini, the ancient Arimfiman,
A seaport in the States of the
Church, on the Adriatic. Popu-
lation 15,000.— 44, 3 N. 12, 34 £.
Rome, the capital of the States
of the Church, and once the mis-
tress of the world, situate on the
lllwr. It abounds in noble mo-
numents of antiquity ; among its
modem structures may be men-
tioned St Peter's, the most magni-
ficent church in the world, tbc
palace of the Vaticaa, and the
castle of 8t Anjceio. Popolatioo
154,000 — 41, M N. 18, 27 E.
SALER'NO. a dty of NaolM, on
a gulf %a the same name, the seat
of a university. Popw 11,000.
San Mari'oo, a small tepablir,
with a capital of the same name,
withhi the Papal territories.P.7tiW-
Sardine a large Island in the
Mediterranean, S. of Cotiica. lu
soil U in general fertile, and iU
climate salubrious. Pop. 49S,00a
The kingdom of Sardinia oaotain»
28.850 squaremile*. I opl4,500,0(».
Sassa'ri, a town in the L of Sardi-
nia. P. 19/100.— 40, 43 N. 8, 26 E.
Savo'na, a seaport on the Gulf of
Genoa. P.18 000.— 44,18 N.B,27£.
Sav'oy, a duchy in the King of
Sardinia's dominions, divided frcm
Piedmont by the Alps. P.50l.l(a>
Si'dly, the largest island in the
Mediterranean, separated from
lUly by the Straits of Messina. It*
extreme length is 180 miles, and
iU greatest breadth 115. Tbefoil
is neh, and the climate delis^tful.
Pop. 1,987,000. See also Nmu.
8ien'na,a city in Tuscany, the
seat of a university. Here the
Italian language Is spoken in iti
greatest purity. Pop. 18,00a
SorrenOo, a town most delight,
fully situate on the Ray of Naples,
the birthplace of Tassa P. 5000.
Spartiven'to, Cape, the Bost
southern point of Italy* — 37, 55 N.
16,3£.
Souilb'cd (ch«), a gulf in the &
of Naples.
States of the Church, or the Pa-
pal States, occupying central Italj,
and containing 17,8(X) square mile*.
Pop. 8.500,000.
Syr'acuse, a city of Sicily, with
extensive remains of the celebrau
ed ancient capital of that nsinc.
Pop. 14,000.-37, 3 N. 15, 17 E.
TAGLIAMEN'TO. a river of
Austrian Italv, which rises in the
Tyrol, and falls into the Adrij^*
Tanar'o, a river of Piedmooi,
which passes Alessandria, and joirii
the Po.
Tat'anto, Gulfof, aqpadouslis?,
formed by the S. W. and S. E. ex-
tremities of Italy.
Tar'anto, the ancient 7arm/ia»«
a seaport on a small island in tlie
gulf of the same name. P. 1 4,(Nxi.
Ti'bcr, or Tevcre, the classinl
iTALy.
136
river on which Rome standi, risnj
in the Apennineii, flows through
the States of the Church, and faUa
into the Mediterranean.
Tici'no, a river which rises in
Mount St Gothard, flows through
Lake Magglore, and, belovr Pavia*
falls into the Pu.
Tiv'oli, the ancient Tibur, a
town in the States of the Church,
delightfully situate on the Teve.
rone. Pop. 600O.
Trapa'ni, the ancient Drf^^nttm,
a seaport on the W. coast of Sicily.
Pop. 24,00a--38, 3 N. 12, 36 E.
Turin', a noble city in Pied-
mont, the capital of the Sardinian
monarchy, delightfully situate on
the Po. Pop. 114,000.-45, 4 N.
7,42E.
Tus'cany, a grand duchy in the
central part of the Italian penin-
sula. It contains 8375 square
miles. Pop. 1,456,000.
U'DINE, acity of Austrian Italy,
in the government of Venice. Po-
pulation 20 000.
V ALET'TA, the capital of Mai.
ta, with a very fine harbour, and
fortifications of great strength.
Pop. 30,000.-35, 50 N. 14, 28 E.
Val'teline, a district of Austrian
Italy, const^iting of a long valley,
traversed by the Adda.
Ven'ice, States of, a government
and territory now included along
with Lombardy in Austrian Italy :
from the 12th to the Idth century,
Venice was the richest commercial
state in Europe.
Vem'ice, the eastern capital of
Austrian Italy, situate on the gulf
which bears its name, is built on a
large number of isles, separated
by canals. 11ms magniflcent city
presents at a distance the singu-
lar appearance of domes and spires,
churches and palaces, floating on
the waves. Poa 108,000.-45, 25
N. 12, 20E.
Vcro'na,acity in Austrian Italy,
beautifully situate on the Adige.
Here is a fine amphitheatre, the
most perfect remain of Roman ar-
chitecture that now exists.— Pop.
47,000.-45, 26 N. 11, 1 E.
Vesu'vius, a volcanic mountain,
about 8 miles S.E. from the city of
Naples. In the first great eruption
on record (a. d. 79), which was ac-
companied by an earthquake, the
cities of Herculaneum and Pom-
peii were buried beneath lava and
ashes. Excavations during the
last century, by displaying these
ancient cities, have furnished the
world with many curious and in-
teresting relics of former times.
The last eruption is so recent as
Aug. 1834, when anew crater burst
open, and inundated the plain with
torrents of lava, spreading destruc-
tion for many miles around, and
destroying 1500 houses.
Vicen'za, acity in Austrian Italy,
N.W. of Padua. It exhibits many
fine specimens of the architectural
skill of Palladio. who was a native
of the place. Population 31,000.
— 45, S2N. 11, 33 E.
Vi'so, Mont, one of the Gottlan
Alps in Piedmont, 12,r)00feet high.
The Vaudois, the descendants of
the ancient Waldenses, inhabit
the neighbouring valleys.
Voltur'no, a river of Naples,
which rises in the Apennines, and
falls into the Gulf of Gaeta.
TURKEY IN EUROPE
Is bounded N. by Austria and Russia ; W. by Dalma-
tia and the Adriatic ; S. by Greece, the Archipelago,
and the Sea of Marmora ; £. by the Black Sea. It
contains 183,000 square miles. Population 9,000,000.
Provinces. Chief Towns.
Part of Moldavia Jassy, Galatz.
Wallachia Bucharest, Tergoviat.
Bulgaria Sophia, Schumla, Varna, Widdin,
Nicopoli, Rutschuk, Silistria.
Servia Belgrade, Semendria, Nissa.
136 TUBKBir IN SITBOPB.
Bosnia, indodinf; a
part of Dalmatia and
Croatia Boanft-Senks TnwDik, Mostar,BihKz.
Albaria. Jaaina, I>«bxso» Scutaii.
Koumelia, including *! CoxsTAXTiKOPLE,Adiiaiiople,Pbi-
Thrace, Macedo- > lippopoli, GallipoU, Seies, Salonicat
nia, and TbesMdjr. j Laiissa, Phanalia.
Gulfs. — Arta, Volo, Salonica^ Cassandra, Monte
Santo^ Contessa, Saros.
Straits — ^The Dardanelles^ Straito of Constanti-
nople.
Cafes. — Cassandra, Drepano, Monte Santo.
Islands. — ^Lemno?, Lesbos or My tilene, Scio, Samos,
Stanco, Rhodes, Scarpanto, Candia ; the Seren Ionian
Islands, forming a Kepublic under the protection of
Britain, viz. Corfu, Paxo, Santa j\Iaura, Ithaca, Cepha-
lonia, Zante, Cerigo.
Mountains. — Hemus or Balkan, Bhodope, Oljm*
pus, Ossa, Pelion, Pindus, Athos.
Rivers.— -Danube, Save, Pruth, Maritasa, Vatdar,
Salambria.
REMARKS.
Turkey in Europe eitends from S9° to 48** N. lat., and
from 16** to 29*" 36' £. long. From the northern frontier of
Greece to the Danube, it is 420 miles ; and from Constan-
tinople to the Adriatic, 450 miles.
Turkey may be considered a mountainous country, al-
thougli its hills cannot vie with the stupendous Alps or Car-
pathians. A great chain pervades the country from east to
west, the eastern part of which is the ancient Hsmus, now
called Balkan. This extensive range communicates witb
the Carpathians by a ridge which separates Servia from Bul-
garia. The Thracian mountains of Rhodope are a branch
from the Haemus. Two inferior chains diverge from tiie
principal ; one of which traverses All>ania, while the other
extends through the whole of Greece, even to the extremity
of (he Morea. In the latter of these are the classic Ossa,
Pelion, Olympus, and Pindus. Scenery of unrivalled beauty
occurs in these mountainous regions, which the lively ima-
ginations of the ancient Greeks fancied to be the favourite
haunts of the gods. In Moldavia, and in the large tract of
country watered by the Maritza and its tributaries, areex*
tensive and beautiful plains.
TUBKRT IN KUROPE. 1 37
Turkey is peculiarly favoured in soil and climate. The
former is ^nerally a rich mould. The latter is alike dc
lightfol in temperature and genial to vegetation. The
want of industry, which is the usual effect of a stern des.
potisra, prevents the inhabitants from availing themselves,
to any considerable extent, of those advantages. Agri.
culture, manufactures, and commerce, are in a very nc
glected state. In the northern provinces, wheat, barley,
chestnuts, apples, pears, and other fruits, are produced.
Maize, rice, tobacco, and even the sugar-cane, oranges,
olives, almonds, and figs, are among the productions of the
southern parts.
The horses of Turkey, particularly those of Thessaly, have
long been celebrated ; and the sheep of Wallachia are
remarkable for their elegant spiral horns.
The government is a despotic monarchy of the worst
Icind. The sovereign, called the Sultan or Grand Seig-
nior, has an unlimited power over the lives and property
of bis subjects, which is too often exercised in the most
tyrannical manner. His authority is delegated to the
Grand Vizier or Prime Minister, and to the Pashas or
governors of provinces, who employ it for the purposes of
extortion, that they may be able to gratify the Sultan's cu.
pidity. The power of the Grand Seignior is now much de.
clined, and has been brought repeatedly to the brink of de.
struction. Many fine provinces have been wrested from him
by the Czar of Russia, on whom be is now in some measure
dependent. The new kingdom of Greece has also been sepa.
rated from hisdominions, and he hasbeen obliged to cede Syria
and Palestine to Mohammed Ali, the sovereign of Egypt. •
The established worship is the Mohammedan ; and bigoted
superstition characterizes their religious feelings. A large
proportion of the population belong to the Greek church,
and there are besides many Armenians and Jews.
The personal appearance of the Turks is prepossessing ;
and their dress, forming a medium between the flowing
drapery of Asia and the tight clothing of Europe, is pecu-
Harly becoming. They are hospitable and brave ; and not-
withstanding the cruel despotism that oppresses them, they
are prone to insurrection. The lower ranks are almost
wholly uncdHcated ; law and theology constitute the learn-
ing of the higher classes.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Turkey in Europe ? What is
iU extent in square miles ? What population does it con-
133 TURKRY IN BUROPEi
tain ? Name the provinces of Turkey. What is the chief
town of Moldavia ? What are tlie principal towns of Wsl-
lachia? Of Bulgaria? Of Servia? Of Bosnia? Of Roame.
lia ? Of Albania ? What districts are included in Roumelia?
M'here is Varna, Tergovist, Schumla, Contessa, Kutschuk,
Jassy, Nissa^ Bihacz, l^arissa, Semendria, Mostar, Durazzo,
Ace?
Where is the Gulf of Arta, the Dardanelles, Mount Hs-
mus, IStraits of Constantinople, Olympus, Gulf of Monte
Santo, Samos, Heemus, the Vardar, the Salambria, Scaipan-
to. Gulf of Cassandra, the Maritza, Mount Ossa, &c-
JBetween what degrees of latitude and longitude is Turkey
situate? What are its length and breadth? What is its
general appearance ? In what direction does a great chain of
mountains pervade the country ? What name is given to the
eastern part of this chain ? How does this range communi-
cate with the Carpathians? Of what chain is Rhodope a
branch ? What other chains diverge from the great range?
What classic mountains occur in the latter of those chains?
What kind of scenery occurs amon^ those mountains? In
what part of the country do extensive and beautiful plains
occur ?
What is the nature of the soil in Turkey ? What kind of
climate does it enjoy ? By what cause are the inhabitants
frevenicd from reaping the full benefit of those advantages?
n what state are agriculture, manufactures, and commerce?
What are the respective productions of the northern and
southern provinces ? What domestic animals of Turkey are
famous ?
What is the nature of the Turkish government ? What
power does the Saltan possess ? To whom does he delegate
this dangerous power? For what purposes do they employ
it ? Has the Turkish power lately declined ? On what power
is Turkey now in some measure dependent ? What parts of
her doniinions have been separated ? What is the religion of
the Turks ? By what religious spirit are they characterized ?
Is any other faith professed ?
What is remarkable about the personal appearance and dress
of the Turks ? What is their national character ? Are they
in general well educated ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
A'DRI AN<yPLE,adty in Rou-
melia, lituate on the Mantza, in a
beautiful plain. It was the prin.
cipai residence of the sultans, pre-
vious to tlic talcing of Constanti-
nople by Mohamaied II. in 1455,
and it still ranks next to the capital
in im()orUnce. Pop. lOO.UOO. — 41"
I.V N. lat. 2G* 30' k. long.
Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice, a
branch of the Mediterranean, se-
parating Italy Arom Illyria, Dal-
matia, and AllMUiia. It is upwards
of 460 miles long, with an average
breadth of 120 miles.
Alba'nia, a province having Dal-
matia on the N. W., Macedonia
on the E.. and the Adriatic oo
the W. lU inhabitants, called by
the Turks Amauts, are tiie dc"
TOBKKV IM KUBOPR.
139
acendanu of the aodent lUyriaiu,
and are a brave and hardy race.
ArehipeVfigo (Ark6), called by
the Bocients the JSgean Sea, that
part of the Mediterranean which
separates Turkey and IJreece from
A«ia Minor.
At'ta, a town in Albania, on a
river of the lanie name. P. 9000.
Ar'ta, Gulf of, in Albania, ex.
tends a considerable way into the
land: from its rocks and sand-
banks it is very dangerous to na-
vigatora.
A'thoa, Mount, a mountain in
Macedonia, 6778 feet high, occu-
pying a peninsula formed by the
Gulfs of Contessa and Monte San.
to, It has received the name of
Monte Santo, or the Holy Mount,
from its numerous monasteries, in
which are above 4000 monks.
BaL'KAN, or Hse'inus, Moun-
tains. See Remarks, p. 136.
Banialou'ka, a strong town in
Bosnia, on the Verbas. F. 15,000.
Belgicade', a strongly-fortified
city, the capital of Servia, at the
confluoice of the Danube and the
iiave. Pop. 30,000.— M, 50 N.
SO. 30 E.
Berat^ a town in Albania, on
tbeBeratino. Pop. OOOO.
Bihacx', a strong town in Croa-
tia, on the Unna. Pop. 3000.
Bos^na-Serai'o, the capital of
Bosnia, on a small stream. Ma.
nufactures of lances, daggen, and
other arms, are here carried on to
8 considerable extent P. 70,000.
— i5,&3 N. 18, 23 E.
Bosoiia, a nrovince having the
Save on the N. which separates It
from Sclavonla ; and the Drino on
the E., which separates it Arom
Servia.
Bu'cftarest, the capital of Walla-
chia, on the Dumbovitsa, a tribu-
tary of the Danube. Pop. 80,000.
— »4, 27 K. M, 8 E.
Bulga'ria, a province between
the Danube and the mountain-
range of Usmus. It was called by
the Romans Mcesia Inferior,
CAN'DI A, a large island in the
S. of the Archipelago, 160 miles
long and from 15 to 30 broad, now
belonging to tbePashaofEgypt. To
the classical scholar, Crete^ the
ancifent name of the island, is fa-
miliar ; as are its Mount Ida, 7674
feet high, and its celebrated laby.
rlnth. lU soil it fertile, and pro-
duces oil, wine. salRroo, and a va-
riety of fine fruits. Pop^ about
300,000.
Can'dla, the capital of the above
island, situate in an elevated plain
on the N. coast. It sustained s
siege of 24 years against the Turks,
fh>m 1645 to 1669. Pop. 12,000^
35, 21 N. S5, 3 E.
Ca'nea, the ancient Cpd&niaf a
strong seaport in the N. of the isl-
and of Candia. Pop. 12,00a— 35.
28 N. 23, 58 E.
Cassan'dra, Gulf of, in the N.W.
of the Archipelago.
Cephalo'nia, the largest of the
Ionian Islands. It is remarkably
fertile : and the climate is so fine,
that the f^uit*treet produce two
crops in the year. Pop. 60,000.—
38, 15 N. 20, 80 E.
Ceii'go, the ancient CifOkifra,
one of the Ionian Islands, to the
8. of the Mores. It is mountain-
ous and rocky. Pop. IO.00a— 36«
10 N. 23, £.
CoNBTANTiNo'PLB, the Capital of
the Ottoman empire, finely lituate
at. the Junction of the Boeponia
with the Sea of Marmora. lu an-
cient name was B]fzantium, and
it Is now called by uie Turks Stau^
bouL Constantino the Great le-
built the city a.o. .730, and gave it
the name of ConttantinopoUM, or
the city qfConstanHne, Prom that
Eitioa it continued the seat of the
astern or Greek empire till 1453,
when it was taiten by the Turka
under Mohammed II., who made
it the metropolis of the Ottoman
dominions. Pop. 600,000.— 41, ON.
28, 59 E.
Constantino'ple, StraiU of, called
likewise the Bos'porus, the narrow
channel which connects the Sea of
Marmora with the Black Sea.
Ck>ntess'a, Gulf of, in the N.W.
of the Archiiielago, between the
peninsula of Mount Athos and the
coast of Macedonia.
Corfu', the ancient Corqf'ra, one
of the Ionian Islands oil' the coast
of Albania. It is of considerable
political importance, as the key of
the Adriatic; and is the first in
rank,though onlythesecond in sice,
of the Ionian Islands. Pop. 60.000.
Coriu', the capital of the above
island and of the Ionian republic
P. 17,000.-39, 36 N. 19, 64 E.
140
T0RHBT IK BUaOiPa*
DAN'Ultt, llWer. flee Qum-
MAKY.
DertoieDes', Siralti of, the an-
cient Hellespont, lietween the See
or Marmora and the Archipelaeo.
Two ancient catties, one on the
European side and the other on the
Asiatic side, are properly oilled the
Dardnnellei, and from them the
Straits receive their name.
Durasao (Doorad'so), a seaport
in AltMmia, anclentiv called Dyr-
nukiumf the ■ usual landing-piaoe
from Italy. Pop. 5000.
•OAL'ATZ, a commercial town
in Moldavia, on the Danube, near
Sit junction with the Pruth. Po-
pulation 7000.
Galiip'tdi, a commercial city and
seaport in Thrace, on the Darda-
nellesL Pop. 20,000.— 40, 25 N. S6,
37 E.
Oradls^oa, astrong town inBosnia,
tm the Save.
ICVNIAM ISLANDS, a group
off the coasts of Albania and
Greece, consisting of Corfti, Zante,
Caphahmia, Ithaca, Santa Maura,
Ano, and Cerigo, whieh form a
republic under the protection of
Britain. Pop. 906,100.
Ith'aea, or TJbe'akl, one of the
Seven Ionian Islands, to the N.E.
o€ Cephalonia. Homer has given
it celebrity as the kingdom of
Ulysses. Pofi. 10,000.— 38,24 N.ao,
40 E.
JANI^A, or Joanni'na, the ca-
pital of Albania, beautinilly situate
on the side of a lake, in a plain
covered with groves and gardens.
Fop. 40,0aa— .79, 48 N. 20, 59 E.
Jas'sy, the capital of Moldavia,
and the see of the Greek archbishop
of the province. It was almost
completely destroyed by fire in
1M7. P. 25,000.-47, 8 N. 27, SO E.
XiARIS'SA, the capital of Thes-
»aly, beautifully situate on the Sa-
lambria. Pop. 30,000.-39, 38 N.
SS, 28 E.
Lem'nos, or BtaHme'n^, an Isl-
and in the Archipelago, between
Monte Santo and the Dardanella.
Pop. 8000 39, 55 N. 25, 5 E.
Leslxw, or Mytile'nd. a large Isl-
and near the eastern shore of the
Aichipelaeo, celebrated in antU
3oity as the birthplace of Sappho,
kl<wus,andTheophrastus; and in
rsodem times, of Barbarossa, so
dlitiaguUhwi in the early maritime
history of Euw nK Fm.401^010.^
33,15N.26,9»e.
MACBDIXNIA, a dialrici or
Sovinoe in Roumella, boondedby
ount Hcmus am the N., Thrace
on the E., Thessaly on the &, and
Albania on the W. The soil is ia
general fertile.
Marit'sa, the ancient JMrWt a
river of Thrace, isstm from
Mount Hflsmns, and falls Into the
Arehipdago W. of the Gulf of
Saros.
Molda'via, a province in tbeM.E.
ot Turkey. Bince the cession of
its eastern part to Russia, in 1812,
its extent does not exceed 17,000
square miles. Situate between
Austria and Russia, Moldavia, in
the event of a war with either of
these powers and Turkey, neces-
sarily becomes the scene of hostile
operations.
Monastir, or Bltolia, s town ia
Macedonia. Pop. 15,000.
Mon'te San'to, Gulf of, in the
Archipelago. See Mount Atko$,
Mos'ur, a town in Bosnia, oa
the Narenta. Here is acelebnried
manufkctory of armap Population
9000.
Nico|/oli, a city of Bulgaria, on
the Danube. It is the see of a
Greek Arehtnshofs the res idefc
of a Turkish saodjak, and a place of
considerable trade. Popohrtioo
10,000.
Niis'a a strongly-fortifled town
in Servia, on the Nissawa, noted
for its warm batits. Pop. 400a
No'vi-Bacar^ or I«ii-Baaar, a
town in Servia, near the Oresoo.
Pop. 8000.
OLYM'PUS, a celebrated moon-
tain in the N. of Thessaly, 6500
feet high. During a great part of
the year its summit is covered with
snow. The ancient Greeks fancied
it to support the heavens, and to be
the residence of the gods.
Oss'a, a mountain in Thessaly,
to the S. £. of Olympua, from
which it is separated by the Vale
of Tempe.
PAX^O, a small island. It if
one of the seven islands of the lo-
nUn republic. P. 5000— 30, 12 N.
20. 10 £.
Pclion, a celebrated mooatain
in Thessaly, S. of Oesa.
Pharsaim, a town in Thcasaly*
fiinous for the battle fought in its
TURXBY IN BUBOPB.
141
neighlMmrliood 1 let ween Cceur and
Pompey, b. c. 48. Pop. 6000.
PhiJip'p!, a town in Macedonia.
The adjacent plains are famoui in
ancient history at the loene of a
battle between CaMius and Brutui
on the one nde, and Augustus and
Antony on the other, B.c. 4S.
Pbilippop'oli, a large town in
Thrace, founded by Philip, the
father of Alexander the Great. P.
30,000.-42, 3 N. 24, .56 E.
Pin'dus, a chain of mountains
separating Thessaly from Albania,
and rising, in some places, to the
height of 8500 feet.
Preve'sa, a seaport in Albania,
at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta.
Pop. 800a--38, 58 N. 27, 41 E.
rruth, a river which rises in
Hungary, and, forming the bound,
ary between Moldavia and Russia,
&lis into the Danube below Galatz.
RHODES, a large island near
the Asiatic coaet, at the entrance
of the Archipelago. In ancient
times, it was celebrated as a power-
ful naval and commercial state ;
and in modern history is famous
for its obstinate though unsuccess-
ful resistance to the Sultan Snly-
man the Great, a. n. Ib'ii, Pop.
30,000.-36, 12 ;V. 'i8, E.
Rodos'to, a flourishing commer-
cial town, on the Sea of Marmora.
Pop. 40,000.
Roume'lia, an extensive portion
of European Turkey, comprising
Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly.
Ruts'chuk, a flimrbhing town in
Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is a
pUce of considerable trade and
commerce. Pop. 30,000.
SALANKBRIA, the ancient Fe.
neus, a river in Thessaly, issuing
from Mount Pindus, and flowing
through the beautiful Vale of
Tempe to the Gulf of Salonica.
Salon'ica, the :ancient ThessalO'
n^a, an important commercial
city of Macedonia, at the N.E. ex-
tremity of the gulf that bears its
name. It is strongly fortified, and
beautifully situate on the acclivity
of a hill. Pop. 70,000.— 40, 33 N.
J2,57E.
Salon'ica, Gulf of, a spacious
bay in the S. of Macedonia.
Sa'mos, an island in the Archi-
pelago, separated from the coast of
Ma by a narrpw »trait. It still
retains its ancient celebrity for-
beauty, fertility, and the excel-
lence of its fruits. Pop. 50,000.—
57, 40 N. 26, 48 E.
San'ta Mau'ra, the LeucatUa of
the ancients, one of the Ionian IsU
ands, on the W. coast of Greece,
from which it is separated by a
narrow channel. Its surface ia
mountainous and rugged; but ita
climate is mild, and it produces
fine flruits in abundance. Popula-
tion 20,000.-^, 38 N. 20, 40 E.
Sa'ros, Gulf of, in the N. £. of
the Archipelaga
Save, a river which rises in Aus.
trian lUyria, separates Sclavonia
from Turkey, and joins the Dan.
ube near Belgrade.
Scarpan'to, the ancient Car^pO'
thus, an island in the Mecliterra-*
nean, between Candia and Khoder*
Stfhum'la, a very strong town la
Bulgaria, on the great road leading
from Constantinople to Wallachia.
The Russians have repeatedly be-
sieged it without success. It car-
ries on a considerable trade in silk
and hardware. Pop. 50,000.—- 43,
12 N. 26, 55 E.
Sci'o, the ancient Chios, an isl-
and in the Archipelago, near the
Asiatic coast. Though rugged
and mountainous, the industry of
the inhabitants, who were all
Greeks, had rendered it very flou.
rlshing; but having embraced tlie
independent cause in 1822, it was
overpowered by the Turks, who
committed such dreadful ravape«
as rendered it almost a deisert.— 33,
22 N. 26, 3 E.
Scuta'ri, a fortified town, the
capital of Upper Albania, in a
rich plain, at the S. extremity of
the Lake of Scutari. Pop. 20,000.
—42, 3 N. 19, 33 E.
Semen'dria, a fortified town in
Servia, on the Danube. P. 10,000.
Se'rcs, a large town in Macedo-
nia, to the E. of the river Stroma.
It has extensive manufactures of
coarse linen and cotton cloth. P.
30,000.-41, 5 N. 23, 36 E.
Se'reth, ariver which rises in the
Buckowme, and, after traversing
Moldavia, runs into the Danube.
Ser'via, a province in the N. of
Turkey, the Mcesia Stqierior of
the Romans.
Sili&'tria, a fortified town in
Fa
143
Bulgaria, on the Danube. After
an obstinate siege, this city fell in.
to the hands of the Runians in 1H29.
Pop. 2U,000.-44, 6 N. 27, 13 EL
^sto'va. a flourishing oonmer-
cial town in Bulgaria, on the Da-
nube. Pop. Sl^OOO.— 43, 56 N.
Ub 15 E.
Sophi'a, the capitol of Bulgaria,
on the river Isker. Though an
inland town, iu trade is consider-
able P. 50,000.-«, 36 N. S3,S8e.
Stan'co, the ancient Co», a imall
island In the Archipelago, near
the Asiatic coast. It is celebrated
a» the birthplace of Hippocrates
and Apellei.
Stro'tea, River, the ancient
Strymon, which formed the bound-
ary between Thrace and Macedo-
nia; it rises in Mount Hcmus,
and falU Into the Gulf of Contessa.
Suli, a mountainous district of
Albania, inhabited by Greeks of
the nost bold and intrepid charac-
ter, but who were almost extermi-
nated in their wars with AU Pasha
and the Poite in 180ft.
TEN'EDOS, a small island in
the Archipelago, near the entrance
of the Dardanelles; it produces
excellent wine.— 30, 40 N. 26, 2 E.
Tcr'govlst, a town in Wallacfaia,
situate on the Jalonitxa. P. 5000.
Thea'saly, a fertile province in
Roumella, to the N. of Livadia.
Its flne plains are watered by
streams ftom the mountains.
Thrace, or Roma'nia, an import-
ant province of Roumeiia, bound-
ed N. by the Balkan MiwnUins,
W. by Macedonia, S. by the Archi-
TURXBY IN BUROPB.
palago, the DaidaoaUM, aad the
Sea of Marmora, and E. by ti>e
Stralto of Constantinople and the
Black Sea.
Traw'nik, a fortified town in
Bosnia. Popi 8000.
Trtca'la, a town in Theisaly,
near the Salambria. Pop. 1 2,M)0i
VAR'DAR. the jtiims of anti-
quity, ri>es near the northern fran.
tier of Macedonia, and flows into
the Gulf of Salonica.
Var'nat the ancient Oniemir, a
strong seaport of Bulgaria, oa a
bay of the Black Sea, with eonsi.
derable trade. Pop. 16,000^-43,
14 N. 27, 55 B.
Vo^lo, Gulf of, with a small torn,
on the coast of Thesaaly.
WALLA'CHIA, an exteosire
province, separated by the Carpa-
thian mountains from Transylva-
nia and Moldavia, and by the Da*
nube from Bulgaria.
Wid'din, or Vid'in, a fiortilicd
city in Bulgaria, situate on the
Danube, the residence of a Turk-
ish pasha and of a Greek aicbbi-
sbop. P. 20,000.^-43,57 N.S2,53E.
ZAN'TE, the ancient Zocfa-
thus, one of the Ionian Islands, on
the 8. of Cephalonia, famed for its
beautv and fertility. Its cumnts
have long been well known in the
markets of Kngland and HoUand.
Pop. 50,000.
Zanne, the capital of the abore
island, beautifully situate on its
eastern shore. Popb 35,UO0b-^,
47 N. SO, 46 £.
Zwor'nik, a town in Bosi^ea
theDrlna Pop. 14,00a
GREECE
Is bounded N. by Turkey ; W. and S.by the Meditem.
nean ; and £. by the Archipelago. It contains 15^000
square miles. Population 810^000.
DiviskHia. Chief Towns.
LivadU or Continental
Greece Athens, Thebea, Livadia, SakiUi
liepanto, MissolonghL
The Mocea Tripolitza, Navarina Corinth, Aim
Nauplia. Napolidi Malvasia,ModoB,
Ceron, Fatias.
The Islands. Each isUnd has a town of its own name.
IsLAXos. — ^Negropont, Skyro^ Ipsara, Egina, Salamis^
OftSBCK. 148
Poros, Hjrdra, Spezaia ; the Cycladeff, the prlneipal of
which are Andro, Tine, Myconi, Zea, Syra, Naxta^
Paros^ Milo, SantoriDi, Nio.
Gulps. — Lepanto, Egina, NaupHa or Napoll, Colo«
kythia, Coron.
Cafes. — Clarenza, Gallo, Matapan^ Malea or St
Angdo, Skyloy Colonaa.
Mountains. — Parnassus, Helicon, Taygetus or the
Mountains of Maina.
REMARKS.
Greece lies between 36"* 23' sod 39^ N. lat., and between
91« l(y and 24^ £. long. Its length from Cape Matapau
to tfae northern boundary h 170 miles; its breadth from
Cape Clarenaa to the coast near Marathon 150 miles.
The territory of Greece, thoagh of comparatively sraall
extent, is replete with interest, and capable of high im-
provement. It consists chiefly of a succession of valleys,
bounded by mountains of moderate elevation, presenting the
most picturesque aspects, and generally well adapted either
for agriculture or pasturage. The traveller is particularly
struck with the magnificent monuments, in the purest style
ofarchitecture, which adorn the principal cities, erected when
Greece was in her greatest glory.
An extensive range of coast, indented by numerous bays,
and the variety of tlie islands, while they diversify the scenery,
eminently fit the country for commerce, which had begun to
be carried on with much activity previous to the late contest.
The Greeks, professing a form of Christianity, had, ever
nnce the establishment of the Ottoman ascendency, been
held under the most grievous oppression. Degenerated
from the lof^ and gallant spirit of former times, they en-
dured for centuries this tyranny with tame submission. At
length they caught a portion of that intelligence and spirit
of liberty which had been spreading through Western £u«
rope, and were fired wiUi an emulation of the heroic deeds
and free condition of their ancestors. They took arms to
rescue themselves from Turkish domination ; but the con.
test was arduous and long doubtfuL Notwithstanding very
gallant achievements, they were reduced to a state of ex.
treme exhaustion, when the armed interposition of Russia,
Britain, and France, in pursuance of a treaty concluded
at London, extorted fVom the Porte an agreement by which
the independence of Greece was secured. It was stipulated
tiial Hie country should be governed by aeonetitutioiial mo»
144 OBBSCK.
liarcliy ; but the GreelcB, agitated by violait difsemioiK,
did not for some time fix on the sovereign vdio was to rule
tbenu The crown was offered to Prince Leopold, now
King of Belgium, but was refused by him, and has now
been settled on Prince Otho of Bavaria.
SXERCI8E8.
What are the boundaries of Greece ? What is its extent in
square miles ? What is the number of its inhabitants ? Name
the divisions. What are the chief towns of Continental Greece ?
Of the Morea ? What are the principal islands ?
Where is the Gulf of Lepanto ? Of Egina ? Cape Ma-
tapan. Mounts Parnassus and Taygetus^ Athens, Thebes,
Tripolitza, Hydra, Navarino, Salamis, Nauplia, Paros, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ?
What are its length and breadth ? Of what does the terriutry
of Greece consist ? For what is it adapted ? What strikes
the traveller with admiration ? What peculiarly fits Greece
for commerce ?
Under what yoke were the Greeks oppressed ? What led
them to shake it off? By whose interposition was their in-
dependence secured ? What form of government was to be
established among them ? To whom did they oflTer the crown ?
On whom is it now settled ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
AN'DRO, an island in the Ar-
chipelago, near Neirropont. Po-
pulation 18,000.— S?' 48' N. lat.
24«» SC E. long.
Antipa'ros, a small island in the
Archipelngo, between Paros and
8iphanto. Its celebrated grotto of
crystallized marble presents, when
lighted up, a most brilliant appear-
ance. Population 1200.
Arca'^dia, a flourishing seaport
on the W. coast of the Morea.
Pop. 4000.— 37, 14 N. 21, 41 E.
ArchipeKago. See Turkey in
EUBOPE, p. 139.
Ar'gos, a town in the Morea, si-
tuate on the Gulf of Nauplia. Po-
pulation 6000.
As'propot'amo, the ancient Ache-
lous, a river rising in Mount
Pindus, on the borders of Thes-
saty, and falling into the Gulf of
I^panto.
Ath'bns, anciently the capital of
Attica, and now of the modern
kingdom of Greece, distinguished
by the Interesting remains of its
ancient grandeur. It was the most
renowned city in antlquitv, fbr the
genius of its inhabitants, and their
eminence in literature, phitotophy,
oratory, poetry, and the fine arts.
Pop. 12,000—57, 58 N. 23. 44 E.
CASTRI, the Ancleni'Jklphi, a
small town in Livadia, situate on
the S. side of Mount Parnassus.
Claren'zn, Cape, a promontory
on the N. W. of the M(»rea.— 37,
58 N. 31, 10 E.
Coioky'thia, Gulf of, anciently
called the Gulf of Locoisla, In the
8. of the Morea.
Colon'na, Cape, the ancient
Suniwut a promontory on the S.
E. of Livadia.->37, 39 N, 24, 3 E.
Cor'inth, once one of the most
distinguished cities of aneieot
Greece, now little more than a
village, situate near the Isthmus
of Corinth. Population 2000.
Co'ron, Gulf of, anciently called
the Gulf of Meuenia, in the S.
W. of the Morea.
Co'ron, a fortified seaport in the
Morea, on the W. side of the above
gulf. P. 6000.— 36. 47 N. 21 , 58 E.
Cy'clades, a circular group of
celebrated islands in the Archipe*
GREECE.
145
Itgo, about 53 in number, present.
iiie rich and varied scenery.
EGI'NA, Gulf of, the Saronic
Gu)f of the ancients, in the N.E.
of tile Morea.
Egi'na, an island in the gulf to
which it gives name. Pop. 5500.
Earo'tas, or Irt, a river of the
Horea, which flows into the Gulf
ofColokythia.
GALL'O, Cape, the S. W. extre-
mity of the Morea.— d6, 40 N. 31,
48 E.
Gastou'ni, a town in the Morea,
near the site of the ancient Elia.
Populatinn snoo.
HEL'ICON, called also Zago'ra,
a mountain in Livadia, N. from
the Gulf of Lepanto, celebrated
in andent mythology as a favour,
ile haunt of the Muses.
Hydra, a small rocky island off
the eastern coast of the Morea,
which lias become the, centre of
the marine and commerce of mo-
dem Greece. Its inhabitants took
a distinguished part in the deli,
verance of Greece, and performed
many great actions. Pop. 20,000.
-.T7, JO N. «3, 30 E.
IPSA'RA, a small island in the
Archipelago, interesting for the
noble struggle of the Ipsariots .in
the cause of independence. Pop.
3400.-38,34 N. 25, 37 E.
LEPANTO, the ancient JVau-
pactut, a small seaport in Livadia,
at the entrance of the Gulf of Le-
panto. P. 2000.-36, 23 N. 21,50 B.
Lepan'to, Gulf of, anciently the
Gulf of Corinth, an arm or the
Ionian Sea, above 70 miles in
length. It separates Livadia from
the Morea.
Liva'dia, or Continental Greece,
an extensive province, containing
the most interesting districts of an.
cient Greece : it comprehends the
ancient Acamania, JEtolia,DoriSt
Locrii, Phocis, B€eoUa» Megaris,
and AtHca. It extends about 180
miles in length and 40 in breadth,
and abounds in interesting re.
mains of antiquity. Pop. 208,000.
Liva'dia, the ancient LdHxdea,
a city of continental Greece, which
canics on a considerable trade.
Population 10,000.
MAl'NA, a mountainous dis.
trlct in the S. part of the Morea.
The Mainiotes are a brave and
hsidy people.
Ma'len, or St An'galo, Cape, the
S.E extremity of the Morea.— 96,
26 N. 23, 13 E.
Matapan', Cape, the most south-
em point of the Morea, and, ex>
cept Tarifa in Spain, of the conti-
nent of Europe. This was the
Ttenarium Pronumtorium of the
ancients.— 36, 23 N. ^2, 29 E.
Mi'lo, the ancient Mehu, a small
island in the Archipelago. Its soil
is volcanic and extremely fertile.
Population 700a
Missolon'ghi, a fortified town in
Livadia, on the W. of Lepanto.
Here Lord Byron died, 19th
April 1824, while promoting, with
generous enthusiasm, the cause
of Grecian liberty 38, 22 N. 21,
26 E.
Mi&'tra, a town in the Morea,
near the site of ancient Sparta,
beautifully situate at the toot of
Mount Taygetus. Pop. 1.500.
Mo'don, the ancient MeUu/ne,
a seaport in theS. W. of the Morea,
situate at the foot of a mountain*
on a small point of land projecting
into the sea.— 36, 48 N. 21 , 42 E.
More'a, the ancient Pelopon-
netuSf a peninsula connected with
continental Greece by the Isth-
mus of Corinth. In ancient times.
It was divided into six districts,
Ac^ia, EUs, Messenia, Laeonia,
ArgolUy and Arcadia. Its length is
about 140 miles, and its breadth
120 ; its extent 8000 square miles.
It is not surpassed in beauty of
scenery and in classical interest;
nor does it yield in climate and
fertility to the most favoured re-
gions of Europe. Pop. 429,000.
Myco'ni, an island in the Ar-
chipelago, one of the Cyclades, Po-
pulation 4000.
NAFOLI DI MALVA'SIA, a
seaport in the S. K of the Morea,
near the site of Hncient EpidaU'
rw. Pop. 6000 — 36, 47 N. Ji3, 3 K.
Nau'plia, or Nap'oli, Gulf of, the
Argolic Gulf of the ancients, on
the E. of the Morea.
Nau'plia,or Nap'oli di Roman'ia,
a fortitied seaport near the head of
thoGulfofNauplia. Pop. 12,000.
-37o as N. 22, 47 E.
Navari'no, a seaport in the S.
W. of the Morea, N. of Modon,
with a fine harbour. Here, on
the 20th of October 1827, the Turk-
ish and Egyptian fleets were dc.r
U6
ORSECX.
ftrojed hf th« troitrd iqoadroDt cif
Or«M Britain, Wranee, and Ruhuu
— aC.MN. 21, 41 EL
Nax'iA, an island in the Archi-
pelago, K. of Parot, the largntaod
iDOft fertile oftbeCjrclaflei. Popn.
lation 10,800.
Ne^irropoot, or Eg'ripo, the aiw
cient jffuAoa, an island stretching
along the E. coast of Livadta, from
which It is separated hj the nar-
row channel called Eurffmu, re-
markable for the Irreguktritjr of
ito tides. It Is about 100 miles
long and 10 broad, and Is connect-
ed with LiTadia bj a bridge across
the channel. Pop. .30,000.
Ne^gropont, or £s'ripo, a fortl-
fled seaport, the capital of the isU
and, on the Euripus. P. 1G,000.
-4H), 30 N. 23, 14 £.
Ntfo, Island of, the ancient Jo§,
one of the Cyciadestjln which it la
said ilomer died. Pop. SIUO.
PARNAS'SUS, a celebrated
naountain of Livadiafandthehigh-
eit in Greece, being &750 feet. Ac-
cording to the ancients, it was the
seat ofApollo and the Muse*. Near
Castri, on its & aecli? ity, still flows
the Castallan spring.
Pa'rof , an island in the Arehipe-
Uigo. nearlir in the centre of the
Cjclades, rained for its quarries of
beautlAil white marble. Popular
lion 3000.
Pai^tra«, a seaport in the N. W.
of the Morea, IwautiAilly situate
on an eminence near the entrance
to ttie Guirof LepantOk P. 8000.
-^, 14 N. 21, 44 E.
P(/ri>s, the ancient Calauria, an
Island In the Gulf of £gina, sepa-
rated from the Morca by a narrow
channel. Pop. 4400.
KOU'FIA, the ancient Alpknu,
a river of the Morea, whicu falls
into the Mediterranean Sea.
S Al/ AMlfl, or Coolonri, aa ill.
and in the Gulf of Bgiaa, wheie
the ancieftt Greeka filned a we.
moratile naval vietorr over the
Persians, a. c 480. Poa UOa-
37, 57 N. S3, 28 EL
aalo^oa, the aacicot Jm^Mm,
a town m. LivaAa, near Jfonni
Araaasua. It ia a place of ceasi*
derable trade Pop^ MMW.
SentorKniy theandcat TherOt an
island ia the Arefaipdago, of roi.
canic origin. Pop. lO/lOO.
SkyHo, Cape, a piomoatarf in
the Eu of the Morea.— 07* 28 N.
23, .72 E.
Sky'ro, s nigsed and taurrea iil*
and ia the Arebipdaco, £b of Me-
grommt. Poph, leOO.
Spea'cia, an island In the Ardii-
pelfl^o, at the entrance of the Golf
of Naoplia, which highlj distin-
guished itself in tiM war of inde*
pendeoce. PopklS^OOa
Sy'ra, an iaiand ia the AreWpe-
lagOy one of the C jclades, is oov a
puce of oommeicial Importsacc,
Pop. 30,000.-^7, 30 N. 24, fi6 E.
TALANO'A, s town ia Liva-
dia, near the channel of the sane
name, which acpontea the jslasd
of Negropont front the oontineaL
Population 500a
Tay'getua, a mountain ia tbc
Morea, with leveial summits, W.
from the Euiotaa.
Thebes, a town in Llvadi^ ca
the site of the famouaaiicicat citj
of that name. Pop. 3000.
Ti^no, an island la the Aichipe-
lago,ooeoftheCyciades. P. 22,000.
Trip<Hit'xa, a town in the cmtre
of the Morea, ia a narrow vale at
the foot of Mount Maenaiua. Pop.
2000.-37, 30 N. 22, 22 E.
ZG'A, the ancient CeWt <»>* ^
the Cydades, near Cape Ciilflf*-
Popitlatlon 300a
RUSSIA IN EUROPE
It bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Swe-
den, the Baltic, Prussia, and Austria ; S. by Tarkey,
the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azoph ; and £. by Asi-
atic Russia, from which it is separated by the Urol
Mountains and the rivers Volga and Don. It coiUaiiu
1,800,000 square miles. Population 52,000,000.*
* The Ruisian Empire is the raott extensive in the world, occunvhw
a large portion of Europe and all thenorthern {lart of Asia. ItaCMchci
RU68IA IN EUROPE. 147
Divisions. — Russia in £urope oonsiste of forty-seven
governments, or provinceb^ of which the five marked*
are partly in Asia.
Provinces tChief Towns.
In the north,... .FinlaDd Helsicgfo.s, Abo, VU
boTg.
pionetz Petrozavodsk, Olonclz.
Archangel Archangel.
Vologda Vologda.
In the N. W.. ..Novgorod Novgorod.
Petersburg orlngiia. St Fe t E a SB u rg, Cron-
stadt.
Revel or Esthonia. . . Revel.
Riga or Livonia..... Riga.
pRKov Pskov.
Vitebsk Vitebsk.
Courland Mittau.
Wilna Wilna.
In the west,.'...]\Ioghilev Moghilev,
Minsk Minsk.
€h-odno Grodno.
Volhynia Zy tomir.
Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw.
In the centre, ... Kostroma Kostroma*
Jaroslav Jaroslav.
Tver ..Tver.
Smolensk Smolensk.
JVIoscow Moscow, Borodino.
Vladimir Vladimir.
Niznei-N ovgorod. . . . Niznei- Novgorod.
Tambov Tambov.
Rtazan Riazan.
Tula Tula.
Kaluga Kaluga.
Orel Orel.
Tchernigov Tchernigov.
Kursk Kursk.
Voronetz Voronetz.
from the Baltic Bea to the Pacific Ocean, flrom 18° to 190<' E. longitude,
--^ ipace of more than 5000 mJles,— and comprehends 7,800,000 iquare
miles. It embraces nearly one-half of Europe and one-third of Asia,
and forms more than one^eventh of the habitable globe. Its European
territory Is peopled by 52 millions of inhabitants ; six or eight millions
>nore are found in its Asiatic dominions ; and even America contains
■several thousand Russian subjects. The total number of its population
i-1 above ^ millions. Of this five-sixths are Sclavonians. It is calcu-
lated that the Russian soil is capable of supplying food for 150 millionti
of inhabitants, and that its general population increases annually about
half a million. ** Magnificent as this picture is," remarks Count Segur,
" AnatmeatB no more than the exact truth.'*
148 BUSSIA IN EDBOPB.
ProvinceiL ChicfTimni.
In the east, • Perm Perm.
Viatka Viatlou
* Kazan Kazan.
* Simbirsk SimbinJc
Penza Penza.
'Saratov • SaiatoT.
In the sootb,...Charko¥ or the
Ukraine. CharkoT.
Polta?a. Poltava.
Kiev Kiev.
Podolia. Kaminiec.
Bessarabia and part f Kicbenev, Bender, h-
of Moldavia. t mail, Akerman.
ChersoD Cberson, Odessa.
Ekaterinoslav. E katerinosIaT, Taganrog.
Taurida, including;
the Crimea Sympheropol*
^Country of the Don
Cossacks Tscherkask.
Islands. — Aland, Dago, Oesel^ in the Baltic In
the Arctic Ocean, Kalguev, Waigatz, Nova Zembia,
Spitzbergen.
Gulfs and Bays. — Gulfs of Finland, Riga, Kan*
dalax, Waranger, Archangel Bay, Onega Bay.
Mountains. — Ural Mountains, Valdai Hills.
Lakes. — Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Ilmen, Enara.
KivERS. — Dniester, Bog, Dnieper, Don, Volga, Oka,
li^ama, Dwina, Neva, Northern Dwina, Petchonu
REMARKS.
European Russia extends from 44** to 70** N. lat, and
from 18** to 60° £. long. Its length from the southern ex*
tremity of the Crimea to the Arctic Ocean is 1 700 miles ;
and its breadth, on the parallel of 56"*, is 1500 miles. Of
this extensive empire, Finland was acquired from Sweden
in 1809 ; Bessarabia and part of Moldavia from Turkey in
1812. The country to the west of the rivers Dwina and
Dnieper, including Courland, Wilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mog-
hilev, Volhynia, Kiev, and Podolia, formerly belonged to
Poland. The Duchy of Warsaw was acquired by the treaty
of Vienna in 1814, and erected into a new kingdom of Po-
land, with some important privileges ; but it has been de-
prived of most of these in consequence of the recent attempt
to assert its independence.
European Russia is almost throughout its vast extent a
lltTSSrA IN ISUROPE. 149
lc?el cooiitrjr. On its eastern frontier, indeed, the ▼ft'^t
chain of the Ural Mountains strcCebes nearly from the North-
ern Ocean to the Caspian; rising in some places to the height
of 8000 feet. In Lapland and in the Crimea there are
mountains of considerable magnitude; and the Valdai Htlls
form an extensive table-land to the ean and south of Peters-
burg. From them the principal rivers of Russia take their
rise ; and so flat is the country through which they flow, that
their course is extremely tranquil. The distinguishing fea-
ture in the natural aspect of Russia is its steppes, which are
Tsst plains formed chiefly of sand and destitute of wood, ex-
cept here and there a stunted birch.
The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other
European countries in the same parallel of latitude ; and
the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder.
For this peculiarity in the Russian climate, various causes
have been assigned ,*-its distance from the ocean,—- the vast
tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds, —
and the dreary uncultivated surface of the country, a great
proportion of which is occupied with forests, lakes, and
narsbea. The summer-heat in Russia, however, is in ge-
Beral greater than in other countries under the same parallels
of latitude.
Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grains of the
northern provinces ; in the middle and southern departments
wheat is raised in great abundance. The meadows on the
Volga, the Don, and some of the other rivers, are luxuri-
ut in natural grasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on
the strong soils ; tobacco and maize in the south, chiefly in
the Crimea. The fruits vary with the difference of latitude
and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries are common in
the central provinces ; peaches and melons in the southern ;
wd in Taurida and the Crimea, vines, figs, almonds, and
pomegranates. In the centre of Russia are extensive fo-
rests ; pine, fir, and birch, abound in the northern regions.
The domestic animals common in other parts of Europe
are ibund in Russia ; and such is the exteut of its territory,
that the camel and the rein-deer, animals of opposite cli-
mates, are both domesticated within its limits. Among the
wild animals may be enumerated the bear, the wolf, the lynx,
the chamois, the antelope, the elk, the beaver, the ermine,
the marten, the musk-deer, and the musk-rat.
The roost extensive mines of Russia are in the Ural
Mountains. In Perm are valuable mines of copper and
iron ; and of the latter metal there are also considerable
150 RUSSIA IN BUftOP£.
millet in tht neighboutfaood of Moscow. Salt aboo^dt in
•etenil provinces ; and spring* of naphtha occur in the dis-
trick of Perecop and the Isle of Taman in Taarida.
Notwithstanding the laudable efforts of the gorermncDt,
manufactures and agriculture are still in a rude state. The
principal branches of manufacture are coaiie linens, woollens,
hardware, leather, soap, and mats. From the small extent of
navigable coa^t, Ilusua must ever be limited in its foreign
commerce ; but its livers and canals afford great facilities
for internal trade. By means of a canal, uniting the Tvertsa,
a tributary of the Volga, with the Chlina, which commuDi-
cates by other rivers with Lake Ladoga, and thence with the
Neva, a continuous navigation has been formed across the
whole empire, from the Caspian to the Baltic. The princl*
pal articles of export are hemp, flax, leather, tallow, potssb,
wax, timber, pitch, tar, skins, furs. The imports are sugar,
cofiee, cotton, and other colonial goods ; woollen and cotton
cloths, silks, dye*Btuffs, wine, and brandy. The annusl
value of the exports is about £l5,0(X),000,-*of the imports,
nearly the same.
The system of Christianity established in Russia is that
of the Greek church ; but Christians of all other denomina-
tions, and even Mohammedans, have full toleration. Tbe
ecclesiastics are extremely numerous, and enjoy important
immunities and privileges* Their religious ceremonies, par.
ticularly on festival-days, are splendid and imposing. The
government is an absolute monarchy, amounting to a mili-
tary despotism,-^the only restraint on the will of the em-
peror, or autocrat, being the respect due to the nobility and
<^lei'gX» and tbe dread of assassination, by which an unpopu*
lar sovereign is sometimes removed, and from which even
tbe best is not altogether secure. The people are still kept
in a degrading state of vassalage ; tbe peasants, or boors, are
the slaves of those proprietors on whose lands they are bom ;
but the government has made attempts to ameliorate their
condition, and some nobles have declared their peasantry
free. Tbe resources of Russia, were they less scattered and
better managed, would be very great. I ts revenue, however,
does not exceed £17,500,000, which is burdened with a debt
of £50,000,000. The numerical amount of the Russian
army, exclusive of irregulars, is 710,000 men. As soldiers,
tbe Russians possess in an eminent degree the virtues of
obedience and fortitude. Under good officers they would
be almost invincible ; and their discipline has of late yean
been greatly improved.
RUSSIA IN BUROPR, 151
£dacftdoii, to which the attention of government bes re-
cently been directed, is miserably neglected throughout the
empire. By an imperial ukase issued in 1802, a plan of
education was prescribed somewhat resembling our paro-
chial establishments in Scotland ; but it has not yet been
rendered properly effective. Little can be said in favour of
the national character of the Russians. Of cleanliness the
lower classes have no idea. Drinking and gaming are
prevalent vices. The nobility live in great style ; but there
is still a rudeness in their magnificence characteristic of a
balf-barbarous state.' They are, however, a social and
hospitable people.
EXERCISES.
How is European Russia bounded ? What is its extent in
square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? How
many governments or provinces does it contain ? How many
of them are partly in Asia? Name the governments in
the north. Name those in the north-west. Name those in
the west. Name those in the centre. Name those in the east.
Name those in the south. What are the chief towns which
have not the same names as the governments ? M'hat islands
belong to Russia ? What are its mountains ? What are its
principal lakes ? What are its chief rivers ?
Where is Kaminiec, Odessa, Borodino, Ismail, Petersburg,
Cronstadt, Bender, Zytomir, &c. ? Where is Lake Ladoga,
Peipu8» the Ural Mountains, Lake Ilmen ? Trace the Volga,
the Dnieper, the Oka, the Petchora, the Kama, the Dwina, &c.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Russia
situate ? What are its length and breadth ? From what
country and at what time was Finland acquired ? When
and from what country were Bessarabia and part of Moldavia
acquired ? What part of Russia formerljr oelonged to Po-
land ? What is the general aspect of Russia ? In what part
of it do chains of hills occur ? From which of those chains
do the principal rivers take their rise ? What is the distin-
guishing feature in the natural aspect of Russia ?
What is peculiar in the climate of Russia ? What causes
have been assigned for this peculiarity? ~ Is the summer
heat great ? What are the principal crops in the north-
ern, middle, and southern provinces? Where do luxuriant
meadows occur? Where are hemp and flax, tobacco and
maize, respectively cultivated ? Wnat varieties of fruits are
found in the different regions ? What trees abound in the
north ? What domestic animals in opposite parts of Russia
afford a proof of its vast extent of territory ? Mention some
of the wild animals of this country. Where do the most ex-
tensive mines of Russia occur ? In what province are minf
152 BI788tA IN SUROPK.
of copper and iron vrougbt ? Ii salt common ifli any part of
Russia ? Where do springs of naphtha occur ?
In what state are the manufactures of Russia ?' 'Wliat are
the princijml articles of manufacture ? Why is Rusua ill
adapted for foreign commerce ? What facilitates its inteinal
trade ? How is a communication formed between the Baltic
and the Caspian ? What are the principal articles of export ?
M'faat are the imports ? What is their annual value respec-
tively ? What is the established religion of Russia ? Are
other religions tolerated ? What is the state of ecdeaiastics
in Russia ? What is remarkable about their religious cere-
monies ? What is the nature of the government ? What are
the only restraints on the will of the sovereign ? In what state
are the people ? Have any attempts been made to ameliorate
their condition ? What is the state of the resources of this
empire ? What is the amount of its revenue and debt ? What
is the numerical amount of its army ? What are die charac-
teristic qualities of Russian soldiers ?
In what state is education in Russia ? What was the plan
prescribed for its improvement by the imperial ukase of 1802 ?
What are the prevalent defects in the national character? In
what style do the nobility live ? For what social virtue are
the Russians remarkahle ?
DBSCRIPTIVB TABLE.
A'BO, a seaport in Finland, il. i Az'oph.or Az'of, Seaof.thePA-
tuate on the promontory formed by ' lus Maotis of the ancients, wliich
the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, oommunicates with the Btaek Sea
It carries on a considerable trade, ' by the Straits of Enlkale or Cafia,
and is the seat of a university, the ancient Ommerian Botponu.
Population I ],U00.-^** 2^' N.lat. ' BEN'DEK, a strongly-tortified
22^ 17' E. long. town in Bessarabia, situate on the
Ak'erman, 3a strongly fortified Dniester. Pop. 5000.
seaport of Bessarabia, on the Black ■ Ber'ditchev, a town in Vcdhynia,
Sea, near the mouth of the Dnies- , with considerable trade. P. 20.000.
ter. p. 13,000.— 46, 12 N. 30, 24 E. ; Bessara'bia, a fertile province
A'land, the chief of a gruun of ' between the Danube and the
islands at the entrance of the Gulf > Dnie&ter, £. of Moldavia, ceded t»
of Bothnia, 40 miles long and 16 : Rusiia by Turkey in 1812. It coo-
broad. Popk of the whole 13340. I tains 18,it50 square miles. Popu-
ArcAan'gel, an extensive govern- , lation 600,000.
nwnt in the N., including Nova | BiaVyst ok, a well-built town in (he
Zembla. I'he wealth of this bleak ' government of Grodno. P. 6000.
and steril region consists chiefly in I Bog, a river which issues from
the fisheries which extend along [ a lake on the northern frontier of
the whole coast. Extent 247,000 Podolia, fiows tbrou{;h that gn-
square miles. Pop. 263,000. I vernment and Cherson, and falls
ArcAan'gel, the principal com* into the Dnieper below Chersoo.
mercial city of the N. or Russia,
about 30 miles from the junction
of the Dwina with the White Sea.
Above 400 foreign vessels, chiefly
British, visit this city annually,
sailing round by the North Cape
in June or July, and departing m
September or October. Pop. 20,697.
-64, 32 N. 40, 43 E.
Borodi^no, a village in the go-
vernment of Moscow, near the ri-
ver Moskva, famous for a great
battle fought there, 7th September
1812, between the Russians and
French, when about 30,000 fell on
each side.
CAFF A, or Tbeodo'sia, a seaport
ontheE.coa8toftbcCrimea. P.6006
RUSSIA IN EUBOPK.
163
Cbaricov' (KAarkof), or the
U'kraine,a government S. of Kunik
and S. of Lkatcrino^lav. It con-
tains 14,850 square milei. Fop.
9U»000.
Charkov', the capital of the ahove
puvernment, on the small rivers
Charkov and Lapan. Its monas tic
Loliege was^ in 1903, erected into
a university. Fop.3S,u<H]L
Cherlson, or Khcr'sou, an exten-
sive government S. W. of Ekater-
inoslav. It contains 35,300 square
mitea. Pop 459,000.
Cher'son, the capital of the above
government, situate in an exten-
sive plain, on the right bank of
the Diiiefi«r, about 6U miles from
its mouth* Here the philanthro-
pic Howard died in 1790; he Is
buried about 4mi1es from the town,
where a monument is erected to
his memory. Pop. lf,000.-^6,
58 N. Si, 3« E.
Choc'tim, a strongly-fortified
town in Bessarabia, on the right
bankof thethiiester. It belonged
formerly to Turkey, but was ceded
to the Russians in 1812. Pop.
'2000 48, 28 N. 26. 42 £.
Courland, a government of Rus-
nan Poland, separated from Livo-
nia by the Dwina. It is a fertile
but ill-cultivated district, contain,
ing 11,00U square miles, and
^1,000 mhabiunts.
Crime'a, or Crim Tartary, tfie
t'herttme'svs Taurica of the an-
cieuto, a peninsula in the S. of
Tauritda, formed by the Black Beu
and the Sea of Azoph, and joined
to the continent by the Isthmus of
I^recop. It is al)out 208 miles long
and 124 broad ; is divided by the
nver Salgir into two parts, and
traversed by a range of mountains
enclosing valleys of the greatest
beauty and fertility, rich in all the
productions of the south.
Cron'stadt, a seaport and strong
fortress in the government of Pe-
tersburg, at the S. E. extremity of
a small island in the Gulf of Finland.
It commands th« passage to St Pe-
tersburg, from which it is distant 22
inilefc,atKi is the principal station of
the Russian navy. It was built
by Peter the Great, who employed
.'lOO.OOO m^en in the work. Pop.
25,000.-59, 69 N. ?9, 49 E.
DA'GO, an island at the «n.
trance of the ^tf of FinlaiMl.
The dangerous shallows and sand-
banket on its coasts have rendered
It necessary to erect a lighthouse
at Dagerost, its principal village.
Pop. 10.000.
Dnieper (Nee'per), the ancient
Boryttkenest a large river which
rises iu the government of Smo-
lensk, and, after a winding course,
falls into the Black Sea below
Cherson.
Dniester (Nees'ter), the ancient
Tyras, a large river which has its
source among the Carpathiui
Mountains in Austrian Galicia,
enters Russia at Choczim in Bess-
arabia, and falls into the filack
besL at Akerman.
Don, the Toruztf of the ancients,
a large river which rises in the
government of Tula, nnd. after u
winding course, empties itsdf by
several channels into the Sea of
Aeoph.
Don Cos'sacks, a tribe whose
territory extends along the Lower
course of the Don. It contains
60,500 square miles, and a popula-
tion of 370,000. The greater part of
the male inhabitants are soldiers,
possessing their lands as the price
of their service ; and in war they
serve always on horseback.
Dor' pat, a town of Livonia, with
a university, which the emperor
Alexander, in 1802, declared tbe
metropolitan seat of education for
l-^nland, Eblhonia, and Courland.
Pop. 9000.
Dwi'na, a river which issues
from the Valdai Hills, on the bor-
ders of Tver ; and flows N. W. into
the Gulf of Riga. It is navigable
through nearly its whole course,
and communicates with Lake La-
doga and St Petersburg by a canal .
Dwi'na, Northern, a large river,
formed by the junction of the
Boukhona and the Joug, in the
government of Vologda, and fall-
ing by two* channels Into the
White Sea, near Archangel.
EKA'TERINOSLAV', or Ca'-
therinoslav', a government N. of
Taurida, containing 26,400 square
miles, and 826,000 inhabitants.
Eka'terinoslaV, the capital of
the above government, on the
Dnieper, remarkable for its wool-
len manufactures, which are ac-
counted the finest in Russia. Pc-
puiation about 80C0.
J54
RUSSIA IN BVROFB,
Enlk'ate, or CafYa, 8!raitfl of,
connecting the Black Sea and the
Sesof Axoph.
£ath(/oia, or Rcv'd, agoreni-
nient extending along the 8. aide
of the Gulf or Finland. It con.
talnc 7300 aqiiare miles and
3(13.000 iohabttanta.
FINLAND, a country E. of
Sweden, to which it belonged till
the year 1809, when it was taken
possession of bj the Russians. It
contains 136,000 square miles.
Poo, 1 ,350,000.
Fin'land, Gulf of, an arm of the
Baltic, extending inland to 8t Pe-
tersburg.
GROIXNO, a goremment in
Russian Poland, containing 10^009
sqiure miles and 868,000 inhabi-
tants.
Grod^no, the capital of the
above ko? emment, situate on the
right bank of the Niemen or Me-
vati. Here Stanislaus, king of
Poland, sought his last retreat,
and here he finally abdicated his
crown in 179S. Fop. 9000.
HEL/SINGFOKS, the capiUl
of Finland, with a strong fortress,
on the N. shore of the Gulf of
Finland. Pop. 8000.
II/MEN, a Urge lake in the
government of Novgorod, about
48 miles in length and from 12 to
18 in width. It communicates
with Lake Ladoga by the river
Volkov and a canal.
Ismail', a strongly fortified town
in Bessarabia, situate on the prin-
cipal arm of the Danube, about 40
miles from the Black 8e«. After
a very brave and obstinate resist-
ance by the Turks, in 1790, It was
stormM by the Russians under
Suwarrow. Population ]:),000.
JAROSLAV (Yaroslav'), a go-
vernment on the Volga, surround-
ed by Vol<vda, Kostroma, Vladi-
mir, Tver, and Novgorod. It
contains 14,300 squkre miles and
1,038,000 inhabitants.
Jaroslav', the capital of the above
government, situate on tlie Volga,
is tlie see of an archbishop, the seat
of an academy and theolo^cal ooL
lege. It has extensive manufac-
tures of silk, linen, and Russian
leather. Pop. 21,000.
^KALGUEV/ a dreary UUnd In
the Northern Ocean, Inliabited by
only a few scattered families.
KaPiaeb, a town in Poland, m
the Prosna, with considerable au-
nufacturcs. Popw 15,000.
Kaltt'ga, a government bounded
by Moscow, SmoteDak, Orel, and
Tula. It is a fiertile district, oon-
taioing iron minea and import-
ant maoufisctmce. Bxtent l]i,S0O
square miles. Pop. 1,175,000.
Kalu'ga, the capital of the
above govermneot, situate on the
Oka, has large manufiKtures. Po-
pulation 26^000. .
Ka'ma, a large river whicb lisec
in Viatka, travenea Penn firmn
N. to 8. and joins the Volga 24
miles below Kazan.
Kamin'ice, tbe capital of the
government of Podolia, to the N.
of tbe Dniester. Poo. 13,000.
Kan'dalax, Gulf of, a part of tbe
White 8ea, strelcbiog into Buf-
sian Lapland.
Kaa'an, a government to the 8.
of Viatka, theinbaMtanto ofwtairfa
are chiefly of Tartar origin. Ex-
tent 23 ,300 square miles. Popula-
tion 1,088,000.
Kaz'an, the capital of the above
government, situate on the Kaiao-
ka, near its junction with tbe
Volga. It is tbe see of an arch-
bishop, and the teat of a univern-
ty. Kazan has an extensive tnde.
Pop. 50,000.
Klchinev' the chief town in tbe
province of Bessarabia. P. 80,000.
Kiev (Kioo'l, a government on
the Dnieper. lu soil is lertile;
but great part of it ia in pasturr.
Extent 19,850 square miles. Fop.
1,478,000.
Kiev (Kioo'), the principal town
of the above province, the seat of
a university, and once the capital
of Russia, situate on the rigbtbank
of the Dnieper. In a monastery
here, are subterraneous vaults, in
which are kept a number of dead
bodies in an undecayed state, be-
lieved by the Russians to be the
relicts of saints and martyrs. Pop.
38.000.^50, 27 N. 30, 27 £.
Kostro^ma, a government sar-
rounded by Vologda. Viatka, Nis-
nel-Novgorod, Vladimir, and Ja-
roslav. Extent 32,000 square
miles. PoiHiLttion l,4Mt000.
Kostro'ma, the capital of the
above province, situate on tbe Vol-
ga, near its junction with the Ku«-
I tcoma. Pop. 12,000^
RUSSIA IN EUBOPE.
155
Kunkf a government bounded
by those of Ore), Voronets, the
Ukraine and Tchemigov. It
contains 16,650 aquare miles and
1,649,000 inhahitanta.
Kursk, the capital of the abore
government, situate near the
Seim, is one of the most ancient
towns in the empire. Population
23.000.
L.VDOGA, LAKE, surrounded
by the govemmeuts of Petersburg
and Olonets, is the largest lake in
Europe, being 130 miles long and
75 broad. It is connected bv canals
with Lake Ilmen and the 'Volga;
and thus forms a line of communi-
cation between the Baltic and the
Caspian.
Libaii', a seaport in Courland,
on the Baltic. Population 7000.—
56, 31 N. 20, 57 E.
Livc/aia, or Ri'gn, a maritime
government, having Esthonia on
tile N. and Courland on the 8. It
exports a considerable qiutntity of
(-"orn. Extent 17,450 square miles.
Population 754,000.
LubOin, a town in Poland. Po-
pulaUon 12,000.
MINSK, a government extend-
ing from the Dwina on the N. to
Volhynia on the S. It is a level
and fertile district, containing
40,000 square miles and a popula-
Ubo of 1,160,000.
Minsk, the capital of the above
Sovemnaent, on the Beresina. Po-
pulation 15,000.
MiU'au, tlie capital of the go-
vernment of Couriand, near the
Gulf of Riga. Pop. 14,000.
Mo'gAilev, a government to the
E. of Minsk. It abounds in fo-
reats and marshes, but the rest of
the soil is fertile. Extent 19,000
square miles. Pop. 945,000.
Mo'gAilev, the capital of the*
above government, situate on the
Dnieper, has an extensive trade.
Here arc both a Creek and a La-
tin archbishop. Pop. 21,000.—
53, 54 N. 30, 24 E.
Moida'via, an extensive pro-
vince in the N. E. of Turkey; the
patt N. of the Pruth was ceded to
Russia in 1812. The population of
tbis iiart is 300,000.
Mos'oow, a central government,
which is among the least extensive
and the most populous provinces
in the empire. Its trade and ma-
nufiactures are very considerable.
It contains 18,200 square miles
and 1,338,000 inhabitants.
Mos'cow,the capital of the above
government, and long the seat of
the court, on the banks of the
Moskva. Ahno»t the whole of this
splendid city was reduced to ashes
by a voluntary act of its inhabi-
tants, when it was occupied by Bo-
naparte and his invading army in
Septemberl812. It has been since re-
built, and in some parts with addi-
tional splendour. The most remark-
able part of the city is the Kremlin,
which contams the ancient palace
of the Czsru. Pop. 400,000.-55,
45 N. 37, 33 E.
NE'VA, a river which issues
from Lake Ladoga, and after a
course of 35 miles, empties itself
by three mouths into the Gulf of
Finland, below St Petersbuig.
Nicolaiev', a seaport of Cberson,
on the Bog, the seat of a naval ar-
senal for the Black Sea. P. 6000.
Nis'nei-Nov'gorod, a large cen-
tral government, E. of Vladimir,
containing 18,400 square miles,
with 1,590,000 inhabitanU.
Nii'nei-Nov'gorod, the capital
of the above province, at the con-
fluence of the Uka and the Volga.
From its favourable situation, it is
a place of great internal trade, and
is noted for its fair, one of the
greatest in Europe. Popb 14,0OU.
No'va Zem'bia, a large bland in
the Arctic Ocean, separated from
the mainland by Waigata Straita.
Its length is computed at 540 miles
and its breadth at 240 ;~-exien(t.
ing from 6$" to 74° N. lat. It is
almost uninhabitable from cold;
but the S. and W. coasts are visited
by fishermen and hunters.
Nov'gorod, a government to the
E. of Petersburg. Extent 48,350
square miles. Pup. 016,000.
Nov'gorod, the capital of the
above province, situute in a beau-
tiful plain at the N. extremity of
Lake ilmcn, once the mo«t flour-
ishing city in the N. of Europe.
Population 8000.
ODESSA, a flourishing seaport
in the government of Cherson,
on the Black Sea, between the ri-
vers Dniester and Bog. It was
founded by Catherine II. and is a
free port. A vast quantity of grain,
besides other articles, is export'-
156
BU88IA IN £C7ItOJP8.
from ft. Pop. 55,000.-16, 29 N.
30, 44 K.
Oe'sel, an bland at the mouth of
the Gulf of Riga. Pop. 34,396.
CKka, a river which rises in the
government of Orel, and, after re-
ceiving the Moskva, falh into the
Volga at Nizitei-Novgorod
Ol'onetz, a government south
of Archangel, conuining fi0,8()0
kquare miles. Population 560,000.
Ol'unetz, a town ia the above
government, near Lake Ladoga,
remarkable as the place where
Peter the Great erected his first
dock-yard. Pop. 1000.
One'ga. a lake in Olonetz 130
miles long and from 70 to 80 broad.
It is connected by the river Swir
with Lake Ladoga.
One'gafarivcr which rises hi the
S. £. of Olonetz, and flows north-
ward into the Bay of Onega.
O'rel, a government in the inte-
rior, 8. of TuU and Kaluga. It is
one of the best corn-countries in
Russia. Extent 17,5U0 square
miles. Pop. 1,900,000.
O'rel, the capital of the above go-
vernment, on the Oka, with consi-
derable trade. Pop. 30,000.
P£i'PUi»,LAK£, it surrounded
by the governments of Petcrsbuiv,
Livonia, Esthonia, and Pskov. It
is 50 miles long and 35 broad, and
communicates with the Gulf of
Finland by the river Narva.
Pen'za, a government in the E.,
having Niznei-Novgorod on the N.
and Saratov on the S. It contains
l.i.OOO square miles. P. 1,035,000.
Pen'za, the capital of the above
government, situate at the conflu-
ence of the Penza and the Sura.
Population 13,000.
Per'ecop, a strong town in the
'i aurida, on the isthmus connect-
ing the Crimea with tbecontinent.
Perm, a government containing
l;24,000 square miles and 1,270,000
inhabitants.
Perm, the capital of the above
government, on the Kama; with
a trade in the mineral produce of
the Urals. Population 10,00a
Pemau', a seaport on the Gulf of
Riga. P. 4000.— 58, 22 N. 24, 32 E.
Petcho^ra, a large river which
rises in the Urul Mountains, flows
northward through the govern-
menu of VoIcmU and Archangel,
and_fails into the Northern Ocean.
Pe'tersburg, or In'gria, a garcnu
ment at the eastern extvearity of
the Gulf of Fkiland, oontaiBiag
1S.640 square miles. P. 846^000.
Pe'TBRSBuao, or 8t Petef^Nng*
the capiUl of the atiove fovern-
ment and the metropolis of the
Russian empire, is situate at the
confluence of the Neva with the
Gulf of Finland. It was founded by
Peter the Great in 1703 ; and Cathe-
rine 1 1, made it the permanent resi-
dence of the court. Itisnowooeof
the finest cities in Europe : with a
most extensive foreign trader It is
divided into two parts by the Nevs.
Pop. 468,625.-50, 56 N. 90, 18 E.
Petrozavodsk', the capital of the
government of Olonetz, on the W.
coast of Lake Onega; with great
ironworks. Population 500€l
Podo'lia, a government in Rumsb
Poland, containing 15g660 square
miles and 1,462,000 inhabitants.
Pd'and, a lane country of Ea>
rope, between Russia and Get'
numy, long an independent king-
dom : but in 1772 tite three powen
Russia, Austria, and Pnisna, par-
titioned part of her territonr* and
in 1703 they completed this iniqui-
tous proceeding by dividing the
whole country among thcm a c l ves .
By the treaty of lllslt in ld07«
Prussia yielded most of her sbar^
which was formed by Napotooa into
the duchy of Warsaw. In 1814
Russia obtained this territory, and
erected it into the new kingdomef
Poland, which the emperor «»vcm-
ed under the title of king, andgnni-
ed to it a representative govero*
ment and considerable privileges.
These, however, in consequence ef
the late gallant but unfortuaateaU
tempt to regain national indepen-
dence, have been withdrawn, sad
Poland in a great meaaure uioor-
porated with the Russian empire*
Extent of the present kingdom
48,500 square miles. PopulatiOB
4,880.000.
Poita'va, or Pultow'a, a govcn-
ment between Cherson and Chtf-
kov, oontaining21,500 square niki
and 1,878,000 inhabitanu.
Po1ta'va,or Pultow^a, the espitsl
of the above government, was the
scene of a great baUlc in 1709, in
which Charles XII. of Sweden nai
totally defeated. PopnUtion 800IIL
Pskov, or Ples'koviagairanuBeiit
RUSSIA IN BUROPE.
ill tAe N. W., between Livonia and
Snolemko. Extent 16,850 Muare
miles. Pop. 665,000.
Pikov, or Plealcov, the capital of
the above government, lituate at
the confluence of the Velik^a and
Pskov. Pop. 9000.
REVEL, government of. See
Eithonia, p. 164.
Rev'el, the capital of the above
government, on a bay of the Gulf
of Finland. It is a place of consider-
able tradc.has an excellent harbour,
and is very strongly fortified. Pop.
12,000.-59, 26 N. J4, 46 E.
Rias'an, a central government
e«t of Moscow, containinfc 15,000
aquare miles. Pop. 1,309,000.
Riaa'an, the capital of the above
government, situate on the Oka,
the see of a Greek archbishop, and
nnnarkable for the great number
of its churches. Pop. 19,000.
Ri'ga, government oC See Li.
Tonia, p. 155.
fii'ga, the capital of the above
government, situate on the Dwina,
9 miles from the sea. It has a ca-
I>aciottsand well-defended harbour,
and, in commercial importance,
is nest to Petersburg ana Odessa.
Pop. 50,000.-56, 57 N. 24, 6 £.
Ri'ga, Gulf of, an arm of the
Baltic, between the provinces of
Courland and Riga.
SAR'ATOV, a government in
the S.E. Great part of it is so im-
pregnated with salt as to be unfit
ibr vegetation, and it contains a
mimberof salt lakes. Extent 79,500
aquare miles. Pop. 1,334,000.
Sat'atov, the capital of the above
government, situate on the Volga,
has an active trade, chiefly with
Moscow and Astracan. P. 35,000
Sima>irsk, a government on the
borders of Asia, traversed by the
Volga. It contains 29,500 square
miles and a population of 1 , 1 1 9,000.
Sim'birsk, the capital of the above
government, beautifully situate on
the Volga. Pop. 13,000.
Sloboiisk'-U'kraine. See Char-
kov, p. 152.
Smolensk', or Smolen'sko, a cen*
tral government W. of Moscow,
containing 32.500 square miles and
1,336,000 inhabitants.
Smolensk', the capital of the
above government, situate on the
Dnieper. It Is an ancient city, sur-
rounded bx nuaslve vallst Here
157
the RuMlant, in 1819, made their
first important stand agirinit the
French, by whom the town was
then set on fire, and again on their
disastrous retreat. Its trade and
manufactures are considerable. P.
11,000.— 54, 48 N. 31, 5S E.
Spitxber'gen, or East Greenland,
a group of desolate islands in the
Arctic Ocean, extending from 77"
to 81*> N. lat. The surrounding
sea abounds in whales.
Sweaborg', a seaport and strong
fortress in Finland, considered al-
most impregnable Pop. 3000.
Sym'pheropol, the capital of
Taurida, and the chief town of the
Crimea, situate on the Salglr. P.
8000.— 44, 5rt N. 34, 3 E.
TACANROG, a seaport on the
northern coast of the Sea of Aaoph,
a place of considerable commercial
importance. Pop. 600a— 47, 12 N.
38, 39 E.
Tam'bov, a government W. of
Pensa and Saratov, containing
25,700 square miles, and a popula.
don of 1,422,000.
Tam'bov, the capital of the above
government, the see of a Greek
bishop; it has some manufactures
and considerable trade. P. 1 6,000.
Tau'rida, a government in the S.
comprehending the Crimea, the
island of Taman, and a considerable
tract N. and E. of the Crimea. Ex-
tent 32,650 square miles. Popula-
tion 346.000.
Tchet'kask, the capital of the
Don Co8i>acks,situateonthe Aksai,
a branch of the Don, and sur-
rounded by water and marshes. It
consists of two towns, Old and
New. Pop. 16,000.
Tcher'nigov, a fertile govern-
ment N. of Kiev, containing 23,250
square miles. Pop. 1,410,000.
Tchet'nigov, the capital of the
above government, on the Desna,
the see of a Greek archbishop. P.
10,000.-51, 30 N. 31, 20 E.
Tor'nea. See Sweobn, p. 78.
Tula (Too^a), a government 5.
of Moscow, containing 11,700
square miles, with a population of
1,040,000.
Tu'la, the capital of the above
government, at the confluence of
the I'ulttza and Oupa, is called the
Shefiield of Russia. It is distin-
guished for a cannon-foundery,
extensive nuuiufiictttret of annr
158
BD88IA IN EVR09K.
and all kinds of hardvare and cut-
Icrr. P. a».000 54, II N. 37, 94 E.
Tver (Twer), a central govero-
meot between thote of Moscow
and Novgorod. It eoDtaina 35,600
square milea. Pop. 1,861,000.
Tver (Twer), the capital of the
above government, is a handsome
city, on the great road from Peters,
burs to Moscow, at the confluence
of the Tvertsa, the Volga, and the
Tmalu. Pop. 23,000.
UXEABORG, a seaport of Fin.
land, near the head of the Oulf of
Bothnia. Pop. 4000.
U'ral Mountains, an extensive
range, which forms the boundary
between European and Asiatic Rus-
sia. Several of the peaks rise be-
tween 8000 and 9000 feet above the
sea.
V AI'GATZ, or W Al'OATZ, an
island, or group of inlands, be-
tween the continent of Russia and
Nova Zembla. The land is bleak
and uninhabited, visited only by
hunters of bears and other animals.
Vai'gatz, or Wai'gats, a strait
between Nova Zembla and the isl-
and of Vaiffatz.
Val'dai Hills, a range in the go-
vernments of Novgorod and Tver,
rising to the height of 1200 feet.
Viat'ka, a government in the E.,
containing 36,850 square miles,
with a population of 1,294,000.
Viat^, the capital of the above
government, at the confluence of
the Viatka and Chlinooka ; it has
a good trade. Fop. 9000.
Vi'borg, or Wy'borg, a seaport on
the Gulf of Finland, is a fortified
place, and has considerable trade.
Pop. 3500.— 60, 48 N. 28, 46 E.
Vitebsk', a government in tbeN.
W., to the E. of Courland, contain-
ing 17,800 square miles. P.fi35,000.
Vitebsk', the capital of the above
government, situate at the oonOu-
ence of the Dwina and Viteba.
Fop. 15,000.
vlad'imir, a government to the
E. of Moscow, containing 19,600
square miles. Pop. 1.355,000.
Vlad'imir, the capital of the above
government, a handsome little city
on the Kliasma, is a Greek bishop's
see. Pop. 7000.
Voi'ga, or WoKga, the greatest
river of Europe, rises among the
Valdai Hills near the frontier of
Novgorod, and flows eastward till j
it reaches tba etty of Kasao, be.
low which it is jotawd tqr theKa.
ma i it then takea a southward dj.
reetion, forming, for several boa-
dred miles, the boaodary betwem
Europe and Asia, after which it
separates into numerous branches,
and diiicharges itself into the Ca*>
plan near Astracan. It is navigable
through almost its whole course.
Volhy'nia, a fertile government
in Polish Russia, between Grodno
and Podolla. Extent 28,050 square
miles. Pop. 1,496,000.
Volog'da, an extensive govern-
ment 8. of Archangel, containing
1 68,000 square miles. P. 802,0(X).
Volog'da, thecapital of the above
government, on the Volonda, is of
considerable importance,naving an
active trade, and a number of ma-
nufactures. Pop. 13,000.
Volsk, a town in the government
of Saratov, on the Volga, with large
manufactures of arms. P. 11,000.
Vo'ronetz, a government W.
of the Don Cossacks, containing
29,.S00 square miles. P. 1,446^000.
Vo'ronetz, the capital of the
above government, at the conflu-
ence of the Voronetaand the 0on {
it carries on a flourishing trade
with the Black Sea. Pop. 19,000.
WAR'ANGER, Oulf of, a Bay
of the Arctic Ocean, between Swe-
dish and Russian Lapland.
War'saw, the capital of Poland,
finely situate on the Vistula. It
suflfered dreadfully during the war
of partition In 1188, as well as In
the sieges of 1794 and 1831. There
are some handsome public build,
ings andawelLendowed univetsity.
Fop. 150,000, of whom 30,000 an
Jews.^58, 13 N. 91, 2 E.
Wa'sa, a seaport of Finland, on
the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 8000.
WiKna, a government in the N.
of Lithuania, containing 28,150
square miles. Pop. 1,857,000.
Wil'na, the capital of the above
government, is situate near tba
Wilna. it is the see of a Greek and
a Roman Catholic bishop, and the
seat of a university. Population
37.000.— 54, 41 N. 85. 17 E.
Z YTCKMIR, or Ji'tomhr, the ca-
pital of the province of VoUiynla,
on the Teterev. It is the see of s
Greek and a Roman Catholic bi«
sluq>, and a place of some tiaflk;
P. 1 J,000.«-^, 10 N. 28, 44 M.
I>AV881A. 159
PRUSSIA
Is bounded N, by Germany and the Baltic; £.by Rusda
and Poland ; S. by Austria and Saxony ; and W. by
Germany, Holland^ and Belgium. It contains 106^500
square miles. Population 14,156»000.
ProTincM. Chief Towns.
£ast Prussia Konigsberfsr, Pillau, Tilsit, MemeL
West Prussia Dantzic, Elbing, Thorn, Culm.
Pomerania Stettin, Stralsund, Colberg.
Posen Posen.
Silesia Breslau, Glogau, Oorlitz.
Brandenburg ..Berlin, Potsdam, Brandenburg,
Franicfort on the Oder, Gastrin.
Prussian Saxony Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Halle, Erfurt.
Westphalia Munster, Minden, Paderborn.
Rhenish Prussia Cologne, Dusseldorf, Cleves, Bonn, Co*
blentz, Aix-la-Chapelle, Treves.
Rivers. — Rhine, Ems, Elbe, Vistula, Oder, War-
tha, Niemen or Memel, Pregel.
GuiiPs, &c. — Grass-baff, Frische-hafiJ Curische-haff,
Spirdlng-see.
It£MARK8.
Prussia extends iVom 49 "* 8' to 55"* 50' N. lat and from
6* to 22" 50f E. long. Its greatest length is about 750
miles ; its breadth raries from 80 to 340 miles. It occupies
the north of Poland and great part of the north of Ger.
many ; Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia are separated from
the rest of the kingdom by Hanover and Hesse Cassel.
To its widely scattered provinces no general description
will apply ; but the greater part of the country presents a
level surface. The rivers by which it is traversed are slow
in their current, flowing from south to north^ with a slight
declination to the sea. The moontain-tracts are the Ries.
eogebirge in Silesia and the Harti in Saxony, abounding in
wood, probably the remains of the Hercynian Forest ; but
these are on the frontiers rather than in the interior of the
kingdom.
In general, the soil is poor, being sandy and covered with
heath. Silesia and Rhenish Prussia are the most fertile
and populous district. In the western provinces the climate
is wanner than that of England in similar latitudes,-*.m the
eftstem it is cold.
The agricultural products are nearly the same as in Bri-
tain; but cultiTation is in a much more backward state
]60 pRCBsrA.
Siletia and Westplialia have long been noted for tbeir
linens,— the weaving of which is the chief employment of
the lower orders in these provinces, and to a considerable
extent likewise in Pomerania. Woollen stuffs are also ma-
nufactured in every town and village; but cotton dotfas
and hardware are the only manufactures carried on in es-
tablishments,— the woollens and linens being wrought bj
individuals in their cottages.
Prussia is not rich in minerals : but in the mountainous
district of the Hartz are found iron, copper, lead, vitriol,
alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Salt-springs
abound in Prussian Saxony. Amber is found in considers,
ble quantities in several parts of Prussia Proper,— -particu-
larly near Pillau, on a neck of land formed by the Friscbe.
haff.
In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantages
for internal trade ; and in its seaports on the Baltic foreign
commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The
chief exports are corn, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed,
flax, and linen,— the principal imports are the colonial pro<
duce and the manufactures of Great Britain. Although
injurious restrictions have hitherto fettered its commerce, it
may be regarded as a flourishing and improving country.
The form of government is that of an hereditary mo-
narchy , and nearly absolute. Provincial states have recently
been erected ; but their power is limited. The establidied
religion is Calvinistic and Lutheran Protestantism ; but the
professors of other creeds not only enjoy free toleration, but
are admissible to all offices in the state.
Since the time of Frederic the Great, much attention has
been paid to military tactics and discipline ; and the troops
of Prussia rank among the bravest and most efficient in £u-
rope. At present its regular army amounts to 165*000:
and the landwehr^ or militia, to 359,000. The annual re-
venue is £8,000,000 sterling, and the debt £29,000,000.
The manners oi the Prussians are essentially German ; but
several marked shades distinguish them from their Ssxon
neighbours.
In no country of Europe is education more attended to
than in Prussia. Besides the universities of Berlin, Hsile,
BreslaUy Bonn, and Konigsberg, there are in most of the
great towns academies of sciences and respectable semina.
ries. The literary annals of this country are adorned with
the names of Leibnits, Cluverius, Copernicus, Frederic (be
9reat, Ramler, NicoUi, Buaching, Spalding, &c»
PBU8SIA.
161
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Prussia ? What is its extent
in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ?
What are the divisions of Prussia ? What are the principal
towns in Khenish Prussia ? In Westphalia ? In Prussian
i!«xony ? In Brandenburg ? In Pomerania ? In Silesia ? In
Posen ? In West Prussia ? In East Prussia ? Where is El-
hing, Berlin, Potsdam, Dan tzic, Stettin, Colberg, Halberstadt,
Dusseldorf, Pillau, Coblentz, &c.
Name the rivers of Prussia. Name its gulfs. Trace the
course of the Elbe, the Oder, the Pregel, the Vistula, &c.
Where is the Grass-haff, Spirding-see, Curische-haff, Frische-
haff?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Prussia
situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What divi-
sions of it are separated from the rest by Hanover and Hesse
Cassel ? What appearance does the greater part of Prussia
present ? What is remarkable about its rivers ? What are its
mountain- tracts ? In what do those mountain -tracts abound ?
What is the general quality of the soil ? What are the most
fertile districts in Prussia ? What kind of climate does Prus-
sia enjoy ? In what state is agriculture there ? For what ma-
nufactures have Silesia and Westphalia long been famous ?
What are the only manufactures carried on in establish-
ments?
What metals are found among the Hartz Mountains?
What kind of springs occur in Prussian Saxony ? Where
does amber particularly abound ? What advantages does
Prussia enjoy for internal trade ? Has it much foreign com«
merce ? what are its principal exports and imports ?
What is the form of government in Prussia ? What is the
established religion ? What indulgence is extended to the
professors of other religions ? What is the character of the
Prussian soldiery ? What is the present amount of the
army ? What people do the Prussians resemble in manners ?
Is cxlucation much attended to in Prussia? What literary
institutions does it possess? Mention some of tlie distin-
guished names that adorn its literary annals.
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
AIX.LA.CHAPELLE (Aiz-la-
Shapel'),( Ger. Aachen), an ancient
city in Rhenish Prussia, celebrated
for its baths, and for the treaties of
peacewhichhavebeensignedthere.
It was the favourite residence of
Charlemagne and of his successors,
as well as the place of their corona-
tion. Pop 37,000.— 50» 4ff N. lat.
6° 4 £. long.
BAR'MEN, a thriving manufac
taring town in Rbeniui Fruwia,
N. E. of Dusseldorf. Population
20,000.
Ber'gen, the chief town in the
island of Rugen.
Berlin^ the capital of Branden.
burg and of the Prussian doml-
nions, situate on the Spree, and
nearly in the centre of the king,
dom, is one of the most beautiful
cities in Europe. Pop. 265,000
5S, 31 N. 13, 23 E.
Bielc^feld, a town of Wwtr
162
PRUSSIA.
the centre of the linen and damaak
manufactures. Pop. 5200.
Bonn, a town In Rheniih Prui-
•ia, pleasantly situate on the left
bank of the Rhine, the seat of a
university. Pop. 12,0fK).
Bran'denburg, themoet Important
of the Prussian states, and the foun.
dation of the monarchy, containing
15,.5S3 sauare miles. P. 1,741.411.
Bran'denburg. a town formerly
the capital of the province, on the
Havel. Population H.000.
Breslau, the capital of Silesia,
situate on the Oder. It carries on
an extensive trade, and Is the seat
of a flourishing university. Pop.
OOjOOO.— 51. 6 N. 17. 2 E.
Bri^, a strong town in Silesia,
on the Oder. Pop. 11,000.
Burg, a thriving; manufacturing
town in Prussian Saxony. P. 12,000.
CLEVES, a manufacturing town
in Rhenish Pru«sia,near the Rhine,
formerly the capital of a duchy of
the same name. Pop. 7400.
Coblentz', a town in Rhenish
Prussia, delightfully situate at the
confluence of the Rhine and the
Moselle, opposite the dismantled
fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. It is
the chief depot for the Rhenish
and Moselle wines. Pop. 12,000.
Col'tierg, a fortified seaport in
Pomerania, situate on the Per-
sante. P. 6000.— 54, 9 N. 1,5, 34 E.
Cologne', the Cohnia A^rlpplna
of the Komans, the capital of Rhe-
nish Prussia, situate on the left
bank of the Rhine. From its fa-
vourable situation it commands a
great trade, and forms the chief
medium of intercourse between
Holland and Germany. Population
65,000.-50, 56 N. 6, 57 E.
Cre'feld a town in Rhenish
Prussia, with considerable trade
and manufactures. Pop. 18,000.
Culm, a strongly-fortified town
in West Prussia, near the Vistula.
Pop. 6300.
Curi8che>hafr (Koo'rish.baff), a
lake or arm of the sea in East Pru8>
sia, about 70 miles in length, but
of very unequal breadth.
Cus^trin, a strongly-fortified town
in Brandenburg, at the confluence
of the Wartha and the Oder. Po.
pulation 6000.
DANT'ZIC, an important com-
mercial city, the capital of West ,
Pntfsia, fituat^ on the yistula«
about four ttHef from Itf nontb.
Its annual exports, of which eom
is the principal aftlde« amoonti
to £880,000 sterttni^ Popi 82,000.
-44, 20 K. U, SB E.
Dus'seldorf, a town In Rhenish
Prussia, aituate on the Rhine, st iU
junction with the Dttsael. It is a
well-built town, and has a consi-
derable tral&c. Pop. 24,000.
EIS'LEBEN, a town in Pnissiao
Saxony, rferaarkable as the Urth-
^ace of Martin Luther in I4M.
PcH>.7000.
Elbe, a large river which lisa io
the Riesengebirge between Bileiia
and Bohemia. In itscourse throogh
Saxony and Pnisala, It reedvei
many important tfttiutarfes, and
falls into the German Oeean alioot
YD miles below HamtraKg.
Elb'erfeld, a Soarishing BMira-
facturing town in Rhenian FTvisia
on the Wipper. Po& 30,000.-
51, 15 N. 7, 9E.
Elb'ing, a trading town 111 West
Prussia, on a river of the sine
name, which falls into the FTisehe-
haffl Population 20,000.
Ems, a river of Westphalia,
which discharge* itKlf into the
North Sea near Emden.
Er'Airt, a fortified town in Pms-
sian Saxony, on the Gera ; oooetlie
entrepot of the internal oommetoc
of Germany. Pop. 25.000.
Eu'pen.a town in Rhenlsb Pros'
sia, on the W. flrontfer ; with con-
siderable manufactures. P. 10,000.
Eylau (IlowOf a town hi But
Prussia, where a great battle was
fought between the French and
Russians, 8th Feb. 1807. Pk2100.
FRANK'FORT, on the Oder, a
town in Brandenburg. Its trade
is considerable, and is greatly bene-
fited 'by the canals which connect
the Oder with the Elbe, and also
with the Vistula. Pop. 22,000.-
52, 22 N. 14, 33 E.
Frische-haff (Freesh'.baf)r • ^1
or lake in East Pruisia. O miles
long, communicating with the ics
near Pillau.
GLATZ, a fortified town in
Silesia, on the Neisae, with two
strong castles. Pop. 6400.
Glogau', a strongly fortified town
in Silesia, on the Oder. P. 1 1,000>
Gor^itc, a town in Silesia, oatbe
Neisse, noted for its wodten and
linen nunufactuxel. Pop. lliOOa
PBiresiA.
163
Otmf-hiSi a Imt in Pomenmia,
•t the mouth of the Oder« in
length about 56 miles.
HALB£RSTADT\ a town of
Pnuiian Saxony. It te Tery an-
cient, and bulit chiefly in the Oo.
thicitTle. Population 17,000.
Halle, a town in Pkxinian Saxony,
on the 8aale. Here is a celebrated
university, with a number of scien-
tific institutions. Pop. 26,000. I
JU'ItlEBS, a snuli but stronfjly
fortified town in Rhenish Prussia,
on the Roer. Pop. 2600.
KON'IGSBERG, the canltal of
Sasfc Prussia, on the Pregei, near
its Junction with the Friscbe-haffl
It stands partly on an island, but
chiefly on the N. t>ank of the river,
is the seat of a univetsity, and car-
ries on an extensive trade. Pop.
6B,000.-«4. 4S N. SO, aO B.
UKG'NlTZ,a fortified town in
Silesia, on the Katabach, the scene
of a memorable victory gained by
Frederic II. over the Austrians in
1760. Population 11,000.
MACDEBURG, the capital of
Priissian Saxony, situate on both
udos of the Elbe, by which it car-
ries on an active trade. It is one
of the strongest fortresses in Eu-
rope. Population6i,000.— 52, 8N.
il.SBE.
Ma^tenburg, a strong town in
West Prussia, on the Nogat, a
biaoch of the Vistula. P. S€00.
Ma'rienwer'der, a town in West
Prussia near the Vistula. P. 6500.
Men/el. a seaport in E. Prussia,
<^ the N. of the Curische-hafi,
^heh here communicates with the
Balic by a strait. It is a place of
giJI* trade, particularly in timber,
whic is floated down the Niemen.
Popw 9,000.^55, 42 N. 21, 8 E.
Met«/t)urg, a town in Prussian
Saxonj on Uie Saale. Pop. 8000,
Min'tn, a town in Westphalia,
pleasant, situate on the Weser.
Here tnerrench were defeated by
theBriti&atid their allies on the
Irt Pf AUg^t 1759. Pop. 7000.
Mun'stei the capital of West-
phalia, on %ibutary of the Ems.
The treaty Opeace in 1648, which
terminated C. thirty years' war,
has given it ^torical celebrity.
Pop. «V5S2:«. 68 N. 7. 37 E.
NAUM'BU^, t, town in Prus.
sian ,8axony, 0|||e saaic, with a
conrideraWe tra. Pop, u.OOO.
Neisie, a fotttfied town In SUasla.
on a river of the same natae. Po^
pulation 10,000.
Neu'wied, a thriving little town
in Rhenish Prussia, on the right
bank of the Rhine. Pop. 5S0O.
Nic'men, or Mem'el, a river which
rises near Minsk, in Russia, re>
celves the Wilna at Kowno, flows
through East Prussia, and (alls in-
to the Curische^hair below Tilsit.
(XDER, a large river which rises
in Moravia, flows through Silesia,
Brandenburg, and Pomerania, ex.
pands into the Grass-haff, and en.
ters the Baltic by 3 branches, which
form the islands Usedomand Wol.
lin. It communicates by canals
with the BIbe and the Vistuhi.
PA jyE RBORr<r,an ancient town
in Westphalia. Population 60U0.
Pillau (PilloO, a seaport in East
Prussia, at the extremity of a pe-
n insula between the Baltic and the
Frische.hafr. Pop. 4000.— 54, 98
N. 19, 54 B.
Pomera'nia, a province extend-
ing along the S. coast of the Baltic.
It contains 12,000 square miles.
Population 990,385.
Po'sen, Grand Duchy of, a pro-
vince comprising tliat part of Po-
land which was restored to Prussia
by the treaty of Vienna, 1815. It
contains 11,394 square miles. Po.
pulation 1,169,706.
Po'sen, the capital of the grand
duchy, situate on the Wartna ; it
is of great antiquity. Pop. 28,000.
Pots'dam, an el^ant town in
Brandenburg, on the Havel, about
15 miles tVom Berlin. It is an oc-
casional residence of the Prussian
court. Population 33,000.
Pre'gel, a river in East Prussia,
falling into the Frische-haff below
Konigsberg.
Prus'sia, East or Ducal, a pro-
vince in the N. E. of the kinxdom,
stretch ing along the Baltic. It con.
tains 15,000 square miles. Popu-
lation 1,304,654.
Prus'sia, West, a province to the
W. of East Prussia, containing
10,000 square miles. Pop. 848,219.
RAT^B UR, a town in Silesia, on
the Oder, which here t)ecome8 na.
vigable. Population 6000.
Rhenish Prus'sia, a province ly.
ing to the S. of Westphalia and ex-
tending on both rides of the Rhi-
compoted of the former duch*
164
PBUBBIA.
C1«vet and Beif, and the gnmd
doehjr of the Lower Rhine. It
contains 10,4.10 sqaare milei. Po.
pulation 2,473,723.
Rhine, River. See GsaMAKY,
p. 17a.
Ru'geo, an bland in the Baltic,
aepanited from Pomerania by a
channel one mile brood. Popula-
tion 28,150.— M, 24 N. 13, 30 E.
SAX'ONY, Pnusian, a province
W. of Brandenburg, and N. of the
kingdom of Baxonjr. It contain!
0762 square miles. P. 1,564,187.
Sile'sia, a prorince between Bo-
hemia and Poland, the most fer-
tile part of the Prussian dominions,
and the seat of the principal ma-
nufactures. It contains 15,752
square miles. Pop. 2,679,473.
SoFingen, a thriving maimfac-
turlng town in Rhenish Prussia, on
the Wipper. Population 9000.
Spandau', a fortified town in
Brandenburg, at the Junction of
the Spree and the Havel. P. 7000.
Spir'ding-see', a lake in E. Prus-
sia,about60miles in circumference.
Star'gard, a town in Pomerania,
on the Ihna; with considerable
trade. Population 9000.
Stet'tin, the capital of Pomera-
nia, situate on the Oder. It is a
flourishing commercial city, and
strongly fortified. Pop. 32,000.—
b3, U N. 14, 33 £.
SiraKsund, a seaport in Pomera-
nia, with a capacious and safe har-
bour. Its trade is considerable,
chiefly in com. Pop. 17,000.-54,
19 N. IS, 7 Em
■ THORN, a strong town in West
Prussia, situate on the right bank
of the Vistula ; it is the birthplace
of Copernicus, the famous astrono-
mer. Population 11,000.
TiKsit, a town in E. Pnuai,«i
the Niemen; chiefly remaifctfe
for the peace oooduded in WI7,
betwe«i Napoleon and the Empe-
ror Alexander of Russia. P.IS.OOO.
Tor'gau, astrong town in PruMtaa
Saxony, on the Elb& F^ 5300.
Treves, or Trier, a verj ancient
city in Rhenish Prussia, beaittifuUr
situate on the Mowtle. It was the
Aug^gta Trewiromm of the Ro-
mans, and la rich in aatiquitiei.
Pop. 16,600.
VISTULA, a river which riies
in Austrian Silesia, at the foot of
the Carpathian BCountains, ton
through Poland and WestPmtds,
and divides into threebrancfacs,t«o
of thew, the Nogat and OM Vistula,
run into the Frische-hall^— while
the main stream, tamlngwescwsid,
falls into theBaltk; below Daatiie.
This noble river is navigaMe mauj
hundred miles, and is the grtst
channel for the conveyance of corn
and other articles from the interior
of Poland.
W AR'TiTA, a river whkh riae*
on the borders of Poland, pasm
Posen, and Joins the Oder at Cus-
trin.
We'sel, a strongly fortified town
In Rhenish Prussia, at the coofltt-
ence of the Lippe and the Khine.
Pop. 13,000.-51, 39 N. 6, 37 E.
Westphalia, a province detach-
ed from Prussian saxony by Hsoo.
ver and Hesse-Cassel. It cootsinf
7814 square miles. Pop. 1,3'A46;
Wit'teiiberg, a strongiy-forUA^
town of Prusftian Saxony, on oe
Elbe. It is interesting as the '^
die of the Reformation, two ^
champions of which, Lutbe*°^
Melancthoo, are buried in tb^»^
versity church here. Pop. ^
GERMANY
Is bounded N. by the Grerman Ocean^ Denmi«> and
the Baltic; W. by Holland, Belgium, and Fr^ce; S.
by Switzerland and Italy ; and E. by Prusgiff^oland,
and Hungary. It contains 346,000 square iv^^s. Po-
pulation 37,804,000.»
The most important of the States, n^^ to Ans-
* The extent of the German States, not includineP*^ behmgiof
to Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland, is93,S637>*'* mi l es, and
the popolation 14,965,000. '
/
trfa, Fnmia, Dtnmupk^ and Holland^ wboae Gtvn
man deaainiona are described under their respective
naine9j arc,—
states. Chief Towns.
Bleeklenburg Sehwerin, Strelitz, Roatock.
Kingdom of HaBover....HANOVEii, Hildesheim, Gottingen,
Luneburg, Ospaburg, Emden.
Oldenburg Oldenburg.
Bninawick BrunswiGk, Wolfenbattel.
Kingdom of Saxony D«£SDSW,Leip8ic,Freyberg9Chem«
nitz.
The Saxe Principalities.
Saxe-Weimar. Weimar, Jena.
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. .Ootha, Coburg.
Saxe-Meiningen Meiningen, fiildburgbausen.
He8se>Cassel Cassel, Hanau.
Hesae-Darmstadt Darmstadt, Worms, Mentz.
Nassau Wisbaden, Nassau, Dietz.
Kingdom of Bavaria<....MuK]CH, Augsbuig, Blenheim, Ra«
tisbon, Fassau, Nuremberg, Spire.
KingdomofWirtemberg.STUTTOARD, Tubingen, Ulm.
Grand Duchjr of Baden. Carlsruhe, Heidelberg, Manheim.
The Free Cities.... Hamburg, Lubeck,FaAKKFQRT on
the Maine, Bremen.
Mountains. — Part of the Alps, the Hartz Moun-
tains^ Erzgcbirge, Riesengebirge, Black Forest.
Lakes. — Plan, Sehwerin, Muritz, Diepholz^ Boden-
see or Lake of Constance, Chiem-see.
Rivsss — Danube, .Bhine> Elbe, Oder^ We8er>
Kms, Moin^ Neckar«
REMARKS.
Germany eitends from 45* to SS' N. lat., and from 6" to
10<* £. long., being about 700 miles in length from N. to S. «
and 630 miles in breadth from E. to W.— -Germany is divided
among 38 different states, and was formerly comprised in 9
Cti'fiitff*— Upper Saxony, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Lower
Rhine, Upper Rhine, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria, Austria.
The Sudetic chain of mountains, commencing with the
Westerwald in Westphalia, traversing Hesse- Cassel, the
south of Saxony, and terminadng in the Carpathians, di.
vides Germany into two great portions,— the northern and
southern. The former is almost entirely ]evel,-.»the latter
is more diversified, presenting great ranges of hills, and
la tome districts extensive plains. The vast tracts of
low aandy soil in the north-east, and the swamps and
ipafshea in the north-west, render it probable that this pp
q2
166 08BHANY.
of GemoADy was once under the sea. In tbti dWision, tfie
soil, except in Saxony, is in general poor, but not unsuscep-
tible of improvement ; in the southern, the land is superior,
and in many places extremely fertile. Of the vast wood-
lands, of which it in ancient times consisted, there are still
considerable remains; of these the Black Forest is the most
extensive. Thuringia and the Hartz Mountains are like-
wise thickly wooded,— and great tracts in the central and
southern districts are covered with trees. In agricultural
productions, although not in cultivation, Northern Germany
bears no small resemblance to Britain. The wine-country
commences about the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine,
and stretches southwards. The Rhehish wines have long been
celebrated, and next to them in quality are those from the
banks of the Moselle, and some of the Austrian provinces.
Germany is rich in minerab. In the Hartz Mountains
and Erzgebirge are lead, iron, copper, tin, silver, cobalt,
and bismuth ; and Bavaria is noted for its extensive and
curious mines of rock-salt.
The domestic animals do not differ materially from those
of the neighbouring countries. Hanover has long been fa-
mous for a breed of strong horses for cavalry or the draught.
The Merino breed of sheep has been introduced into Sax-
ony, where the wool is not inferior to that of Spain. Among
the wild animals may be enumerated the wolf, the lynx, the
glutton, and the wild boar, which is here of superior size.
The industrious and enterprising spirit of the Germans
has urged them forward, notwithstanding numerous disad-
vantages, to considerable progress in manufactures. For
linen, Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia, have long been cele-
brated ; and manufactures of cotton were established during
the war in emulation of those in Britain. But their inferior
machinery, and the scarcity of fuel, have rendered it impos-
sible for them to maintain this competition. The broad-
cloth of Saxony, however, and its tliread, lace, linen, paper,
and porcelain, are of a very superior quality.
Commerce is comparatively limited, owing partly to the
feudal pride of the aristocracy, who consider the occu-
pation of a merchant degrading to a person of rank ; hot
chiefly to the small extent of seacoast. Several towns, bow-
ever, on the shores and the principal rivers, enjoy a very
flourishing trade.
A great obstacle to its commercial and manufacturing
prosperity, is the partition of its territory among so many
eeparate coromuQiUesji whi^h not «nly gtvoi m% to mvty
.OEBMANy« 167
/actitious interests and conflicting systems of finance and
internal regulation, but prevents the necessary unity of ef*
fort and combination of resources. This subdivision im-
parts, likewise, a very anomalous character to the political
as v^ell as the fiscal' government. While all the states are
united under the name of the Germanic Empire, each is go.
verned by its ovrn prince, who has absolute power to impose
taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided he do
not interfere with the general welfare. From the time of
Charlenuigne, . in whose extensive conquests this federative
constitution originated, a. s. 800, the office of emperor, or
head of the confederation, was elective, and was possessed
at different periods by distinct lines of princes. But since
the year 1438, the predominant power of Austria has
secured the imperial dignity in hereditary succession to its
sovereign. In 1806, the emperor renounced the title and
authority of Emperor of Germany, and assumed that of
Emperor of Austria. . The convocation of princes, and of
the deputies of the four free cities, assembled to deliberate
on the affairs of the empire, is called the Diet. Its place
of meeting is Frankfort on the Maine, where the later
emperors of Germany were crowned. The states have one
or more votes according to their importance, — and the total
number of suffrages is 70. The military force maintained
by the confederate states is 120,000 ; in war it is increased
to 302,288, supplied by the several states in proportion to
their - population. The fortresses of Mentz, Luxemburg,
Landau, Germersheim, Hamburg, and Uim, are declared to
belong to the confederation ; and are to be kept, repaired, or
fortified at the general expense.
The established forms of religion are the Roman Catholic,
the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic. Toleration, and a praise,
worthy liberality of sentiment towards each other^ character-
ize the professors of these various creeds.
The Germans are generally tall and well formed ; and
many of the women are extremely beautiful. Industry and
perseverance, fidelity and sincerity, frank and disinterested
hospitality, are the valuable traits in their national character.
But they are apt to be misled, both in religion and letters,
by a tendency to enthusiasm. Formality, and aristocratical
pride of family, may be reckoned among their failings.
In literature and science they display equal ingenuity and
patience of investigation. Their favourite study is that of
metaphysics; but they have attained celebrity in almost
^very department of philosophy and polite learning.
168 OBRMANY.
fhe Una arte, made ii the departrntnt in whidi ttey ftrtL
cularly exceL
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Germany ? What u its extent
]n square miles ? What is the amount of its population ?
What ate the most important of the German Spates next to
Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland f What axe the
principal towns in Baden ? In Wirtemberc ? In BayaHa ?
In Saxony, ftc. ? Name the ftee cities of Germany. What
are iu principd mountains ? Name its lakes. What aie its
principal rivers ?
Where is Dresden, Hamburti;. GottinffeD, Emden, Ha-
nicb, Manheim, Aui^sburg, Hiidesheim. Hildburghansai,
JLeipsic, Stuttgard, Wolfenbuttel, kc ? Trace the course of
the Weser, the Maine, the Danube, the Oder, Ice Where is
Lake Muritz, Chiem-see, Boden>see, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Getlnany
situate ? What are its length and breadth P Bjr what chain
of mountains is it diridea into two great portions P What
ate their respeetive aspects ? What circumstances tender it
probable that the northern part was once under the sea?
What kind of soil prevails m this division ? What is the
nature of the soil in the 'southern division ? What is the
most remarkable remnant of the ancient forests of Germany ?
What other districts abound in wood ? What country does
Northern Germany resemble in agricultural productions?
Where does the wine-country commence ? What are the most
noted wines of Germany? Wliat metals ate found in the
Hartz mountains and Erzgebirge ? For what mines is BaTaris
noted ? For what domestic animals has Hanover long been
famous ? Into what part of Germany has the Merino breed of
sheep been successfully introduced ? Mention some of the wild
animals of Germany. For what manufactures have Silesia,
Saxony, and Westphalia, lon^ been famous ? ^ What manu-
factures were established during the war in rivalry of those
of Britain? What circumstances impeded them in this com-
petition ? What articles are manufactured in Saxony of su-
perior quality ? From what causes is commerce compara-
tively limited in Germany ? What is another great obstacle
to the commerce and manufacturing prosperity of Germany ?
What effect has this subdivision of territory had upon the
government ? Under what name are all the states united ?
What power does each prince possess in his own state?
How long did the office of emperor continue to be possessed
electively by different lines of princes ? In what family has
it since been hereditary ? When did the emperor renounce
the title and authority of Emperor of Germany? What
title did he then assume ? What is denominated the Diet ?
What is the number of votes ? What \M the military foite 6f
OEnMAMir. IflO
the eonftdemte itates on the peace and war ettablithments ?
What fortresses belong to the coofederation ?
What are the established forms of rdigion in Oermany ?
What sentiment towards each other characterizes the professors
of those creeds ? What is the personal appearance of the Oer-
mans ? What are the valuable traits of their national charac-
ter ? B^ what are thejr apt to be misled ? By what are they
distinguished in literature and science ? What is their favour-
ite study P In which of the fine arts do they particularly excel ?
BESCRIFriyE TABLE.
AI/TEyBURO, Baxe, a small
dttchy on the W. of the kingdom of
Saxony. Extent AID square miles.
Population 121,248.
AKtenbttiiB, the capital of (he
duchy orSaxe.Altenmirg,nearthe
Pleiiae. Population 19,000.
Att^rf, a town In Bavaria, on
tbe Vila, fortuerljr the capital of the
Upper Palatinate. Pop. 8000.
AnHialt, a priodpauty on the
Etbe, aurrounaed bv Prussian Sax-
ony^anddlvlded between three an-
cientfamlUes,~Deasau, Bemburg,
and Kothen. Extent 1019 square
miles. Population 146,233.
An'mcAi a town in Bavaria, ca-
pital or a prlncipaUty of the same
name, on tbe Lower Resat. Pop.
14,00O.-49'» IS' N. tot. IQI^iaf E.
long.
Augslmrg, an ancient eltv In
JBavaria, at the confluence of the
Lech and tbe Wertach, with con-
nderabie manufactures and com-
merce. It was here that the Pro.
testants In 1650 presented to the
Emperor Charles V. their celebrat.
ed Ca>tfks8(on, drawn up bv Luther
and Mdancthon. Pop. 34,0U0.—
48. 22 N. 10, 54 E.
BA'DBN, Grand Dttchv of, ex.
tends along the E. bank of the
Rhine, fTom Basle to Manheim.
Its valleys are very fhiitful, parti-
cularly in com and vines, while the
mountains of tbe Black Forest are
clothed with majestic woods. It
contains A915 square miles. Popu-
lation 1,231,000,
BaMen, a town in the grand
duchy, Celebrated for Its mineral
baths. It Is situate on the Oelbach ,
in a beautiftil vine-country. P.4200.
Bamlbei^, a handsome town in
lUvaria, on the Rednitz, near its
junction Wiiii the Maine. In the
library of tbe Carmelite monattery
manu.
56 N.
here, are many curious
scripts. Pbp. 21,0O0l~49,
10, 59 E.
Baut'zen, or Budiss^n, a town in
the kingdom of Saxony, on the
Spree, with considerable manufae-
tures, and noted for the defeat of
Napoleon, In 1813, by the allies.
PopuUtion 13,000.
Bava'rto, Kingdom of, next to
Austria andPrussiathemost power,
ful of all the German States. It
lies to the W. of Bohemia and Aus.
tria, and the Danube Intersects the
kingdom fh>m W. to E. Extent
51,373 square miles. P. 4,315,000.
Bayreuth', or Bareith', a town in
Bavaria, and capital of a princina.
Itty of tbe same name, beautifully
situate on the Red Maine. Popu-
lation 13,000.
Blen'heim, a village In Bavaria,
on the Danube, memorable for the
victory gained by the Duke of Marl,
borough and Prince Eugene over
the French and Bavarians, 13th
August 1704.
Bo'dm-see, or Lakeof Con'stance.
See Switzerland, p. 126.
Bre'men , one of the free cities or
Hanse Towns, situate on tbe Weser,
about 50 miles fVora its mouth. Its
trade is considerable Poputotiou
41,000.— 53,4 N. 8,48 E.
Bruns'wick, Duchy of, bordering
on Hanover and Prussia, is compos-
ed of several scattered territories.
It contains 1505 square miles and
251.000 inhabitants. The royal fa-
mily of Great Britain is a branch of
the Illustrious house of Brunswick.
Bruns'wlck, capital of the duchy,
a fortified city on the Ocker. Its
trade is considerable : and its fairs
rank next to those of Leipsic and
Frankfort. Pop. 36,000.-32, 16
N. 10, 32 E.
CARLSRtJ'HE, the capital of
170
1
GBRMANY.
Pop.
the gnod duchv of Badeo.
:fU,00O.w4O, 1 N. 8, 35 £.
Cu'mU the cspiUl of HcMe.Cw.
•el, on the Fulda. Pop. 86,000.
Chemnktz (Kem'nitz), a flourish-
ing manufacturing town in Saxony,
on a small river of the same name.
Pop. 23.00a
Cbiem-see (Kl'em-zee),alake In
Bavaria, about 12 miles in length
and 8 in breadth.
Claus'Mal, a town In Hanover,
on the Harts Mountain* ; near it
are rich silver mines. Pop. 8000.
(VburK, a strong town, capital of
the princlpalitv of Coburg, on the
lU. P. 8000.-^50, 15 N. 10,58 £.
Co'burg.Go'tAa, Saxe, a duchy
formed by the union of the princi-
palities of Saxe Gotha and Coburg.
It comprises part of the Thuringian
Forest, and contains 798 square
miles. Pop. 137*316.
Con'stance, a town in the grand
duchy of Baden, situate on the lake
where the Rhine issues from it,
famous for the ecclesiastical coun-
cil held here between 1414 and
1418, which condemned the teneta
of Wickliffe, and sentenced John
Huss and Jerome of Prague to the
flames. Population 5300.
Cuxhav'en, a small seaport at
the mouth of the Elbe. Pop. 800.
-^3, 58 N. 8, 43 £.
DAN'UBE, the largest river of
Europe, the Volga excepted, has
its source from three springs in
the grand duchy of Baden. Pur.
suing a N. E. course, it becomes
navigable at Ulm, receiving the
Iller, the Lech, the Iser, the Inn,
and the Ens. After passing Yi.
cnna^ it is joined near Presburg
by the Morava from the north,
and in its course eastward and
southward is swelled by several
large rivers from the mountains of
Hunsary and Turkey. Entering
the latter, it separates Bulgaria
from Wallachia, and, atler a course
of 1800 mites, discbarges itself into
the Black Sea by several mouths.
Darra'«tadt, the capital of Hesse-
Darmstadt, on the small river
parm. Pop. 20,000.-49, 52 N.
8, 35 E.
» P*"***"* « strong town, the capi-
m of Anhalt-Dessau, on theMulda,
nev Its Junction with the Elbe.
Pop. 10.WH).-51. 50 N. IS. 18 EL .
Deux Ponts.< Deu PongO, a town
in the RhMio.Bavafian itata, ti'
tuate on the Orbacfa. Pop. 70QU.
Diets', a town in the ducby oi
Nassau. Pop. 2300.
Dres'den, the capital of the king-
dom of Saxonv and one of the
finest cities in Europe, is situsteon .
both sides of the Elbe. Its mag- I
niflcent bridge, spacious strccls»
superb palace, and other public
buildings, excite the admiration of .
eveiv traveller. It is also distin- |
guished for its royal library, rich
museum of curiosities, and splen-
did gallery of pictures. Among <
its numerous manufactures, the
beautiAil poreelain of lleiMen, ao
ancient seat of the Electois, de-
serves particular notice. P. 70,000.
--51, a N. 13,44 E.
EIS'ENACU. a town in the
grand ducby of Saz^Weimar, on
the Nesae, with a fine ducal pa-
lace. Pop. 9000.
Elbe. See Paussia, p. I6S.
Em'den, or Emb'den, a stnmg
seaport in Hanover, at the mouth
of the Ems, with a good barboor
and con»iderable trade. P. 11,0001
—63, 22 N. 7, 12 B.
Ems. See Pauasia, p. 162.
Erlan'gen, a town in Bavaria,
on the Rednitz, containing a Pro-
testant university. Pop. 12,000.
Ersgebir^e (ErzOierg), the Ore
Mountains, a chain between Bo-
hemia and Saxony, 4122 feet high,
which joins the Riesengebizge oa
the frontiers of Silesia.
FRANCCXNIA, one of the or-
cles into which Germany was for-
merly divided. The greater pait
of it is now comprised in the klog-
dom of Bavaria. Nuremberg was
its chief city.
Frank'foet on the MAUiB,ooe
of the free towns, and the seat
of the Germanic Diet, situate, as
its name imports, on the river
Maine, aliout 20 miles from its
junction with the Rhine. It is the
great emporium of the inland
trade of Germany. Pop. 60,000.—
60, 7 N. 8, 36 E.
Frey^rg, a celebrated mining
town of Saxony, situate on the
Erxgebirge, at the height of 1179
feet above the sea. Popw 12,(K>aL
Fre.v'burg, a town in the grand
duchy of Bisden, situate in the
Black Forest ; the seat of a uoivet-
lityr Pop. ;5,000,
OSHXANy.
171
FaFda, a town of HeMe-Casael,
beAutifulJy situate on the river of
the same name. Pop. 9000.
Furlh (Foorth), a trading town
in Bavaria, on the Rednitz, with
a Jewish university. Pop. 17,000.
GE'RA, capital of the principa-
lity of Reuss, on the Elster, with
large manufactures. Pop. 9000.
Giess'en, a fortified town of
Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Lahn,
the seat of a university. P. 7000.
Go'tAa, Saxe, a duchy now
united to that of Coburg.
Go^tAs, capital of the duchy of
Saxe-Coburg-Gotba, on the Leine.
IQ the castle are a valuable library
and museum. Pop. 12,000.-50,
S6 N. 10, 44 E.
Got'tingen, a city of Hanover, on
the Leine, the seat of a celebrated
university, founded by George II.
in 1734. The library is among
the most valuable collections of
mod«m books in Europe. Pop.
11,000.— 51,32 N. 9,56 E.
HaM'BURG, or Ham'burgh,
one of the free towns, and the most
important commercial city of Ger-
many, and perhaps of the Conti-
nent, is situate on the Elbe, about
70 miiet from its mouth. The an-
nual value of its import and export
trade is estimated at i;i4,380,000
sterling. Pop. 122,000— 53, 32 N.
»,58E.
Hanau', a town in Hesse-Cassel,
on the Kmsig, near its junction
with the Maine. Pop. 13,00a
Handover, Kingdom of, a country
in the N. Yf. of Germany, between
Holland and the Elbe. It consists
of an immense plain, traversed by
the Ems, the Weser, and their tri-
butaries. The Harti Mountains,
00 its S. border, are rich in mines,
and covered with extensive woods.
It contains 14,760 square miles.
Pop. l,688,S85i
Handover, the capital of the king-
dom of Hanover, situate on the
Leine. P.28,000.— 5S. 22 N. 9, 44 E.
Harts, a mountainous tract of
country, in the south of Hanover,
about 70 miles in length by 20 in
breadth, and covered with exten-
sive foreAts. Its highest pinnacle,
the Brocken, rises to the height of
8900 feet above the sea. The
tntnea of the Harts are very valu-
able,and the whole district abounds
With natynU cviriosltiesi
Hel'delberg , an aiident city in
the grand duchy of Baden, on the
Neckar, the leat of a flourishing
university. The ruins of Its castle
are magnificent. Pop. 12,000.
Hesse'-Cas'sel, a principality in
the W. of Germany, surrounded
by Hanover, the Prussian states,
Hesse- Darmstadt, and Bavaria.
Extent 4436 square miles. Popu-
lation 700,383.
Hesse'.Diirm'stadt, or Grand
Duchy of Hesse, a principality near
the Rhine, to the S. and W. of
Hesse-Cnssel. Extent 3759 square
miles. Pop. 7(X),964.
Hesse'-Hom'burg, a small prin-
cipality near the Maine, contain-
ing 165 square miles. Pop. 23.000.
Hild'burghausen, a town in Snxe.
Meiningen,on the Werra, formerly
the capital of the duchy of Saxc«
Hildburghausen, now merged into
that of Saxe- Meiningen. P. 4000.
Hil'desheim, a town in the S. of
Hanover. Pop. 13,000.
Hohenlin'den, a village of Bava-
ria, ?0 miles E. of Munich, where
the French, under Moreau, defeat-
ed the Austrians, Dec. 3, 1800.
Hom'burg, the capital of the
Landgrave of flesse-Homburg, N.
of Frankfort on the Maine. Fop.
3000.
INGOLSTADT', a strongly-
fortified town in Bavaria, on the
Danube. Pop. 7000.
J£'NA,atown in thegrandduchy
of Saxe-Weimar, (m the Saale, the
seat of a celebrated university, and
the scene of a decisive victory,
gained by Napoleon over the Prus-
sians, 14th Oct. 1806. Pop. 6000.
LANDAU', a strongly-fortified
town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the
Queich. Pbp. 6000.
Land'sbut,atown in Bavaria, on
the Iser. The church of St Martin
has a tower 456 feet in heigh t. Po-
pulation 8000.
Ltfip'sic, or Leip'xig, a flourish-
ing commercial town in Saxony, on
the Plelsse, and the seat of a cele.
brated university; at itsiair8,which
are the most important in Ger-
many, the sale of books is very ex-
tensive. It has obtained great his-
torical notoriety from the decisive
defeat which Bonaparte sustained
In its neighbourhood on the 18th
October 1813. Pop, 41,000,-51,
30 N. 12, 22 £<
aiBltAXY.
172
Lulwclt, (MM of th« free eitlM.
It tUMKlft on th« Travo, about 19
milM flroiD the Baltic. In the
church of Bt Mary are the famous
allegorical paintings of the Dunce
of Death. Its trnde, though very
inferior to that of Hamburg, b con*
siderable. Pop. 96,000.-^3, 61 N.
10 40 E
Lu'n^burg, a town in the king-
dom of Hanover, on the navigaue
river llmenau, with considerable
trade. Pop. 13,000.
MAINE, a large river formed by
the union of the Red and White
Maine f^om the mountains of Fran-
c<mia ; after a very winding course
through Bavaria, it joins the Rhine
opposite to Menla. It is navigable
as high as Bamberg.
Man'/ieiro,a flnecltv in the grand
duchy of Bsden, at tiie confluence
of the Neckar and the Rhine, sur-
rounded with ramparts. Popula-
Uon 2!2,(K)0.~49, 29 N. 8, 2? E*
Mar'burg, a town in Hesse.Cas-
sel, on the Lahn, with a univer-
sity. Pop. 7uoa
Meck'lenburg, a principality N.
E. ot Hanover, ana bordering on
Pomerania. It is divided Into the
two grand duohles ofSchwerin and
Strelitz, Extent 5608 square miles.
Pop. 561,7.57,
Mei'ningen, Saxe, aduchy water-
ed bv the Werra and ttaale, contain,
ing 888 square miles. P. 148,078.
Mei'ningen, the capital of the
duchy, situate in a valley of the
Werra. Pop. 6000.
Menta,or Mayence',adtyin Hesae-
Darmstadt, on the left hank of the
Rhine, opposite the influx of the
Maine. It is the strongest fortress
in Germany, but requires a garrison
of 50,000 men. Its museum of
Roman monuments is said to be
the most complete out of Italy.
Pop. 31,000.-50, N. 8, 16 £.
MunMen, a town in Hanover, at
the confluence of the Werra and
Fulda, whose united streams take
the name of Weser. Pop. 6300.
Mu'nicA, the c|ipital of Bavaria,
on the Iicr, containing many splen-
did edifices, among which are strik-
ing examples of themuniflcenoeof
its kings. Here are a university
and several important literary esU-
l>iisbments. Its gallery of paintings
is one of the finest in the world.
Pop. 100,000.-48, 9 N, 11, 34 E.
Mu'riU.«Ul|«lnlft
NAWAiy. a duSiy ^
Rhenish Prussia and the ittm of
Hesse. Extent 1766 sqiuie plks.
Pop. 379,S7V.
Neck'ar, a river which riaes In
the Black Forest, not flur Ikeoi the
sources of the Diaiube,and travers-
ing Wirtemberg end Baden, ftOs
Into the Rhine at Manheiro.
Nu'remberg, an ancient town in
Bavaria, situate on the Pegnitr.
Its public library is rich in roana-
scripts and early editions of printed
books. Nuremberg Is fained lor
its inventions, pertiouUiily of the
watch, and its churches are re-
markable for fine specimcqs of
painted glass. It is the birtbplaoe
of Albert Durer. Pop. 38,000.^
49, 37 N. 11, 4 B.
(XOER. See Pavaaia, II. 103.
Offenbach, a thrlvinff town in
Hei}se.Darmstadt« on the Maine.
Fop. 8000.
Ol'denburg, a grand duchy, Che
principal part of which lies between
Hanover and the German Ocean.
Extent 12463 square milea. Pop.
264,154.
Ol'denburg, capital of the gnnd
duchy, on the Hunte. Pop. 6000.
Os'naburg, or Oa'nabtuck, atown
in Hanover, capiul of a novbice
of the same name, situate In a val*
ley on the left bank of the 0sse» 9
branch of the Ems. Here are ma-
nu&cturedthe coarse linens kaowa
by the name of Osnaburgs. Fop.
li,000.*49, 16 N. 8. S B.
PASfi'AU, a fortified town In Ba.
varia, at the confluence of the Ion
and the Danube. It ia remantic-
ally situate on a peninsula bctweeo
the two rivers. Pop. 10,000.
PUu, a lake in Mecklenbuif.
Pyr'inont, a town in the nrioci*
pality of Waldeck, 36 miles & W.
from Hanover, famed for its mine-
ral springs. Pop. 1100.
RA ST aDT', a town in Baden, oa
the Murg. It has several maaubo*
tures, and has been the scene uf
repeated diplomatic confeffenccf*
Pop. 5600.
Rai'isbon, or Regens'bttig, •■
ancient city in Bavarii^ on the S.
bank of the Danube, long noted
as the seat of the Imperial Diet.
It is a place of considerable tnds*
Pop. 96,000—40, N. It. 6 B.
Reuss, a »maU principalitjr io U^
GKRHANY.
173
per Saxony, oontainingfiOS square
miles. Population 98,895.
Reutlin'gen, a town in Wirtcm-
berg, on the Echas, noted for ex-
tensive tanneries. Pop. 10,000.
RAine, Uie largest nver of Eu-
rope next to the Volga and the
Danube. It takes its rise flrom Mont
8t Gothard in Switxerland, passes
through the Lake of Constance,
divider Switzerland from Ger-
many, and afterwards forms the
boundary between the latter and
France. It then flows through
the German States, till, passing
into the Netherlands, it divides
into two branches, the larger of
which is 'called the Waal, and
falU into the German Ocean. Its
banks, for a great part of its course,
present a ;iuccession of the most
picturesque and beautiful ttcenery.
RAine, Upper and Lower, two
of the former circles of Germany.
These are now divided among the
states. of Bavaria, Baden, Hesse*
Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia,
and Hanover.
Ros'tock, a town of Mecklen-
burg-Sch werin.situate on the War-
now. It is a place of some trade,
and is the seat of a small universi-
ty. Pop. 19,000.-64, 3 N. 12. 16 E.
SAX'ONY, Kingdom of, between
Bohemia on the S. and the Prus-
sian states on the N. The Erxe-
^irge Mountains, on its S. fron.
tier, are rich in minerals, and its
plains support large flocks of sheep,
the wool of which rivals the Spa-
nish merino. Saxony is distin-
guished for industry, possessing
considerable manufactures of ii.
nens,woollen6,andcoiton(>. Extent
5772 square miles. Pop. 1,652,114.
Sax'ony, Upper and Lower, two
of the former circles of Germany.
Upper Saxony comprised the king-
dom of Saxony, Brandenburg, Po.
merania, and some smaller princi-
palities. Lower Saxony compre-
hended Hanover, the duchies of
Mecklenburg, Brunswick, and
Holstein, with the free towns of
Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck.
Sch we'rin, Lake,in Mecklenburg.
Schwe'rin, the capital of Meek.
lenburg.Schwerin, pleasantly situ,
ate ontheS.W.sideof the lake. Pop.
13,000.-53, 37 N. 11, aO E.
Spire, a town of Bavaria, situate
on tb« left bank of the Rhine. At
the German Diet, held in Spire,
A. D. 16jr9, the reformers entered
that celebrated protest against the
proceedings of tne Emperor which
procured them the name of Pro'
testants. Population 8000.
Stade, a strong town of Hanover*
near the Elbe. Pop. 5400.
Stre'liti, the capital of Mccklen-
burg-Strelits, composed of Old and
New Strelits, a mile distant fhmi
each other. Population lO.OOa
Stutt'gard, the capiUl of Wlr-
temberg, finely situate on the Ne-
senbach, near its junction with the
Neckar. In t he royal library, con-
sisting of 200,000 volumes, is a
unique collection of 12,000 Bibles,
comprising editions of every age
and country. Population 33,000.
—48. 46 N. 9, 11 £.
Swa'bia, one of the former cir-
cles of Germany, comprised the
kingdom ot Wirtemberg, the grand
duchy of Baden, and the imperial
cities of Augsburg and Ulm in
Bavaria.
TU'BINGBN,acity in Wirtem-
berg, on the Neckar. It is the seat
of a university. Pop. 8000.
ULM, a strongly-iortifled town
of Wirtemberg, situate on the Da.
nube,near its junction with the li-
ter, in a rich and beautiful plain.
Its cathedral is a magnificent
structure, 416 feet long, and the
tower 337 feet high. Population
14,000.-48, 23 N. 9, 59 E.
WEl'M AR,Saxc, agrandduchy
in the interior, comprising several
small districts. Extent 1418 square
miles. Pop. 244, 174.
Wei'mar, the capital of the grand
duchy, finely situate on the Ilm.
It has long held a high rank as a
seat of literature, in conseauence
of the liberal patronage of the du-
cal family, whose library is peculi-
arly valuable, and whose court is
frequented by the first literary cha-
racters in Germany. Pop. 10,000.
— 50,59 N. 11, 20E.
We'ser, a large river formed by
the junction of the Werra and
Fulda at Mundcn, flows through
the territories of Hanover, Bruns-
wick, Prussia, &c and falls into
Che German Ocean below Bre-
men.
Westphalia, one of the former
circles of Germany, traversed by
the Weser and the Em% the chivf
174
THB AUSTRIAN BMFIRB.
porttons of which nov bdong to
JPruMfa and Haliover.
Wf r'teiaberg. Kingdom of, hav-
ing Baden on the W. and Bavaria
on the E. It Is travened bjr the
Neckar from S. to N.« and it* weit-
em frcMitier it occupied \xj the
mountain-range of the BlacE Fo.
reet. Wirtemberg is one of the
most fertile countries in Germany,
and in none is there a more ge-
neral dt flfUsion of knowledge. Ex-
tent 702vS square miles. Pf^ula-
tion 1,626,665.
Wiiba'den, the capital of tb«
duchy of Nassau, much frequented
for its warm baths and mineral wa-
terii. Population 7000.
Wlt'mar. a seaport in the grand
duchy of Mecklenburg-^chwerin,
on the Baltic, with a good harbour.
It has consMenMe tnulc in Alp-
building. FopbSaooL
Wol'fenbuttel, a eity In the dnehy
of Brunswick, pleasantly sltnata on
the Ocker. Pop. SOOO.
Worms, an ancient dty inHesie-
Darmatadt, on the left bank of the
Rhine. Popb SOOOl
WurtslMirg, a strong town in
Bavaria, deligfatAilly tftuate oa
the Maine. It is the seat of a uni-
versity. Pop. 1S,OO0l— 49, M N.
' ZELL, or Gelte, k dty In Hsu.
over, on the Aller. Pop. 10,000.
Zerbst, a town in Anhalt-Dei-
sau, the birthplace of CathetiBe IL
of Russia. Popw 8000.
ZitUu', a town In iaxony, so
the Mandau, with some maattftC'
tures. Papulation 9000.
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE
Is bounded N. by Saxony, Prussia, and Poland ; W.
by Bavaria, Switzerland, and the Sardinian States ; S*
by Turkey, the Adriatic, and the Italian States ; and
£. by Russia and Turkey. It contains 358,000 square
miles. Population 35,050^000.
This extensive empire contains-^
Countries. ChfdT Towns.
Archduchy ot Austria.. ..ViEKNA, Linz, Aspem, Stejer,
Salzburg.
Styria. Gratz.
Tyrol Innsbruck, Botzen, Trent, Roveredo.
lllyria Laybach, Clagenfurt, Trieste,
Fiume, Capo a*Istria.
Bohemia Prague, Reichenberg, Eger, Kon*
iggratz.
Moravia and Silesia. Brunn, Olmutz, Austerlite, Trop-
pau.
Austrian PolandorGaliciaLemberg, Brody, Czemowitz.
Hungary, comprehending
Hungary Proper Buda, Pest, Presburg, Sdiemniti,
Tokay, Debretzin, Ketskenwti
SiSegedin, TemeswaT.
Sclavonia Essek, Semlin.
Croatia Agram, Carlstadt*
Transylvania Clausenburg, Hermannstadt, Cron«
stadt.
Balmatia Zara, Spalatro, Ragnsa.
Austriat^taly Milan, Venioeb (bee Itai^t).
TBE AUSTRIAN SMFXRB. 175
MouKTAiKs. — Carpathian Mountains, Sttdetie
Mountains, Rhsetian or Tyrolese Alps.
Lakes — Cirknitz, Neusiedler-see, Platten-sce.
Rivers. — Danube^ with its tributaries the Inn,
Drave, Save, Morava, Theiss, Marcs, — the Elbe, Mol-
dau, Dniester; in Italy, Adige, Brenta, Piava, Tag-
liamento.
REMARKS.
The Austrian empire, exclusive of Dalmatia, extends from
44** to 51** N. iat., and from 8° SO' to 26° 30' B. long. Its
length, from £. to W. is 850 miles; and iU breadth, from
N. to S. 450 miles.
The Austrian dominions, enlarged by the successive ac-
quisitions of centuries, embrace countries as various in their
natural properties as their inhabitants are different in lan-
guage, manners, and national character. The German por-
tion of these dominions presents almost every where a moun-
tainous character, especially in Styria, Carinthia, and Car.
niola. The aspect of Hungary is level, except towards the
Carpathian Mountains ; and Galicia, with the same excep-
tion» is a great plain covered with wood, ill cultivated, and
thinly peopled.
In Ifungary the climate resembles that of the southern
countries of £urope ; but the summer is hotter, and the
winter more severe. The soil in the south is remarkable
for its fertility, and notwithstanding the state of agriculture,
yields corn sufficient for the maintenance not only of its
own inhabitants, but of those of the north, where the land is
in many places occupied by vast heaths and sandy plains.
That part of Hungary which is sheltered by the Carpathians
is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine ; and proo
duces the celebrated wine called Tokay.
Except in the elevated regions, Bohemia, Moravia, and the
archduchy of Austria, have a mild and salubrious climate,
and are rich in corn, vines, and other vegetable productions.
Few countries can vie with Austria in mineral wealth.
At Kremnit2 and Schemnitz, in Hungary, are valuable
mines of gold and silver; the surrounding district abounds
in copper, antimony, coal, salt, and alum ; and Hungary is the
only territory in which the true opal has been found. The iron
of Carinthia and Styria is of very excellent quality ; and
the quicksilver mines of Idria, in Carniola, are more produc-
tive than any other in Europe. The tract of Galicia which
borders upon the Carpathian range, yields copper, iron.
170 THE AU8TBIAN BUPIBB*
and lead ; and at Wielicska, near Cracow, are moat extai-
tire and celebrated mines of rock-salt
In agriculture and comraerce Austria has not kept pace
with other European states. The land, except near
Prague and in other parts of Bohemia, is n^ligently and
unskilfully cultivated; and manufactures are neither on*
roerous nor extensive, considering the resources of the coun*
try. Trade is necessarily limited, owing to the small extent
of its line of seacoast. In Vienna there are manufactures
of silk, gold and silver lace, silver-plate, cloths, stuffs, linens,
mirrors, and porcelain ; Bohemia is noted for beautiful
glass, linen, and paper. The exports of Austria amount to
about £6,000,000 sterling annually.
The government is an hereditary monarchy ; but almost
every country, forming a component part of the empire, en-
joys its own code of laws. In Hungary the power of the em-
peror is limited by that of the aristocracy, who have a Diet
or Parliament composed of two chambers, which regulates
all matters relating to taxes and the internal government of
the country. The military force of Austria during peace,
is computed at 271,400 men ; its maritime force is insigoi-
iicant. The revenue is estimated at £15,000,000, and the
public debt at £76,000,000 sterling.
The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic ;. but all
other sects of Christians are tolerated.
The manners of the Austrians differ little from those of
their German neighbours ; but in general information they
are inferior to the inhabitants of Saxony. Till lately their
nobles were ignorant, proud, and haughty. A cold civility
characterizes their deportment to strangers. The Hunga-
rians are an indolent and prejudiced but high-spirited people,
and affect to despise their Austrian masters. Education is
still in a very neglected state in the empire, and few names
of celebrity adorn its literary annals.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of the Austrian empire ? What
is its extent in square miles ? What countries does it con-
tain ? What are the chief towns in the archduchy of Austria?
In Bohemia? In Moravia? In Galicia? in Hungary?
In AuHirian Italy? In Dalmatia? Name the moan-
tains, — the lakes, — the rivers.
Where is Essek, Olmutz, Trent, Oratz, Innsbruck, Ausler-
lltz, Cronstadt, Lemberg, Tokay, Prague, Vienna, Pest,
Presburgj &c. ? Trace the course of the Maros,— of the
?»1«.— ?1 the £lbe,~of the Morava,.^f the Theisa, &c
Where is Platten-see, &c. ?
THE AUSTRIAN BHPTRfi* 177
Bciwem what degrees of latitude and longitude ii the
Austrian Empire situate ? What are its length and breadth ?
What is the general aspect of its German portion ? What
is the general aspect of Hungary and Galicia ? What is
remarkable in the climate of Hungary ? What is the nature
of the soil ? With what is the soil occupied in many parts
of the north ? What part of Hungary is favourable to the
CTowth of the vine ? What celebrated wine does it produce ?
What kind of climate prevails in Bohemia, Moravia, and
Austria Proper? In wnat productions are those countries
rich ? Is Austria rich in mineral wealth ? Where are valuable
mines of gold and silver found ? What other metals and minerals
does the circumjacent country alford ? What precious mineral
is found in Hungary alone ? For what metal are Carinthia and
Styria particularly noted ? *What is remarkable about the
quicksilver mines of Idria ? What metals are found in Galicia ?
Whatreroarkabie mines are wrought at Wieliczka near Cracow?
What is the state of agriculture, manufactures, and com-
merce in Austria ? What are the ])rincipal manufactures of
Vienna ? For what manufacture is Bohemia noted ? To
what value do the exports of Austria amount annuiUly ?
What is remarkable about the government of Austria?
How is the power of the emperor limited in Hungary ? At
what number is the military force of Austria computed ? To
what sum does its revenue amount ? What is the prevailing
religion in Austria ? By what peculiarities are the manners
of the Austrians characterized ? What is peculiar in the cha^
racter of the Hungarians ? In what state are education and
literature in the Austrian empire ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE.
A'GRAM, a strong town, the
capital of Croatia, near the Save.
PopalaHon 17,U00.— 450 52' N. lat.
16» (/ E. long.
Aus'terlits, a town in Moravia,
where Bonaparte gained a decisive
victory over the united forces of
Austria and Russia, Sd December
1805. Pop. SOOO.
Aus'tria, Archduchy of, the here-
ditary dominion of the imperial
family, is divided by the river Ens
into two provinces,— Lower and
Upper Austria. It contains, with
the district of Salzburg, 15,049
square miles. Pop. f ,l90,f)34.
BLBY'BER6,a town in lUyria,
noted for its lead-mines. Pop. 4000.
Bohe'inia, Kingdom of, situate
nearly in the heart of Germany,
and surrounded by mountains. It
is very fertile, and rich in mineral
products. Extent 30,237 square
ntleg, Populatioa 4,004,858.
Botz'en, orBo1;6i'no, a fine town
in the Tyrol, on the Eisach. Po-
pulation 8000.
Brix'en, a town in the Tyrol,
at the confluence of the Rienz and
Eisach. Pop. 3200.
Bro'dy, a town in the N. E. of
Galicia, with considerable com-
merce. Pop. 23,000, of whom five-
sixths are Jews.
Brunn, the capital of Moravit,
on the Schwartz. Its manufac-
tures and trade are extensive.
Pop. 40.000.— 49, 12 N. 16, 36 E.
Bu'da, or O'fen, the capital of
Hungary, on the Danube. It is
famous for its baths, and the en-
virons produce excellent wines.
Pop. 33,00a— 47, 29 N. 19, 3 E.
CA'PO D'IS'TRIA.aseaporton
a small island in the Gulf of
Trieste, communicating with the
mainland hy • drayrbridge. Fop*
5000,
178
THS AU8TBIAN EMPIBS.
Caiin'thU* a monntatnoui dis-
trict in lUyria, celebrated for iU
mineb Iti lead, in particular, i«
the purest in Europe.
Carls'lMd, a town of Bohemia,
dtuate in a charming valley, wa^
tered by the TepL Its liaths rank
among the most £unous in Europe.
Pop. 9600.
Carls^vg, a town of Transyl-
vania, on the Maros, with a strong
fortress. Pop. 6000.
CarKstadt, a strongtown of Cro>
atia, on the Kulpa. Fop. 3000.
Camio'la, a province to the S. of
Cariotbia, now included in the
kingdom of lllvria.
Carpa'thian Mountains, a range
which extends above 600 miles,
from the N. W. border of Hun-
gary to the Danube on the frontier
of vVallachia ; seoarating Hungary
from Moravia, Sifesla, Galicia, and
the Buckowine; and Transyl-
vania from Moldavia and Walla-
chia. These mountains, to the
height of 3600 feet, are generally
covered with forests of pine and
beech. The most elevated peak,
Lomnitz, is 8133 feet high.
Catta'ro,a strong seaport near the
S. extremity of Dalmatia, on a gulf
of the same name in the Adriatic.
Pop. 3000.-42,^5 N. 18, 46 E.
Cirk'nitz, a remarkable lake of
Carniola, in Illyria. It is sur-
rounded by limestone heights, and
contains 18 subterraneous cavities,
through which its waters, at cer-
tain seasons, disappear, and again
flow in.
Cla'gcnfurt, the chief town of
Carinthia, in Illyria, on the Glan.
Pop. 10,000.
Clau'senburg, the capital of
Transylvania, beautifully situate
on the Little Szamos. P. $0,000.
Cra^cow, the capital of the little
republic of the same name, which
contains 490 square miles, and is
under the protection of Austria.
It is situate on the Vistula, and is
the seat of an ancient university.
Here the kings of Poland were
crowned ; in the cathedral are the
tombs of many of the monarcbs.
Pop. lg,000.-*0, 4 N. 19, 57 E,
Croa'tia, a province extending
from the river Drave to the Adria-
tic, now incorporated with Hun-
gary.
Cron'stadt, a trading town in
Transylvania, ontb«S.B. fronlicr.
P. 25,000.— 45k 42 N. 25. i4 K,
Czei'nowita, or Tcber^nowits, a
town on the Jmith, the cafHtal of
the Buckowine, a district annexed
to Galicia. Pop. 7U00.
DALMATIA, Kingdom of, ex-
tends along the E, coast of the
Adriatic, which is studded with
numerous islands. It contains
561 2 sauare miles. Pop. 364,i33.
Dan'ube. See Gbbmaiiv, p. noi
Debrec'zin, a town in Hungary,
on the E. of the Tbeiss ; has variotu
manufiactures and considerate
trade, it is the seat of a celebrat-
ed academy. Pop.45!,00a*47,3&
N. 21, 33 £.
Dnies^ter. Bee Russia, p. 153.
Drave, a large rirer wnich risn
in the Tyrol, flows through Carin-
thia and Styria, separates Croatia
and Sclav onia from Hungary, and
joins the Danut>e below Essek.
E'GER, a town in Bohemia, en
a river of the same name. Here
Wallenstein was assassinated in
1633. Pop. 9000.
Elbe. See Prussia, p. 162.
Ens, or Enns, a river which bas
its source in the district of Sals,
burg, and, dividing the arcbduchj
of Austria into Upper and Ldmet,
falls into the Danube.
Erlau', a town of Hungary, on
the W. of the Theiss, with consi-
derable trade. Pop. 17f00a— 47,
55 N. 30, 24 R.
Est'ek, a forUfied town, tbeeui-
tal of Sclavonla, situate on tne
Drave. Pop. 10,000.-45, 30 N.
18, 42 E.
FIU'ME, a seaport of ntyria, on
a bay of the Adriatic ; carrieson an
extensive trade. Pup. 900tt.— 4di
19 N. 14, 26 E.
GALPCIA, that part of Poland
which is annexed to Austria, un-
der the title of the kingdom of Ga-
licia and Lodorairia. It is sepa-
rated from Hungary by the Carpa-
thian Mountains, and contaiw,
with the Buckowine, 32,876 squaiv
miles. Pop. 4,305,339.
Goers, or Gori'zia, a town in IU
lyria, on the Lisonso. Pop. 12,000.
Grata, a handsome town, the ca-
pital of Styria, on the Muhr. Pop.
40,t)OO.-47. 4 N. 15, 27 B,
HBUMANN'STADX, the capi-
tal of a district in Transylvania, si-
tuate on the Sseben, Pop. 18,00ft
TUS AUiTBIAN BMPIBS.
Uim^SaTj* Kingdom of, forming
part of tbe Auatrian dominions,
one of tiM mott interesting but
loMt known couotriet of Eim^.
It contains, witli ScUvonia, Cro-
atia, and the military frontier,
107,541 aquave milaib Population
12 960 94a.
liyklA, a town of Camiola, in
lUyria, witii valualde mines of
mercury. Pop. 5Q00.
Igiau% a town of Moravia, on a
river of the same name ; with oon-
stdacaldeimanuracturespf woollens.
Pop. 14,0Qa— 48. S3 n! 15, 96 £.
Illyr'ui, Kingdom of, comprises
Canntiiia, Carnloia, and Istria,
now divided into two governments,
LaybacJi and Trieste. It is ex-
tremeiy mountainous, interspersed
witti fertile valleys. Extent
10,800 square mile«. P. 1,188,534.
inn, a river whicii rises iu the
GrisoDSa crosses the Tyrol, and,
after Arming the boundary be-
tween Bavaria and Austria, joins
tbe Danutie at Passau.
Imw'toruck, the capital of the
Tyrol, situate on the Inn, on the
direct route irom Germany into
Italy. It stands in one of the most
beautiful valleys formed by the
Alps. Fop. ii,ooa
Is'tria, a maritime province at
tbe head of the. Adriatic, now in«
duded in the icingdom of lllyria.
JAR'OSLAW, a town of Galicia,
on the San ; with an imperial cioth-
maiiufiustory. Pop. 7U0a
KETfi^K£MET, a town in the
interior of Hungary, betwe«i the
Danube and the Theiss. Ptoa
34,000.-46, 65 N. 19, 44 £.
Komorn', a town in Hungary,
with a very strong fortress, at the
iunotion of the Danube and the
Waag. Pop. 11,000.
Ko'njggrats, a fortified town in
Bohemia, on the Elbe. P. 6000.
Krem'nita, a town in the N. W.
of Httngary,celebrated for its mines
of gold and silver. Pop» 10,000.
LAY'BACtf, the eapiui of a
<l>strict oi lUyria, on a river of the
*ame name, a place of consider-
able trad& Pop. 10,00a
Lemlierg, the capital of Galida,
on the Peltew.a branch of the Bug,
the seat of a university, and a
place of great trade. Pop. 60,000,
of whom 20.000 are Jew!.— 49, 60
N.S4,5B.
179
Lina. the capital of Upper Aus-
tria, on the Danube. Unas a large
woollen manufactory, established
by government. Foa S4,000.— 48
19 N. 14, 16 £.
Lis'sa, a frultftil little island in
the Adriatic, near the coast of
Dalmatia. Pop. 6000.
MA ROB', a river which rises
amonc the Carpathian Mountains,
near the E. frontier of Transylva-
nia, forms the boundary of the
Bannat, and falls into the Theiss.
Mele'da, an island in the Adria-
tic, near the coast of Dalmatia,
supposed hy some to have been the
ancient Melita, Pop. 1000.
Miskols', a town of Hungary, on
tbe W. of the Theiss, in a rich
wine and corn country. Fop.
28,000.-46, 7 N. SO, 47 K.
M6idau', a river of Bohemia,
which joins the Elbe bttlow Prague.
Mora^va, or March,a river whicli
springs from the lottv Schnoeberg,
at the Junction of Bohemia, Mo-
ravia, and Silesia, flows through
Moravia, separates the archducny
of Austria from Hungary, and falls
into the Danube above Presburg.
Mora'via and Sile'sia, a province
of the Austrian Empire, between
Hungary and Bohemia, in which
are large and flourishing manufac-
tures of woollen, linen, and cotton.
It contains 10,262 square miles.
Population 2,110,141.
MuAr, a river which flows
through Styria, and joins the
Drave in Hungary.
NBU'S ATZ, a free city of Hun-
gary, on the Danube, opposite Pe-
terwardein : it has a considerable
trade with Turkey. Fop. 17,000.
Neu^siedler.see', a lake in the W.
of Hungary, 30 miles long, and
about 10 at its greatest breadth.
0£'D£NBUKG,atown in Hun-
gary, near the lake of Neusiedler.
Pop. 12,000.-47, 41 N. 16. 33 £.
Ol'mutx, a town of Moravia on
the river March. It is strongly
fortified, and is the see of aa
archbishop. Pop. 19,000.
PE8T, or Festh, a handsome
city of Hungary, on the Danube,
opposite Buda, with which it is
connected by a bridge of boats. It
has a university richly endowed,
and commands a great inland trade.
Population 75,000.-47, 30 N. 19,
180
TH£ AUSTRIAN BMPIRB.
Petenrar'dein, a strong town of
Sclavonia, on the Danube. Popu-
lation 3700.
PIat'ten.iee, or LakeBaKaton,ta
the S. W. of Hungary, 40 miles long
and ftom one to four broad. Flth
of peculiar species abound in its
waters.
Prague, a handsome and strong-
ly fortified city, the capital of Bo-
hemia, on the Moldau, over which
is thrown a beautiful bridge. It is
the seat of the oldest university in
Germanv,and is famous as the resi-
dence or the great reformers, John
Hussand Jerome of Prague. Pop.
lSO,00«».-«), 5 N. U, 25 E.
Pres'burg, once the capital of
Hungary, and still the place where
the kings are crowned. It is finely
situate on an eminence overlook-
ing a vast plain, watered by the
Danube. Pop. 41,000.-48, 8 N.
17, 6 E.
RAAB, atown in Hungary, near
the junction of the Raab with the
Danube. Population 14,000.
Ragu'sa, a strongly-foi-titied sea-
port in Dalmatia, on a peninsula
in the Adriatic. Pop. 6000.— 42,
38 N. 18,6 B.
Reicft'enberg, a town in the N.
ofBohemla,ontheNeisse; famous
for its cloth and other manufac-
tures. Pop. 10,0C0.
Rovere'do,a town in the S. of the
Tyrol, near the Adige. Pop. 7000.
SALZ'BURG, capital of a dis.
trlct united to Upper Austria. It
is finely situate on the Salsa,
amidst the most romantic scenery.
In its vicinity are the famous salt-
works of Hallein. Pop. 14,000.
San. a river of Galicia, iprings
from the Carpathian Mountains,
and falls into the Vistula near
Sandomir.
Save, a large river which rises
near Villach in Illyria, flows
through Croatia, separates Sclavo.
nia from Turkey, and falls into the
Danube at Belgrade.
Schem'nitz. a town in the N. W.
of Hungary, famous for its mines
of gold, silver, and lead. Here is
a celebrated mining school. Pop.
22.000.— 48. 27 N. 18, 52 E.
Schwartz, a town in theTyrol. on
the Inn, with mines of nilver and
copper in the vicinity. Pop. 8000.
Sclavo'nla, a province, watered
by theDraye, the Danube, and the
Save, now inoorporatcd with Hun-
g*nr.
Semlin, a town of Sclavonia,
near the junction of the Save with
the Danube. Pop. 9000.
Sile'sia, Austrian, a district in
the N. of Moravia, with which it
is now incorporated.
Spala'tro, a seaport of Dslmatia.
on the Adriatic, near tlie ancient
Salt/ruit and the ruins of the ft-
mous palace of Dioclesian. Pop.
8000.— 43, 31 N. 16, 28 E.
Stry'er, a town in Upper Anstria,
on the Ens ; with large iron-works
and manufactures. Pop. 10,00().
Sty'ria, a province be t w e en the
archduchy of Austria and lUyria.
It contains 8482 square miles. Pop.
923,982.
Sudet'ic Mountains, a semicinni-
lar range of the Hercyidan chain,
which separates Austria from
Saxony and Prussia, distingulslicd
by the names of the Er^pebirge
and the Kiesengebirge, i. e. the Orf
and the Giant Mtnmiain*.
Szege'din, a town in HuDgarr,
at the confluence of the Theisn
and Maros. It is a place of consi-
derable manufacturing and com-
mercial importance. Pop. 32,C0 >.
—46, 17 N. 20, 10 E.
Tem'esvar, a handsome town,
the capital of the Bannat, a militarr
frontier .province of Hungary. It
is situate on the Bega Canal, and i»
strongly fortified. Pop. 14,000.
Thelss (Teess), a large river in
Hungary, formed by two streaiof,
the Black and White Itwiv.
After a course of 700 miles, itdow«
into the Danube below Peterwar-
dein, and is navigable almost to ii»
source.
TAere'sienstadt, or TAerasiaoo'.
pel, a town in the S. of Hungaiy*
extending over a wide plain. PO|t.
40,000.— 46, 6 N. 19, 42 E.
Tokay', a town in Hungary, at
the confluence of the Tbeias sad
the Bodrog. It is celebrated (br iu
wine, one of the finest and most
costly in Europe. Pop. 4000.
Toplitz, a town in the N. W. of
Bohemia, fkmous for its bstlw.
Population 2600.
Transvlva' nia, a provhiee be>
tween Hungary and Turkey, con.
taining 21,382 square miles, f^
pulation 1,963,435.
Trent, a city in the Tyroi,ootiie
ASIA.
181
Adige. It is the Tridentum of
the Romans; and is famous for the
council of Roman Catholic prelates,
from all parts of Europe, held there
from 1545 to 1563, for the purpose
of suppressing the Reformation.
Poa 12,000.-16.4 N. 11, 4 E,
Trieste', a maritime city, the ca-
pital of a district of Iltyria, situ-
ate 00 a gulf of the same name, at
theN.E. extremity of the Adriatic.
It Is a free port, and possesses an
extensive commerce. I*op. 51,000.
-45,38N. 13, 46E.
Troppau', the capital of Austrian
Silesia, on the Oppa. Pop. 12,000.
Tyrol', a mountainous province
between Austrian Italy and Bava*.
ria. The Ortler Spitz, one of the
Rfaaetian or Tyrolese Alps, rises to
the height of 12,832 teet The
Tyrol, with the Voralberg, con-
tains 10,967 square miles. Fop.
«27,635.
VERSETZ', a town in the S. of
Hungary, with a good trade. Pop.
16,000.
ViEN'NA<Gw. Wien), the capi-
tal of the empire, one of the moat
ancient cities of Oermany, situate
in a rich and picturesque country,
on the right bank of the Danube,
and intersected by two small but
rapid streams, the Wien and tbfe
Atster. Pop. 330,000.-43, IS K.
16, S2 £.
ViKlacA, a town of Carintbiay
with some trade. Pop. 3000.
WIELICZ'KA, a town of OalU
cia, near which are the most ex-
tensive salt-mines in the world, ex-
tending more than a mile under-
ground, with vaulted passages, and
even chapels and altars cut out of
the rock-salt. Pop. 6000.
ZA'R A, the capital of Dalmatia,
on the Adriatic. It is strongly
fortified, and has an excellent har-
bour. Pop. 5000.— 44, 7, N. 15,
13 B.
Zom'bor, a town in the S. <tf
Hungary, on the Franz Canal;
with a lar|;e trade in corn and cattle.
Pop. 18,000.---45, 45 N. 19, 12 E.
ASIA
Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Eu-
rope, the Black Sea^ Archipelago, Mediterranean, Isth-
mus of Suez, and Red Sea ; S. by the Indian Ocean ;
and E. by the Pacific Ocean.
The superficial area, including the islands, has been
estimated at 90,000,000 square miles; and its population
at 460,000,000. The countries which it contains are^^
Clonntries. Chief Towns.
Turkey Id Asia Smyrna, Aleppo, Damas*
cu!), Bagdad.
Arabia. Mecca, Medina, Mocha.
Persia. Teheran, Ispahan.
Afghanistan Cabul, Candahar, Herat.
Hiodostan Calcutta, Madras, Bom-
bay, Delhi, Benares.
Eastern Peninsula Ava, Aracan, Bankok.
China Pekin, Nankin, Canton.
Thibet Lassa.
^Msm or Chinese Tartary Cashgar, Varkand, Mai«
matchin.
Western or Independent Tartary.. Bokhara, Samareand.
Asiatic Russia Tobolsk, Astracan.
Jeddo, Miaco, Nangasaki.
H
182 ASIA.
Islands.— Cyprus^ Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
Celebes, Moluccas, Philippine Islands, Japan Islands,
New Guinea, Australia or New Holland, New Zealand.
Mountains. — Ural, Altaian, Teen-shan, Kwan-lan,
Himmaleh, Caucasus, Ararat, Taurus, Lebanon ; Sinai
and Horeb.
8b AS AND Gulfs. — Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian
Gulf, Bay of Bengal, Chinese Sea, Gulfs of Siam and
Tonquin, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan^ Sea of Ochotsk,
Sea of Kamtschatka, Caspian Sea, Sea of Aral.
Straits. — Babelmandeb, Ormus, Palk's Channel,
Malacca, Sunda, Macassar, Behring.
Capes. — Severo, Baba, Ras el Hud, Comorin, Ne-
grais, Romania, Cambodia, Lopatka, East Cape.
Rivers. — Ob or Oby, Yenisei, Lena, Amur or
Sagalien, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse-kiang, Maykaung, Irra-
wady, Brahmapootra, Ganges, Indus, Euphrates,
Tigris, Oxus, Jaxartes.
Lakes. — Baikal, Balkash or Palkati.
aESkAJLKS.
Asia extends from 1** 20' to 76° N. lat., and from 26'
•IS. to no° W., making 164** of long. Its length, from
the mouth of the Dardanelles to the Islands of Japan, is
6000 miles ; and its breadth, from the S. of Malacca to
Cape Severo in Siberia, is 5200 miles. It is the largest
of the great divisions of the globe. Including its islands
it extends almost from pole to pole ; and from 26** £. to
109' 25' W. long.
Every variety of climate and of soil occurs in this va&t
region. It is watered by magnificent rivers, and intersect-
ed by stupendous mountains, of which the Himmaleh chain
is the loftiest in the world.
In many respects Asia is the most interesting division of
the globe. It is the nursery of the human race ; for here
man was created, and hence proceeded the tide of popub-
tion, which spread in time over the rest of the world. It
was the theatre of all those n^rand dispensations by which
God prepared the world for the advent of the Messiah, and
of those labours aud sufferings by which our Saviour ac-
complished the salvation of mankind. Of the great em-
pires which flourished in Asia at very remote periods of
antiquity, and which are frequently mentioned in the his-
torical and prophetic books of Scripture, most have passed
▲6IA. 183
completely -away, leaving no trace of their existence but
the records of history, or a few architectural ruins. Its
present empires and kingdoms will be described under the
respective countries.
EXEBCISES.
What are the boundaries of Asia ? What is its extent in
square miles? What is the amount of its population? Name
the principal countries which it contains. What are their
chief towns ? Name the principal islands of Asia, and point
them out on the map. Name its principal mountains, and
trace them on the map. Name and pomt out its seas and
gulfs. What are its principal straits ? Point them ouL Name
and point out its principal capes. What are its principal
livers ? Trace their course. What are its principal lakes ?
Where is the Kastern Peninsula, Independent Tartary, China,
Asiatic Russia, Thibet, &,c. ? What is the capital of Hin-
dosum? Of Chinese Tartary? Of Persia? Of China, &c?
Where is Ceylon, Borneo, Cyprus, New Guinea, Sumatra,
Java, the Japan Islands, &c. ? Where is Mount Caucasus,
Lebanon, Taurus, Horeb, Ararat, the Altaian Mountains,
Sinai, &c ? Where is the Bay of Bengal, Sea of Ochotsk,
Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Yellow Sea, Caspian Sea, &c. ?
Where is the Strait of Ormus, of Behring, of Malacca,
Babelmandeb, &c. ? Where is Cape Comorin, Negrais,
Lopatka, &c. ? Trace the course of the Hoang-ho, the Ganges,
the Oby, the Tigris, the Yenisei, the Euphrates, the Indus,
the Yang-tse-kiang, &c.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does Asia
extend ? What are its length and breadth ? What proportion
does it bear to the other great divisions of the globe ? What
18 its extent, including its islands ? Can it boast of magni-
ficent rivers and mountains? In what respects is Asia the
most interesting portion of the globe ? What is remarluible
about the great empires that once flourished in Asia ?
TURKEY IN ASIA
Is bounded N. by the fi lack Sea and Russia ; W. by
the Mediterranean and Archipelago ; S. by Arabia and
the Mediterranean; and £. by Persia. It contains
450,000 square miles. Population about 12,000,000.
Diviaions. Chief Towns.
AsiaMinor,comprehending
Anatolia Smyrna, Manisa, Bursa, Ku-*
tayah, Angora.
Caran^aua Konieh, Adana, Tarsus.
Roum Tokat, Siva8,Amasia,Trebi8onde.
184 TURKJEY IN ASIA.
DItMoiu; CUeTTowBi.
Armenia Erzeroum, K«n» Vaa.
Kurdifltan BeUii.
Irak-Arabi (ChaUea) Bagdad, Bas«onu Hlllah.
Algesira (Meaopofamia).. .Diarhekw, Mosul, Orfa,
Syria ALEPPO, Damaacns Tripoli.
Pal cstine or the Holy Land. Jerusaleniy Acre, Tabariai Na-
plous, Jaffay €hiza«
Island. — Cyprus.
Mountains. — Taurus, Olympus, Ida, LebanoDi
Ararat.
Lakes. — Van, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea.
HiVERS. — Kisil-Irmak, Sakaria, ifarabat, Meinder,
Orontes, Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris.
RBMARKt.
Turkey in A^ia extends from 30* to 42"* 10" N. lat, and
from 26*" to 48° SC/ £. long. Its length, from Cape Bate
on the Archipelago to Mount Ararat on the borders of
Persia, is 980 miles; and its breadth, Irom the soutbera
frontier of Syria to the Black Sea, is 730 miles.
This extensive country may be regarded as in general
mountainous, although it presents many extensiTe plains of
great beauty and fertility. The climate is deligfatfbl ; and
the soil, particularly in the valleys, extremely productive.
Fruits of the finest kinds grow spontaneously, or are pn>-
duced abundantly by cultivation ; but tillage is only partially
attended to,— *by far the greater part being occupied by shep-
herds and their flocks. The mountains are clothed with
woods, and the shores of the Black Sea present the appearaoos
of continued forests. Of the domestie animals, the most re-
markable are theshcep, and the goats of Angora, from tbehair
of which the finest camlets are made. Indeed, it is a remark*
able peculiarity in the animals of this district, that they sU
have Bne long hnir. Of the wild beasts of Asiatic Turkey
we may enumerate the lion (which never appears farther weiC
than the Euphrates), the hyena, and jackal ( the ibex and
the antelope. With the exception of the copper mines of
Tokat, the mineral treasures of this country are unknown*
At Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olympus, there are hot
medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is inhabited by different
tribes, whose employments and habits are equally various.
The prevailing religion is the Mohammedan ; and theTurb
of Asia are peculiarly bigoted. The Greek and Aimenian
'Christians are numerous, bat are kept in a state of tbe
TURKJtY IN ASIA. 185
most hiimilitatiDg subjeclioa. A few of the wandering
UibM stxll retain th«ir Pagftn superstitions.
Th« fin« countries of ^ria an<i Palestine ba^e recently
fallen into the possession of Mohammed Ali, pasha of £gypt ;
but whether the change will improve the condition of the
people, or perpetuate rapine and oppression, it is not possible
at preaent to determine.
BXEAOIBEa.
What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? What is
its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? Name
its divisions, VV^hat are the principal towns of Asia Minor ?
Of Algesira ? Of Irak.Arabi ? Of Kurdistan ? Of Ar.
menia f Of Syria ? Of Palestine ? Name its principal island
and mountains. Name its lakes. Name its principal rivers.
Where is Jerusalem, Smyrna, Hillah, Asphaltites or the
Dead Sea, JidBTa, Acre^ Tabaria, Mosul, the Meinder, the
Jordan, Angora, the Euphrates, &c. ?
Between what deffrees of latitude and longitude is Turkey
in Asia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What
is its general aspect ? What is the nature of its climate and
soil ? Does it abound In fruits ? By what is the greater part
of this country occupied ? What places are clothed with woods
and forests ? What are the most remarkable of the domestic
animals in Asiatic Turkey ? By what remarkable peculia-
rity are the animals of this district distinguished ? Mention
some of its wUd animals. Are the mineral treasures of this
country well known? Where are hot medicinal springs
found r How is Asiatic Turkey inhabited ? In what state
are the Christians kept in Asiatic Turkey ? What supersti-
tions are stfll retainca by some of the wandering tribes ? Into
whose pottowion have Syria and Palestine fallen ?
ARABIA
Is bounded N. by Syria and the Euphrates ; W. by the
Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez ; S. by the Indian
Ocean; and £. by the Persian Gulf. It contains
1,000^000 square miles. Pop. estimated at 10,000,000.
Divisions. Chief Towns.
Hejaz. Mecca, Medina, Jidda, Yembo.
iiahsa iiahsa, £1 Katif.
Nejed « Derayeh.
Oman Mascat, Rostak, Seer,
Hadramaut. Shibam, Doan.
Yemen Sana, Mocha, Aden, Mareb.
IsiiANDS. — Socotra, Bahrein.
Mountains. — Sinai, Horeb, Shammar, Arafat.
CAr£9.<*'Mussendom, Ras el Hud^ Babelmandeb.
186 aaabia.
RBMARK8.
Arabia extends from 12' SO" to 34' SO'N. lat, and from
32' 30' to 60' £. long. Its length, from the Straits of Bt-
belmandeb to the Euphrates, is 1500 miles; and its breadth,
from tiie eastern extremity to Mecca on tbe Red Sea, is
1280 miles.
The most remarkable feature in tbe aspect of Arabia it
the vast extent of sandy deserts which occupy almost tbe
whole of the interior,— diversified only by a few spots of
fertility called oases or islands. Over these dreary wastes
travellers pass in large companies or caravans ; exposed, at
almost every step, to tbe imminent peril of their lives.
Their sufferings from excessive beat and the want of water
are extreme ; and the ocean, in its most violent agitation,
presents not so appalling a scene as the Arabian desert in a
storm, when the sand, lifted from its bed, overwhelms every
thing in its way. The districts on the coast are fertile and
beautiful, producing many valuable trees and shrubs, as tbe
tamarind, the Indian.fig, the date.palm, the cotton-sfanib,
the pomegranate and orange trees, the cofTee-sbnib, and
the amyris opobaisamum, which yields the celebrated balm
of Mecca. Arabia has long been famed for the abundance
of its odoriferous plants. The most noted of the domestic
animals are the horse and camel ; of its wild animals, the
antelope, the wild ass, the wolf, fox, jackal, hyena, and pao^
ther, deserve particular notice.
The interior of Arabia is chiefly inhabited by wandering
tribes called Bedouins, who subsist by their flocks, and by
the plunder of passing caravans. The Arabians on the
coast live in more regular society, and enjoy the benefit of
commerce and the arts ; the valuable pearl-fisheries of the
Persian Gulf are principally in their hands.
The religion of Mohammed, who was born at Mecca a.d.
570, is professed throughout Arabia, as well as generally
over the East. His native city, and Medina, which con-
tains his tomb, attract vast crowds of pilgrims. In the
middle of last century arose tbe Wahabees, who rejected the
divine honours paid to Mohammed, considering him only
an inspired prophet, and holding as their peculiar tenet that
God alone should be adored. They had at one time over-
run nearly all Arabia ; but Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egyptf
has since driven them from Mecca and Medina.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Arabia ? What is its extent in
sqaare miles? What is the amount of its poptilatioD?
P£R8IA. 187
Name its divisions. What are the principal towns of Hejaz ?
Of Yemen? Of Hadramaut ? Of Oman? OfLahsa? Of
Nejed ? Name the islands and mountains of Arabia. Where
is Mocha, Mecca, Rostak, Sana, Mareb, &c. ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Arabia
situate? Wliat are its length and breadth? What is the
most remarkable feature in its aspect? How do 'travellers
pass over those dreary wastes ? To what sulfenngs and
dangers are they exposed ? What is the appearance of the
districts on the coast ? What valuable trees and shrubs do
they produce ? What are the most noted domestic animals
of Arabia ? Which of its wild animals chiefly deserve notice ?
By what people is the interior of Arabia chiefly inhabited ?
How do tney subsist ? In what manner do the Arabs on the
coast live ? What religion is professed in Arabia ? What
new sect sprang up about the middle of last century ? What
is the peculiar tenet of this sect ? What progress did they
make ? Who drove them from Mecca and Medina ?
PERSIA
Is bounded N. by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and Tar^
tary ; W. by Turkey in Asia ; S. by the Persian Gulf;
and £. by Afghanistan. It contains 450,000 square
miles. Population 9,000 000.
Provinces. * Chief Towns.
Azerbijan Tabreez, or Tauris.
Ghilan Reshd.
Mazanderan Saree, Balfrush, Astrabad.
Western part of Khorassan... Meshed, Vezd.
Irak-Ajemi Teheran, Ispahan, Cai<*
bin, Hamadan.
Khusistan Suster.
Pars (the ancient Perns) Shiraz, Bushire.
Laristan Lar.
Kerman Kerman, Gombroon.
Islands. — Ormuz, Kishma, Karak.
Lakes. — Urmia, fiaktegan.
Mountains. — £lburz, Elwund.
RivEBS. — ^Aras or Araxes, Eizil-Ozen.
remarks.
Persia extends from 26* to 39** N. lat, and from 44' to
62** £. long. From the south of Laristan on the Persiau
* Georgia, Daghistan, Shirvan, and Erivan, formerly provinces of
Persia, are now subject to Russia, and compreliended under the go«
vemment of Caucasus* See Asutiq Russia, p. 205.
188 PERSIA.
Gulf to ihe Caspian Sea ii 720 miles, and along tlie 34th
parallel 850 miles.
Persia is In general mountainous. From the sontfa of
the Caspian to Beloocbistan, there is a succession of de-
serts ; and in all the southern provinces the plains as
well as the mountains are steril and bare. The northern
districts, on the contrary, are remarkable for their beauty
and fertility. The rivers of Persia are few and smaU^^-aad
instead of falling into the sea, most of them flow into lakes
in the interior. Wheat, rice, barley, and millet, are the
common crops. Among its forest-productions are the cedar,
the cypress, and other species of pine, and the sumach, so
useful in dyeing and tanning. The fruits are among the
finest in the world. The fig, pomegranate, almond, peach,
and apricot, are natives of this climate ; and the vine and
orange.tree grow here luxuriantly, llie mulberry, cot-
ton^hrub, and sugar-cane, are common articles of culture.
The horses of Persia, if inferior to those of Arahia in speed,
surpass them in elegance. The sheep are remarkable for
their length of tail, which sometimes weighs more than 30
pounds. Among the wild animals are the lion, the leopard,
the panther, the bear, and wild boar.
Manufactures, once in a very flourishing state in Persia,
are now almost annihilated,— owing chiefly to the destruc-
tive wars with which, for nearly a century, it haa been al-
most incessantly ravaged. Its carpets, silks, brocades, and
velvets, woollen and cotton cloths, and camlets of goats'
and camels' hair, are still of superior texture. Politeness,
hospitality, and gayety, charaeteriae the Persian manners.
The established religion is the Mohammedan ; but there are
still a few who adhere to the ancient worship of fire. The
government is despotic.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Persia ? What is its extent in
square mQes ? What is the amount of its population ? Into
vmat provinces is it divided ? Name their principal towns.
Where is Hamadan, Ispahan, Teheran, Ormuz, Bushire,
Casbin, &c. ? Name its Islands, lakes, mountains, and riven.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Persia
situate? What are its length and breadth? Wliat is
its general aspect? In what direction does a continued
chain of deserts extend ? What is the appearance of the
mountains and plains in the south ? For wnat are the north-
em districts remarkable ? What are the common crops of
Persia ? Mention some of its forest-trees. What is remark*
able in the fruits of Persia ? Mention some of the iruit-tices
AFGHANISTAN. 189
common here. What other plants and ihrubs are cultivated ?
For what.qualities are the horses and sheep of Persia remark-
able ? Mention some of its wild animals.
In what state are the manufactures of Persia ? What ma-
nufactures of superior texture does it still retain ? By what
qualities are the manners of the Persians characterized ?
What is the established religion in Persia ? To what wor-
ship do some of the Persians still adhere ? Of what kind is
the government of Persia ?
AFGHANISTAN
Is bounded N. by Independent Tartary ; W. by Per-
sia; S. by the Indian Ocean; and E. by Hindostan,
It contains 450^000 square miles. Population 8^000,000*
Divisions. CliiefTowni.
Eastern part of Khorassan... Herat.
Cabul Cabul, Peshawer, Ghizni.
Gandahar.. Candahar.
Seistan.. Dooshak or Jellalabad.
Beloochlstan Kelat.
Mountains. — Hindoo-Coosb^ Soliman, and the
Gaur mountains.
Rivers. — Indus, Cabul, Heermund, or Helmund.
Lake. — Durrah or Zurrali.
REMARKS.
Afghanistan, or, as it is also called, the kingdom of Ca-
bul, extends from 25° to 37* N. lat., and from 58° to 72*»
£• long. Its length, from N. to S., is 800 miles, and its
breadth 750 miles.
The surface of this territory is remarkably varied. The
northern districts are composed of rugged mountains, pro.
longed from the Himmaleh^and of which many of the summits
are covered with perpetual snow. They enclose, however,
several fine valleys, which afford a great extent of rich
pasture. The southern part, on the contrary, comprising
the districts of Seistan and Beloochistan, consists partly of
vast dreary plains of sand, which is blown by the winds, and
conUnually encroaches on the cultivated and productive soil.
The kingdom of Cabul was lately extremely powerful,
having reduced to subjection Cashmere, Herat, and part of
Western India, and holding Sinde^ tributary. At present,
owing to dissensions among its princes, the country is no
longer go,verned by,pne spyereign ; but has been divided
' . H 2
IdO HINDOSTAN.
into four principalitiet, Cabul, Peshawer, Cand*har, nd
Herat. The prevailing religion is Mohammedao.
The Afghans are a brave, hardy, and warlike race, formsd
into a number of separate tribes or communities, and enjoy,
ing a considerable share of political independence. The
Beloochis are a fierce and predatory people, who infest the
routes between India and Persia. Balkh, on the north of
the Hindoo- Coosh, and inhabited by Tartars of the Uzbeck
race, is at present subject to the King of Bokhara.
BXERCI61S8.
What are the boundaries of Afghanistan ? What is its ex*
tent in square miles P What is the amount of its popolatioB ?
What are its divisions ? What are its principal towni?
Where is Peshawer, Cabul, Kelat, &c. ? What are its moan-
tains, rivers, and lake ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Afghani-
stan situated ? What are its length and breadth ? What is
the nature of the country in the north ? What in the south ?
What conquests were lately added to the kingdom ? What
is its present state, and into how many principalities is it
divided ? What is the character of the Afghans ? Of the
Beloochis ? Who are the inhabitants of Baikh ? By whom
are they governed ?
HINDOSTAN,
OR
INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES,
li bounded N. by Thibet ; W. by AfghanisUn simI
the Arabian Sea ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; £. by the
Eastern Peninsula and the Bay of Bengal. It contiini
1,280,000 square miles. Population 134,000,000.
Diviiions. Chief Towns.
Mountain Tenitories, comprehending
Cashmere Cashmere.
Serin agur Serinagur.
KumaoD Almora.
Nepaul Catmandoo.
Oangetic Hindostan, oomprehending
Delhi Delhi.
Agra. Agra, Gwalior.
Oude Lucknow.
Allahabad Allahabad, Benares.
gahar. Patna.
otngal Calcutta, Moonbe-
dabad,
HXNIH>STAN. 191
DivUioofr Cbi«f Towdi.
SindeUc Hindostan, cpmprehendin^
Lahore Lahore.
Moultan Moultan.
Sinde Hyderabad, Tatta.
Central Hindostan, comprehending
Ajmere. Ajmere.
Inalwa Ougein, Indore.
Guzerat. Ahmedabad^ Cambayy
SuraU
C«ndeish Burhampore.
Berar • Nagpore.
Aurungabad, or Dowlatabad ...Aurungabad, Poonah.
Concan Bombay, Goa.
Visiapore, or Bejapore Visiapore.
North part of Golconda Hydrabad.
The Cirears. Visagapatam.
Orissa , CuttacK, Juggernaut.
Southern Hiifdostan, comprehending
Souih part of Golconda Masullpatam.
Mysore...,,,, Seringapatam, Banga-
lore.
The Carnatic Madras, Arcot, Tran-
quebar, Tanjore, Tri-
chinopoly.
Canara, Malabar, Cochin, Tra- Man^alore, Calicut, Co«
vancore chm, Trivandrum.
Islands.— Ceylon^ in which are the towns of Colom-
l>o, Candy, and Trincomal^e ; the Maldives and Lacca*
dives ; the Kicobar and Andaman Islands.
«6uLFs. — Cutch, Carabay, Manaar; Bay of Bengal,
Mountains. — Hindoo-Coosh, Himmaleh, or Hima-
laya Mountains, Vindhya, Eastern and Western Ghauts*
Rivers — Indus or Sinde, Sutledge, Jumna, Gogra,
Ganges, Brahmapootra, Nerbudda, Taptee, Grodavery^
Bain-Gunga, Kistna or Krishna, Cavery.
Strait. — Palk's Channel.
Cape. — Comorin.
remarks.
Hindoatan extends from 8"* 5' to S5° N. lat,, and from
67<> to 92*" 8C/ £. long. Its extreme length, from Cape
Comorin to the Himmaleh Mountains, is 1800 miles; its
greatest breadth, from the borders of Beloochistan to the east
of Bengal, 1600 miles.
In a country so extensive as Hindostan, there is, of course,
a great variety of aspect. On the north, the Himmaleh
192 HIND08TAK.
Mountains present a very bold and stupendous frontier. The
Ghauts, on the east and west, form a long and lofty barrier
parallel to each coast ; while the central chain of the Viod-
hyas follows the course of the Nerbudda on the north aad
south. A series of rocky mountains reaches from the con-
fines of Moultan to Tatta ; and of sandy hills from Ootch
to Guzerat. In the province of Sinde, there are likewise
deserts consisting of sand, which, raised by the burning south
wind, often buries houses and cultivated fields ; and in Delhi,
between Rooderpore and Almora, there is a sandy desert
twenty miles long, covered with briers and resinous shrubs.
Numerous savannahs occur in the northern provinces. At
the mouths of the rivers, as well as along a great part of
their banks in the interior, the soil is marshy. But more
generally Hindostan presents beautiful plains, fields adorn-
ed with luxuriant harvests, which are gathered twice in the
year, and valleys smiling in all the beauty and variety of
vegetation.
Except in Cashmere, Serinagur, and Nepaul, where the
seasons occur in their more agreeable vicissitudes, the cli-
mate of Hindostan is diversified only by the dry and rainy
months. The changes are produced by the south-west and
north- west monsoons ; and it is remarkable, that they bap-
pen regularly at different periods of the year on the opposite
coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. In Bengal the hot or
dry season continues from March to the end of May ; the
rainy period from June to September. By the latter end
of July all the lower parts of the country, adjacent to the
Ganges and Brahmapootra, are overflowed, forming an ex-
panse of water more than 100 miles wide. By these re-
gular inundations extreme fertility is imparted to the soil ;
though in many places it requires no such fertilizing aid, as
it consists of rich vegetable mould to the depth of six feet.
The luxuriance of vegetation is scarcely equalled in any
other region of the globe. Of its stately forest.trees, one of
the most valuable is the teak, which rivals the oak in firm-
ness and durability, and is an excellent substitute for it in
ship-building. Of its fruit-trees, the most noted are the
various species of palms. Rice is the chief food of the
Hindoos, and consequently the principal article of cultiva-
tion. Wheat, barley, millet, and maize, are also raised;
besides the sugar-cane, the mulberry-tree, cotton, indigo,
and a variety of valuable plants.
Among the domestic animals may be mentioned the buf-
falo, camel, and elephant. The cattle are distinguished b/
HIND08TAN* 193
a bunch on the shoulders ; and the sheep hate hair instead
of wool. Among the wild animals are the leopard, which
is frequently hunted ; the lion, seen only among the north-
em mountains ; the Bengal tiger ; and the rhinoceros.
Hindostan is rich in mineral treasures, —of which the
most valuable is the diamond, found in the provinces of
Bengal, Bundelcund, Allahabad, Orissa, Berar, Visiapore,
Golconda, and the Carnatic. The diamonds of Golconda
and Orissa are the most celebrated.
The Hindoos have carried some manufactures to consi-
derable perfection. The shawls of Cashmere, made of the
bair of the sbawl.goat, are highly prized ; and till the late
improvements in the cotton -manufactures of Britain, the
Indian muslins were the finest in the world. In delicate
works in ivory and metals the Hindoos are still almost un.
rivalled. Muslins, calicoes, raw silk, indigo, nitre, opium,
sugar, pepper, rice, and diamonds, are the chief exports.
In a political view, the greater part of India is now un-
der the immediate government of Britain. This is divided
into three Presidencies,—!. Bengal, including Bengal,
Babar, Allahabad, Agra, Delhi; 2. Madras, comprising
the Carnatic, Tanjore, the Northern Circars, a large pro-
portion of Mysore, and Visiapore ; 3. Bombay, containing
an extensive portion of the provinces of Aurungabad, Can-
deisb, nnd Guzerat. In a recent parliamentary paper, the
extent of the British territories is estimated at 630,000 square
miles, and the population at 83 millions.
The remainder of India is mostly in the possession of vas-
sal-states, more or less dependent upon Britain. The princi-
pal are, — 1. The Rajah of Mysore, residing in the fortress of
that name ; 2. The Nizam or Soubah of the Deccao, whose
capital is Hydrabad ; 3. The King of Oude, residing at Luck-
now ; 4. The Rajah of Nagpore ; 5. The Rajah of Sattara,
who represents the dignity of the ruler of the Mahrattas ;
6. Holkar^s territory, comprising part of Candeish and Mai-
wa; 7. The Rajpoot states of Oodipore, Marwar, Jyepore,
&c. ; 8. The Guickwar, or sovereign of Guzerat. The
population of these states amounts to 40 millions. The
following territories may still be considered nearly inde.
pendent : — I. Scindia's dominions, forming a long range of
tlie provinces of Guzerat, Malwa, and Agra ; Gwalior is
his capital. 2. The Rajah of Nepaul. 3. The Seiks, who
possess Lahore, Cashmere, and the principal part of Moultan.
4. Sinde, at the mouth of the Indus, governed by its ameers.
These atstes haye a population estimated at 1 1 miUion'
194 HIMIHMTAN.
The Frrach btve ttiU Pondicherry and ClMadBniagw* 9
the Portugume, Ooa ; the Danefl^ Trasqueber apd Senai-
pore I but these lettlements are of scarcely any politioal iai*
portance.
The most remarkable circumstance in the civic economy
of the Hindoos is their division into ecutet, of which there
are four,-* Brahmins or priests military class, merdiants,and
labourers. Each of these classes follows invariably the same
profession from generation to generation ; and they never
intermarry. They who have been degraded from their castes,
which is accounted the greatest of all misfortunes, are call-
ed Pariahs, a term of superlative reproach, and are kept in
the most humiliating servitude. In their manners the Hin-
doos are mild and inoffensive, peculiarly formed for the
quietude and the comfort of domestic life. Although their
religion permiu polygamy, they seldom have more than one
wife t the horrid custom of burning widows alive on the
funeral piles of their husbands was retained till very lately}
when it was prohibited by the British government.
The Hindoos worship a number of gods, of whom the
principal are Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva $ they believe that
Vishnu has already been incarnate nine times, and is sdll
to be so a tenth and last time. They hold that, after
their death, their souls will animate other bodies, either
of men or inferior animals. Hence the extreme tender,
ness with which they treat all living creaturesi even to the
meanest insect. In general they attain irom animal food,
subsisting on rice, butter, milk, and vegelablea.
EXERCISES.
Name the boundaries of Hindostan. What is its extent in
souare miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Into
what great divisions is it portioned ? What provinces sre
contained in the Mountain Territories? In Oan^etic Hin-
dostan? In Sindetic Hindostan? In Central Hindostan?
In Southern Hindostan ?
What are the principal towns of the first division ? Of the
second ? Of the third ? Of the fourth ? Of the fifth ? Where
is Allahabad, Hydrabad, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calentts,
Benares, Visiapore^ Moorshedabad, Ooa, Trichinopoly,
JVIan^ore, Arcot, &c ? Where is Ceylon, the Maldives,
the Nicobar 1 sles ? Where is the Gulf of Cutch, of Cambay,
die Bay of Bengcd ? What are the principal mountains of
Hindostan ? Name its principal rivers. Trace their course.
Name its principal cape.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude Is Hin-
dostan situate ? What are its length and bieadth P What
UINOOSTAN. 1%
mmmtains fbnn its northern frontier? What mmintainB
run jrarallel to its eastern and western coasts? What is
the airection of the central chain ? Where do a series of
rocky mountains and of sandy hills occur ? In what places
are deserts of sand ? Where do numerous savannahs occur ?
Where is the soil marshy ? What is the more general aspect
of Hindostan ? In what provinces do the seasons occur in tneir
most agreeable vicissitudes? How is the climate of Hin-
dostan in general diversified ? By what are those varieties
caused ? What is remarkable about the climate on the coasts
of Malabar and Coromandel ? What are the periods of the
dry and rainy seasons respectively in Bengal ? What is the
extent of the inundation on the course of the Ganges and
Brahmapootra ? What is the quality of the soil ? Mention
one of the most valuable forest-trees. What are the most
noted of the fruit-trees. What is the principal article of
cultivation ? What are the odier articles of cultivation ?
Mention some of the domestic animals of Hindostan.
What are its most remarkable beasts of prey ? What is its
roost valuable mineral ? Where is it found ; and in what
provinces is it most valuable ? In what manufactures have
the Hindoos attained considerable dexterity ? In what kind
of works are they almost unrivalled ? What are the chief ex-
ports irom this country ? By what government is the greater
part of India now controlled ? Into how many Presiaencies
is the British government divided ? What provinces are
comprehended in the Presidency of Bengal? In the Pre-
sidency of Madras ? In the Presidency ot Bombay ? What
is the extent and population of the British territories ? What
are the principsi states entirely dependent on Great Britain ?
What is the number of their inhanitants ? What territories
may still be considered nearly independent ? What is the
amount of their population ? What places belong to the
French ? To the Portuguese ? To the Danes?
What is the most remarkable circumstance in the civic eco.
nomy of the Hindoos ? What is their characteristic quality ?
Are they addicted to polygamy ? What horrid custom did
they till lately retain ? Mention some of their religious opi-
nions. Whence arises their extreme tenderness in the treat-
meoc of living creatures P On what do they in general subsist ?
THE EASTERN PENINSULA,
OR
INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES,
Is bounded N. by Thibet and China ; W. by Hindos-
un and the Bay of Bengal ; S. by the Gulf of Siain
196 THE EA8TBRK PENIKBULA.
and the Straits of Malacca ; and E. by the Golf of
Tonquin and the Chinese Sea. It contains 800,000
square miles. Population estimated at 20,000,000.
DiviflioDB. Chief Townc
Assam..... Rungpoor.
Birman Empire, coraprehcndiag
■^va. AvA, Ummerapoora, Pronie.
_ '^egu Rangoon, Pegu, Martaban.
Countries ceded to Britain, com-
prehending
Aracan Aracan.
Martaban Amherst.
^Tavoy Tavoy.
renasserim Mergui, Tenaascrim.
Malacca Malacca.
?»»"•• Bankok, Siam or Yathia.
J. ne Empire of Annam, compre-
hending
Cochin-china Hue, Turon.
Tonqum Keshi.
J^*°*---v •;"• Mohan-laung.
Cambodia and Siampa Saigong, Cambodia.
GuLPs.—Martaban, Siam, Tonquin.
Rivers.— Irrawady, Saluen, Meinam, MaykauDR or
Cambodia. ^ °
Islands.— St Matthew's, Pulo Penang or Prince
of Wales' Island, Singapore.
Capes.— Negrais, Romania, Cambodia.
REMARKS.
The Eastern Peninsula extends from 1« gC/ to 28*' N.
lat. and from 90Mo 109« E. long., being in length from
JN. to S. 1800 miles, and m breadth 960 miles.
In external aspec^ this portion of Asia is remarkably
distinguished by its long parallel chains of mountains, en-
closmgdisunct valleys, each watered by a considerable river.
Those places m which rain does not fall abundantly or re.
main long, exhibit a light powder barren as sand, or a crust
as hard as rock ; while the banks of the rivers and the sides
of the mountains are clothed in perpetual verdure, and
adorned with woods, in comparison of whose gigantic height
and expanse of foliage our loftiest trees dwindle to the sUu
tionsare theeagle-wood. the white sandalwood, the teak.treT
iy^Trf^S: V'';"'^^'^' "^'^^^ » ''-^ indigeno^^^^^^^^
•ycamore, the Indian.fig. the banana, the bignonias, and tiie
THE EASTBRM FENINiULA. ]97
ikn-palms. The forests are the haunts of various species of
monkeys, tigers, and elephants. The elephants of Siam are
particularly admired for their beauty and sagacity. Fine
fruits, aromatic and medicinal plants, the sago, the cocoa,
the banana, and other nutritious plants, grow in abundance.
Laos produees the benzoin and gum4ac ; and gamboge
seems to be peculiar to Cambodia. Rice, sugar, cotton,
indigo, and pepper, are cultivated to a great extent.
These countries are rich in minerals. Besides gold and
silver, their mines produce tin, iron, lead, antimony, and
zinc. The sapphire and amethyst are found in various
parts of the Birman empire ; rubies of peculiar beauty are
found in Pegu ; and amber of uncommon purity is dug up
iq gre^t quantitiea near the river Irmwady*
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of the Eastern Peninsula? What
is its extent in square wiles ? What is the population ?
Name the countries ceded to Britain. What are its other di-
visions and their chief towns ? Name the gulfs, rivers, islands,
and capes.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is the East-
em Peninsula situate ? What are its length and breadth ? By
what circumstance is it remarkably distinguished in its exter-
nal aspect ? What contrast is presented between those places
where rain is not abundant and the margins of the rivers
and sides of the mountains ? What are the most noted of its
forest-productions ? Qf what wild animals are those foresus
the haunts ? For what are the elephants of Siam remarkable ?
What productions grow here in great abundance ? What
crops are cultivated to a great extent ? What metals do the
mines of this country prepuce ? In what places are sapphires,
amethysts, rubies, and amber, respectively found ?
CHINA
Is bounded N. by Chinese Tartary ; W. by Tartary
and Thibet ; S. by the Eastern Peninsula and the Chi-
nese Sea ; and E. by the Pacific Ocean. It contains
1|298,000 square miles. Its population is estimated
variously at from 1^0^000^000 to 362,000,000.
Provinces. Chief Towm.
Pechdee Pekin*
Shantung Tsinan.
Kiangnan Nankin.
Tchekiang Hangtchoo.
Kiangsee .' ..Nantchang^
198 CHINA*
PrpTiOMi. Chief TovDf.
Fokltti Footcboo.
Qiiangtung Canton.
?uang8ee. Queiling.
un.nan! Ynn-iian.
Koeitchoo. Koei-jaiig.
Secbnen Chingtoo.
Shensee. Singan.
Shaniee Tatyuen.
Honan Kaifong.
Houquang. Vootchaog.
Islands. — Hainan, Macao, Formosa, Loo-Choo.
Lakes. — Tong.ting, Poyang, Tai, Hong-tse.
RivEBS. — Hoang-ho or Yellow River; Yang-tse-
kiang, or Kianku, or Blue River ; Choo-kiang or River
of Canton ; Peilio or River of Pekin.
REMARKS.
China extends from 20° to 42° N. laL, and from 97" to
123° £. long. ; being about 1500 miles in length, bj 1300
in breadth.
It may be regarded, in general, as a flat and fertile
country ; although, in some places, its aspect is varied by
chains of mountains of considerable magnitude. One of
its most remarkable features is the number and magnitade
of its rivers, which have contributed in a great degree to its
early civilisation. In a country so extensive, the climate is
necessarily various. In the southern provinces the heat ii
greater than in Bengal ; in the northern, the rigour of •
European winter is experienced. In no region of the East
has agriculture attained greater perfection. The culti-
vation of every spot is requisite for the support of its ex.
cessive population ; and the greatest ingenuity has ac-
cordingly been displayed in forming even the sides of lofty
mountains into terraces, to which water is conveyed by
buckets, or by conduits from reservoirs in which the rain is
collected at the top. Where the raising of food for man ii
an object of such importance, the rearing of domestic ani-
mals is rather discouraged, except in so far as they are em-
ployed in subserviency to that primary purpose. Tbe
principal article of culture is rice, which is raised chiefly
in the southern parts of the empire. The acuteness and
industry of the Chinese have discovered a method of cul«
tivating even tbe beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivuleU,
where the j}eln, or water-chestnut, in particular, is planted,
and produces a wholesome and delicate fruit, which is
CHINA. 199
contained in a corer fonned by the root. Besides the
orange, tamarind, and mulberry trees (of which ther? are
two species, from the bark of one of which paper Is made),
the tallow-tree is peculiar to China, yielding a green waz«
which is manufactured into candles. But of the native
productions of China the most remarkable is the tea-plant*
which grows chiefly in the hilly part of the country. It is
about five feet high ; its leaves are narrow and indented on
the edges ; and it blossoms from October to January. The
export of tea to Britain alone, in 1835-6, exceeded 50 miU
lions of pounds.
In a country so densely peopled, there are but few forests
or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are occasionally
seen do not differ from those of the neighbouring coun-
tries.
Among the minerals may be mentioned a natural com-
position of iron and zinc called tutenag, a species of white
copper called j)etongt and the fine clay and earths, kaolin and
petuntse^ from which porcelain is manufactured. The
district around Pekin abounds in coal, usually pounded and
baked with water into cakes before burning.
Among this industrious people almost every kind of ma-
nufacture is found ; those of porcelain, silk, cotton, and paper,
are the most noted. Like the Hindoos, they excel in deli-
cate works in ivory and metal. Their chief exports are silk,
porcelain, and especially tea,— .for the last of which they drew
from Great Britain, in 1835, about two and a half millions
sterling. Of the imports from Europe, the most important
are iron, steel, lead, flints, zinc, quicksilver, woollens, cotton-
goods, cotton- twist, clockwork, and machinery. They allow
Europeans to trade only at the port of Canton. Of their
national works, the most remarkable are the Great Wall on
the northern frontier, said to be 1500 miles in length, and
the Grand Canal, by which the inland navigation is conti-
nued, with the interruption of only one day*s journey, from
Pekin to Canton, — a distance of upwards of 1400 miles.
That part of the canal which extends from Pekin to Hang-
tchoo, — a distance of 900 miles, — is 200 feet broad at the
surface, and in passing through the elevated tracts it is often
60 or 70 feet in depth, while in low marshy places it is raised
by embankments sometimes 20 feet above the level of the
surrounding country ; so that frequently its surface is
higher than the walls of the cities by which it passes, and it
sometimes occasions dreadful inundations.
The goyernment of China is the pQlriarchal^ or the mildest
300 CHINA.
species of despotism ; and its present monarchs are of Taitsr
origin. Tbe character of the Chinese is placid and affidile ;
but the indolence of the upper classes, and the craft, dissimo-
lation, and avarice of the public functionaries, are strikiag
defects in their manners. The exposing of infants is said
to be common. Their notions of female beauty are pecu-
liar ; and their admiration of small feet exposes their ladies
to much pain and inconvenience in obtaining this indispen-
sable charm. The religion of the government and ietfned
men is that of Confucius, which is almost a pure deism ; but
the people are addicted to various superstitions, particularly
the worship of Fo, supposed to be the Bofidh of tbe Hindoos.
BXBRCI8£S.
What are the boundaries of China ? What is its extent in
square miles ? What is the estimated number of inhabitanu ?
Name its provinces, with their chief towns. Name its islands,
lakes, ana rivers.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is China si-
tuate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its ge-
neral aspect ? Mention some of the most remarkable featuzes
in the natural appearance of the country. What are the va-
rieties of its climate ? What ingenuity do the Chinese dispUv
in agriculture? Is the rearing of domestic animals much
encoun^ed in China ? What is the principal article of culti-
vation tor food ? How do they cultivate even the beds of
the rivers and lakes ? Mention some of tbe fruit-txees of
China. What is the most remarkable of its native produc-
tions ? Describe it. What is the annual export ot tea to
Britain ? Are there many wild animals in China ? Men-
tion some of its most important minerals. In what part of
the country does coal abound ? How is it used ? Wnat aie
the most noted manufactures of the Chinese ? In what workii
do they particularly excel ? What are their chief exports ?
What are the most remarkable of their national works ? What
is the form of government in China ? What is peculiar in
their character and manners ? What practice is said to be
common ? What peculiar notion of female beauty exposes
their ladies to much pain and inconvenience ? What religion
does that of China resemble ?
THIBET
la bounded N. by Chinese Tartary ; W. by Independ-
ent Tartary; S. by Hindostan, and the Eastern Pe-
ninsula; E. by China. It contains 750,000 square
miles. The population has been estimAted at ^^000,000.
THIBBT. 201
Divkioni. GhfeTTowBi.
Thibet Proper La8SA. Teshoo Lomboo.
Little Thibet, or Ladak Leh or Ladak, Oortope.
fiootan TaMisudon.
Mo tTNTAiNs. — Him maleh , K wan-Iun.
Lakes. — Terkiri^ Palte, Mansarowara.
Rivers. — Sanpoo, Indus.
REMARKS.
Thibet extends from 26'' to 39° N. lit., and from 70« to
105** E. long., being nearly 2000 miles in length, by a
breadth of 400 miles.
Low rocky hills and extensive arid plains are the chief
features in the aspect of Thibet Proper. The mountains of
Bootan are clothed in perpetual verdure, or crowned with
lofly forests ; their declivities and the valleys are rich in corn-
iielas and orchards.
Thibet consists of a very lofty table-plain surrounded by
mountains clothed with perpetual snow, and distinguished as
containing the source of many of the greatest rivers of Asia.
Yet the cold is not so intense as might be supposed, and the
iields are covered with rich pasture and numerous flocks and
herds. A country so mountainous may be expected to abound
in minerals. Though those of Thibet are not wrought to any
great extent, cinnabar-ores rich in quicksilver, rock-salt,
and tincal, or crude borax, have been found in considerable
quantities. The musk-deer, resembling the hog in shape,
with hair not unlike the quills of a porcupine ; the ox, whose
flowing and glossy tail is employed by the luxurious orientals
for driving away Hies and other insects ; and the goat, whose
fine hair is manufactured into shawls,— -may be mentioned
among the animals of Thibet.
The religion of Thibet is peculiar. The Grand Lama, or
high priest, who was formerly also the temporal sovereign, is
an object of adoration. He is supposed never to die, and his
soul IS sometimes fancied to be found in the body of a child.
The natives are mild and gentle in their disposition. By a
singular peculiarity in their manners, all the brothers of a
family have the same wife, whom the eldest brother has the
privilege of selecting. The whole country is at present
subject to the Emperor of China.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Thibet ? What is its extent
in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ?
Into what divisions is it portioned? Name its principal
towns. What ate its mouotains, lakes, and rivers ? fietweer
202 CHINXBJB TABTABT.
what debtees of latitude and loncitude ii it ntaate ? What
are its length and breadth ? What are the principal featnet
in the aspect of Thibet Proper ? What is toe appeaiancs of
the mountains of Bootan ? M'hat parts of the country are
cultivated and productive ? What is the nature of the cli-
mate ? What minerals have been found in Thibet in consi-
derable 'quantitieH ? Which of the animals of this conotiy
deserve 'to be particularly mentioned ? What idea do the
people entertain of their Grand Lama ? By what disposition
are they ciiaraclerized ? What singular peculiarity prevails
in their manners ? To what emperor is the whole countrj
subject ?
EASTERN OR CHINESE TARTARY
Is bounded N. by Siberia ; W. by Independent Tar-
tary ; S. by China and Thibet ; and E. by the Pacific
Ocean. It is estimated to contain 3^300^000 sqoare
miles. Population about 12^000^000.
Dividons. Chief Towiu.
Mantchooria. Chioyang, Jvirin Uuia, Nim-
gouta.
Mongolia Ili or Gouldja, Guinnak, 3Iai-
niatchin.
Little Bacharia. Ca8hgar.Yarkand,Aksou,Kho-
ten, 1 urfan^ UamL
Corea Kingkitao.
Mountains. — Teen-shan or Celestial Mountains}
the Altaian Mountains.
Lakes. — Balkash or Palkati^ Alaktougalj Alakoul,
Zaizan, Kokonor, Loknor.
Rivers. — Amur or Sagalien, Yarkand, Ili.
REMARKS.
Chinese Tartary, including the peninsula of Corea, ex-
tends from 33" to55' N. lat., and from 70* to 140** E. long.,
being about 3000 miles in length, and 1500 miles in breadth.
It is chiefly occupied with vast elevated plains, or table-
lands, intersected in one place by the desert of Co(h or
Shamo, which is about 1400 miles long, and interspersed
with very few habitable tracts or oases. The climate of tlte
northern districts is cold and rigorous ; but several of tbe
provinces of Little Bucbaria, supposed by Humboldt to
be of moderate elevation, produce wine and silk, and present
traces of ancient civilisation.
Tbe western portion of this vast country is occupied bjr
CHINESE TARTARY. 203
the Mongol Tartan, who are subdivided into three great
tribes, the Kalmucs, Eluths, and Kalkas. They are a wan.
dedog race, subsisting almost entirely upon the products of
their flocks and herds. Mantchooria is inhabited by a more
cultivated people, who live in fixed dwellings. The lan-
guage and religion of these nations are as distinct as their
origin. The religion of the Mongols is an idolatry, found-
ed on the notion of good and evil spirits. The Mantchoof
have neither temples nor idols, but are said to worship a
Supreme Being, whom they style the Emperor of Heaven.
The whole of these countries have, for nearly 100 years,
been subject to China, though several formidable rebellions
have broken out : one of these took place very recently ;
but the chief was taken and put to death.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Eastern Tartary ? What is
its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? What
are its divisions ? Name its principal towns. What are its
mountains ? What lakes does it contain ? Trace its rivers.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Chinese
Tartary situate ? What are its length and breadth ? With
vhat is it chiefly occupied ? How is this vast plain inter-
sected ? What is the character of the climate in the northern
districts ? What are the productions of some of the provinces
of Little Bucharia ? By what people is the western portion
occupied? Into what tribes are tney subdivided? How do
they chiefly subsist ? How do the inhabitants of Mantchooria
differ from them ? Have these different nations the ^ame
language and religion ? Describe the varieties of their religi-
ous worship. How long have these countries been subject
to China ? Have they submitted peaceably ? What was the
fate of the leader of a recent rebellion ?
WESTERN OR INDEPENDENT TARTARY
Is bounded N. by Asiatic Russia ; W. by Asiatic Rus-
sia and the Caspian Sea ; S. by Persia and Afghanistan ;
and E. by Chinese Tartary. It contains 800,000 square
miles. Population about 5^000,000.
DivisionB. Chief Towns.
Turkistan Kokaun, Turkistan, Kojend, Taschkend.
Kharism Khiva, Urghenz.
Great Bucharia Bokhara, ii^amarcand.
Balkh Balkh.
3adak^an Fyzabad, or Badakshan.
Mountains.— Th? Hindoo-Coosh and Belour-Tagh.
204 IKDBPMliDBMT TABYABT.
RiVBB8.«— Jihon, or Amoo^ or Oxw ; SliT^ or SSbm,
or Jaxartes.
Lakbs or ImjufD Skas.— >The CmfAm, the AiaL
BEHARK8.
Independent Tartarj, part of the ancient Seytkia, extendi
from 36* to 55"* N. lat., and from 51* to 82* E. long:,
being about 1300 nuilcs in length, and 1000 in breadth. ^
or this extensive country, at least one-half is occupied
by immenw steppes, or desert plains, chiefly inhabited by
tlie Kirguis or Kirghees; Kharism is completely surrounded
by dreary wastes ; there are deserts to the north and west
of Bucharia ; aud the eastern shores of the Caspian present
a lon^ and gloomy chain of arid downs and rocks. Of
the Kirghees, who now occupy Western Turkistan, the ori-
ginal seat of the Turks, there are three tribes, each go-
verned by iu own khan or prince. The smallest of these
tribes occupies the country between the river Uial, tbe
Sea of Aral, and the environs of Orenburg. Tbe middle
horde wanders along the north side of the Aral as far as the
river Sarasou on the south-east. Tbe great horde extends
south-east of tbe Aral Lake, over the country watered 1^
the Sarasou and the Sirr. Almost tbe whole of this
country is a steril expanse of sand, interspersed here lod
there with hills of clay. During winter tbe cold is ex-
treme. Great Bucharia, however^ situate on the Oxiis«
and Turkistan on the Jaxartes, are fertile regions, aboond-
ing both in com and pasture. Among these tribes, horse-
flesh is esteemed a great delicacy, and their farourite driak
is koumiut or fermented mare's milk. Kharism is a tole-
rably fertile country, and its climate is temperate. In tbe
twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire; but it
is now reduced to a province, whose extent is vaguely esti-
mated, by saying that a man on horseback could. ride over
it in three days. The deserts which encompasa it seem to
be increasing.
BXBRCI8BS.
What are the boundaries of Independent Tartary ? What
is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? Wbst
are its divisions ? Name the principal towns of those diviitoDi
respectively. What mountains does Independent Tartaiy
contain ? Trace its rivers. Name its lakes.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Independ-
ent Tartary situate ? What are its lengdi and breadth ? By
what is at least one-half of the country occupied ? By whom
are the steppes chiefly inhabited ? By what ia Khartim inr^
ASIATIC BU88IA. 205
loiinded ? On what sidefl of Great Bucharia do deAertt o&.
cur ? What appearance do the eastern shoren of the Caspian
present? How many tribes are there of the Kirghees ? How
are they governed ? What countiies are occupied by these
hordes respectively? What is the general aspect of their
country ? What is the nature of the climate ? What pro-
vinces abound in corn and pasturage ? What is esteemed a
great delicacy among these tribes ? What is their favourite
drink ? In what does Kharism differ from this country ?
At what time was it the seat of a powerful empire ? How is
its extent now vaguely estimated? What is remarkable
about the encompassing deserts ?
ASIATIC RUSSIA
Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Rus-
sia in Europe ; S. by Persia^ the Caspian, Western and
Eastern Tartary ; £. by the Pacific Ocean. It contains
5,500^000 square miles. Pop. estimated at 8,000^000.
Oovemmentfl. Chief Town*.
Western Siberia. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Kolivan.
Eastern Siberia Irkutsk, Yeniseiiiky Kiachta, Ya-
kutsk, Ochotsk.
Orenburg. Oufa, Orenburg.
Astracan Astracao.
^'ciSa ^oiofirfl-Stavropol, Tiflis, Baku, Derbend,
Circassia, Ueorgia,| £rivan, Akhaltsic.
Islands. — Aleutian Islands, Eurile Isles.
Seas and Gulfs. — Sea of Kara, Sea of Oby» Gulf
of Anadir, Sea of Ochotsk.
Capes. — Severo, East Cape, Lopatka.
Moctntains. — Caucasus, Ural, and the Altaian
Mountains.
Rivers. — ^Volga, Ural, Ob or Oby, Irtish, Yenisei,
Lena, Kur.
Lakes. — Baikal, Tchany, Erivan.
remarks.
Asiatic Russia extends fronn 38° to 76** N. lat., and from
36* S(y E. to 190° E., or 170° W. long. ; being in length
frona the Black Sea to the southern extremity of Kamtschat-
ka, 4880 miles ; and in breadth, from north to south, 1800.
In a country of such immense extent as Siberia, there is
JteceMarily • coi^siderable variety of aspect* The northerr
^ 1
206 ASIATIC BuasiA.
mod eastern parts present manhj plfins of vast «it«t«
eoFered with almost perpetual snow, and intersected by
large rivers, which pursue their dreary conrse under sur-
faces of ice towards the Arctic Ocean. Even in the central
parts vegetation is in a great measure checked by the seve-
rity of the cold ; but in the south there are large forests
and luxuriant crops. The rude sublimity of the shores of
the Baikal are placed in strong contrast with the cultivated
fields and gardens around. The steppes or great plains, with-
out a tree or a shrub, but covered in many places with Inxu.
riant herbage, are features almost peculiar to the Asiatic
landscape in tliis quarter.
The climate of Siberia, although varying with the lati-
tude, is in general extremely severe. The greater part of
the soil is totally incapable of agriculture ; but in some of
the southern and western regions it is fertile, and the crops
luxuriant. In the northern wastes the rein-deer supplies
the place of the cow and the horse ; and wild horses and
asses roam over the deserts in the south. Lasha staga, the
musk.animal and the wild-boar, haunt the environa<^ Lake
Baikal ; the formidable urns or bison, and the ibex, are
seen among the mountains of Caucasus; the beaver fre-
quents the banks of the Yenisei ; the argali or wild-sbeep is
still an object of the chase ; and the sable, a species of weasel,
is much prized for its fur. The rivers of Siberia abound
with fish from the neighbouring seas, especially salmon
and sturgeon. The minerals are very valuable ; including
iron, copper, and even a considerable quantity of gold and
silver. The mines are worked by the government.
This vast tract of country is inhabited by various distinct
tribes. The south is occupied by tribes of Tartarian origia.
Samoiedes, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and Tscbuktschi, are the un-
couth names of the northern occupants.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of Asiatic Russia ? What is its
extent in square miles ? Into what governments is it divided ?
What are tneir principal towns respectively ? Name iu isl-
ands. What are its seas and gulfs ? Name its capes. What
are the principal chains of mountains ? What are the prin-
cipal rivers? Name its lakes. Between what d^^rees of
latitude and lonfi^itude is it situate? 'What are its length
and breadth ? What is the appearance of the northern and
eastern parts ? What is the state of vegetation in the central
parts ? What is the aspect of the southern districts P What
is the character of the scenery around Lake Baikal f What
feature is almost poculhur to the Asiatic laodtcape in thk
JAPAN. 2907
quarter ? What in the nature of the Siberian dimate f In
what parts is the soil fertile and the crops luxuriant ? Men*
tion some of the animals of Siberia. W ith what kinds of fitth
do the rivers abound ? Does Siberia possess much mineral
wealth ? What people occupy the various districts of Siberia ?
JAPAN
Is an extensive empire in the eastern extremity of
Asia, consisting of four large islands and a number of
smaller ones, which are separated from the peninsula
ol'Corea, and the coast of Chinese Tartary by the Straits
of Corea and the Sea of Japan. It is estimated to
contain 200,000 square miles, with a population of
25,000,000.
The principal islands are, —
Chief Towns.
Niphon Jeddo, Miaco.
Kiusiu Nangasaki.
Sikokf. Tosa.
Jesso or Matsmai Matsmai.
BEMARK8.
The Japan Islands lie between SI** and 45^ N. lat., and
between 130** and 145** £. long., being in length about
1000 miles, and varying in breadth from 50 to 200 miles.
Japan, by the policy of its government, is so completely
insulated from the rest of the world, and marked by such
striking and peculiar features, as justly to attract a large
share of the curiosity of Europe. Its islands are intersect,
ed by chains of mountains, several of which are volcanic,
and some of them so lofty as to be covered with perpetual
snow. Many of the valleys are fertile, although the soil
is not generally sO ; but the extraordinary ingenuity and
industry of the inhabitants have rendered even the most
barren spots productive. Here, as in China, steep hills
are cut into successive terraces, supported by retaining-walls
of stone, and bearing crops even to their summits. Rice,
the principal article of food, is of course the favourite crop,
-.wheat, barley, and other grains, are likewise cultivated, but
in smaller quantities. This country is peculiarly rich in vege-
table productions ; the Japanese having imported all that
were useful or ornamental in other countries with which
they had intercourse. It abounds likewise in mineral
weahh,— gold, silver, and copper, being found in abund-
208 JAPAK.
ance ; iron ii more rare ; and hence thdr oaOs boUsi ftc*
are frequently made of copper.
The Japanese are an intelligent and inquisitive people ;
art, and even science, has made considerable progress among
them. In the manufacture of swordblades, porcelain, and
lacquered ware, they are unrivalled ; their silk and cotton
cloths are nearly equal to those of China ; their mode of
varnishing is inimitable. For their superiority in this art
they are indebted to the juice of a tree called arusi.
They have a kind of printing, executed by fixed wooden
blocks. History, poetry, music, painting, geography, and
astronomy, are among their favourite branches of educa.
tion. It is said that they can calculate eclipses and mea-
sure the altitude of the heavenly bodies.
Their government is a pure despotism ; but with this pe.
culiarity, that they acknowledge two sovereigns,— « spi-
ritual sovereign, named Dairi, whose capital is Miaco, and
a temporal monarch, named Kubo, whose capital is Jeddo.
The latter, although he pays formal homage to the Danri,
is in possession of all the real power of the empire.
There are two systems of religion in Japan. The one,
called Sinto, resembles the mythology of ancient Greece
and Rome ; consisting in the belief of one Supreme Bang,
#ith a number of inferior deities: the other, Budsdo, import-
ed from Malabar, is nearly the same with that of Boodfa,
or Buddha,— metempsychosis, or the transmigration of
souls, being its leading tenet. The Portuguese, the 6rst
Europeans who discovered this country, converted many of
the natives to the Christian faith. But the conduct of these
settlers excited at length so strong a prejudice against their
religion, that a massacre took place in 1590, in wbicb
20,000 Christians are said to have perished; and in 1638
they were nearly exterminated. Since that time, every
foreign nation, except the Chinese and Dutch, has been
jealously excluded from the Japanese ports. The intercourse
with the Dutch is confined to the port of Kangasaki, where
they are allowed to dispose of two ships* cargoes annually.
EXERCISES.
Wliat islands constitute the empire of Japan ? What is
its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of the popa-
lation ? Where is Nangasaki, Jeddo, Tosa, Miaco, Matsmal ?
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are the
Japan Islands situate ? What are their length and breadth ?
What is the eflTect of Japanese policy ? Describe the ap»
pearanoe of the country. What is the sUte of cultivatioD?
SA8T INDIAN ISLANDS. SOB
What are the principal crops ? Is Japan rich In tegetables ?
What minerals abound ? In what manufactures are the Ja-
panese unrivalled ? To what are they indebted for their su*
periority in the art of yamishing ? What kind of printing
prevails amons them ? What are their favourite branches of
education ? What are their attainments in astronomy ?
Describe the Japanese government. What are their two
systems of reli^on ? Who first discovered the country and
introduced Chnstianity ? What consequences did the con.
duct of these settlers produce ? What is the only European
nation allowed to trade with them ? To what port is this in-
tercourse confined ?
THE EAST INDIAN ISLANDS
CoMFBiSE a very extensive archipelago lying to the
south and east of India beyond the Ganges, having the
Indian Ocean on the west, and the Pacific to the south
and east. They are estimated to contain about 650>0U0
square miles^ and a population of 15,000,000.
Island*. Ghief Towns.
Sumatra Bencoolen, Acheen, Palem-
bang.
Java.. Batavia, Samarang, Solo.
Borneo. Borneo, Pontiana.
Celebes. Macassar.
The Moluccas and Bandas, or
Spice Islands Amboyna, Temate.
The Philippines, of which the
principal are Luzon and Min-
danao Manilla.
Straits. — ^Malacca, Singapore, Sunda, Banca, Ma.
cassar, Molucca Passage.
REMARKS.
The East Indian Islands, forming the Indian or Eastern
Archipelago, lie between 10° S. and 19° N. lat., and be-
tween 95° and 130° £. long., extending from west to east
upwards of 2100 miles.
The interior of all the great islands is traversed by
rsnges of lofty mountains, which bear often a volcanic cha-
racter, and are crowned almost to their summits with noble
forests, luxuriant shrubs, and aromatic plants, presenting
the most varied and picturesque scenery. The soil is fertile,
yielding rice, sago, and the finest spices. The clove is in-
digenous in the Moluccas, the nutmeg in the Banda Islands ;
and f^ey have never been produced elsewhere in equal per*
210 ^A8T INPIAN ISLANDS.
fectioD. Tbe duunond is found in Borneo, whicb also pro-
duces ^Id in great abundance ; and Bmbol, near Sumatra,
contains inexhaustible mines of tin.
The principal inhabitants of these islands are the Malays,
an ingenious and active, but fierce and turbulent race. On
the coa&ts they are much addicted to piracy, which they
practise with great skill. The interior is for the most part
inhabited by the Papuas, or Oceanic Negroes, who are
almost complete savages.
The Dutch possess most of these islands ; Batavia, in
Java, is the capital of all their settlements in the East. They
have recently been engaged in some severe contests with the
native princes. All these possessions were wrested from
them by Britain during the late war, but were restored at
the peace of 1814. The Philippine Islands belong to Spain.
EXERCISES.
Where are the East Indian Islands situate ? How are they
bounded ? What is their extent in square miles ? What is
the amount of their population ? Of what islands do they
consist ? What are the principal towns ? What are die straits ?
Between what de|^es of latitude and longitude are the East
Indian Islands situate ? What is their extent from west to
east ? What aspect do these islands present ? What is the
nature of the soil and its productions ? What spices are indi-
genous in the Molucca and Band a Islands ? Name tbe islands
which produce gold and tin. Who are the principal inhabit-
ants ? What is their character ? To what are tnose on the
coast addicted ? Who are the principal inhabitants of the in-
terior ? To what European power do most of these islands be-
long ? What town is the capital of all the Dutch settlements
in India ? With whom have they been recently eng}4Eed in
severe contests ? To whom do the Philippine Islands belong?
AUSTRALIA
Is the name commonly given to the large island of New
Holland, and the smaller one of Van Diemen's Land.
The superficial extent is estimated at 3,025,000 square
miles ; and the European population amounts to 150,000.
DlvidoiK. Chief Towns.
New South Wales or Eastern
Australia Sydney, Paramatta, BathursU
Western Australia, compris-
ing Swan River, and King
George's Sound Perth, Albany.
South Australia Adelaide.
Van Diemen's liand Hobart Town, Launcestom
AUSTRALIA. 21 L
MouNTAiNS.*-Blue Mountains.
RiVBRs. — Darling, Hawkesbury, Hunter^ Mac-
quarrie, Hastings, Brisbane, Morrumbidgee, Murray,
Swan River ; in Van Diemen's Land, Tamar^ Derwent.
STRAiTB^^Torres, Bass.
REMARKS.
New Holland and Van Diemen's Land lie between 10"
40^ and 43** 40' S. lat, and between 1 13" and 153° E. long.
New Holland is about 2500 miles in length from W. to £.,
and 2000 in breadth from N. to S.
New Holland is the largest island in the world, being about
five-sixths of the extent of Europe. It is of various fertility,
some parts being arid, while there are interior marshes of
such extent that the waters of the Macquarrie are lost in
them ; but there are boundless plains equally fitted for grain
and pasture. Van Diemen's Land, especially on the rivers,
is still more productive: its sheep yield very fine wool, which
finds a ready market .in Britain ; and the whale-fishery is
carried on from its ports with considerable advantage.
The natives of both these islands are very few in number,
and in the rudest state of savage life, without government
or social institutions, living on fish and the spontaneous pro-
duce of the ground. This region derives its importance
from having become the seat of a British colony, which was
formed in 1788, as a place of banishment for convicts. A
continued succession of these offenders has since been sent
out, many of whom, on obtaining their liberty, applied
themselves to industrious pursuits, and have acquired con-
siderable wealth. Within the last 20 years also, numerous
individuals, in consequence of the difficulty of finding sub-
sistence and employment in the motber-country, have emi-«
grated to these islands, where they obtained grants of land.
A considerable emigration has also recently taken place to
the settlements on the western and southern coasts of New
Holland,
EXERCISES.
To what islands is the name of Australia commonly given ?
At what are the superficial areas of New Holland and Van
Diemen's Land estimated ? What is the amount of their
European population ? Name the divisions and chief towns ;
the mountains, rivers, and straits. Between what degrees of
latitude and longitude do they lie ? What is the length and
br«idth of New Holland ? Describe the appearance of iJ^e
eouDtrj) and the productions of Van Diemen's Land. What
fishery is carried on from its porta ? What are the nombera
212 SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.
and condition of the natiyes ? From what drenmataiiee 4oei
this resrion derive its importance ? Describe the various clmm
of settlers.
SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.
The nuinerous groups of islands which diversify the
expanse of the Pacific are comprehended under the
general beads of Australasia and Polynesia.
Australasia, besides New Holland and Van Dieraen's
Land, which have been already described, contains
New Zealand, Papua or New Guinea, New Britain,
New Ireland, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, and
New Caledonia, with some smaller islands and groups.
Polynesia includes the Society, the Friendly, the
Marquesas, the Navigators', and the Sandwich Islands;
the Lad rones or Marian Islands, the Carolines, the
Pelew Islands, and various others.
REMARKS.
These groups of islands lie between 130^ £• (wbidi
separates them from the Indian Archipelago) and 125*
W. long., and between 30^ N. and 5Cf S. lat., extending
upwards of 6000 miles from W. to £. and 5000 from N.
to S. Their superficial area is estimated at 600,000 square
miles, with a population of 5,000,000.
They are in general fertile and beautiful, and, from
being situate in a great expanse of sea, enjoy a more tem-
perate climate than is usual in tropical regions. The na-
tives are divided into two great races,— the Malay or yellow,
and the black or Oceanic Negroes. Australasia, with the
exception of New Zealand, is inhabited by black tribes;
while the Malay are spread over almost every portion of
Polynesia. Until the present century the people were wholly
uncivilized, without any tincture of arts or letters, and some
of them extremely ferocious ; but a remarkable chanise bis
been effected through the labours and efforts of the mission-
aries, who have devoted themselves to the instruction of the
natives. The Polynesian Islands are partly of volcanic,
partly of coral formation. Their chief productions are the
cocoa and bread-fruit trees ; sandal.wood is found in many
of them, and has lately been an article of some importance
in trade. It would be impossible here to convey any gene-
ral account of the different groups ; the reader is tberefoie
referred to the Dz8Cbjiti?x Xabuu
ASIA.
213
BXEBCISES.
Under what heads are the islands in the Pacific compre«
hended? Name those in Australasia; in Polynesia. Be-
tween what decrees of latitude and longitude are the various
groups situate? What is their Ruperficial area ? What is the
amount of their population ? What is the nature of the soil
and climate of these islands ? Into what races are the natives
divided ? What is their character ? Of what formation are the
Polynesian Islands ? What are their principal productions ?
DBSGRXPTIVB TABLB OF ASIA.
A'CHEEK, a seaport of Sumatra,
on the N. Y/. coast, the capital of
a native kingdoqa. It consists of
8000 bamboo houses, raised on
posts 5" aCTN. lat. 95** 30' E. long.
A'cre, the ancient Accho, a sea-
port of Syria, on a flne bay of
the Mediterranean. It is cele*
brated in the history of the cru-
sades; and more recently for Its
resistance to Bonaparte, who,
after besieging it for two months,
was compelled to retreat. May 20i
1799. P. 20,000.— 32, 54 N. 35, 6 B.
Ada'lia, or Saia'Ua, a seaport of
Asia Minor, at the head of a gulf,
to which it gives name, on the
Mediterranean. Pop. 8000 — 30,
52 K. 30, 43 E
Ada'na, a city of Caramania, in
Asiatic Turkey, on the Syhoon, in
a feitile plain. Pop. 20,000.-37,
1 N. 35. la E.
A'dcn, a seaport of Yemen, m
Arabia, near the entrance of the
Ited Sea, now belonging to Bri-
tain,— 12, 52 N. 45, K.
A'gra, a province of Hindostan,
8. of Delhi.watered by the Ganges,
the Jumna, and the Chumbul. S.
of the Chumbul it belongs to the
Mabrattas : the rest is subject to
tlie British or their allies.
A'gra, the capital of the province
of Agra, called by the Mohammed-
ans Jkbarabadf, is situate on the
S. W. bank of the Jumna. Its
mausoleum, perhaps the most su-
perb in the world, is constructed
of white marble inlaid with pre-
cious stones. Agra was the capital
of the Mogul empire till 1647.
Pop. 96,000.-27, 12 N. 78, 7 E.
AAmedabad', the capital of the
province of Guzerat, situate on the
river Sabermatty. Pop. 100,000.
-^2. 58 N. 72, 32 E.
AjTnere, a large provuice of Hin-
dostan, W. of Agra and S. of Dd-
hi, watered by the Chumbul and
the Banass.
Aj'mere, the capital of the pro*
vince, situate at the foot of a range
of hills. It is a handsome city, with
a strong fort. Pop. 25,000.-26,
28 N. 74, 40 E,
Akhalt'sic, a strongly-fortified
town of Georgia, in Asiatic Rus-
sia, on the Kur. Population 30,000.
—41, 38 N. 42, 57 B.
Alep'po, or Hal'eb, the capital
of Syria, in Asiatic Turkey, built
on several hills; its numerous
minarets and domes commanding
a delightful prospect. It is the
seat of^a great inland trade. In
1822, Aleppo was convulsed by an
earthquake, when it was computed
that 20,000 persons were killed.
Pop. 150,000— 36, 11 N. 37, 5 E.
Aleu'tian Islands, a group in
the N. Pacific, between Kamt.
schatka and America.
Algesi'ra, the ancient Mesopo-
tamia, a district of Asiatic Turkey,
between the Euphrates and the
Tigris.
Allahabad', a province of Hin-
dostan, S. of Oude and Agra, wa-
tered by the Ganges, Jumiia, and
some inferior streams. It now be-
longs entirely to the British.
AllaAabad', the capital of the
province, with a strung fortress.
Situate at the junction of the
Ganges and the Jumna, it attracts
crowds of pilgrims from all parts of
India to bathe in the sacred stream.
The number of visiters has been
known to exceed 200,000 in one
year P. 45,000.-25,25 N. 81, 50 E.
Almo'ra, the capital of Kumaon,
a district of N. Hmdostan, situate
on the accilv ity of a mountain.— 29,
35 N. 79, 37 E.
Aitai'an Mountains, a vast chain,
i2
214
A8IA«
forming the fouth«ni boundary of
Siberia, and extending under dif-
ferent names about 4500 miles from
tbe sources of the Irtisli and the
Oby to tbe Eastern Ocean. Bie.
luka, tbe highest peak, is 11,000
feet above tbe sea.
Ama'sia, a city of Roum, in
Asiatic Turkey, on the Jekel Ir-
nak, the birthplace of Strwbo, the
Greek cengrHpher. P. 36,000, chief-
ly Cbristiansu— 40, SO N. 36. 25 E.
Amboy'na, one of the Molucca
or Spice Islands, in the Indian Ar-
chipelago, to the 8. W. of Ceram ;
it is famous for cloves. Population
49,000.— 3. 40 S. 128. SO E.
Amhofrui, the capital of the
above island, situate on a bay. Po-
pulation 7000.
AmOierst, a seaport on the Gulf
of IMartabiin ; it was founded by
the British in 1 826, on the termina.
tion of the Burmese war, and pro.
mfscstobecomethecentre ofagrcat
trade. P. 16.000.-16,0 N. 97, 41 E.
Amoo'. See Ox us.
A'inoy, a seaport of China,situate
on an island upon the coast of Fo-
Uen, with an excellent harbour. It
is a great empori uraof the tradewith
the Indian Archipelago. Popula-
tion 200,000.— 24, 27 N. 118, 10 E.
Amrit'sir, a city of HindostanT,
in the province of Lahore. It is
the bofy city of the Selks, and is
the centre nf a considerable trade.
Pop. 40,000.— 31, 32 N. 74, 48 E.
Amur (Amoor'}, or Safralien,
a large river of Chinese Tartary,
rising in 50<> N. lat., and llO" £
long., and fallinf? into the Sea of
Ochotsk in So" N. lat.
Anato'liH, a province of Asiatic
Turkey, extending over the west-
em and chirf part of Asia Minor.
Itis watered by several fine streams,
and traversed in the S. by a chain
of mountains called Taurus.
An'daman Islands, a group in
the S. E. of the Bay of Bengal, the
principal of which is about 140
miles m length from K. to S., by
SO in breadth. They are moun-
tainous, and alMund in wood.
Ang(/ra, the ancient Ancj^ra, a
city of Anatolia, situate amidst
picturesque and striking scenery.
The shawls manufactured from the
wool of the Angora goat rival those
eC&"iL"««' Pop- 40,000.-39,
SON. 32,50 E.
An'tiotA, or Aatelcia, a citr
of Syria, on the Orootea, oelcfaiat-
cd in ancient history aa the capitsl
of the Syrian monavcba, and one aC
the largest cities in the East. Pop.
10,000—36, 13 N. 36, 90 e.
Aracan', a province of tbe Bast-
em Peninsula, ceded to tbe Brititb
by the Burmese In 1826. It ex-
tends 930 miles along tbe E. cosrt
of the Bay of Bengal, with an aver-
age breadth <rf^50 miles.
Aracan', the capital of tbe pro.
vince, onariver of the same name,
about 40 miles from tbe sea. Pop.
10.000«— 20, 37 N. 92, 53 E.
Ar'afot. a mountain of -\iabia,
near the city of Mecca.
A'^ral, a lake or inland aea in
Western TarUry, east of tbe Cas-
pian. Its greatest length is about
990 miles; the breadth varies from
1 30 to 250. Its water U salt, and it
is 186 feet below the level of the ses.
Ar'arat, a celebrated mountain
of Armenia, B. W. of Erivan, and
a few miles south of the Araxes.
It rises majestically from the midst
of a great plain, and terminates in
two conical peaks, one of which is
covered with popetual Ice. It
is held in RTeat veneration, from itt
being understood to be the Mount
Ararat of Scripture, on which tbe
ark rested. M. Parrct, who lately
ascended to its summit, found its
height to be 17,359 feet.
A'ras, or Arax'es, a large river
which rises in Armenia, and joins
the Kur. It forms the boundary
between Russia and Persia.
Ar'cot, the capital of the Cama-
tic in Hindostan, on the S. bank of
the Palar.— 12, 50 N. 79, 22 E.
Arme'nia, a large province S. of
Geomia and Caucasus, sutject to
the Turks, Perhians, and Russians.
It isin general mountainous, andis
watered by the Tigris, the Euphra-
tes, and other important streams
A'sia M/nor, the western portion
of Asia, kx>unded on the north by
the Black Sea, on the west b? tbe
Archipelago, and on the souto by
the Mediterranean ; its eastern
frontier extends to Armenia and
the Euphrates. It includes Ana-
tolia, Caramania, and Roum ; it is
one of the most celebrated coun-
tries in ancient story, and contains
many famous cities.
Asphalti'tes, or Dead Sea, a lake
or Pakitf ne, about 180 milet Iq cir-
cumfiareaoe. On theE.it Is bound,
ed by rugged hills ; on the N. is
the plain of Jericho,through which
it receives the river Jordan. Its
waters, which are 500 feet below
the level of the Mediterranean, are
punf^ent and bitter. Great quanti-
ties of asphaitum, or mineral pitch,
float upon its surface.
As^sam, a country to the N. of
the Eastern Peuinsula, between
Bengal and Thibet, 400 miles long,
with an average breadth of 50
milet. It is watered by the Brah-
mapootra and several other rivers,
and is very fertile. The tea-plant
has recently been discovered grow-
ing wild in Its torests. P. 83.),000.
As'trabad, a city of Persia, in
the province of Mazanderan, near
a bay of the Caspian. . Pop.40,U00.
— M, 55N.64,3()E.
Astracan% a government of Asi-
atic Russia. Except on the banks
of the Volga, the Ural, and their
trilHxtaries, the soil is very barren.
It contains a number of salt lakes.
Extent 110,300 square miles. Pop.
2.'3,000.
Astracan\the capital of the above
government, is situate on an inland
in the Volga, about 30 miles Irum
Its mouth. Its trade and manu-
factures are considerable, and its
fisheries on the Volga and Caspian
very extensive, l^p. 40,000.—
46, 21 N. 48, 5 E.
At'tock, a town of Lahore, in
Hindostau, on the Indus, which is
crossed by a bridge of boats.
Aurungabad', a province of the
Deccan, in Hmdostan, l)elweeo
Caodeish and Bejapore.
Aurungabad', the capital of the
above province, was the favourite
residence of Aurungsebe, from
whom it derived its name. Pop.
60,000.-19, 55 N. 75, 35 E.
A'va, the capital of the Birman
empire, situate on the left bank of
the Irrawady. Pop. 50,000.-21,
50 N. 93, 50 E.
Aseib/jan, a province of Persia,
bounded on the N. by the Araxes ;
it is the nativecuuntry of Zoroaster.
Az'uph, or Az'of. See Russia
IN fa^uaupB, pk lo2.
UA-Ai/ aEC,sLncieat\yHelio'polis^
a city ot'Syria, now a decayed viL
Iage,i« situate in a fertile valley near
tbefbotof Anti-LiiMQu«« Here are
ASIA. 215
Che mAflrttlHeMt mint oft ** tempto
of the tun,** supposed to have been
built by Antoninus Piuf.
Ba'ba, Cape, the ancient hectuu^
the most western point of Asia
Minor, near the entrance of the
Dardanelles.— 39, 27 N. 26, 8 B.
Babelman'deb, Straits of, a cban.
nel forming the entrance of the
Red Sea from the Indian Ocean-^
upwards of 20 miles broad.
fiadak'shan, a district of Inde-
pendent Tartary, consisting of a
beautiiul valley, oelebrated for ite
ruby- mines.
Badak'^han, or Fyiabad', the ca-
pital of the above district, on a
tributary of the Oxus.
Baghdad, the capiul of Irak-Ar-
abi, in Asiatic Turkey, sltiuie on
the Tigris. It has a considerable
trade, being the emporium for the
products of Arabia, Persia, and
India. Pop. about 100,000.— U^
19 N. 44, Ti EL
Bdhar', a province of Htndottan.
S. of Nepauf, one of the richest and
best cultivated in India, it con-
tains 26,000 square miles.
BaArefi/, a cluster of islands on
the S. W. side of the Persian Oulf.
The pearUflshery here is one of
the must valuable in the world.
Bai'kal, a lake or inland sea of E.
Siberia, about 368 miles long, with
an average breadth of 38 miles.
The Russians regard it with vene-
ration, and call it the Holy See.
Bain-Gun^'ga, a tributary of the
Gcdavery, in Uindostao.
Bak'tegan, a large salt lake of
Persia, in the province of Fan.
Ba'ku, a seaport of Shirvun, in
Asiatic Russia, on the Caspian. In
the vicinity are inexhaustible pits
of naphtha, and firom the adjacent
plains an inflammable gas continu-
ally issues, producing a blue flame,
ilus everlasting tire was the great
object of worship, and held in deep
veneration, by the ancient Gue-
bres.— 40, 22 N. 49. 40 E.
Ualfrush', a town of Persia, in
the province of Mazanderan, car-
ries on a considerable trade. Pcm.
so.ooa— ae, 32 n. 52, 45 b.
Bal'kash, or Paika'ti, a large lake
in Mungoiia, near the frontier of
Western Tartary.
BalkA, a province of Great Bu-
charia, between Cabul and the
OxuBi extending about 850 mile*
216
A8IA.
Amn W. toBfUid llOAvn K. to R.
It WM In the hands of tht AfRhans
till lately, when it was seiwd by the
King of Bolihara. P. 1.000.000.
BalliA, the andent Bactra, the
oapltai of the proTlncc, situate in
a plain. It is regarded by the Asi-
atloi as the oldest city in the world.
Pod. 3000.~a6, 38 N. 66, 17 E.
Ban'cSf an island on the N.E.
eoastof Sumatra, from which it is
separated by the StratU of Banca.
It is celebrated for its tin-mioei.Fi-
8, 20 S. 106, E.
BanMa Inlands, a group in the
Indian Ocean, forming part of the
Spice Islands, and famous for the
production of nutmegs.
Bangalore', a strong city of My-
•ore, in Hindostan, which was the
residence of Hyder AH. Popula.
tion 60.000.^1S, 55 N. 77,35 K.)
Bangkok, the capital of 8iam, on
the Meiuam. The houses float
upon bamboo>rafts moored along
the banks. Pop. 90,000. of which
about three-fourths are Chinese.—*
13,46N. 101, 12 E.
Bareil'ly, a city of Hindostsn,
in the province of Delhi, noted for
iU ▼arioui manufactures. Pop.
e0.OOO.— 28, S3 N. 79, 23 £.
Barnaul', the principal city of the
KoUvan mining district in Siberia.
Pop. 9000.
BarO'da. a city of Guccrst in Hin.
dostan, tne capital of the Guick-
war, the principal native chief.
Pop. 100,000.
Basso'ra. Busso'ra, or Bas'rf , a
city of Irak-Arabi, on the Sha t el
Arab, near the head of the Persian
Gulf. It is a place of great trade.
Pop. 60,000.-30, 29 N. 47, 40 E.
Bata'vla, the capital of the island
of Java and of tne Dutch posses-
sions in the East It is situate on
the N. W. coast, and is well fitted
for an extensive commerce. Pop.
5a,860.— 6, 9 & 106, 53 E.
£a'thurst, a town and settlement
in New South Wales, on the W.
bank of the Macquarrie.
Bay'azid. an important city and
fortress of Turkish Armenia, near
the S. W. foot of Mount ^ rarat
Pop. 16,000—39, 18 N. 44, 18 E.
Beer, or Bir, a town of Asiatic
Turkey, situate on the E, bank of
'VL.^"P^''*t«s, which is crossed by
» bridge of boats. Pop. 13.000.
BeA'ring's SUaiU, the narrow sea
whifh tepanrtca Alia end N«th
America, near the parallei of Uf
N. It is bt miles broad iVom £att
Cape in Asia to Cape Prince o(
Wnles on the coast of America,
and is named from the discoverer,
Behring, a Russian navigator.
Xieloochistan', the aneient Gt-
dr</§ia, a Urge provinoe in the & of
Afghanistan.
Belour'.tagby the ancient /«■«'«',
a range of mountains running N.
and S., and separating Wcsicni
TarUry from Little Bucbarta*
tienures (B«)alr>0, a celebrated
city of Hindostan, and capital of a
rich district in the province of AI'
lahabad, situate on the N. bank of
the Ganges, and the chief fcat of
Brahmiiiical learning. Populatifln
200,000.— 25. 19 N. HS, fifl E.
Bencoo'leiK a seaport of Bumatra,
on the S. WT coast ; it belongs to
the Dutch, having been exchMDged
with the British in 1824^ for fU-
lacca on the continent. Population
10,000.— 3,48 & 102, OE.
Bengal^ a province of Hindos*
tan. about 400 miles in length,
with an average breadth of SOO.
Its soil is peculiarly fertile. Tickl-
ing in great abundance both the
necessaries and luxuries of life,
llie Presidency of Bengal compie-
hends 328,000 square miles, and
70^)00,000 inhabitanta.
BengaK, Bay of. a portion of the
Indian Ocean, washing the Indian
and Eastern Peninsulas, and com*
grehendetl within the parallels of
» and 22® N.
Be^rar, a province of the Deocan,
in Central Hindostan, N. of Au-
rungabad. It is naturally fertile,
but thinly peopled.
Betlis, an ancient city of Kur-
distan, in Asiatic Turkey, & W. of
Lake Van. Pop. 20,000.
BAurtpore',acity and strong fbrt-
ress of Agra, in Hindostan, storei-
ed by (he British in 1605, 18^
and 1833.— 27, 13 N. 77, 34 E.
Bnkha'ra, the capital of Great
Bucharia, in Western Tartary. It
contains a numl>er of colleges, and
is a great seat of Mohammedan
learning ; as also the centre of an
extensive commerce, P. 100,OOOb
39, SON. OS, 10 E.
Bo'li, a city of Anatolia, in Aii.
atic Turkey, with manufactures of
cotton and leatber, Pop.M»OVO,
A8U.
217
Donbay'.ftQ importaniiMport,
th«wciit«mcaplUlof British India,
is situate on a^small island, separat-
ed from the mainland by a narrow
strait, and connected with the isl-
and of Saisetie by a causeway. It
is strongly fortified, particularly
towards the sea, and its harbour is
one of the finest in tlie world. It
is the great emporium of Western
India, and commands an extensive
trade with the Persian Gulf, with
China, and the islands in the In-
dian Ocean. P. ?20,000, of whom
13,000 are Parsees.— 18, 56 N. 7S,
57 £. The presidency of Bombay
contains 65,000 square miles, and
6,638,810 inhabitants.
Boc/tan, a province to the N. of
Hindostao, between jBengal and
Thibet, about 150 miles long,
and 00 br(Kul. It is very moun-
t^BOus, and covered witn exten.
sive forests. The rajah is tributary
to the Grand Lama of Thibet.
Bor'neo, next to New Holland,
the largest island in the world, be^
inir about 800 miles in length and
7U0 in breadth. It lies directly be-
neath the equator, to the east of
Sumatra and the Malayan Penin-
sula^ and to the north of Java. It
produces all sorts of tropical fhiits,
and contains valuable mines of gold
and diamonds, which are worked
chiefly by Chinese settlers. The
interior of the island remains un.
explored, but it is understood to
be mountainous, with numerous
streams and extensive lakes. Pop.
estimated at 3.000.000.
Bor'neo, the principal town in
the island of Borneo, situate on
the N. Vf, coast. It is built upon
piles on the banks of a river j canals
run through its streets, and the
communication is by means of
boats. The chief trade of Borneo
was formerly with China, but now
with Singapore. Population 10,000.
--4, 55 N. 114, 50 E.
Brabmapoo'tra,or Burrampoo'tcr,
alarge river of India, whose sources
have not yet been visited by any
European; it flows through the
valley of Assam and the province
of Bengal, and, uniting with the
Ganges, falls into the Bay of Ben-
gal. It was long supposed to rise
in Thibet, and to be the same with
the Sanpoo ; but tliis is now COD-
sldeied somewhat doubtful.
Buoha'rU, GreAt,inrare properly
the Kingdom of Bokha'ra, the Sog-
dia'na of antiquity, in Western
Tartary, situate to the S. C. of the
Sea of Aral, between the Oxus and
Birr, and inhabited by the Usbeck
Tartars. In the vicinity of the
rivers, the soil is rich and fertile,
but a great portion of the country
is occupied by the Desert. Pop.
3,000,000.
Bucha'ria, Little, a district of
Chinese Tartary, now incorporat-
ed into the kingdom of Cashgar,
bounded on the W. by Great Bu-
charia, and on the S. by Little
Ttiibet. It is almost unknown to
Europeans, but is described as ono
of the finest tracts of Central Asia,
beinfl watered.by strea'ms descend*
ing n'om its mountain-border.
Burdwan^ a city of Hindostan,
in the province of Bengal, 6U miles
N. W. of Calcutta. Pop. 54,000.
Bur^ampore', the principal city
of Candeish in Hindostan, situate
on the Taptee. It carries on a con-
siderable trade.— 21, 19 N. 76, 22 E.
Bur'sa, or Bru'sa, a city of Ana-
tolia, at the foot of Mount Olympus.
It has an extensive trade, and is
noted for its mineral springs. Pop.
100,000.-40,8 N. 29, 10 K.
Bushire (BusheerO.or Abushebr,
a seaport of Persia, on tlie Per-
sian Gulf: it is an emporium of the
trade with India. Pop. 15,000.—
29, N. 50, 56 E.
CABUL', an extensive province
of Afghanistan, bounded on the
north by the Hindoo-Coosh, which
separate it from Balkh.
Cabul^ capital of the province,
on a river of the same name, Ih
situate 6000 feet above the sea, and
surrounded by gardens, abounding
in the choicest fruits. It was long
considered as the gate of Hindos-
tan towards Tartary. Population
60,000.-34, 10 N. 68, 32 E.
Caicut'ta, the capital of Bengal
and of British India, is situate on
the Hoogly, or western branch of
the Ganges, a hundred miles from
itsmoutn. Itextcnd8above6mi1es
along the river j and on being ap-
proached from the sea, its sjnres,
temples', mosques, the citadel of
Fort- William, its splendid edi-
fices, and elegant villas and gar-
dens, present an appearance of
magnincence which seems to war*
218 A8IA.
nut ttfonMd nyriltriwi of the
•« aty of PilaoM.^ Popu 900,000.
CaKicat, a Mtport of Hindos-
Uii oo the Malabar coast, once a
■pleodkl city, from which the first
European vetiel wa« freighted with
Indian commodities by Vasoo de
Gama,inl498. PopwXO»000.-ll,
15 N. 76, 5 e.
Caro'bay, a seaport of Gucerat,
in Himlo*tin, at the liead of the
frulf to which It gives name^— 22,
25 K. 72. 40 E.
Cambi/dia, a country of the
Eastern Peoinsuia, between Siam
and Cochin-Cbina. It now forms
a division of the empire of Annam,
or Cochin-China, but of the inte-
rior little is known. Among its
productions is the yellow pigment
called gamboge.
Cambo'dia, the ancient capital
of the preceding country, situate
on the Maykaung, about 150 miles
from iU mouth.^12, 20 N. 104,
25 E.
Camlx/dia, Cape, the extreme
S. point of Cambodia, in the East-
ern Peninsula.— 8, 40 N. 1M5, 1 V E.
Can'dahar, an extensive province
of AfghaniKtan, inhabited by Af-
ghans of the Dourannee tribe.
Can'dahar, the capital of the pro-
vince, is a flourishing city, on the
great road lietween rersut and In.
dia. P. 100,000.— 32,44 N.65,32E.
Can'deisb, a province of Hmdos-
tan, 8. of the Nerbudda, and B.
of Guserat. It is watered by the
Taptee, and very fertile, although a
large extent is covered with Jungle.
Can'dy, a town in the interior of
the island of Ceylon, formerly the
capital of a native kingdom. It is
Kurrounded by wooded hills. Pop.
3000.— 7, 17 N. 80, 18 E.
Cantun% the capital of the pro-
vince of Quang-tung in China, and
the only fwrt with which Europe-
ans are permitted to have iiiter-
courite, i» situate at the confluence
of the Pekiang with the Choo-ki-
ang or Pearl Uiver (called by the
English the Canton Uiver, and the
river Tigris). It is distant about 80
miles I rum the sea, at the head of
the Bocca Tigris, a noble estuary
studded with islands. The foreign
fiactories are cooflned to a small
space along the banks of the river,
and all foreign fbips aochor at a con-
vhole Cnai-
Tbetii
with
lies that have no
Pop. 50QAX> : aeondtog to Hitter,
800,000.-23, 8 N. IIS, 17 E.
Carama'nia, ao extcnaiTe pro.
▼Ince of Asia Minor. B. of Anatolia.
Cam^^ a province of & HId-
dostan, extending along the east-
em coast to Cape Cooinnn, a dis-
tanoe of 500 milea. It conmrisa
what lately formed the doomioot
of the Nabob of Areoi, and is now
included in the Madraa Prendency.
Car'oline Islands, a numerooi
coral ^oup in the Pndfie, E. of
the Philippines and & of the La-
drones. They are expoted to vio*
lent hurricanes, and the iiativa
are distlnguiabed for thor akia hi
navigation.
Carpenta'ria, Gttlf of, a lafge bsy
on the N. of Australia.
Casl>in, a city of Irak- Ajenii hi
Persia, with a consideraliie trade.
Fop. 6O,0O0Lr-^36, 10 N. 49, 33 E.
Cash'gar, a province of LMe
Buchana, in Chinese Tkitary.
Cash'gar, the capital of the pro-
vince, on the rirer Yarkand, is a
seat of considerable trader Pocb
40,000.^1, 5 N. 72, 20 E.
Cash^nere, a prorioce oTN. Hin-
dootan, now dependent on the
Seika. It consists of a beautiliil
valley, in which reigna an almost
perpetual qiring, and is sunroonded
kiy lofty muuntamsL It is notcdfiir
ita shawls, manufiuAured from the
inner wool of the goats of Thibtt
Casb'mere, formerly called Seri-
nagui', the capital of the proviace,
situate on the banks of the Jeium.
Pop. 60,000*— 34, ao N. 74, 45 E.
Cdt^pian Sea, an inland sea or
kike, the largest In the world,
about 300 miles to the eastward of
the Black Sea, and, aooonllng to
M. Humboldt, 300 feet below tke
level of the latter. Its length fraoi
N. to & is 730 milea, and iti
breadth 270, covering an area of
lzO,000 square miles. The water
of tne Caspian ia lesa salt than tbat
of the ocean.
Catmandoo^, the capital of M^
paul, m N. Hindostan, situate in a
romantic valley, about 40 miles S.
of the Himnuilehs. Pop. 20JJOOi
—27, 45 N. 85, 5 £.
Cau'casof , a chain of lofty moiia*
ASIA.
219
tains, itretdiUigJieraM the irthmus
between the Black Sea and the Ca8«
pian ; it extends fVom the straits of
Enikaldto the mouth of the Kur.
Cau'caius, an extensive govern,
mentof Russia* W. of the Caspian
Sea, consisting chiefly -of territo.
ries conquered from Persia*
Ca'v^ry, a river ofS. Hindostan,
which rises in the W. Ghauts near
the coast of Malabar, flows through
Mysore and the Camatic, and fails
into the Bay of Bengal
Cel'ebds, a large island in the
Indian Ocean, to the E. of Borneo,
from which it is separated by the
Straits of Macassar, and so indented
by deep hays as to form four long
peninsulas. Its extrt>rae length
maybe estimated at 500 miles, and
itsareragebreadthatlSO. Though
rugged and mountainous, the soil
is fertile, yielding in abundance
rice, sugarcane, sago, and cotton.
The famous upas. tree is found here.
Of its native tribes, the Bugis are
the roost active commercial people
in the Indian Archipelago. Popu>
lation 1,000,000.
Ceram', an island of the Indian
ArchipeUgo, one of the Moluccas.
—5 . 20 S. 129, 30 E.
Ceylon% a large and beautiful
island in the Indian Ocean, sepa-
rated flrom the Coromandel coast by
the Gulf of Manaar, 62 miles broad.
Its entire length from N. to R. is
nboot 270 miles, with an average
breadth of 100, and its area is 24.664
square miles. It is the Taprobafna
of the ancients ; Cingnla is the name
given to it by the natives, who nre
called Cingalese, or Ceylonese
The interior is traversed by finely-
wooded mountains, from lOOo to
4000 feet high, and watered by nu-
merous rivers and lakes. The cli-
mate, formerly pernicious, has be-
come more salubrious as the island
hus been cleared and cultivated.
The soil is rich and luxuriant, pro-
ducinf;coflFbe,8iigar.cane, rice,pep-
per,teak, and other valuable woods.
Plantations of cinnamon amidst
Rroves of cocoa-nut trees border
tlie S. W. coast for 100 miles. The
island abounds in gems, and there
is an extensive pearl-fishery car-
ried on in the Gulf ot Manaar.
The elephants of Ceylon have long
l)een fJEuned for their size and saga-
city.. Pop. 1,290,990.
Chandernagore^, the capital of
the French settlements In Bengal,
on the Hoogly, about 10 miles
above Calcutta. Pop. 40,000.
Chingtoo', the capital of the pro.
vince of Sechuen, in China; it
carries on an extensive trade.
Chin-yang', or MoukMen, the
capital of Leaotong, a province of
Chinese Tartary.-41, 5S N. 123,
40 E.
Chittagong^, or Islamabad', a
city in the province of Bengal, dis-
trict of Chittagong, situate on a
river of the same name.
Cir'cars, a province of Hind ostan,
extending along the Bay of Ben-
gal ; it is one of the most valuable
districts, equal to the Camatic in
fertility, and superior In manufac-
turing industry.
Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic
Russia, forming that part of thu
territory of Caucasus which Is si-
tuate between the mountains and
the rivers Kuban and Terek. It
is inhabited by a number of warlike
tribes, who continue almost inde-
pendent of Russia, neither paying
tribute nor performing military
service. The Circassians are re-
markable for their elegance of per-
son,— >the beauty of the females has
long been celebrated. Population
474,000.
Co'bi, or Go^i, called aUo Shamo
by the Chinese, a great desert, ex-
tending upwards of 2000 miles
from W. to E. across Central Asia ;
its surface is covered with sand,
and abounds in salt. It is an ele*
vated table-land, from 3000 to
10,000 feet above the sea, and
exhibits traces and phenomena
of having once been covered by
the ocean.
Cochin (Kot'shin), a small pro-
vince in S. Hindostan, between
Malabar and Travancore.
Co'chin, the capital of the pro-
vince, was the first point at which
the Portuguese, in 1503, were per-
mitted to erect h fort ; it still en-
joys a considerable trade.— 9, 57
N. 76, ?9 E.
Co'chin-Chi'na, a country in the
Eastern Peninsula, called also the
empire of Annam, comprehend-
ing Tonnuin, Cambodia, and Siam-
pa, besides Cochin-China Proper,
and extending between the Gulfs
of Siam and Tonquin, Extent e«
220
Aftll.
timated at 147,000 iquaTe mUa»
with 12,000,000 iDlMbitantf.
Colomlx}, th« ciqiiul of Ceylon,
on the S. W. coast, U a handsome
town , and strongl y fortified. Po|k
65,(!00.— 6, 37 N. *9, 56 E.
Com'urin, ( 'a^, the most south-
ern {Mint of thp peninsula of Uin-
U0).tan 8, 5 N. 77, 44 IS.
Con'can, a uiaritime district of
flindoxtan, cxteiiuing from Bom.
bay to Gua, with an average breadth
of 40 mile« between tlie Western
Ghauts and the sea.
Corc'a, a country of Asia, consist,
in;; of a peninsula, separated from
China by the Yellow Sea, anil from
the Islands of Japan by the Straits
ofCorea and the Sea of Japan. It is
100 miies long by 150 broad, and
the interior is traversed from N. to
S. by a chain of mountains. Its
king 18 tributary to China.
Coroman'dcl, the eastern coast
of liindostan, extending l>ctween
10" and IC" N. lat.
Cutch, a peniukula of Hindostan,
to the S. of the province of AJmere;
it extends frnm the Indus to the
Gulf of Cutch, and is possessed by
independent chieft.
Cut'tack, a maritime district in
the province of Drlssa, Hindostan,
inundated by the >«a at spring,
tides to the distance of 15 or iO
miles from the coast.
Cut'tack, the capital of the dis-
trict, situate on a peninsula formed
by the Mahanuddy. Pop. 40,000.
— i?(), 25 N. 96, 10 E.
(■y'pruB, an island in the Medi-
terranean, (iff the coast of Asia
Minur, HO miles in length by 60
in breadth. It is traversed from
E. to W. by two lofty chains of
mountains, which, during winter,
are covered with snow. In ancient
times it was celebrated for its fer-
tility and beauty, and for the vo-
hiptuous gayety of its inhabitants.
Its fruits, particularly grapes, stiil
preserve their pre-eminence ; but
the oppressive dominion of the
Turks represses industry, and has
reduced the island nearly to a de-
sert. P. 80,(3(30.-35, N. 33, E.
DACCA, a district of the pro.
vlnce of Bengal, between the Gan-
Rcs and the Megna, or Lower
Brahmapootra.
Dac'ca, the capital of the district,
situate on the Booree Ounga, or
Old Ganget, and Um chief JBd
of the maniifaftiupe of rawiafc
Pop. 190,00a— 2.1, 48 N. 80, 18 K.
UagAUUn', A district on the W.
of the Catf»ian Sea, Sta maiiy yem
a debaUbfe land between the Her^
sians and Kussiaos, but now In ftifl
possession of the IjUter.
Damas'cus, a very ancient and
•till flourishiog citT of Syria, in
Asiatic Turliey, situate in a bean*
tiful plain, and celebrated for iu
numerous fountains, canals, wd
fine gardens. Being on the tout*
of the great caravans to Mecca, it
is the centre of an extensive trade.
It was formerly famous for its ma-
nufacture of sabres ; andita figured
silli and cotton fabrics were origi-
naJlynamed damasks fhMnthisel^.
Fbp. 140,000.-33. 80 N. 86, S5 t*
iWcan, or Country of the Soutk.
a region of Hindostan, stretcfaioc
across the peninsula, and bouodea
by the Nerbudda on the N. and
the Kistna on the H. It oom^
hends the provinces of Cand e is h ,
Berar, Gundwana, Aurungabed,
Golconda, and Visiiqiora
DeKhi, a province of Hindostan,
to the north of Agra, situate be-
tween 280 and 3l« N. lat Ex-
cepting the banks of the Caggur,
it is generally steril, or cotered
with dense jungles and forests,
DeHii, the chief city of theabore
province, and long the capital of
the Mogul empire, is situate on
the banlis of the Jumna, and sor.
rounded with emtMttled walis.
Though shorn of its ancient spleo-
dour, it still contains a numlier of
floe edifices. The citadel is ooou-
pied by the Mogul, who is entirely
supported by the- British. Po{k
130,000.-88, 40 N. 77. 16 E.
Deray'eh, a town of Arabia, the
capital of the Wahabees in Kejed,
taken by Ibrahim Pasha In 1818.
Po{). 15,000.
Der'bend, a strongly-fortified
seap(jrt ot Daghlstan, on the W.
coast of the Caspian Sea; It oov
belongs to Russia, to whom the
Persians ceded it in 1796. P. 4000.
Diarbe'kir, a paehallc of Asiatic
Turkey, comprising part of an-
cient ArmenUi and Meaopotaadn.
Diarl)c'i(ir, the rapitsl of tbe
above province, on the W. bank of
the Tigris, with considerable trade.
Pop. 60,006.-i^-37, 55 K. 39, 53 fi.
AflU.
221
Doc/tek, or JdUUted', the m-
pttal arifce jMNniiioe of ScittuB, In
MiJtmnitaa, situate near the HeL
imiod..3l, 10 N. 61, 10 E.
DowIatalMuK, a town and strong
fotrcM of Hindo«tan, in the pro>
▼ince of Aurungabeul, on the sum-
nut of a steep mountain, and sur-
rounded by several walls.
DuKrah, Lake of. Bee Zurrah.
East CAPB. the most eastern
extrem ity of Ajta,on the W. oi BpH-
rin8*s Straiu.— 66, 5 N. 190. 16 B.
East'er Island, in the S.>ut h Paci.
6c, about yu miles in circuit, noted
for tlie Intelligence of the natives.
— «7,9S. lo», law.
EPbun, or Bl'brous, the highest
peak of the Caucasus, rising
17f796 feet above the sea.
Eiephan'ta, a small island on the
W. coast of Hindostan, between
Bombay and the main, celebrated
for its wonderful cave and mytho-
logical sculptures.
£1 Ka'tif, a seaport of Lahsa in
Aralna, situate on a bay in the
Persian Gulf. Pup. 6000.— 26, SO
N. 49, .58 E.
Eilichpore', a city of Hindostan,
in the province of Berar.
EUt/ra, a village of Aumngabad
in Hindustan.near the city of Dow-
latabad, remarkable for the num-
ber and magnitude of Hindoo ex-
cavated and highly-sculptured tem-
Eles that have been discovered in
s vicinity.
Elwund', a range of mountains
in Persia, of which the highest
summit Is near the city of Hama-
dan.
&Ovan, Lake of, in Armenia,
situate N.E of the city of Erivan,
is 60 miles in circumference.
Er'ivan, a city of Armenia, with
a strong fortress, situate on a pre-
cipitous rock, overhanging the
Zenghi, near its Junction with the
Araxes, ceded by Persia to Russia
in 1828. Fop. 4000.
Er'seroum, the capital of Turkish
Armenia, situate near the north,
em source of the Euphrates, in a
beautlAiI plain, 7000 feetalmve the
sea. It carries on a considerable
trade. Pop. 100.000.-^9, 56 N . 41 ,
33 E.
Euphra'tes, or Frat, a celebrated
river of Asia, rises from two prin-
cipal sources in the mountains of
ikniaiia* ^After a S. E. ooane of
about 1500 miles. It raeelTtt the
Tigris above Baasora, and the unit-
ed scream, under the name of the
Shat el Arab, falte into the Per-
sian Gulf by several mouths. The
whole coune of the Euphrates la
16U0 miles.
FA RS, or Farsistan'. the ancient
PersU,'% province of Persia, K. of
Khusistan, and N. of the Persian
Gulf.
Fo'kien, a maritime province of
China. Although it is covered
with hilU, it abounds not ouly in
grain, but in fruit, particularly
oranges, and the tea-plant is reared
to a great extent.
Foo'tchoo, the capital of the pro-
vince of Kokien, in China, situate
on the Min-kiang, which is crossed
by a stupendous bridge. It is as
large as Canton, and carries on a
considerable trade in teas, tobacco,
and timber.
Formo'saja large and fertile island
in the Chinese Sea, opfXMite the
province of Fukien. It is 210 miles
in length by 9uin breadth.
Friend'ly or Ton'ga Inlands, a
numerous group in the Pacific
Ocean, to the S. W. of the Society
Islands. The princijial are Tonga-
taboo, Annaraotika, Vavaoo, Eooa,
and Tot'oa. They are inhaliited
by a fine and interesting race, who
have made some progress in civili-
sation. Pop. anottt 60,000.
Furruckabad', a commercial city
of Hindostan, in the province of
Agra, near the W. bank of the
Ganges. Pop. 67,000.-24, 45 N.
87, 57 E.
Fysabad'. See Badakshan.
GAN'GES, one of the largest
rivers of Asia, and held in the
highest veneration by the natives
of India. It isttues in a small
stream from beneath a mass of
perpetual snow on the S. side of
the Himraileh Mountains, and is
called the Bhagirathi till Joined by
the Alacananda, about 30 miles
below Serinagur. On passing
Hurdwar, in the province of Delhi,
it enters the plains of Hindostan,
and at Allahabad receives the
Jumna, and i« swelled by the ac
ce^ion of several large riven in
its progress to Patna, where it is
from 1 to 3 miles broad, and 30
feet deep. About 200 miles from the
sea commences the Delta of the
222
Omuge»t thenmiMrotta bmcbci of
which, in entering the Bf of Ben-
gal, form a labyrinth of channels
and creeks, dilled the Sunder*
bund«. The western or Hoogly
branch, which passes by Calcutta,
is the only one that is navigable.
The eastern branch receives the
Bnhmapootra before pouring its
flood Into the ocean.
Gaui', or Paropami'san Moim.
taint, a range which separates Af-
ghanistan from Bdlkh.
Ga'ya, a city of Hindostan, in
the province of Bahar, on a tribu«
tary of the Ganges. It is one of
the holy cities of the Hindoos.
Pop. 4'),()00.— 24, 44 N. 8.5, E.
Gat'a, an ancient city of Pales-
tine, near the coast. Pop. 5000.
Geor'^-ij, the ancient Iberia and
Colchis, a mountainous region on
the ^. declivity of the Caucasus,
now annexed to Russia by con-
quest. Watered by the Kur and
numerous tributary streams, it
com I tines the productions both of
the temperate and tropical ctimes.
Its Vitllcys are extremely fertile,
and the vine grows wild on its
hills. T he beauty of the Georgian
women, like that of the Circas-
sians, is proverbial over the East.
Fop. 330,0U0.
GAautN, two extensive chains of
mountains in the S. of Hindostan,
the wcMtern of which extends
neatly 1000 miles, from Cape Co.
morin to Surat ; the eastern chain
is aImo>it of equal length, on the
opiHwite coast. See Nilgherries.
GAi'ian, a province of Persia,
extending 200 miles along the S.
IV. shore of the Caspian.
GAiz'ni, an ancient city of Cabul,
formerly capital of a gieat empire,
but now in decay. Pop. 9000.
Gilo'lo, tiie largest of the Mo-
lucca Islands ; like Celebes it is
broken into four peninsulas, sepa.
rated from each other by deep bays.
Go'a, New, or Pan'gl, a seaport
in a small island on the W. coast
of Hindustan, the capital of the
Portuguese possessions. Popula-
UoD 90()0.~1A, 30 N. 73, 53 E.
Godav'ery, a river of Hindostan,
rises in the W. Ghauts, and, tra-
versing nearly the whole breadth
of the peninsula, falls, by several
mouthi, into the Bay of Bengal.
Gog'ra, a river of Hliuio*t«i«
which riaMiath«HI«iMiWM, tiirt
Oolean'dB, or HydrahMK, a-yn-
vinceorSottthon Hindostan, Ac-
mcrly ceMwatcd for it* diamond-
mines. It forms part of the d<v
minkma of the Nixam.
GfdooQ'da, a eelebratad fbrtreu
in the above province, flxinerly
the capital of a kincdom, now the
citadel of HydvrtMuf, and the repo-
sitory of the Nisam*! wedtb.
Gomlnooa, or Bunder Abbas, a
seaport of Kerman, in Persia, on a
bay of the Gulf of Ormux, formerly
a place of great trade, but now
much reduced.
Oor^opi. a city of Thibet, sltn>
ate on the Ladak, in a vast plsin ;
the chief market forsbawl-wooL
Guinnak^ a dty of Mongcdia, in
Chinese Tartary, on the borders
of the Desert of Gobi.
Ou'serat or Gu')erar, a pro t i ne e
of Hindostan, situate between the
Gull's of Cambay and Cntch and
to the S. of AJmere. It is a iat
country with arid traeta,ibutflBany
of its districts are very fertile and
highly cultivated. Besides its na-
tive castes, it contained, in 1815,
150,000 Csmilies of Fusees.
GwdKior, a celebrated fortress
of Hindostan, In the province of
Agra, th« capital of Scindia- the
MahratU chief. Pop. 80,OOa<-
26, I5N.78, 5B.
HAEKRAMAUT, a province of
Arabia, occupying the Boutliera
coast from Yemen to Oman*
Hai'nan, a large island in the
Chinese Sea, 1»0 milea in leogtli
and 70 in breadth. It is situate st
the E. extremity of the Gulf of
Tonquin,and separated by ananow
channel from the Chinese province
of Quang-tung, towhkdi itiidonfs.
Hamadan', a city of IraJuAicsai,
in Persia, on the site of the andent
Bcba'tana, Pim. about 25,000^
34, 53 N. 48, &
Ham'ah, the Hamaih of Scrip-
ture, a city of byria, situate on
both sides of the Orontes. It is
the birthplace of Abulfeda, the dis-
tinguished oriental geograi^icr.
Pop. 46.000..«36, 1 N. aSk 67 fi.
Ha'mi or CAa'mil, a town of
Little Bucharia, in Chines* Tsr-
tary, E. of L(A Nor.
Hangtchoo', the capital o£ tbs
province of Tcbe-klang in Chimt
ASIA.
223
and one of tbe flocit citiM in tbe
empire, lituaie on « navigable
river at its junction with the Grand
Caiial. It hai an extensive trade
in raw ailka and teas. Popi 600,000.
-^, 15 N. 119,40 E.
Heer'mund, or Hel'mund, the
ancient Etpmandru$jBL river of Af-
ghanistan, which rises near Cabut,'
and falls into the Lake of Zurrah.
Hej'as, a province of Arabia,
extending along the Red Sea ttova
Mount hinai to the frontier of
Yemen.
Herat', tbe ancient ^ria,a large
and commercial city of Khorassan,
situate in an extensive and fertile
plain. Pop. 100,00a~34, 30 N.
61, 20 E.
Hii'lah, a town of Irak-Arabl,
in Asiatic Turkey, on the iMmks of
the Euphrates ; built on the site
of ancient Babylon, the ruins of
which are still to be seen in the
vicinity, consbting of vast masses
of rubbish and bricks. Population
7000.— 92. 26 N. 44, 19 £.
Him'maleh or Himalay'a, a stu-
pendous range of mountains be-
tween Hiodostan and Thibet, ex-
tending in length about 1300 miles,
and in breadth from 250 to 300
miles. Dhwalagiri, or the White
Mountain, the highest known pin-
nacle on the globe, is te8,074 feet
above tbe level of the sea.
Hindoo'- Coosh, or Indian Cau-
casus, a range of lofty mountains,
formiaga continuation of the Him-
maleh chain, on the N. of Cabul.
Hoang'.bo' or Yellow River, a
very large river of China, issuing
fi'om the mountains of Thibet, and
pursuing a circuitous course of
9000 miles through some of the
finest provinces of China, till it
falls into tbe Bastem Hea.
Hob'art Town, the capital of
Van Diemen's Land, on the river
Derwent, about SO miles from its
mouth. It stands on a cove or bay
aflbrding one of the best and most
secure anchorages In the world.
Pop. 16,U00.--4l, 53 S. 147, 25 £.
Horns, the ancient EmfesOt a
city ot Syria, on the l>orOers of the
Desert. Pop. SU,00a— 34, 35 N.
37,6 £.
Hon'an, a central province of
China, watered by the Hoane-ho.
It is so fertile as to be callea the
** Oaxden of China."
HoQg'-tte, an aitenslve lake of
China, in the province of Kiang-
nan.
Hoog'ly, a branch of the Ganges.
See Ganges and Calcutta.
Ho'reb, a mountain of Arabia,
celebrated In sacred history as con-
taining the rock f^om which, when
struck by Moses, water issued to
relieve the thirst of the Israelites.
It is S. W. from Mount binai.
Houquang', a central province of
China, to the S. of Honan, and
traversed by the Yaug-tse-kiang ;
it is considered tbe granary of the
empire.
Hud, the capital of Cochin-Chi-
na, situate on a navigable river ten
miles from the sea, and strongly
fortified. Pop. about 10Q,UO0.— 16,
30 N. 107, 14 E.
Hurdwar', a town of Hindostan,
in the provmce of Delhi, situate
on the Ganges, where it issues
from the Himmaleh Mountains. It
is famous as a place of pilgrimage ;
its fair is tbe greatest iu India.—
30, N. 78, 12 £.
Hyderabad^ the capital of the
province of Sindd, near the E. bank
of the Indus, with a strong fortress.
Population 20,000.-23, ii2 N. 68,
40 e.
Hydrabad', a province of the
Deccan. See Golconda.
Hydrabad', the capital of the
above province, and of the Nizam's
dominions, situate on the S. Iwnk
of the Musa. Pop, 200,000.-17,
22 N. 78, 31 E.
PDA, a mountain of Asia Minor,
opposite the entrance of the Dar-
danelles, 5292 feet high.
lekat'erinburg or Cath'erinburg,
a celebrated mmingtown of Asiatic
Russia, with extensive founderies.
Population 6000.— 56, 53 N. 60, 50
E.
Fli or Ou'lia, a river of Chinese
Tartary, which fklls into Lake Ual-
kash.
I'll, ECla or Gould'ja, a city of
Mongolia, in Chinese Tartary, on
the 111. Pop. 75,U0U.
Imerl'tia, part of the ancient
CotchiStA country bordering on the
E: shore of the Black Bea, subject
to Russia.
Indore', a city of Hindostan, in
the provbice of Malwa, the capital
of Hotkar. Pop. 90,000.-22, 40
N. 75, 55 E.
S24
ABtA.
In'daM or 8iiNl^,oDeof the Itjseit
riTen at Atla, te formed, according
to the information of Ca|iUiD
Burnet, by the river Ladak and
the Shyook, which unite their
tttreams N.W. of Ladak, in Little
Thibet: the one rising near the
Lake Manrarowara, and the other,
the princi|*al liranch, in tlie Kara
Korum Mountains. After pene-
trating the Himmaieht.it assumes
a southerly course, and, near At-
tock, i<< joined by the Cabul, when
it becomes in many places rapid
and deep. About 400 miles furtner
down it receives, in one united
stream, the flveriTers of the Pun-
Jab, and on approaching the
ocean, divides into several chan-
nels. The whole course ofthe In-
dus is estimated at 17(K) miles, of
which IMOO, are navigable for ves-
sels of 75 tons.
I'rak or Trak-Aje'rol, the most
important province of Persia, com<
prehending the Hncient Media,
I'rak-Ar'abi, the ancient Chal-
dtfa^ a province of Asiatic Turkey,
known likewise by the name of the
Eashalic of Bagdad. It is watered
y the Euphrates and Tigris.
Iran', the nanne by which Persia
is known to the natives.
Irk'utsk, a flourishing commer-
cial city, the capital of E. Silieria,
situate on the Angara, in a fine
plain. Hop. 16,000.
Irrawa'cly or river of Ava, sup-
Cosed to have its source in Thi-
et, flows through the entire ex-
tent of the Birman Empire, and
after forming an immense delta,
falls into the Bay of Bengal, E.
of Cape Negrais, by numerous
moiithx.
Ir'tish or Ir'tysch, a large river
of Asiatic Russia, which isitues
from Mount Bogdo, in Eastern
Tartary, flows through I^ke Zai.
zan, and, after a loni; and winding
course towards the N. W. Joins the
Oby at Samara in W. Siberia.
Ispahan', in the province of Irak,
formerly the capital of Persia, and
one of the most splendid cities of
the Eact ; though much decayed,
it is still magnificent, and possesses
extensive trade, with flourishing
manufactures. Pop. lOU.OOO.—
32, 39 N. 51, 44 E.
JAPPA, the ancient Jappa^ the
port of Jerusalem, situate on the
oooitorpilatine. IthatdttiMd
adismal cd^rtty in modem times,
from its capture by Bonaparte in
1799,andhis cruel maisacre ofnear.
ly fourthousandTurkish prisoners.
It was almost wholly destroyed by
an earthquake, Jan. 11, 1837«— 3S,
5 N. 34. 49 E.
Japan', Sea of, between the Js.
panese Inlands and the £. coast of
Chinese Tartary.
Ja'va, a large island S.E. of Su-
matra, from which it is separated
by the StraiU of Sunda. It ex-
tends from east to west about 600
miles, with an average breadth of
Hbout 100 ; and is divided nearly
in its whole length by a range of
volcanic mountaina. The Euro-
pean settlements are on the N.
coast, which is intersected by a
great number of rivers and fine
bays. Java surpasses all the other
islands of the Indian Archipelago
in fertility, population, and gene-
ral improvement ; it is fruitful in
rice, sugar, and coffee, and has
extensive forests of xeak. Pop.
5,ooo,ooa
JaxaKtes. See Birr or Sihoo.
Jcd'do or Ted'do, the capital of
Japan, situate at the head of a deep
bay on the E. coast of the island a
Niphon. - It is said to contain
many splendid palaces, and carries
on a great internal trade. POfv
according to Balbi, l,300,00a—
35, 4? N. 139. 50 E.
Jellalabad^ See Dooshak.
Jer'icAo, an ancient city of ?>•
lestine, situate in a pastoral vale
to the W. of the river Jordan. It
is now a mean village.
Jerus'alem, the celebrated cairf>
tal of Judea, is situate on the de»
clivity of a hill, at the extremity
of an extensive plain. The splen-
dour of its first and second tem-
?le, the destruction of the city by
Itus, and the dispersion of the
Jews by Adrian, are events known
to every reader of history. Tlie
recovery of Jerusalem and the
Holy Land from the Saracena was
the great object of the CruMuleis.
It was taken in 1099 by Godfrey
de Bauillon, who w as created King
of Jerusalem, and retaken by Sa-
ladin in 1187. Pop. 30,0OJ, of
whom one-fourth are Christians.
-31, 47 N. 35, 20 E.
Jet'to or Mata'mai, a Urge iiland
ASIA. 226
of Japan, to the N of Niphon,
firom whieh it U separated by the
StraiU of Matsmai. It is about 1.50
miles long and 80 broad; high
mountains, forests, rocks, anrt ra-
Tines, render ttie interior almost
inaccessible.
Jid'da, a seaport of Arabia, on
the coast of the Red Sea. It is a
place of great trade, and is consi>
dered the port of Mecca. Pop.
about 15,000.-21 , 29 N. 39. 15 E.
Ji^on, or Amo</. See Oxua
Jor'dan, a celebrated river of Pa.
lestine, issuinK from Mount Her-
mon, a branch of Anti-Libanus;
it forms, with some other stream*,
the small lake Merom. Pa&sing
afterwards throush the great lake
called the S^a of Tiberias, and then
flowing through an extensive plain,
It losea itself in the Dead Sea.
Juggernaut', or more pro|)erl7
Jagatna'tha, the Lordof the World,
a celebrated temple on the coast of
Orissa, in HindosUn. The idol is
a friifhtful figure of wood, repre.
senting one of the incarnations of
Vishnu. On particular occasions,
it is placed, superbly dressed, on
an immense car, or moving tower,
before the wheels of which some of
the devotees, of whom from 40,000
to 130,000 repair annually to the
festival, throw themselves, and are
crushed to pieces.
Jum'oa, a river of Hindostan,
which issues from the Himmaleh
Mountains, flows through Delhi
and Agra, and, after a course of
780 miles. Joins the Ganges at Al-
lahabad.
Jyepore'fa handsome and strong,
ly.fortified city of Hindostan, capi.
tal of a Bajpoot principality in the
province or A j mere. Population
60,000.-26, .53 N. 75, 51 E.
KAIFONC, the capiUI of the
province of Hunan, in China,
about 6 miles S. of the Hoang-ho.
—31,50 N. 114, 45 &
Kaisa'riah, the ancient Ceesare^a
MaxafeOt a town of Caramania, in
Asia Minor. Pop. 25,000.-38, 35
N. 35, 22 E.
Kai'tchoo, a seaport of Leaotong,
in Chinese Tartary, on a gulf of
the Yellow Sea ; has con^iderable
trade*— 40. 30 N. 122, 20 E.
Kamtscbat'ka, a peninsula in the
E. extremity of Asiatic Russia.
T|iottgh situate within the tempe-
rate cone, the cold ii as severe as in
the arctic regions; this is occasion-
ed by the elevated chain of moun.
tains which traverse nearly itsw hole
length, and by the winds blowing
froui the iwlar sea*. The coun.
try atMunds In wild animals, many
of which bear preciuu« furp. 'I'he
inhabitants are rude, living during
winter in huts under ground, and
travelling in sledges drawn by dogs.
Pop. 4451.
Kangdnx/ Island, an island off*
the coast of S. Australia, about 100
miles in length.
Kan-kianx', a river of China,
which traverses the province of
Kiangsee from S. to N., and falls
into the Poyang Lake.
Kar^a Ko'rum, a range of moun.
tains on the north of Little Thibet.
Ka'rak, a small island in the Per.
sian Gulf.
Kara, a fortified city of Turkish
Armenia. Pop. 30,00a
Kastamou'ni, or Costamboul',
a city of Anatolia, in Asia Minor.
Pop. 13.000—41, iO N. .SI.. 5 £.
Kelat', the capiul of Beloochis-
tan, on a hill 8000 feet above the
sea.— 29, 6 N. 65, 50 E.
Ker'man, the ancient Cartnania^
a province of Persia, to the kL. of
Fars ; it is interspersed with ex.
tensive tracts of desert
Ker'man, the capitiil of the above
province, once a place of great im.
portance; but having been taken
by Aga Mohammed in 1794. it has
never recovered its splendour.
Pop. 30,000.-29, 55 N. 56. 5 E.
Ke'itho or Catcha'o, the capital
of W. Tonquin, situate on the river
Sang.koi, about 90 miles from its
mouth. Pop. 150,000.
Kha'rism, or Khi'va, a province
of W. I'artary, to the S. of the Sea
of Aral, traversed liy the Oxu.«.
Khi'va, the capital of the above
province. Pop. 6000.
Khura»'san, an extensive pro-
vincc of Persia, now divided be.
tween the Shah of Persia and the
Afghans. The great Salt Desert
extends over the larger part of it.
Khu'ten. a city of Little Bucha-
ria, in Chinese Tartary.
Khusistai/, the ancient Suslana,
a province of Persia, east of the
Sbat el Arab.
KiacA'ta, a firontier-town of Asi>
fttic Russia, at which and the con-
226
ASIA.
tlguoui Chinew town of Midmst*
chin, all the commerce of tbete
two great empirM it carried on.
iNip.5ooa
KiangMe', ft fine province of
CbuiR, to the west of Tchekiang
and Fokien, bordered by moun-
tains of considerable height, of
which many are cultivated to the
summits.
Kianlcu'. See Yang-tse-kiang.
Kingkiu'o, the capital of Corea,
and the residence of the sovereign.
—17, 30 N. 187, 30 E.
Ki'riii Ou'la, a town of Man-
tchooria, in Chinese Tartary, on a
tributary of the Sagalien.
Kishm, an island at the entrance
of the Persian Oulf. 60 miles In
length by 18 in breadth.
Kik'il-lr'mak, the ancient Hafyt,
a river of Asia Minor, issues from
Mount Taurus, and flows with a
ctrouitous course into the Black
Sea.
Kist'na, or Krisb'na, a river of
Hindostan, which rises in the West-
ern Ghauts, separates the Oeccan
from the peninsula, and, after dif-
fuiiing fertility through a winding
course of 700 miles, fktla into the
bay of Bengal near Masulipatam.
Kiu'siu. See Japan, p. 207.
Kii'il-O'sen, or Sufeed\ the an-
cient MarduM, a river of Persia,
which rises in Diarl)ekir, and after
11 winding course falls into the Cas-
pian near Resbd.
Koei'-tchoo, a rugged and moun-
tainous province of China, to the
N. E. of Yun-nan.
Ko'iend, or KAo^end, a city of
Turkistan in Independent Tar.
tary, situate on the Strr.
Kokaun', a city of Independent
Tartary, the capital of a kingdom ;
situate on the Sirr, in ft fertile
plam. Pop. 60,000.
Koko Nor', or the Blue Lake, a
large expanse of water in Chinese
lYirtary, on the borders of China.
Kolivan', a town of W. Siberia,
on the Oby; in the vicinity are
rich silver.minea.
Ko'nieh, the ancient la/nium,
the chief city of Caramaoia in Asia
Minor, formerly the capital of a
kingdom. Pop. 30,000.-^7, 62 N.
38, 4A E.
Ko'tab, a handsome and well-
fortifled city of Hindoitan, in the
provinoe of Malwo.
Kumaon', a nmintiUootis db*
trtct of H i n d osta n , to the W. of
Nepaul, and N. of Delht
Kur, the aneicnt Pyrau, n ilwr
of Georgia, which riaea on the
borders of Armeiria, pasaee TUis,
and, after l)eing Joined by the Ans,
falls into the Caspian.
Kurdistan', the ancient ^aiyrta,
the country of the Koords, a rade
and mountainous provinoe of An*
atic Turkey, east of the Tigris.
Ku'riles, a long range of islands
on the eastern extreailt^ of Asia,
extending nearly 900 miles, ftnm
the S. point of Kamtschatlta to
the island of Jessow Of the »
that are known 19 are sutt^ect to
Ruasift, and the 3 moet aoutherty
belong to Japan.
Kutay'ah, the andent Cotjfmum,
a handsome city of Anatolia m
Asia Minor, on a tributarr of the
Sakaria: with considerable trader
Poa 50,000.-^0, Si N. 50, IS E.
Kwan-lun% or Kuen.Jun', a
range of mount^ns aeperadng
Thibet ftnm Chinese Tartary.
LAC'CADl V£S, a range of lew
islets off the coasts of Malabar, sor-
rounded by coral shonla. P. TOOa
La'dak, or Leh. the eapital of a
province in Little Thibet; the
seat of a considerable trade.— 36.
35 N. 77, IS E. ^^
Ladronet', or Ma'rian Islands*
a group lying in the N. Paciflc, £.
ot the Philippines and N. of the
Carolines.
lialiore', an extenaive p y u f in ce
of N. Hindostan, to the & of Cash-
mere, and bounded on tJie W. hf
the Indus. It includes the greater
part of the Punjab, with a consi-
derable extent uf roountain.terri-
tory, and Is governed by RunJeet
Sing, ch ief of the Seiks*
Lahcwe', the capital of theabeve
province, is situate on the Ravee,
on the great road from Delhi to Ca-
bul. Pop. about 80,000.— 31. 30
N. 74. SO E. •
LaA'sa, a dUtrict of Arabia, ly-
ing along the western ahore of ^
Persian Gulf.
LaA'sa, the capital of the above
district, situate on therhrer Aftan.
—35, 50 N. 50, 9U E.
La'os, an extensive oentral ooan-
try in the Eastern Peninsula. Ivinc
between Ava, 8iam,and CbiDa;and
mhabitedby varloQa tribaa, kaown
andertheiMffieoftbeShms. It is
oompriied in theemplreof Annam,
and is said to abound in metals.
Tbe ^nat river Maykaung tra-
verses It from N. to S.
Lar, the capital of Laristan, a
rrovinoe of Persia. Population
5.00a— 97, 28 N. &3. 58 E.
Larlatan', a proyince of Persia,
twrdering on the Persian Gulf.
Las'sa, the capital of Thibet*
and the residence of the Dalai or
Grand Lama, the great head of the
Shaman religion. Pop. flO,000.
JLatat^kia, a seaport of Syria,
with some beautiful remains of an-
tiauity.-^, 28 N. 85, 58 £.
Launces'ton, a th riving town and
seaport in the north of Van Die-
men's L4md, on the Tamar. Pop.
above 5000.— 41, 26 & 147, 8 £.
Leb'anon, or Lib'anus, a chain
of mountains in Syria, extoiding
from the vicinity of Tripoli to the
borders of Palestine, of which the
loftiest summit. Mount Hermon, is
9500 feet in hdgbt, and always co-
vered with snow. Of the few re-
mains of its magn ifioent cedars, one
tree in 1 8f8 w|is upwards of 40 feet
in cireumfercoGC. Tbe Druses and
MaroBltea inhabiting Lebanon and
iu valley amount to 185,000.
Le'na, a large river of Siberia,
which risos in the mountains N*
W. of Lake Baikal, and atter a
course of 2000 miles, falls into the
Fraaen Ocean by several mouths.
Levant^ a name sometimes ap-
Slied to tbe eastern part of the
leditcmmean, with its coasts,
Lok Nor', or Lop, a lake of Chi.
ncse Tartary, on the great caravan-
route from Gashgar to China.
Loo»choo', an interesting group
of islands, 36 in number, to the S.
of Japan, and about 400 miles from
the cuast of China. The principal
oae, called tbe Great Loo-CImm, is
sibout 60 miles in length, and from
12 to 15 in breadth ; it is repre-
Knted as being beautiful, fertile,
and possessing a ine climate. Xhe
iohabitanU are civilised.
LopatlUa Ca|)e, the southern
extremity of Kamtschatka.— 51,
N. l^i, 4S E.
Luck'noiv, the capital of the
province of Cade in Hindostan,
situate on the Goomty, a tributary
of the Ganges. It isthe raaideace
of UvB KiPg of Oude, who has a
ASIA. 227
splendid palace. Pop. 300,000.—
2(i, 50 N. 80, 58 E.
Lu'son, or Lugo'nia, the princi-
pal of the Philippine Islands. It
is intersected by high mountains,
among which are several active
volcanoes. See Philippines Islands.
MACA'O, a seaport and settle-
ment belonging to the Portuguese,
on an island in the Bay of Can-
ton, China. Fop. 54,500.-22, U
N. 11.1, 34 E.
Mticas'sar, a cityand settlement
belonging to the Dutcli, in the S.
W. of the uland of Celebes, with a
strong fort.
Macas'sar, Straits of, an arm of
the Indian Sea, about .360 miles in
length, which separates the islands
of Borneo and Celebes.
Madras', the capital of the Car.
natic, and of the British posses-
sions in S. Hindostan, is very un-
favourably situate on a flat shore,
along which runs a rapid current,
with a violent surf. Fort St George
is a strong and handsome fortresa.
Pop. dOs^.OOO.— 13, 4 N. 80, 16 E.
Tbe Madras Presidency contains
154,000 feq. miles. Pop. 15,000,000.
Madu'ra, a fortified city of Hin-
dostan, in the S. Caruatlc, the ca-
pital of a district of the saine name.
Pop. 20,000.-0, 55 N. 78, 10 E.
Madu'ra, an island of the Indian
Archipelago, on the N. E. coast of
Java, ft-om which it is separated by
a narrow strait ; it is 82 miles long
by 17 broad. Pop. 218,659.
Maimatch'in, a frontier-town of
Mongolia, near tbe Russian town of
Kiachta, the only point wliere com-
merce can take place between Rus-
sia and China.
Malabar', a maritime province
of S. Hindostan, extending 200
miles along the W. coast, between
Oanara and Cochin.
Malac'ca, or Malay's, a country
of India beyond the Ganges, form-
ing a large peninsula, connected
with the British province of Tenas-
serim on the north by the isthmus
of Kraw. It is about 775 miles in
length, with an average breadth of
125 miles, and is traversed in the
interior from N. to S. by a range of
mountains from which descend nu-
merous streams, while its shores are
thickly studded with small islands.
It may now be considered as wholly
dependent on Britain.
228
ABIA.
Malac'ca, the cbief timii of the
IMalayan Praintuta, on the Straits
-which t-eHr i» namr. Pop. 0500.
—The British settlement extends
•bout 40 miles along the »hore. by
30 inland, and cnntaint 800 square
milev. P.34.606.— 2,12N.I02,15B.
Malac'ea, Straits of, a narrow sea
which separates the peninsula of
Malacca ft'oin the Island of Sumatra.
Maldives, a cluster of small coral
Islands in ihe Indian Ocean, S. W.
from Cape Comorin. Cocoa-nuts
and eowrie.sbelIs. used by the Hin-
doos as money, are their principal
prodtice.
M Al'wa, a province of Hindottao,
to the S. of AJmere and Agra. It
is watered by numerous riven, and
Aivoured with a rich soil and mild
climate.
Manaar', Gulfof, a strait 62 miles
brnad, separating the island of Cey.
Jon from the peninsula of Htndos-
tan. Across it runs a narrow ridge
of roclcs and sand, termed Adam's
bridgre, which can only l>e passed
by small Iwats.
Bfandavee', a town of Sindetic
Hindostan, in the province of
Cutch, having a flourishing trade
with Arabia, B>iml»y, and the
Malabar coMt. Fop. 3&J0QO,—Vt,
50 N. 69, 30 e.
Mangalore', a seaport of & Hin.
dostan, the capital of the province
of Canara ; carries on a great e*.
port-trade in rice. Pop. 30.000.—
12, 52 N. 74, 53 E.
ManlKIa, the capital of the Spa^
nish settlements in the Philip-
pines, situate upon a noble bay on
the S. W. coast of the island of
Luzon. Pop. 140,000.-14, 36 N.
120. 5h B.
Mani'sa, anciently Magneda^Vi
city of Anatolia, in Asia M mor,near
the Sarabst ; taroous for its saffron'
groves. Pop. 40.000.-38, 40 N.
«7,30E.
Mansarowa'raor Manassa'rowar,
a lake in Thibet, situate in a high
tableland, and considered one of
the most sAcred of all the Hindoo
places of pilgrimage.
Mantchoc/ria, the most eastern
province of Chinese Tartary, diver-
sified by mountain-ranges, and co-
vered with thick forests. It is the
country of the Mantchoo Tartars,
who conquered Chtoa in 1044, and
arc still masters of that country.
Hadrian
Marqne'sM, a duster of
in the 8. Fsrific. extending fMa
I38»4fir to 140» ao^ W. loBg., and
froroS^iO'tolO'iaS.lat. Their
general aspect is beantifiil, and
their soil fertile. The natives aie
strong, Ull, and wdl fdrmed. Po-
polation, including tbeneigbbonr-
ing group named the WasbiagtcRi
Islands, 40,000.
Martaban', a province in the S. Of
the Birman Bmpire, lying akn^
the B. side of the gulf to whkh it
gives name ; tlie southern portioa
extending from 15* 30^ to 16° V
N. lat., was ceded to the British ia
idffi.
Martaban', a seaport of the Bir-
man Empire, In the above provinoe.
Situate at the nootb of tlie river
Saluen. Population 9000.— 16.32
N. 07, 40 E.
Mas'cat, or Mus'cat, a strongly-
fortified seaport of Arabia, the ca-
pital of Oman, near the entrance
of the Persian Gulf. It is a place
of great trade. P^k. I2.00a— SS,
S8 K. 58, 41 £.
Masulipotam', a seaport of Hia-
dostan, in the pvovince of tiie
Northern Circars, noted ior tlK
manufacture of fine chlntx. Pop.
75y00a— 16. 12 N. 81, 12 B.
Mats'mai, the capital of the Ja-
panese island of Jesso. Popolatafon
50,C00.
Maykaung', or Cambo'dia, a
large river, supposed to have its
source in the mountains of Thibet,
passes through the Chinese pro-
vince of Yun-nan, and after tra-
versing Laos and Cambodia, All*
into the Chinese Sea.
Masanderan', a province of Per-
sia, stretching aloni? the ■ootben
shore of the Caspian.
Mec'ca, a city of AralKa,and ea*
pital of the province of Hcj^, sito-
ate in a narrow valley. It is ode-
brated as the birthplace of Mobaro-
roed, and venerated by theMus-ul-
mans as the Holy City. It oontaiai
a spacious temple, in the oentn> of
which is the kaabci,or bouse of the
Prophet. Meccahas lost much of its
former proyperity, yet it is stiM the
Rnnual resortof numerous pilgrintf-
Pop. 34,000^—21. 36 N. », 55 E.
Medi'oa, a city of Arabia, in tbe
provhica of Hejas, on tbe bolder
of the Deiert, lacred as oontatidflf
ABtA.
as9
tb« tom^9f Mobmuntcl, vhidi is
enclosed within a magnificent
moMjue. Pop. about 20/)0CL—aO0
N.39,25K.
Mei'nam, or Siam' Hiver, is sup-
?)8ed to rice in the mountain* of
un.nan in China, and» after a
coune of about 800 miles, it enters
the (julf of Stam below Banl^olu
Mein'der, the ancient Meanfdrr^ a
river of Asia Minor, which flows
westward into the Archipelaga
Melc'ran, the Gedrt/sia of the
ancients, the maritime part of the
province of Betoochistan, in which
axe extensive de^erts^
Mer'din, a city of Oiarbekir, in
Asiatic Turlcejr, situate on a raoun-
tsun, with an ascent by stairs cut
in the roclc. Pop. 20,000.-^7, i6
N. 40, 15 E.
Mergui. the capital of the pro*
▼ince oi Tenasserim, in the East-
ern Peninsula. Pop. 8000.
' Mer'gui Archipelago, u chain of
islands, extending about 150 miles
along the coast of Tenasserim,
of which the principal are St Mat-
thews and DomeU
Mesh'ed, astronglyfortified city
of Persia, the capital of W. Khoras-
san, situate in a fine plain. Pop.
50,000.-36, 20 N. 59, 34 £.
Mia'co, a city of Js^ian, in the
island of Niphon, the ecclesiasti.
cal capital and residence of the
Dairi. The imperial palace and
many of the teoiples are very ma^
nificeat, and it is the seat of vari-
ous manufactures. Pop. 500,000.
55, 3 N. 135, 52 E.
Mindana'o, the most S. of the
Philippine Islands, 300 miles in
lenatn. See Philippines.
Mirzapore', a flourishing city of
Hindostan, in the province of Al-
lahabad, situate on the Ganges.
It u the great mart for cotton,
and the seat of extensive manu-
factures. Pop. 200,000.
Mo'c&a, a city of Yemen, in Ara-
bia, the principal port on the Red
Sea, noted for the coffee produced
in lu vicinity. Fop. 5000.— 13, 20
N. 43, 20 JS.
Mohan-laung', or Lanjang', the
capital of Laos, in the Eastern Pe-
ninsula, on the banks of the May.
kaung, said to be both extensive
and tuiendid. P. stated at 50,000.
Moluc'cas, or Spice Islands, a
^up in tbe Indian &e», between
Celebes and Ncrw Ouinct, famous
for tbe production of cloves. The
chief of the Moluccas are Gilolo,
Amboyna, Ceram, Temate, and
Tidore. See Banda.
Mongo'lia, an extensive rejrion
of Chinese Tartary, the native
country of the Mongols. A consi.
derable part of it u covered with
the Rteat desert of Shamo or Cobl.
Moorshodahatl^ a oty of Hindos.
tan, in the province of Bengal, long
ita capital and still the residence
of the Nabob, who is wholly depen-
dent upon the British. Population
146,000.— i;4, 10 N. 88, 20 E.
Mo'duI, a city of Asiatic Turkey,
situate on the W. bank of the TU
gris, nearly opposite the site of an-
cient Nineveh, P. 60,000.—^, 25
N. 43, £.
Moul'tan, or MooKtan, a province
of Hindostan S. of Lahore, both
of which provinces are now under
the dominion of the Seik{!.
Moul'tan, a fortified city of Hin.
dostan, capital of the above pro-
vince, is situate about 4 miles B.
of the Chenab. Pop. 60,000.-^,
ION. 71, 12 E.
Mussendom', Cape, a bold pro-
montory of Arabia, at the entrance
of the Persian Gulf.— 26, 25 N.
56, 30 E.
Mysore', a province of S. Hindos.
tan, consisting of a high table-land,
nearly 3000 feet above the sea,
lirom which rise a number of lofty
hills. In consequence of this ele-
vated situation, the climate of My.
sore is unusually temperate and
healthy. It is under the govern-
ment of a native r^jah, dependent
upon the British.
Mysore', a city of Hindostan, the
capital of the Rajah of Mysore. P.
about 10,000 — U, 18 N. 76, 43 B.
NaGPORE', a city of Central
Hindostan, the capital of the Rajah
of Beraror Nagpore's dominions.
Pop* 80,000.-21, 8 N. 7U, 10 E.
Nangdsa'ki, a seaport of Kiusiu,
one of the Japanese Islands, being
the only port of the empire to
which Europeans are permitted to
trade.— 52, 45 N. 129, 52 K.
Nankin', a city of China, the ca.
pital of the province of Kiangnan,
and formerly the imperial city, is '
situate near the S. bank of the
Yang.tse-kiang, about 120 miles
from its mouth, and communicates
K
230 ASIA*
by tixOrmrtraiMil withPckia. Ito
principal onianicots axe the wfiteO'
Old gateway!, aod iu pagOlU or
porceUiii-tower, 200 feet high,
coDAistiDg of nine stories, aaoeoded
bj H8 1 ktept. Though it hds great-
ly declined lincc the Kovemment
wa* triuasferred to Pekin, it Is still
oon«idered the most learned city of
the empire, and is Cunoiu for its
paper, printing, and silk manufac-
tures, as well as for the cutton* bear-
ing it« name. Fop. about 500,000.
-^2, IN. 118, 47 E.
Nantcnang:', the capital of the pro-
▼iiici* of Kungsee, in China, on
the Kao-kiaiig i the great keat of
the pMrceUin-inaiiutactures. Pop.
SOO.UUa— 28, 30 N. 115, 40 E.
Nai/lous, or Nap'olose, a city of
Palesiiiie, in a fertile valley near
the ftite of the ancient Shichem,
Fop. lU.OOa— 32, It N. 3d, it £.
Nav'igalors* Inlands, a group in
the South t'ucldc, to the N. E. of
the Friendly Islands. They are
BBOuntainous, with rich and well-
wooded valleys, 'ihe natives sie
tall and finely formed, but savage
and ferocious.
Negra'is, Cape, the S. W. extre.
mity of the £a*tem Peninsula, at
the western mouth of the lrr»-
wady — I6,^N. U4, 13 E.
Nej'ed, a province of AraUa, in-
cluding nearly all its central parts,
and consisting chiefly of moimtains
and rude pa»toral valleys. It is
inhabited by Bedouins, and was the
seat of the Wahabee power, though
it is now in a great measure subject
to the Pasha of Egypt.
Ne|>auP, a kingdom of N. Hin.
do>tan, separated from Thibet by
the Himalaya Mountains, and
bounded un tue S. by the provinces
of Uude, Bahar, aod Bengal. It is
under tiie government or a rajah.
Population i',Oil(i,OUU.
Nerbuii'da, a riverof Hindostan,
which rises in the province of
Cundwana, and, flowing westward
thruugh Maltva and (iuzerat, falU
into the (iulf uf Cambay, after a
course of 700 miles.
Ner^tcnitisk, a town of Eastern
Siberia, near which are valuable
lead and silver mmes. Pop. 3uU0.
* New Urii^ain, an island lu the 3.
Paciilc, lying m 150<* E. long, and
6* S. iat. The inland parts are
rocky and mountainous.
& Pwttc,9C» nrika B. tflcv
Holland, tenciBUy moantalMDa,
but flat in tbc N. I^ put, and wdl
cultivated.
Mew Gu'm'ea, or PapTua, a bale
island in the l':astem Sea,exlcodU
ing from the Motnccas. in a & K.
direction, about liiOO miles, and
sepdTdted UB the Boutn from Aus-
tralia by a dangerous channel called
Torres* iitrait. Of this island tittle
is known beyond the coasts. It
rises into bills of oonsiderable
height; aod the forests <^ palm
andother lofty trees altbrd a proof
of the fertility of the sotL The
natives. Oceanic NegitKS. are ▼err
savag&
Mew Hd/rid^ a group of islandi
in the & Pacific, lying between
14* and au« S. Ut. and 30^ E. of
New Holland; they are mountain-
ous, well wooded, and fiertile. Fop.
300.000.
Mew Holland. See Remarks, py
211.
New Ireland, an island lying to
the N.E. of New Britain, ftom
which it is separated by the nar-
row channel of St George's Strait.
New Ze<i'land, the name given
to two large and several smaller
islands, lying in the Pacific Ocean,
about 1000 miles S. E. from New
Holland. The country Is rich in
minerals, and the aoil fertile, pro.
ducing flax and fine timber in great
abundance. Thenatives have made
some progress in civilisaclon, but
still carry on war with dreadfiilfe-
rocity. Several English missfcin-
aries have, however, taken up their
residence with them. Pop^ esti>
mated at 200,(K)0.
NicobaC Islands, a groop in the
S. E of the Bay uf Bengal, between
the Andaman.-* and Sumatra. They
are hilly and woody, Jtbounding m
cocoa-nuts, but are very nnbeauhy.
The natives are quiet and inof-
fensive.
NilgAcr'rles, a range of hi^
mountains on the S. or Myaore in
India, whose agreeabieaud heaUby
climate, with rich and runuotic
scenery, has made it Le reaoricd to
by invalids as a sanitary suttioo.
Nimgouta (NimgOL/ia), a town
of Maucchooria, Cnioeae Tartacy.
-44,dN. iai.25E.
Ningpo', ft Uige citj of CUo^
ABU.
331
in the pfoHoM of Tchekittg, li-
tiute oa a river about 12 mllet
from th« iea.--30, 10 N. 120. 80 E.
Nipton'. See Japan, p. SU7.
Noc'foik,a small island In tbeS.
Pacific, lUOO miles E. from New
South Walea, occupied by the Bri-
tish as a penal settlement.
OB,or O'by, a large river of Asiatic
Russia, which rises in the Altaian
Mountains; traversing Siberia, it
recrives the Irtish, and, after a
course of more than 2000 miles,
falls into a deep inlet of the Frosen
Ocedn, called the Sea of Oby.
OcAotsk', a town of E. Sitieria,
on the gulf or sea of the same name.
Pop. 1S00.~S9, 30 N. 143, 13 B.
Oiytii'pus, a lolly mountain of
Asia Minor, to the S. of Bursa ;
its summit is covered with per-
petual snow. Height 9 1 00 feet.
CKman, a district of Arabia, ex-
tending along the eastern coast,
from Cape Ras el Hud to Cape
Mussendom, at the entrance of
the Persian Gulf.
Omsk, a town of W. Siberia, situ-
ate on the Irtish. Pop. 7000.
CXrenburg, a government of Asi-
atic Russia, west of the Ural.
Though mountainous, it is fruitful
in grain, and maintains f^reat flocks
and herds. Extent 1 17,500 square
miles. Pop. 1,014,000.
(Orenburg, a fortified town In
the above government, on the
river Ural. Pop. 6000.
Or'fa, a city of Algesira* in Asi-
atic Turkey, the Edafta of the
Greeks and Romans, and suppos-
ed to be the I7r ^ the Chaideet
mentioned in Scripture. Popula-
tion 50,000.--37, 5 N. 38, 38 E.
Oris'sa.a province of Hindostan,
extending along the coast, from
the Godavery to Bengal. The
districts W. of Bengal are inhabit-
ed l)y a savage race of Hindoos,
oslled Oureas.
Or'mUB, a small island at the en-
trance of the Persian Gulf, once
the seat of a great commerce.
Orontes, a river of Syria, which
issues from Mount Lebanon, N.
of Oareaacus, passes Antioch, and
flilU into the Mediterranean.
Osaka^ a flourishing seaport of
Japan, in the island of Niphon,
intersected by numerous canals,
which are connected by bridges.
Pop. UQiOOO.-^, flO N. 13$, 30 E.
OtabeFte, tbe piineipal of the
Sodety Islands, oonsUts of two pe-
ninsulas, about 108 miles in cir-
cumference. The soil on the low
grounds is amazingly fertile : and
even the hills are covered to their
summits with the deepest verdure,
or with forests of bread-tVuit, co-
coa-nut, tmnana, and other valu-
able trees. In this island the in-
fluence of Christianity and civil-
isation has been fully felt, and no-
where have the labours of the mis-
sionaries been attended with great-
er success. Pop. 10,000.
Oude (Ood), a pruvince of Hin-
dostan, to the E. of Delhi and
Agra. It is watered by the Goomty
and Gogra ; and its surface is flat
and fenile. It is governed by a
nabob, with the title of king, in
strict dependence upon the British
government. Fop. 3,000,000
Oufa (Oo^fa), the capital of the
government of Orenburg, in Asi-
atic Russia, situate at the Junction
of the Oufa and Biela. Pop. 8000.
—64, 60 N. 56, E.
Ougein^ a city of Central Hin-
dostan, in the province of Malwa,
situate on the Sippra. It was known
to the Greeks by the name of
Oxe'ne, Pop. about 100,000.
Owhyhee'. See Sandwich Islands.
Ox'us, Ji'hon, or Amoo', a large
river which issues from a high
Uble-land N. of the Hindoo-Cooso,
and, flowing through Great Bucha-
ria, falls into the Sea of Aral, alter
a course of 1300 miles.
PADANG', a Dutch settlement
and fort on the W. coast of Suma-
tra. P. 10,000.-1, OS. 100, 20 E.
Palembang', a town in the N.
£. of the island of Sumatra, on
a navigable river. Some of the
houses are built on rafts anchored
near the banks, and others are ele-
vated on piles. Pop 25,000.
Palestine, or the Holy Land,
the ancient country of the Israel-
ites, and the scene of the great
events of the Mosaic and Christian
dispensations, is tmunded on the
west by the Meiiiterranean Sea,
and on the north by Syria. Al-
though a mountainous country, it
displays in general a luxuriant
fertility corresponding to the de-
scriptions of** the promised land.**
It was divided by the Komans into
four proTinoes; JMra, In tho
232
ASIA.
MwUi» ftmneiif poHessed by tbe
tribeiof JudahfBenjamin, Oan,aDd
Simeon ; Samaria, in the middle*
bv that of Bphraim, and part of
Manasaeh ; QalUee, in ttie north,
by the tribe* uf Asher, Naphtali,
Zebulun»aod iMachar; and Pertta,
on the east of Jordan, by thoie of
Reul)cn, Gad, and the other part
of Manasteb.
Palk's Strait or Channel, feparat-
\nq the island of Ceylon from the
coast of Tanjore in Htndosum.
Palmy'ra, the Tadmor of Scrip,
ture, an ancient city in the desert
of Syria, the splendour of which is
still attested by its magnificent
ruins.
Pal^d, a lake in Thibet, to the
S.of Lassa, presenting the singular
appearance of a canal, five miles
broad, surrounding an island about
100 miles in circumference.
Pap'ua. See New Guinea.
Paramat'ta, a town of New South
Wales, situate at the bead of Port
Jackson. Pop. 3000.
Pat'na, a city of Uindostan, the
capital of the province of Bahsr,
situate on the S. bank of the Gan-
ges. It is a great emporium of
trade. Pop. 312,000.-25, 40 N.
85, 15 E.
Pechelee', the metropolitan pro-
vince of China, bounded on the N.
by the Great Wail, and on the E.
by the Yellow Sea.
Pegu', a province of the Bir-
man Empire, in the Eastern Pe.
ninsula, watered by the large rivers
Irrawady and Slttang. It is very
fertile, abounding in rice, and coa~
taining spacious ceak'forests.
Pegu', a city in tbe above pro-
vince, much decayed, but still
adorned by a magnificent tempie.
Pop. about 5000.
Pei'ho, or White River, rises in
Mongolia, passes near Pekin, and
enters the Yellow Sea.
P^in', the capital of the Chinese
empire, is situate in the province
of Pecheiee, about 30 miles to the
S. of the Great Wall. It consists
of two distinct parts,— the Tartar
and the Chinese cities,— K)f which
the former is adorned by the im-
perial palace and gardens. Pekin
is about 15 miles in circumference,
surrounded by lofty walls, and di*
vided into r^ular streets. Popu-
lation estimated variously at if om
700,000 to S»OOQgOOa— 39, 5i H.
116»S8B.
Pdew' Islands, a group in the
Pa<nflc» between the Philippine
and the Caroline Islsods* are well
wooded, and tbe valleys extremely
fertile. They are interesting for
the kind and hospitable receptioa
to Captain Wilson and bis ship.
wrecked crew, and for tbe visit of
their prince, Lee Boo, to Rngifn^
in 1784, where be died.
Penang', or Prince of Wale^
Island, situate off tbe W. ooast
of the peninsula of Malacca, from
which it is s^iarated by a narrow
strait. This picturesque little i^and
is rich in tropical productions, and
remarkably healthy. All ships
from India to China touch at Pe-
nang, and it has of late acquired
commercial importance as a depot
Pop.60,00a George Town, tbe cs.
pital, has a population of la JOO.
—5, 30 N. 100, 20 K
Per'gamos, or Ber'^mo, a dty
of Asia Minor, on the Caifcus, oooe
the capital of a powerful kinodom,
and one of the seven churches of
Asia. Pop. 15,000.
Pei'sian Gulf, an arm of tbe In.
dian Ocean, separat'mg the S. W.
shores of Persia from the A"**^""
Peninsula.
Pesha'wer, a city of AfgbaniHan,
situate in a beautiful plain, water-
ed by the river Cabul, and sur-
rounded by lofty mountains Pop.
70,000.-34, 5 N. 71, 10 B.
Pbil'ippine Islands, an extennve
group of islands at the N. E. ex^
tranity of the Indian Archipelago,
lying between 5<> and ao<* N. lau
They are extremely fertile in rice,
sugar, and other tn^cal produc-
tions, and are clothed with pope*
tual verdure. A chain of krfty
mountains runs through them,aid
they are peculiarly subject to vio-
lent hurricanes and earthquakei.
The Philippines were Xikea jpos.
session of by tbe Spaniards in 1565^
and still belong to them, though
various native tribes remain inde>
pendent. The principal islands
are Luson or Lu^ooia, Mindanao,
Mindoro, Samar, Zebu, Panay,
and Ne^os. Pop. 8,500,000.
Pitcairn's Island, a smail iriaod
in the South Pacific, inhabited by
an English colony, descoided frm
the nutineeif of (be ^swiqr.
ASIA.
23d
Pomoutoi/, or Dttigeroui Archl-
pelago» sometimes called also the
Low or COral, an extensive and in.
tricate group of Inlands in the
Pacific, lying tothe E. of Otaheite.
Fondicher'rv, a city on the coast
of the CarnatiCf the cartital of the
French settlements in Hindostan.
P. about 4O,U0O.— 1 1 , 55 N . 79, 51 E.
Poo^nah, a city of Hindostan, in
the province of Aurungahad, until
1818 the capital of the Mahratta
empire, and since then of a British
dUtrlcC. Pop. 110.000.^18, %8 N.
73, 56 E.
Po'yang, a lake of China, in the
province of Kiangsee, 100 miles in
circuit, surrounded by finely- wood.
See
ed hills, and by large cities.
Prince of Wales^ Island.
Penang.
Prmne, a dty of Ava, in the Bir-
man Empire, on the Irrawady.—
Pop. 10,000^18, .50 N. 95, 1 E.
Punjat/, the lower part of the
province of Lahore In Hindostan,
so named f^om the five rivers which,
descending across it from the Him-
malehs, enter the Indus by one
united channel ; these are the Je-
lum, the Chenab, the Ravee, the
Beyah, and the Sutledge.
QUANOSE£% a province in the
S. of China, to the W. of Quang-
tung, and bordering on Tonquin.
It is mountainous, and contains
goid>mines.
Quangtung', a maritime province
in the S. of China, traversed by
considerable rivers, which are co-
vered with bariis, traNSportine
merchandise to Canton, its capital.
RANGOON', the principal sea-
port of theBlrman Empire, situate
on the eastern branch of the irra-
wady, about do miles firom tlie sea.
Pop. aO,000.— 16, 48 N. 96, ISJ E.
Ras el Hud, a cape forming the
most eastern point of Arabia.— 22,
22 N. 59. 58 E.
Red Sea, or Ara'blan Gulf, a
branch of the Indian Ocean, di-
viding Arabia from Africa. It
extends about 1500 miles f^om
the Straits of Babelmandeb to the
Isthmus of Sues, at the W. head
of the gulf, where it is only 60
miles from the Mediterranean. Its
greatest breadth is about 200 miles.
The navigation is difficult as well
as dangerous, on account of nu-
mamua taiid-bankt and eoral veaOi
Reshd, a flourishing commercial
city of Persia, the capital of the
Province of Ghilan , on the Caspian,
'op. 60,000.-37, 16N. 49, 40 fi.
Romani'a Point, the southern
extremity of the peninsula of Ma*
lacca, and of the continent of Asia.
—1, 30 N. 104. SO E.
Roytalc, a city of Oman, in Ara-
bia, the residence of the Imam.—
23, 40 N. 56, 45 E.
Roum, a province of Asiatic
Turkey, in the E. of Asia Minor.
Run'gpoor', the capital of Assam,
situate near the Brahmapootra.
S AOA'LIEN.or Tarrakai'.called
by the natives Tcbo'ka, a long and
narrow island or peninsula, at the
eastern extremity of Asia, N. of
the island of Jesso, fVom which it
is separated by a narrow channel,
called the Strait of La Perouse.
Saga'Iien Ou'ia Ho'tun, a town of
Mantchooria, in Eastern Tartary,
on the Amur.— ^0, i N. 126, 56 E.
Saga'lien River. See Amur.
Sai'gong, a fortified city, the ca-
pital of Cambodia, near the mouth
of the Donnai. It is the chief com-
mercial and naval emporium of
Cuchin-China. Pop. 100,000.
Saka'ria, the ancient 8anga*rius,
a river of Asia Minor, rises in the
mountains S. of Angora, and falls
into the Black Sea.
Salseite', an isiiand on the W.
coast of Hindostan, near Bombay,
with which it is connected by an
artificial causeway. It is about 15
miles square, and is rich in Hindoo
antiquities. Pop. .50,000.
Saluen', Sulween',orThaIwayn',
a large river of the Eastern Pe-
ninsula, rises in the S. W. extre-
mity of China, on the borders of
Thibet, flows through Laos, and
fails into the sea below Martaban.
Samarang', a seaport on the N.
co38t of Java, with an extensive
commerce. Pop. 36,000.-6, 53
N. 110, .54 E.
Samarcand', a city of Great Bu-
charia, in Independent Tartary,
situate In a fertile plain. It was
the capital and favourite residence
of Timor towards the close of the
14th century. Pop. 10,000.
Sa'na, the capital of Yemen, in
Arabia. Pop. about 30,000.-16,
82 N. 44, 30 E.
Sand'wich Islands, a group in the
K. PMiflo, discovered by Captain
334
Cook III 1778, cstoidiog from 18"
5¥toft*iyV. bt., lud ftom
I54» bif to 190^ 2V y/, loof.
Diejr aro fertile, and abcmnd vtefa
the trees and other producttoiM of
tropical dimei. In Owbjrbee, or
Hawaii, tbe largest of the group,
are two •tupendoiu volcanic moon.
taiiMp Mowoa Boaaod Mowna Koa,
the iormer riaiog to the height of
15,988 feet Through an unhappy
miaundeiManding with the nativca
of Owhybee, Captain Cook loit hi«
life in 1779 s 7*t they are in gene^
ral <^ a mild and fnendlj disposi-
tion, and many of them have been
converted to Christianity. Fopu-
lation about 130.000.
San'lioa See Brahmapootra.
Sar'abat, the ancient Hermui, a
river of Asia Minor, Ikiiing into
tbe Ouif of Smyrna.
Saree', the capical of tiie pro-
vince of Maaanderan, in Persia.
P. about 30,000.— 98, 32 N. 53, 5 E.
ScanderoNM/, or Aiexandret'ta,
a town of Syria, and tbe port of
Aleppo, on a gulf of the Miediter-
raneaik— ^, 40 N. 36, 10 E.
ScuU'rl, a line city of Asiatic
Turkey, on the Bosporus, opposite
Constantinople. Pop. 35,000.
Sechu'en, a fertile province of
China, bounded bjr mountains, and
traver»ed by the Yang-tsc-kiang.
Seer, a s«»ujort of Arabia, in the
Sovlnce of Oman, on the Persian
ulC
Sdstan^ a province of Afghanis-
tan: with the exception of the
banks of the Ueermund,itconsisu
ol arid plains.
Scrampore', a town and Danish
settlempnt in Hindostan, on the
Hoogly, IS miles N. of Calcutta, the
pilncipal station of the Baptist mis-
sionaries, who have distioguifhed
themselves as oriental translators
of the Scriptures. Pop. 13,000.
Serinagui^, or Our'wal, a small
Srovince of Hindostan, in the
fountain Territorv, N. of Delhi.
Serinagur', the former capital of
the above province, on the Alaca-
nanda ; since the^ invasion of the
Gorkhas, in 1814, it has been in a
ruinous sUte.-^, IS N. 78, 5S E.
Serin'gapatam', a strong city of
Hindostan, the capital of Mysore
under Hyder Ali and Tippoo SuU
tan, situate on an island formed by
(h« C«v«7. It wa* stopn^d t^
the Bilti*, Mmt 4« 178IL
10.000.—12,S5 N. 7C, 41 E.
8ev'cro,Cape,r
point of Asiatic RvasU and of tbe
contincntof Asia.— 76,11 N.99.oe.
Shansee', a N. provinc* of China,
to the W. of Peohdoe. the oif^nal
seat of the foundcra of the enspirc.
Shaotungf, a pcovloee of China,
a. £. of Pecbelee, and
in a peninsula, strateiiUK
Yellow Ben.
Shat el Afabb
Shcnaee', aa extcoaiveaiid i
tainous province of China, la the
N. W. of the empire, miftnUA
from Shaosce on the E. by the
Hoang-ho.
Shiliam, a city of AnMa. capi-
tal of Hadramaut, and tiw nsi-
denee of a p ow e r fu l sheik.
Bhhras'. a city of Persia, theca^
pital of Pars, bcaotifully sitoale
amid fine ganims; and noted as
tbe birthpiaoe of Hafis. the Fct-
sian poet. Poo. about 8O,OO(V-0^
37 nTm, 42 eT
Shir'van, a pravinoe in tiw S. of
Asiatic Russia, separated firam Pcr-
te by the Kur.
Siam', a kingdom of the Eastcta
Peninsula. It oonsisU cbleiy of a
fertile valley, between two ranges
of mountains, watered by tbe Me-
nam. Siara abounds in rice, soger,
and cotton, and its fruits are pee»-
liarly delicious. Populattoa, in*
eluding Laos, 3,7.TO,000.
Siam', or Yu'ihia. a dty, fm-
merly the capital of Siana, in the
Eastern Penmsula, aitnate on an
island formed by the Meioam.
Biam', Gulf of, a great bay of the
Chinese Sea, between Malacca aad
Cambodia.
Siam'na, or Tkiom'pa, a pswinu
of Cocnin-Cbina, in the Easten
Peninsula.
Stbe'ria. See Asiatic Rowu,
p. 205.
Si'don, or Saide, an ancient city
of Phoenicia, on the coast of tbe
Mediterranean, celebrated In sa-
cred and profane bistaty. Fsp.
8000.— 33, 34 N. 35, S3 &
Sik'oki: See Japan, pw 207.
Si'nai, a mountain of Arabia,
near the head of the Red Sn, the
spot where the Law was delivered
to Moses; it ia 7887 feet hi height
Sm'dd, a piovtnee of Hindoifsn,
onbolh«id«iof the ~
ASU.
936
fovetiKd by AJBeen* or Moham-
medan cbiefik Po& 1,000,000.
Sfngan', a strongly.fortifled city
of China, the capitis of the province
of Shensee Pop. about 300,000.
Singapore', an island belonging
to Britain, at the S. extremity of
the peninsula of Malacca, in the
straita bearing that name; it is
about 26 milea in length by 15 its
greatest breadth, and although so
near the equator, is exceedingly
healthy. Pop. 2S,000.
Singapore', a seaport on the S.
coast or the above island, which
has become the centre of an exten-
sive commerce. Pop. 2000.— 1, 17
N. 103,51 E.
Sirr, or Si'hon, the ancient JaX'
artest a large river which issues
from the mountains that separate
Western from Eastern Tartar y,
and, after a long course, chiefly
N.W., fails into the Sea of Aral.
Sittang^ or Zittang', a river of
the Birman Empire, which ialls
into the Gulf of Martaban.
Sivas', the ancient SebaytCtacMy
of Roum, in Asia Mmor. Popula-
tion 6000.
Smyr'nayOr Iz'mir.an ancient city
and seaport of Asia Minor, situate
on a gulf of the same name in the
Archipelago. It is a place of great
trade, and claims tlie honour of be-
ing the birthplace of Homer. Pop.
150,1I0I».— 38, 25 N. 27, 8 E.
Soci'fty Inlands, a group in the
& Pacific, ly>ng to the N.E. of the
Friendly lslands,of which thechief
are Utaheite and Elmeo. The soil
is fertile, producing cocoa-nuts,
the bread- fruit, plantains, &c.
Sollman Mountains, a ridge of
high mountains in the E. of Af-
ghanistan, running N. and S.
So'lo. or Souracar'ta, an inland
city of Java, the capital of a native
kingdom. Pop- iu lhl5 estimated
at 105,000.-7. 30 S. 110, 55 E.
Sol'omon Ihlands, a group in the
S. Pacific, between 5^ and I0<*S.
lat., and 155*" and 165<> E. long.
On one of these islands La Perouse
and his companions were wrecked.
Sooloo' Archipelago, a chain of
islands in the Eastern Sea, extend,
log from the N. E. point of Bor*
neo to the W. extremity of Min.
daiuu). The people carry on an
active commerce, but are notori-
09#pil«t«f. Fop. 900,000,
Sootchoo , one of the flnett citlea
of China, in the province of Riang-
nan, situate near the lake Tai, and
extolled by the Chinese as their tex-
reslrial paradise. Pop. 500.000.
Sour, the ancient 2Vre, a decayed
seaport of Syria, once a powerful
commercial city. Sacred and pro<
fane writers give equally splendid
descriptiensof the magnificence of
this *< Queen of the Sea.'* Pop.
3000.— 33, N. 36. S4 E,
Sourabay'a a flourishing sea-
port on the N. E. coast of Java,
with a strong fort and a fine naval
arsenaL Ptip. 50,000.
StavropoK, the capital of the pro.
vince of Caucasus, in Asiatic Kus-
sia. Pop. 3000.
Sultani'a, a city of Irak^Ajemi,
in Persia, now in i uins.
Buma'tra, a large island of the
Indian Arcliipelago, separated from
the Malayan Peninsula, by the(
Straits of Malacca, and from Java
by the Straits of Sunda. It ex-
tends from N.W. to S.E., upwards
of 1000 miles in length, with an
average breadth of Ib5 ; and is di-
vidcd by the equator, beneath
which it is situate, into two nearly
equal parts. Ranges of mountains
run through the whole of the in-
terior. MountOpbir, in thecentral
chain, rises to the height of 13.840
feet. Between t hese rangts are ex-
tensive and fertile plains, cleared
of wood. It is very productive of
pepper, rice, and valuable woods,
and contains mines of gold, cop.
per, and iron. The chief i ative
states are .^cheen, Siak, the Batta
country, and Menangkabao. Pop.
2,5"0,0UO.
Sun'da, Straits of, an arm of the
Indian Ocean. 90 miles long, which
separates Sumatra from Java.
Sural', a city of Hindostan, in
the province of Guzerai, tn the
Taptee, 20 miles from its mouth.
Pop. IfiO.UOO.— "^1, 12 N. IS, 56 E.
Sus'ier, or ^hub'ter, the anci» nt
Su3a, the capital of Khusistan, in
Perbi<i, on tne Karoon. Popula-
tion 15,000.-32, N. 48, 58 £.
Sut'ledge, a large river of Hin.
d06tan, the easternmost of the five
rivers of the Punjab, issues from
the sacred lake of Mansarowara, in
Thibet, 17*000 feet above the sea.
Descending from the Himmalehs,
itreceiyeij500mileiiiDomitfiource9
83B 4ftiA.
the Beyah, and 400 nlta briow
fisrms a Junctfon with the iDdna.
Syd'ney. theopiulof New South
Wales, flnt* ly Mtii«te on the »outh
■bore of PiirtJ^irkvin ; In extent
and srcurity tlie harbour I« nn-
ti vailed. Sydney command* an
ext«m»iTe trade, which is raptdly
inert a<«ing. Pop. in 1837* SO»0O0l
— 38, ftl 8.151, 15 E.
Syria, a province of Aiiatic Tur-
key, lying along the B. eoasc of
the Mcditerrancnn, and famed in
ancient history.
TABARI'A^tbeandentftte'rlaf,
a city of Palestine, situate on the
&¥^ tbnre of the Lake of Tiberias,
called also the Lake of Galilee, al-
most touUy destroyed by an earth-
^uakeJan. 11,1837. P. 4000.
Tabreez', or Tau'rit, a city of
Parsia, the capital of Acerfoijan,
aituate in the centre of a great
plain, on the river Algl, which runt
into Lake Urmia. Pop. about
50fiW.—3S» 4 N. 46, 24 E.
Tad'mor. See Palmyra.
Tai', a One lake in the Chinese
province of Kiangnan.
Taiwan', thecaniul of the island
of Formosa.— 22, 59 N. 188, E.
Taiyu'en, the capital of the pro-
vince of Shansee, in China, a
place of considerable trade, parti,
cularly in carpets resembling those
of Turkey— 88, N. 112, 50 E.
Taojore, a fortified city of the
Camatic, in S. HindosUn, cele-
brated for a magnificent pagoda,
and as a seat of Hindoo learning.
Pop. 30,000.-10, 43 N. 79, 15 E.
Tai/cee, a river of Hindostan,
which rises In the province of
Gundwana, and falls into the sea
20 miles below Surat.
Tar'sus, or Tersoos', a city of Asia
Minor, on the Cydnu$t the ancient
capital of CUicUi and the birth,
place of St Paul. Pop. 30,000.
Tasch'kend, a city of Turkistan,
In Western Tartory, on the Sirr.
Pop. about 10,000.
Tassisu'don, the capital of Boo-
tan, in Thibet, situate in a fertile
▼alley. T he citadel is the residence
of the rajah.— 38, 14 N. 89, 40 E.
Tat'ta. the ancient Pat^ala, a
city of Hindostan, in the province
of Sindd, situate near the W. bank
of the Indus, about 05 miles from
2|«f«t Pop. I5,000.»e4, 44 N.
08( lA E. I
Tn'lnu^adnla of loftf
tains in Asia Minor; the tat
vated peak la 10,000 IfeK in ImI#L
Trhan'y, a lake of W. Sibcoa,
in the provinoe of Koiivan, np-
wards of 200mila8 In i
Tchekiang', a
▼ince of China, to the M. of Fo>
kien; its snrfaee ia finrij diw-
silied with bills and ~
covered wltb cztanaiv
l^antationa.
Teen-ahan', or the
Mountatas, a range of Mly i
tains in the west of MoogoBa.
Teheran' or Tdiraisi', tlia capi-
tal of Persia. It ia situate in the
Sovince of Irak, at the ftot of
ount BIbors, and near tba nrins
of the ancient JIA^giC PopulatinB
00,000 ; bT aome a cco un tt 130,0001
—35, 40 N. 51, SO E.
Telilcher'ry, a seapovt of Bto-
dostan, on the coast of ICaiabtf.
Tenas'«erim, a w u y lu ce on the
S. of the Blrman Empire whkh,
with those of Ye and TaToy* was
ceded to Britain in 18S6.
Terki'ri, or Ten'gri, a lake in
Thibet, 70 miles long andSS bnad.
Ter'nate Isle, one of the Maine,
cas, in the Eastern Ocean, with a
town of the same name. It Is 6-
mous for nutmegs. Pop. of town
5000.
Te'shoo LomOMM), in Tkflnt,
the seat of a lama, near ttie Bvh
tan frontier. Pop. 3000.
Tiflis, the capital of Ocotgia,
situate on the banks of the Kur ;
celebrated for its hot-batlu. Poa
17,000.-41, 43 N. 44, 56 E.
Ti'gris, a large and rafpldriTtr
of Asiatic Turkey, issues from
the mountains of Armenia to the
N . of Diarbekir, and, after purso-
Ing a course of 800 miles nesrty
parallel to the Eu()hrates, at length
unites with that river abore Boi-
sora. See Euphrates.
Ti'mor, a large island of the In-
dian Archipela^, about 250 milM
in length with an average breadth
of 40, on which the Dutch and
Portuguese have settlements.
Tobolsk', the capital of W. Sibc
rta, situate at the confinence of tbt
Tobol and the Irtish. It canies on
a considerable trader Boow M.OQ01
-^58. 12 N. 08, 18 B.
Tokat^, a city of Boom, in AM*,
tic Turkey, on the banks of oie
ASIA.
237
Jekil-Irmak. the ancient /r<». It
is the centre of an extensive in-
land trade. Pop. 100,000 — 39, 52
N. 36, 48 E.
Tomsk, a town of W. Siberia,
situate on the Tom, above its junc-
tion with the UbT. Pop. 9000.—
56, S9 N. 85, 10 E
Ton'g:a. See Friendly Islands.
Tong-tinff, a large lake of China,
in the province of Houquang, 300
miles in circumference.
Tonquin (TonkeeiiO, a king.
dom o# the Eastern Peninsula,
comprehended in the empire of
Annam. The hilly country border-
ing on China, is said to be rich in
the precious metals.
lYanqnebar', a seaport and Da-
nish settlement in S. Hindostan,
on the Coromaudel coast, situate
at one of the mouths of the Cavery.
Pop. SU,000.— 1 M N. 79, 55 E.
Trav'ancore. a province of Hin-
dostan, forming the south-western
extremity of the peninsula, from
Cochin to Cape Comorin.
Treb'isonde, the ancient Trth
pe'zMU, a city of Asiatic Turkey, on
the coast of the Black Sea. It is
a place of considerable trade. Pop.
50,0()0.— 41, 1 N. 39, 44 E.
Trichino^poly, a celebrated city
and fortress oir S. Hindostan, in
the Camatic, situate on the S.
bank of the (Cavery ; in the vicinity
are two magnificent pagodas. Pop.
80.001'.— 10, 45 N. 78, 45 E.
Trin'comalee', a seaport of Cey.
Ion, with a strong fortress and an
excellent harbour, situate on the
N.E. side of the island.— 8, US N.
81, S« K.
Trip'oli, a seaport of Syria, on
the Mediterranean, in a fertile
plain, with a considerable trade
Pop. 16,000.-34, Its N. 35, S5 E.
Tnvan'drum, a city of S. Hin-
dostan, the capital of Travancore,
and the residence of the rajab.—
8, «8 N. 77, 7 E.
Tsinan', a dty of Cbina, the ca-
pital of the province of Shantung,
with large manufactures of silk.
Turfan', a tov>n of Chinese Tar-
tary, to the north of Lok Nor.—
43, N. 83. 45 E.
Turktstan', a name applied In.
definitely to Independent Tartary.
Turon', a fine bay of Cochin-
China, on which standi a towo of
th« Mino mmet
UMMERAFO(yRA, or Anara-
pu'ra, a fortified eity at the Bir-
man Empire, of which it was the
capiul firom 1783 to 1884; it is
situate on the E. bank of the Irra*
wady. Population 30,000^-82,
N. 9fi, E.
Ural (Oo'ral), a river of Asiatic
Russia, rises in the Ural Moun-
tains, and after a southerly course
of 900 mile^, tails Into the Caspian.
UrgAens', a town of Western
Tartary, in ihe province of Kha-
rism, about 6 miles from the Oxua.
Population 12,000.
Uremia or Uru'mia, a lake of
Perhia, in the province of Aserbi-
jan, about 280 miles in circumfe-
rence, remarluible for its extreme
VAN, a salt lake of Asiatic Tur*
key, 168 miles in circumference.
Van, a strongly-fortified city of
Asiatic Turkey, on the lake to
which it Rives name. Pop. 20,000.
—38, 30 N. 43, 45 E.
Van Dte'men's Land. See Re-
marks, p. 211.
Veliore', a town and strong fort-
ress of the Carnatic, in S. Hindos-
tan, situate on the Palar.
Visagapatam', a city of Hindos-
tan, the capital of a district of the
same name in the Northern Cir-
cars.— 17, 40 N. 83, 27 E.
Visiapore' or Bejapore', a pro-
vince of Hindostan, extmdiog
about 350 miles along the W. coast
of the Deccan, and boundedon the
N. by Aurungabad.
Visiapore' or Bejapore', the ca«>
pltal of the above province, form-
erly B Mohammedan city of great
extent and magnificence.— 17, N.
75, 30 E.
Vol'ga or WoKga. See Russia
IN EuaoPB, p. 158.
Vootchang', a city of China, the
capital of the province of Hou-
quang, situate on the Yang-tse-
kiang. Pop. about 400,000.— SO,
40N. 114, S8E.
YAK'UTSK, a town of E. Si-
beria, on the W. bank of the Lena,
the great mart for furs. Popula-
tion aouo.— 61, 65 N. 189, 30 E.
Yaog.tse-kiang' or Kianku', the
largest river of Asia, has Its source
in .the mountains oif Thit)et, tra.
verses all the great central pro-
vinces of China, and, after a course
of more tb«n S800 milesUkUs \ntr
238 AFBICA.
the EMaum titt^ about ISO mfla ' Yen'Met, a kigeriver of Siberia*
baiov Nankin. iMoes tnm the mcHint^ns to the
Yafkand, a dtjr of Cbincce Tar. . S. W. of Lake Baikal, unitea wtth
tary, sttaate on a rlTer in a fertile
liiain; tbe centre of the inland
trade of China with W. Tartary.
Pop, 50,000.-40. 15 N. 73, S5 E.
Yar'JuuMl, or Tar^m, a river of
the Angara abore Teniseiak, and
flowa into tbe Arctic Ocean.
Yen'iteisk, a town in E. Silieria,
on tbe Yenisei, bdow iti junction
with tbe Ajngara. Fbp. 600CI
Chinese Tartary, rtaes in the Mous i Yead, a city at Fenia, in Uie S.
Tagh, and running eastward, falls I W. of KhOTaasan, with a flourith-
into Lok Nor, or the Lake of Lop. i ing trade and tUk-nianufiMrturek
Yel'low Sea, or Wbang-Hai, an ' Population 50,000^-^2. 10 N. &3,
arm of the Eastern Sea, between 56 B.
China and the peninsuU ofCorea, | Yun-nan% a mountainous pn^
and terminating in tbe Gulfs of, TinceofCbina^in the f^W. frontier.
Pechdee and Leaotong. I Yunnan', the cafrital of tbe above
Yem'bo, a seaport of Arabia, on proTince, situate on a large lalu:
the Red Sea; it is the port of Me- i ZAlZAN', a lake of Chinese
dina. P. 5000.-81, 18 N.58,25 E. ' Tartary, near the frontien of Si-
Ye'men, the Arabia Felix of an. , beria, traversed by the Irtish,
tlquity, a province of Arabia, l>or-
deriog upon the Red Sea ; its hjlls
are covered with fine coffee and
other aromatic plants. I by 20 in breadth.
Zur'rahfOr Dur'rah, Lake of, in
Afghanistan, on the borden of
Khorassan ; it is90 n^es in length
AFRICA
Is bounded N. by tbe Mediterranean ; W. by the At<
lantic ; S. by tbe Soutbern Ocean ; and E. by the Isth-
mus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean.
The superficial area has been estimated at 11,000^000
square miles ; and its population at 70 millions.
The countries which it contains are, Barbart, com-
prehending Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Bar-
ca; Western Africa, including Upper and Lower
Guinea; Southern Africa; Eastern Africa;
Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia; Central Africa.
Islands. — The Azores, Madeiras, Canaries, Cape
Verde Islands, Fernando Po, St Thomas, Ascension,
St Helena, Madagascar, Comoro Isles, Bourbon^ Mau-
ritius or Isle of France, Socotra.
Gulfs and Bats. — Sidra, Cabes, Tunis, Guinea, in
which are the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Biafra ;
Saldanha, Table, False, Algoa, Delagoa, and SofaU
Bays ; the Red Sea.
Straits. — Gibraltar, Babelmandeb, Channel of Mo-i
zambique.
Isthmus.— Suez,
AFRICA. 239
Capes.— Bon, Spartel, Cantin, Geer, Nun, Bojador,
Blanco, Verde, Roxo, Mesurada, Palmas, Formosa^
Lopez, Negro, Voltas, Good Hope, Agulhas, Cor-
rientes, Delgado, Guardafui.
MouKTAiKs. — Atlas, Kong, Jebel Kumrah or
Mountains of the Moon, Mountains of Lupata, the
Abyssinian Mountains, the Peak of Teneriffe in the
Island of Teneriffe.
RivEBs. — The Nile, Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Rio
Grande, Congo or Zaire, Coanza, Orange, Zambezi.
Lakbs. — Tchad, Dembea, Maravi.
REMARKS.
Africa extends from 37" 20' N. to 34» 50' S. lat., and
from l?** 30' W. to 51' 12' E. long. Its length, from the
Cape of Good Hope to the Mediterranean, on the coast of
Tunis, is nearly 5000 miles ; and its greatest breadth, from
Cape Verde to Cape Guardafui, about 4600. It forms a
▼ast peninsula, separated from Europe by the Mediterranean,
and from Asia by the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea.
In extent, Africa holds the third rank among the four
great divisions of the globe ; but is the lowest in political
and moral importance. The knowledge of this continent
possessed by the ancients was extremely limited, scarcely
extending beyond the northern states ; and its interior re.
mained till lately a blank in the map of the world. The
curiosity and enterprise of modern travellers have overcome
in a great measure the obstacles presented by a burning cli.
mate, extensive deserts, and the barbarism of the natives^
A considerable extent of Central Africa has been explored,
and found to be more fertile, more highly cultivated, and
inhabited by milder races tlian the countries previously
known. Ethiopia, Egypt^ and the northern states, attained
in ancient times a high degree of civilisation ; but they now
present few traces of their former refinement.
Various distinct races people this continent. The inhabit-
ants of Egypt seem to be of Hindoo origin, and the Abys-
sinians appear to have passed over from Arabia. Carthage
was founded by a Phcenician colony, and other regions of
the north were peopled by Medes, Persians, and Arme-
nians. Central and Western Africa, from Senegal to Cape
Negro, are occupied by the negroes, apparently a distinct
and indigenous race. The east coast, northwards to the
Zambezi river, and part of the interior, are inhabited by the
Caffres, who with features in general less flat than those of
240 AFRICA*
the DCttfoet, memble them in their thick lipi, thar coil-
ed and wooUy hair, and their complexion, varying from a
yeliow brown to a thining black. The Berbers and the
Sbelluht of the Atlas Mountains and the frontiers of Mo-
Tooco, are of a fairer compleiion and a lighter frame than
the Moors of the plains ; and in their sentiments, morals,
and manners, are decidedly superior. The Hottentots in
the south appear to be a distinct race from both negroes and
Caffres. Some of their external qualities, as well as their
language, seem to indicate their affinity with the Moi^oyan
and Kalmuck Tartars.
EXERCISES.
How is Africa bounded ? What is iu extent in square miles?
What is its population ? What are its countries, its iahmds,
gulfs and bayn, straits, isthmus, capes, &c. ? Between what
degrees of latitude and longitude is Africa situate ? What
are its length and breadth ? M^hat is its form ? What rank
does it hold among the great divisions of the globe ? How far
did the knowledge of this continent possessfu by the andeots
extend ? What obstacles have modem travellors overcome ?
What is the nature of the territories they have explored ?
What was the condition of Ethiopia, Egyptf and the nonbera
states, in ancient times ? From what origin do the Egyp-
tians, Ethiopians, Carthaginians and other inhabitants of tne
north appear to have sprung ? By what people are the oeotral
and western regions or Africa occupied ? What part of the
continent is inhabited by the Caffres ? In what features do
they resemble and differ from the negroes ? In what respects
do the Berbers and the Shelluhs differ from the Moors?
With what people do the language and iK>me external qualities
of the Hottentots seem to inmcate an affinity ?
BARBARY.
Statei* Chief Towns.
Morocco MoAocco, Mogadore.
Fez Fez, Mequinez, Tetmn,
Ceuta, Tangier, Sallee.
Algien ALGiER8,Oran,Tremeoen, Bo-
na, Constantina.
Tunis Tunis, Kairwan, Cahes.
TnpoU Tripoli, Mesurata.
Barca. Dema, Bengazi.
South from Barbary are, —
Darah Tatta.
Taaiet Tafilet
Begelmissa Segelmissa.
'e»»n Mourzouk, Sockna.
BARBABY. 241
In Tanis is the river Mejerdah, and the lake called
by the ancients Tritonia Palus.
REMARKS.
Of Barbaiy, or, as some geographers term it, the re-
gion of Mount Atlas, that extensive chain of mountains
is the most remarkable feature. The low land, between
this range and the sea, varying from SO to 150 miles
in breadth, is watered by many streams from the hilk,
and displays in general exuberant fertility. Its agricul-
tural products are nearly the same as those of Europe ; its
fruits are superior.
Of the domestic animals, the mule and the ass are chiefly
employed in labour. The Barbary horse is famed fur its
lightness and beauty of form. The fleeces of the sheep are
in general coarse and hairy, except those of Morocco, some
breeds of which produce very fine wool.
Among the wild animals are the lion, here remarkable
for strength and ferocity, the panther, the hyena, the jackal,
and the antelope or gazelle. Serpents, scorpions, and lo-
custs, are scourges with which Barbary is peculiarly afflicted.
The ridges of Mount Atlas yield in considerable abund-
ance silver, copper, lead, and antimony. The plains are
remarkable for the prevalence of saline substances, while the
lakes are nearly as salt as the sea. Salt springs are more
numerous than fresh, and there are hills composed entirely
of that substance. Nitre is found in many places mixed with
the soil. Hot springs and sireams occur in various districts;
and of one, near Constantina, the water is so warm as to cal-
cine the rocks over which it passes.
This part of Africa was distinguished in ancient history.
Carthage, the first commercial state of antiquity, long dis-
puted with Rome the empire of the world. After its fall,
the northern provinces of Africa became the granary of
Italy. Under the Saracen princes, who afterwards occu-
pied it, Barbary, especially Fez, acquired unusual lustre.
Its different states, long sunk in tyranny and oppression,
have greatly declined in importance; and their maritime
strength was for ages exerted only in piratical excursions,
which have now been suppressed. Mohammedanism is the
established religion.
EXERCISES.
What are the states and towns of Barbary ? Name the
river and lake of Tunis. What is the most remarkable fea-
ture in Barbary ^ What is the general extent of the low
242 WESTERN AFRICA.
land lying between Mount Atlas and the lea? What is
the quality of the soil? What are its producta? WhA
domestic animals ore chiefly employed in labour ? For
what is the Barbary horse famed P Is there any thing re-
markable about the sheep of Barbary ? What are die prin-
cipal wild animals in these states? With what ■coarses
is Barbary peculiarly afflicted ? What metals does the Auss
ran^e of mountains yield ? For what mineral quality are the
plams remarkable? What substance is sometimes foood
mixed with the soil ? What remarkable effect does the best
of the water near Constantina produce ? Was Barbary dis-
tinguished in ancient history? What state disputed with
Kome the empire of the world ? What advantage did Italy
afterwards derive from these African provinces ? under what
princes did Barbary acquire unusual lustre ? In what has the
maritime strength of the Barbary states been for ages eieit-
ed ? What is the established religion of Barbary ?
WESTERN AFRICA.
Dlvlsioni. Chief Towns.
Sahara, or the Great Desert.
Senegambia, containing the coun-
tries watered by the Senegal,
Oambia, and Rio Orande Fort St Louis, BathoitU
Upper Guinea, containing
Sierra Leone. Freetown.
Grain Coast Sanguin, Grand-Bassam.
Ivory Coast Lahou.
Gold Coast Cape Coast Castle, El Mina.
Slave Coast Wtiidah, Badagry, Ardn.
Ashantee Coomassie.
Dahomey Abomey.
Benin Benin, Waree, Calabar.
liOwer Guinea, containing
Loango Loango.
Congo St Salvador.
Angola St Paul de Loanda.
Benguela San Felipe de Benguela.
Rivers. — Senegal, Gambia, Rio Grandej Niger or
Quorra, Congo or Zaire, Coanza.
REMARKS.
Sahara, with its members,— the smaller deserta of Bor^
nou, Bilma, Barca, and some others,— may be considered
•* * ▼Mt ocean of sand and gravel, branching into golfs
and bays, and conUining Oates^ or fertile spots, likt
viands, whose luxuriant soil and danse populatfon afod^o
WB8TSRN AFRICA. 243
agreeable relief to the traveller from its general solitude and
sterility. It stretches from the shores of the Atlantic to the
confines of Egypt, nearly 3000 miles in length and 1000 in
breadth. In its western division, the oases are few and
small ; in the eastern, they are more numerous and of greater
extent. The principal are Fezzan, Agade.s, Augela, Bor.
goo. This immense expanse of sand is traversed by cara-
vans, which vary their direction according to the position of
the different oases, where man and auimals obtain rest and
refreshment; but sometimes whole caravans perish in tlie
midst of this arid waste. Ostriches and gazelles roam over
these desolate regions ; the horrors of which are aggravated
by lions, panthers, and serpents. A plant resembling
thyme, acacias, and other thorny shrubs, nettles, and
brambles, constitute the scanty vegetation of the Desert.
From the southern border of the Sahara to the frontier
of Guinea, the country is in general fertile, and watered by
some important rivers, on the banks of which the vegetation
is luxuriant; while the forests of cocoa-trees, mangoes,
palms, bananas, tamarinds, citrons, oranges, and pome,
granates, afford evidence of the depth of the soil. But the
most colossal tree of these regions is the baobab, whose trunk
is hollowed into chambers, within which are suspended the
bodies of the dead.
The alimentary plants of Western Africa are various and
abundant ; and its flora is equally magnificent and rich.
The elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, panther,
striped hyena, jackal, giraffe, zebra, antelope, deer, and
numerous species of monkeys, are found in these regions.
The boa-constrictor, and various other species of serpents,
lurk amid the rank vegetation ; venomous insects and clouds
of locusts sometimes infest the air, and spread devastation
far and wide. Birds of the most splendid plumage, as the
aigrette, and various species of paroquets, swarm in the
woods.
Gold, ivory, and palm-oil, are the chief exports from the
coast of Guinea.
BXERCI8ES.
What countries and towns does Western Africa compre-
hend ? What are the principal rivers ? In what view may
the Sahara, with its members, be considered ? What is its ex-
tent in length and breadth ? What are its principal oases ?
How is thia vast expanse of sand traversed ? What cala-
mities sometimes betall the caravans? What animals are
found in these desolate regions ? What plants constitute the
244 BOtTTHKBK AFllTCA.
vegetadoQ ? What'ii the nature of the eouiitry between Utf
De»ert and Guinea ? What 8pecie§ of trees abooDd hcR?
Which is the most colossal tree of those rarions ? Are the
alimentary plants numerous ? Is the flora nch ? What wild
animals are found in this country ? By what reptiles and in-
fects is it infested ? What is remarkable about the birds ?
What are the chief exports from the coast of Guinea ?
SOUTHERN AFRICA.
Divifltoni. Chief Towns.
Country of the fioshuanas Lattakoo, Kurreechanee.
Caffraria Port NataL
Cape Colony Cape Town, Graham Town*
RiTEBS. — Orange, Oliphant, Great Fish River.
REMARKS.
The country to the east of Cape Colony, and extending
along the coast of Natal to Delagoa Bay, is watered by nu'
merous streams, covered with wood, and intersected by
savannahs. It is inhabited by the CafFres, a fierce pastoral
race of men, but brave, frank, and honest. North from
them are the Zoolas, a ferocious tribe, who have lately com-
mitted dreadful ravages in this part of Africa.
To the north of the colony lies the territory of the
Boshuanas, a pastoral and agricultural race, less vigorous
and intrepid than the Caffres, but more industrious, having
well-built towns of considerable extent.
The colony is peopled by various tribes of Hottentots,
of whom indolence and disregard of cleanliness are the
characteristics ; the BoAJesmans, or Bushmen, and other free
Hottentots, are wild and ferocious in their disposition. Some
parts of the territory of the Cape of Good Hope are very
productive. The corn and fruits are excellent. One spot
produces the famous Constantia wine ; and the flowers sre
unrivalled in brilliancy and fragrance. Among the wild ani-
mals of the country are the zebra, the elephant, hippopota-
mus, giraffe, the porcupine, and many poisonous snakes.
This country was colonized by the Dutch about 1650; bot
since 1806 it has been in the possession of the British. The
population in 18S6 amounted to 150,110.
EXERCISES.
Into what territories is Southern Africa divided ? Nsme
the chief towns and rivers. By whom is the country to the
eyt of Cape Colony inhabited ? What is their character?
What tribe have lately committed dreadful ravagea ? What
temtory extends to the north of the colony ? What is the
«ti«mcterofthcpeopVs? By wbatuibeaiatheoohmypeofded?
XASTfeRN AFftlCA^ 345
What toe the characteristic dualities of the Hottentots ?
What tribes of them are peculiarlv wild and ferocious ? Is
the Gape Territonr productive ? Which oi' its productions are
most noted ? Mention some of the wild animals of this
country. By what European people was it first colonized ?
In whose possession is it now ? What is the number of its
inhabitants ?
EASTERN AFRICA.
Dlvtoioni. Chief Towns.
Adel Zeila, Berbera.
Ajan
Zanguebar. Mombaza, Quiloa. Magadoxa*
Mozambique. Mozambique, Quillimane.
Sofala Sofala.
Mocaranga Manica, Zumbo.
HiVEBs. — Zambezi or Cuama^ Mafamo> Sofala.
REMARKS.
Almost the whole of tbe Eastern Coast of Africa presents
an aspect of fertility. Adel, the country of tbe Somaulis,
between the Straits of Babelmandeb and Cape Guardafui,
abounds in myrrh and frankincense. Tbe coast of Ajan.
viewed from the sea, appears a desolate mass of rocks and
sand ; but the interior is more fertile, and carries on a con-
siderable trade in gold, ivory, and ambergris. Zanguebar
is low, marshy, and unhealthy ; and its extensive forests are
said to abound in elephants. The soil of Mozambique is
particularly luxuriant; and gold, washed down tbe rivers
in great quantities, constitutes a chief part of its commerce.
Sofala, besides the advantages of a genial soil and tolerable
climate, possesses mines of gold so abundant and pure that
geographers have fancied that here was the Ophir of the
ancients. Mocaranga is said to be a rich and powerful
country, containing productive mines of gold. The Por-
tuguese were formerly masters of nearly the whole of
Eastern Africa, but they have been driven from the greater
part of it by tbe natives and the Arabs from Mascat.
EXERCISES.
What are the divisions of Eastern Africa ? What are the
chief towns and rivers ? What aspect does the Eastern Coast
of Africa present? For what is Adel famed? What is the
appearance of the coast of Ajan when viewed from the sea f
Ih what does it carry on a considerable trade P What are the
346 SGTPT^ NUBIA9 AMD ABTSBIMIA.
neculitfities of Zancuebar ? Of what qualitj u the wOflf
Mozambique ? Wnat constitutes a chief part of iu oom-
nerce ? w bat advantaji^ does Sofala possess ? What ii
the condition of Mocaranga ? What people were fonnerlj
masters of Eastern Africa ? By whom have they been dnven
from the greater part of it ?
EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA.
Countrieg. Chief Towns.
Egypt Caibo, Alexandria, Rosetta, Da-
mietta, Suez, Siout, Assouan.
Nubia.
Dongola Dokoola, Derr.
Sennaar Senkaab, Shendy.
Abyssinia Ookdab, Axum, Adowa, Masuah.
Rivers. — Nile, Tacazzc.
Lakes. — Dembea or Tzana, Mareotis.
BEMARK8.
£^pt is a long and narrow valley formed by the Nile,
bounded on both sides by mountains and barren deserts, and
gradually widening as it approaches the sea. The mouths
of the Nile give it ihe form of the Greek letter A, whence it
is called the Delta. The length of Egypt is about 500
miles; its extreme breadth at the Delta is 150 miles; but
the avernge breadth of cultivated land, following the coune
of the Nile, does not exceed 27 miles. It is divided into
Lower Ejjypt or the Delta, Middle Egypt, and Upper
Egypt or Said. The soil is extremely fertile, and the mode
of cultivation remarkably simple. Wheat, barley, rice,
cotton, and sugar.cane are the principal articles of culture.
The lotus, a species of water-lily, and the papyrus or paper-
tree, are indigenous productions; and the sycamore-figytbe
date-palm, the pistachio, the oriental plane, and the cypress,
are frequently met with.
The climate of Egypt is extremely hot, and is difttin-
guished by the rare occurrence of rain. It would ibere-
fore be a barren desert, were it not annually watered by the
overflowing of the Nile, which spreads fertility over its whole
extent. These inundations are occasioned by the periodicsl
rains in the Abyssinian mountains. The river begins to
swell about the middle of June, it attains its greatest height
in September, and subsides to iU usual level about the end
of October.
Of the animals for which the country was noted in anient
EGTPT^ MUBIA^ ANB ABYSSINIA. 247
times, the hippopotamus is become nure, and the crocodile
is only seen in Upper Egypt; but the ichneumon- rat and
the stork.ibis are still common.
Egypt, celebrated in sacred history as the country in
which the Israelites were detained in bondage, bad at-
tained a considerable degree of civilisation and importance
at a very remote period of antiquity. Its pyramids, of which
the great one is 461 feet in height, have for upwards of
3000 years withstood the inflaence of time, and seem des-
tined to be coeval with the earth that sustains them. They
are conjectured to have been raised for the mausoleums or
sepulchres of the Egyptian kings. The country contains
also the remains of temples, larger and more magnificent
than those of Greece or Rome, though not constructed
with equal taste.
Egypt is considered to be a part of the Ottoman empire ;
but the present pasha has not only made himself independ-
ent, but has established his sway over Palestine, Syria, and
a considerable part of Arabia. Availing himself of the ser-
vices of intelligent Europeans, he has introduced great im-
provements, both in military discipline and in the various
branches of industry. The religion is the Mohammedan,
but one-twelfth of the people are Copts, who profess Chris-
tianity. Pop. 2,500,00.
Nubia, the ancient Ethiopia, lies between Egypt and Abys-
sinia. It is almost entirely occupied by deserts, except on
the banks of the Nile. The kingdoms of Dongola on the
Nile, and Sennaar on the Blue River, or Abyssinian Nile,
are more fertile than the rest of the country. The inhabit-
ants, who amount to about 250,000, are represented as fierce
and perfidious. In Sennanr are found large forests of the
acacia-tree. Nubia contains many excavated temples of
great magnificence, particularly at EbsambouL
Abyssinia, to the south of Nubia, is an extensive, and,
in some respects, an interesting kingdom. It is pervaded by
ranges of rocky mountains, sublime in their height, and
irregular in their forms. Of the numerous rivers, the most
important is the Bahr el Azrek, or Blue River, called by
the natives Abawi, which flows through the Lake Dem-
bea, or Tzana. The climate, owing to the mountainous
situation of the country, is ihore temperate than might be
expected under such a latitude. In the low grounds the
heat is intense. There are generally two harvests in the
year, one in autumn, and another in spring. Millet, barley,
v^heat, maize, imd a grain called t^^ smaUer than mustard-
S48 BOYPT^ ndbu, am]> ABynmiA*
•eed, but of sn agreeable taste, are the principal objects of
culture. The country is particularly rich in flowen, the
fields abounding with roses, jessamines, lilies, primroses,
and other plants, whose fragrance perfumes the whole land.
Among the trees with which it abounds may be mentioned
the sycamore.fig, the tamarind, the date, the cofiee-tree, a
large tree called the rack, used for building boats, and a
valuable medicinal shrub, called by the natives vfoogmooit
and by botanisu Brucea aniidyserUerica,
• Of the cattle of Abyssinia there is one species, called the
Galla ox, with boms of enormous length. The ass and the
mule are the beasts of labour, horses being used only for
the purposes of war. The buffaloes are ferodous, and some-
tiroes attack travellers. Among the other wild animals are
the two-horned rhinoceros, elephants, lions, panthers, leo-
pardft, the giraffe, the hyena, boars, gazelles, and monkeys.
The lakes and rivers swarm with crocodiles and hippopo-
tomi. The birds are extremely numerous and variooa.
The most remarkable is a species of eagle, called tbe golden
eagle, and some varieties of the bird of paradise.
No country in the world is so much infested with trouble-
some insects. Of these the most formidable is the zgbub,
a fly somewhat larger than a bee, the puncture of whose
proboscis is fatal, and penetrates even the tough skin of
the camel. Tbe locusts, also, are particularly destructive.
Abyssinia contains a number of provinces or kingdoms,
which were formerly under the sway of one monarch, but
are now divided among several chiefs. Tbe Galla, a savage
race from the south, have conquered a great portion of its
territory, and are masters of Gondar, the capital.
BXKRCISES.
What are the countries comprehended in Egypt, Nubia,
and Abyssinia ? What towns do they contain ? Name the
principal river and lakes. What is the general appearance of
Egypt ? What is its form ? What are its lens th and breaddi ?
Into what districts Is it divided ? What is tne quality of the
soil ? What are the chief articles of cultivation ? What plants
are indigenous productions of Eirypt? What trees are fre-
quently to be met with there ? What is remarkable about the
climate of Egypt ? What prevents the country from being a
barren waste? By what are the inundations occasioned?
When does the river begin to swell, attain its gteatest height,
and subside? M^hat animals, formerly common in Egypt,
have now become rare ? What animals are still common ?
For what is Egypt celebrated in sacred history ? How long
ve its pyramids stood ? What purpotet did they aetve?
EOTFT^ NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. 24Q
Of what empire is Egypt considered a part? Over what
countries has the pasha established his sway ? What has he
done to improve Egypt ? What is the established rdigion ?
What is the population ?
Where is Nubia situate ? What is its general appearance ?
In what respect do the kingdoms of Don^^ola and Sennaar
differ from tne rest of Nubia ? What is the character of the
inhabitants ? Of what species of tree are large forests found
in Sennaar? What remarkable temples are found in Nubia?
What is the general aspect of Abyssinia ? What is its
most important river ? What is the nature of the climate ?
How many harvests, and at what periods, ban Abyssinia ?
What are the principal objects of culture ? Does this country
abound in flowers ? What are its most remarkable trees ?
By what peculiarity is one species of the Abyssinian cattle
distinguishchd ? What are the beasts of labour ? For what
purposes are the horses employed ? What are the wild ani*
mals of this country ? With what animals do the lakes and
rivers swarm ? Are there many varieties of birds in Abys-
sinia ? What are the most remarkable of them ? Is this
country much infested with insects ? What is the most for-
midable of these ? What other insect is very destructive ?
Does Abyssinia contain more kingdoms than one ? By
what people has the country been conquered ?
CENTRAL AFRICA
Consists of an extensive range of oountriee and king-
doms to the south of the Great Desert, situate chiefly
on the Niger and some other rivers. It may be di.
vided into —
Countries bordftring Countries on
CO the Deiert. Chief Towns, the Senegal. Chief Towns.
Imdamar Benowm. Bambouk Bambouk.
Beeroo Walet. Bondou Fatteconda.
Ashen Agades. Kaarta Kemmoo.
Countries on Countries E. and W.
the Niger. Chief Towns. of Lalte Tchad. Chief Townn,
Bambarra .... Sego, Jenn^. Houssa Sackatoo.
Timbuctoo-.Timbuctoo. Kassina Kassina.
Vouri Youri. Kano Kano.
Boussa. Boussa« Wawa. Zeg-zeg Zaria.
Borgoo Niki, Kiama. Bornou Kouka, Bomou.
Nyird Rabba. Loggun lioggun.
Yarriba £yeo. Begarmee...Begarmee.
Funda Funda. Bergoo Warra.
Kirree Kirree* Darfur Cobbe.
fiboe £boe« Kordofan.....,Obeid.
250 CBNTAAL AFHtCA.
REMARKS.
Many parts of Central Africa are sandy and barren, while
others, especially on the banks of the Niger, are fertile and
estremely populous. This river, which so long baffled every
attempt to explore its course, has now been ascertained by
the Landers to flow into the Gulf of Benin by numerous
estuaries, after a winding course of upwards of 2000 miles.
This discovery is expected to open important channels to the
trade of the interior.
The countries on the Senegal and the upper part of the
Niger are fertile and populous, chiefly inhabited by negroes,
with a mixture of Moors. Timbuctuo is the most celebrated
seat of the caravan- trade. The countries on the Lower
Niger, Youri, Boussa, Yarriba, and Nyff^, are perhaps
the most fruitful, industrious, and populous in all Africa.
Below NyflTe, however, in approaching the sea, the country
becomes marshy and unhealthy, and is often inundated.
The people on the banks of the river, though they carry on
an active commerce, are ferocious, and corrupted by the
prevalence of the slave-trade.
Houssa, an extensive region W. of Bornou, is now almost
entirely conquered by a Mohammedan tribe called the FeU
latahs, whose capital is Sackatoo. The soil is extremely fer-
tile, yielding in abundance grain, cotton, and indigo; the
inhabitants are more intelligent than those of Bornou, and
possess an extensive commerce. Bornou, one of the most
powerful kingdoms of Central Africa, lies immediately west
and south of the lake Tchad ; Birnie^ its former capital,
which, according to Denhamand Clapperton, once contained
200,000 inhabitants, is now in ruins. The land is very
fertile, except where it is occupied with deserts of sand.
The natives, whose numbers were estimated by Major Dea-
ham at 5,000,000, live in a state of the rudest simplicity.
Bergoo, or Dar Saley, is an extensive country between Be-
garmee and Darfiir, in which is the great lake of Fittr^*
Darf^r lies to the west of Sennaar, 'from which it is sepa-
rated by Kordofan. It is parched and steril in appearance,
exceptmg during the rainy season, from June till September,
when the fields are covered with luxuriant verdure. The
king takes the title of sultan. The people are a mixture of
Arabs and negroes, and may amount to about 200,000.
EXERCISES.
,What is the situation of Central Africa ? Into what GOun«
•c» may It be divided ? What are their chief towns ?
AFRICA. 251
What ii the general aspect of Cential Afdea ? MHiat river
flows through it ? Into what gulf does the Niger flow ? What
is the length of its course ? What advantages are expected
to be derived from the discovery of its termination ? Describe
the countries on the Senegal and the upper part of ihe Niger.
What is the most celebra^ seat of the interior caravan-trade ?
Descrit>e the countries on the Lower Niger. What is the
character of the people below Nyfi^e ? Where is Uou&sa situ.
ate ? By what people has it been almost entirely conquered ?
What is their capital ? What is the nature of their country,
and the character of the people ? Is Bornou a nowertul
kingdom ? What is the nature of the country ? What is
the ejitimated amount of the population ? In what state do the
natives live ? Where are Bergoo and Darfilir situate? What
appearances does the latter assume in the dry and wet seasons ?
What title does the king assume ? What are the natives ?
What is the estimated amount of the population ?
BESGRIPTIYB TABLB OF AFRICA.
AB(yMEY, the capital of Da-
homey* •ituateaboutbOmile»firom
the Slave Coait. The root of the
Dftlace is studded with «kullt. Fo.
pulation 24,000.-7* 3^ N. lat 2«
AS' E. long.
Atx>uk'ir* Bay of, on the coast of
Egypt* celehraced tbr the victory
wnu^ Lord NelMa obtained over
the French fleet, August 1, 1796.
Abysain'ia. See Remarks, p. til,
AxfcxaktU town and Britisd settle-
ment GO the Gold coast, W. Africa.
Fbp.SOOO.
Adamow'a, a kingdom and city
6t Central Africa, on the Shary.
Adow'a, a town in Abjtsmia.
Pop. 8U0u^— 14, 10 N. a9. 4 l!l
Aga'des, the capiul of A«ben, a
kingdom in the interior, possessed
by tne Tuaricks, a powertul tribe
who live ctiiefly by plunder.
Agul'haspCape, the uio»t southern
point of the cuuiiuent, giving name
to the great bank wnich lie^ off
the ou^t uf Southern Africa.—^,
&2 & 19, 58 £.
Aleiuui'dru, an ancient and ce-
lebrated city and seaport uf fii^ypt,
situate on a nariow peuiu«ut«i be*
tween Ljtke Mare&tU and the
]Ieditenr4tuean. Meuir it are Fom.
pe^'s FiUar, tne obelisk called Cieo.
patra'* Needle, aua other remark-
able aniiquitieit. it bas still a con-
siderable trade. Fop^ :25,0O0.—
3i.l3N«8tf,59£,
Algiers', the ancient Numifdia,
one o( the Barbary Sute», bound-
ed on the N. by tbe Mediterranean,
W. by Muro.-co, S. by the (ireat
Desert ot Sahara, and £. by Tunis.
The Atlas chain ot mounuiintf runs
through Its whole lengtn, which is
about oOO miles. The valleyii,water-
ed by streams, are extremely ter-
tile, and the hilLi are covered with
fruit-trees. The government lately
abolished by the French wa« de-
spotic, holding nominally of the
(irand Seignior, and the dey was
elected by the Janizaries. Fop.
:i,000,000, of whom about 50,0iH>
are Jews.
Algiers', the capital of the above
state, a utrongiy. tor ti Ilea oty, ris-
ing beautifully trom iheshorem the
torm of an amphitueatre. it was
long the chief »eat uf tne atrocious
piracies carried on trum ihe Bar-
baiy portti, until tne Brituh tleet,
uiiaer Lord Uxmuutn, in lbi6,
destroyed both ihe ^Igerine fleet
and the batteries, in is3U, tlie
French uude a complete uoaquest
of the city, and are enUeavuunug
to culunue the territory, ii'op.
50,000.-Ki(>, 46 N. wS 4 E,
Aig(/a, a b<iy auout 5Ut) miles E.
of tne C^pe ui Ouod Hope, the
coasts ol wmch «re among tbe most
lertUe and ueautuuldisincis iu the
Cape Territory*
Aio^r^e, a city in the kiogdow
262
AVRIOJL
of Ytrrita, founded hf the FeUa-
Uhf.
Aiig(/Ui, a country of Lower
Guinea, exteiHiing from Congo to
the Toansa, which divldef it from
Benguela. The chief traffic it Iti
slaves to Brazil, of whom many
thousands are annually exported.
Angor'nou, a town of Bomou,
about 16 miles from Kouka. Pop.
30,000.-12, 40 N. 14, 37 E.
Annobon', a pretty little island
off the W. co.i8t of Africa, belong-
ing to the Portuguese. Pop. 3000.
Ar'dra, an indiintriout city of
Western Africa, on the Slave Coast,
about i'5 miles inland. P. 20.000.
Ar'ish, or El Af ish. a fVontier-
town of E^vpr, towards Syria, on
the shore of ihe Mediterranean.
Ascen'sion.a small island in the
South Atlantic. 685 miles to the
N. W. of St II( Icna, frequented
by ships on account of tho great
abundance of turtle and fish. — T,
M Sl 14, S4 W.
Ashantee', a kingdom of West-
ern Africa, extending about 300
miles Inland from the Gold Coast,
and possessed by a warlike people
whose king hxs conquered many of
the surrounding countries. It Is
thickly covered with forests, and
abounds in gold.
Assou'an, the ancient Sjf^ne,
the fi'on tier-town of Egypt towards
Nubia, situate on the eastern bank
of the Nile, and surrounded by
mountams of granite. Opposite
it the celebrated island of Elephan.
tine ; ond about three miles above
commence the cataracts of the
Mile.
At'Ias, a lofty chain of moantaina,
traversing the {greater part of Bar-
bary from N. E. to S. W. The
height of Mount Hentet Ims been
estimated at 15,000 feet above the
sea.
Ax'um, a town of Abyssinia, with
a Christian church. In the prin-
cipal square is a remarlcable ancient
obelisk 60 feet htgb, of a single
block of granite, and curiously
sculptured. Pop. 6000.
Azom', or Western Islands, a
group in the North Atlantic, atmut
HOO miles from Portugal, to which
they belong. They consist of nine
Isbinds, of which St Michael is the
largest, although Teiveira is the
ftsldenoe of the governor. The
Aaoret ar« tscMdia^
duciog the flnrit mm
and lemons, but aie attltfcerto
dreadful earthquakes. P. WOSJMIk
BAHELMAN'OEB. Bee |i.SUi
Bad'agry, a large and popotous
town or Western Africa, on the
Gulf of Benin.
BaAr el Abiad. See Nile.
Bambax'ra, akin^om of Caotral
Africa, on tbe banks of the Niger.
It is fertile and well cultivated,
and is irrigated through its wh<^
extent.
Bambouk (BambookOf • moan,
tainous country of Central Africa,
between the Seoegal and tiie Fa.
lem^, celebrated for iu rich gold,
mines ; bmoe it has been styled tbe
Peru of Africa. The dtnate i*
intensely hot, and extremely vm-
healthy.
Bar^ca, an extensive but steril
territory, consisting mostly of saod,
between Tripoli and E^pt Tbe
ancients, however, had ioiirisbiiv
settlements there; and eonsUcr-
able remains of Cyrene^ Ptolenuiii,
dec. have recently been discovcsei.
Bassa', Grand, or Great, a see-
port of Upper Guinea, on tbe Ocda
Coast.
Ba'thursC, a town and settknat
of the British, at the mouth of ike
Gambia. Pop. 300a
Beeroo^, a eountrj E. of Lnda-
mar, and N. of Bamberra, on tbe
borders of tbe Great Desert.
Begar'mee, a country to tfie &
E. of tbe lake Tchad- and to Ifae
£. of Bomou, with wMck It isal.
most eonataatly at war.
Benga'ai, tbe ancient Benufei
a seaport of Baroa* on tll« cast of
the Oulf of Sidra. TopiilatioB
SOOa— 3ff, 7 N. fO, f B.
Benguela, an extendve tofi*
tory of Western Africa, S. of Aa>
gola, between tbe Coaiiia ead Caf%
Negrok
BengueOa, San Felipe' de,aMa.
port, tne capital of BenguelB. Pop.
aOOOU-IO,A3& 13,50E.
Benin', a kingdom of Uppet
Guinea, extending along the eeasl
of the Gulf or Bight of Benin. It
is intersected by a nnmber of ce>
tuariee, now aseertaiDed to to
branches of tbe Niger, by wfelck
that great river diachafngw H*
waters into the Atlamie.
B«nin% tbe capital at tbe abeve
JdngdoA, titiiate Inland, on an
open plain. Popt. 15,000.
Be^nowm, the capital of Luda.
mar^ where Mungo Fark waa de-
tained aome time in captivity.
Berbe'ra, aseaport between Cape
Guardafui and the entrance of the
Red Sea, a place of considerable
trade.
Ber'goo or Dar Sal'ey. See Re-
Diarka. p. 250.
Bta'flra, a country of Upper Qui-
nea, bordering on the Cameroon*
River.
Birdie or Bomou', Old. See
Remarks, p. 250.
Bizer'ta, a seaport of Tunia, at
the head of a deep bay. Population
14^00a— 37, 17 N. 9, 50 a
Blan'co, Cape, the most western
point of the Sahara or GreatDesert.
—20. 47 N. 17, 2 W.
Bojador, Cape(BoyadorO>apro.
montory of IVestem Afirica, S. of
Morocco, stretching far into the
Atlantic— 26, 7 N. 14, 30 W.
Bon, a cape N. £. of Tunis,
oppodte to Sicily.— 37t & N. 11,
O £<•
Bolia, a seaport of Algiers, near
the ruins of the ancient Bij/po
Se'gius.—Se, 54 N. 7. 46 E.
Bon'dou, a kingdom of Central
Africa, between the Senegal and
the Gambia. The king's residence
is at Fatteconda.
Bon'ny, a town of Upper Guinea,
at the mouth of one of the branches
of the Niger, which carries on a
Preat traflic in slaves and palm-oil.
qpulation 20,000.
Bor'goo, a mountainous country
of Central Africa, W. of the Niger,
divided into several smnll states, of
which the principal are Niki, Loo-
goo, and Pandi.
Bornou. See Remarks, page
250.
Bor'nou or Bir'nie, New, a city
of the above kingdom,the residence
of the sultan. Pop. 10.000.
Bourbon (Boorbong'), a fertile
island in the Indian Ocean, about
400 miles east of Madagascar, be-
longing to theFrench,48 miles long
and 36 broad. It is almost entirely
of volcanic formation, and a moun-
tain in the S. emits flame, smoke,
and ashes. Pop. 106,099. St Denis,
the capital, has a pop. of 9000.
Bous'sa, the capital of a fertile
country of the same name on the
APRICA. 2^3
Niger, where Park was killed.
Clappcrton and the Landers were
well received by the natives. Po-
pulation 12,U00.
Brass River, called by the Por-
tuguese Nun, one of the principal
branches of the Niger, which se-
parates into two channels before
reaching the sea. The naviga.
tion is impeded by a dangerous bar
at its mouth.
CA^ES,agu1fofthe Mediter-
ranean, the St/r'tis Mifnor of anti-
quity, indenting the const ofTunis.
Ca'bes, a seaport of Tunis,on the
above gulf. Pop. 20,000.--33, 50
N. 10, 10 E.
Caffra'ria, the country of the Caf-
Ares. See Remarks, p. 244.
Cai'ro, the modern capital of
Egypt^ and the largest city in Af-
rica, IS situate near the Eastern
bank of the Nile. It is in general
ill built, but contains many elegant
mosques. Pop. about 270,000.—
30, 2 N. 31, 15 E.
Cal'abar, New, a town of Upper
Guinea, near the mouth of the
Bonny, an estuary of the Niger.
Cal'abar, Old, a river of Upper
Guinea, one of the principal estu-
aries of the Niger ; it is navigable
for large vessels.
Cameroon)*', a river of Upper
Guinea, which falls into the Gulf
of Biafra, opposite the island of
Fernando Po.
Cana'ries, formerly distinguish-
ed by the name of the Fortunate
Islands, a beautiful group in the
■Atlantic, off the N. W. coast of
Africa,t)elonging toSpain. They are
seven m number, of which Tene-
riffe, Grand Canary, and Fuerte-
ventura are the principal. The in-
terior is occupied with lofty mc.un-
tains of volcanic origin, presenting
magnificent scenery; the Penk of
TenerifiTc rises \2,VS feet above
the sea, and is seen by mariners a
the distance of 140 miles. These
islands are in general fertile, and
enjoy a fine climate; their most
valuable production is wine, of
which Tenerifib yields 2.5,000 pipes
annually. Pop. 2u0,000.
Can'tin, Cape, a promontory on
the coast of Morocco.— >32, 55 N.
9, 15 W.
Cape Coast Castle, the capital of
the British settlements on the Gold
Coast, built on a rock, and stronr'
354 AFEICUU
Ibitiaad. Population 8000.-^ 7
N.I,»W.
Cape ColoDj. 8m Remaiti, p.
244.
Cape Town, the capital of Cape
Colonv, and of the Briliih ponet.
•loiif in Southern Africa, situate
on Table Bay ; a mott important
naval atatioo in the paatage to the
East IndieiL Pop. 20,000.-33,
as 8. 18, 20 R.
Ceu'ta, a strong leaport in Mo-
rocco, situate on the Straits of
Gibraltar, belonRing to Spain.
Pop. 800a-^« 54 N. 5, 16 W.
Che'licut, a town of Abyssinia,
the occasional residence of the
■orereign. Pop. 80()0.
Coan'sa, a rtver of Lower GuU
nea, which falls into the Atlantic
between Angola and Benguela.
CobO)^, a City of Ceutrvl Africa,
the caplUl of Darfilr. Top. 4000.
Com'oro Islands, a group of four,
lying tx'twern MadaKascar and the
continent. They are mountainous,
and abound in cattle and trraical
ftuits, but have been almost depo-
pulated by pirates.
Con'go, a country of Lower GuU
nea, separated from Loango on the
M. by the Zaire or Conso, and
bounded on the S. by Angola. The
•oil on the banks of the river is fer-
tile : the climate Is intensely hot.
Con'go or Zairf, a large and ra^
pid river of Western Africa, which
discharges its waters into the At-
lantic. Although it has been traced
300 or 400 miles upwards, its ori-
gin and early course are still enve-
K>ped in mystery.
ConstantVoa, the ancient CIr'ta,
the capital of the eaiitern province
of Algiers, situate on a steep
rock, §900 feet above the sea,
and strongly fortified. It is dls-
ttnguished by many fine remains
of Roman architecture* Popula-
tion 40,000.-36. 18 N. 6, 28 E.
Coomu'sie, the capital of the
kingdom of Ashantee, situate on a
rocky hllU Pop. 15,000.-7, N.
1, 24 W.
Corrlen^es, Cape, on theeMtem
coast.— €4, 7 S. 35, 30 E.
Coss'eir, a seaport of Egypt, on
the Red Sea.— 26, 8 N. 34, 4 E.
_DAH(yMEY, a kina»lom of
Western Africa, N. of the Slave
vomL The country, so far at
Known to European*, is rery Iter- I
tUe. The g iwaam e u t U » «••
guinary dwpotlsm, and Cbe pea|le
ferocious savageSi
Damiet'ta, a seaport of Sgypl.
near the mouth of th« easten
branch of the Kile. Pop. M,O00.
— 31,25 N. 31,47 &
Oa'raA, a country S. of Mount
Atlas, which separatee It ftom Mo-
rocco, to which it is aulyect. Its
chief product Is datea.
Dar'Hkr. Sec CsimAi. Avuca,
P.8S0.
DeUgo'a Ba j, on the 9L EL ooaK
of Aflrica, about midway be tween
Mosamblqueand the Cape of Good
Hope. It is much frequented by
the South Sea whalers, who find
good statlons,abounding in whaler.
Delga'do,Cape,the ancient Prm'-
#trm, a promontory on the Moaua.
bique coast— 10, 6 & 40, 50 £
l>el'u or Lower EffTPt* See
Remarks, p. 846.
Dem'bea or Taa'na,LekeoC See
Remarks, p. 247.
Oer'oa, a seaport, the ctplttl of
Barca, surrounded with gaidcfis,
and watered by refreshing livulcta,
-^3,43N. SS, 36E.
Derr, a town, reckoned the eapU
tal of Lower Nubia, on the east'
em bank of the Nile. Popw 3000.
Dil/bie,an extensive lake of Ceo.
tral Africa, & W. of Timbuetoo^
formed by the waters of the Miger.
Don'ga, a mountainous canaltrf
S. of Darftlr, In which, it Is anp>
posed, numerous streams unite in
forming the Babr el Ahlad, or prio.
cipal branch of the Nile.
Dongo'la. See Remarks, p. 247.
Dongo'la. New, or Marag'ga,tbe
capital of Dohgola, a province of
Nubia, situate on the Nile. P.ROOO.
E'BOE, a town on the Niger,
about 100 miles from the sea, tfie
centre of the trade in slaves aad
palm-oil. Pop. 6000.
Eb'Mmboul, in Nubia, celehfated
for its magnificent ancient temple
and monumentscut out of the solid
rock.
Eg'ga, a Urge trading town on
the Niger, the most southern In
the kingdom of NyffS.
B;gypt. See Remarkju p. 246.
El M/na,a seaport of Upper Got
nea, the capital of the Dutch pes.
sessions on the Gold Oiest. end
strongly forttfled. Pbp. lOjOOa
Eyi'o, a UrtecityorCMalAf.
AFBIOA*
255
rica, capital of Yarriba, stated by
Clapperton to be 15 miles la clr-
cum Terence.
FALSE BAY, a spacious bajon
the south coast, immediately to
the E. of the Cape of Good Hope.
Fernan'do Po, a mountainous
island off the coast of Guinea, op-
posite the mouth of the Cameroons
River. It is fertile and beautiful,
but very unhealthy.
Fer'ro, the most westerly of the
Canary Islands, formerly used by
feographers as the first roeridian.
W 4000. —27, 49 N. 18, 10 W.
Fes, a city of Northern Africa,
once famous as a seat of learning
and the capital of a Moorish Icing,
(iom, to which it gave name, — now
united to Morocco. It is pleasant-
ly situate in a valley, surround-
ed by hills covered with orchards
and orange-groves, and has consi-
derable manufactures of woollens,
carpets, and morocco leather. Po-
pulation 80,000.-^4, 6 N. 5, W.
Fes'zan, a country to the S. of
Tripoli, forming an oasis or island
in the Great Desert. The heat is
intense, and the soil is a light
sand. It is the great emporium of
the caravan-trade, «nd a central
point of communication between
Tripoli and the interior of Africa.
* Fit'crd, a lake of Central Africa,
said to l>e four days* journey in cir-
cumference, and to be double that
extent in the rainy season.
Formo'sa, one of the principal
estuaries of the Niger, opens into
the Gulf of Benin, and is about two
miles wide.
Formo'8a,Cape^he eastern boun-
dary of the Gulf of Benin.— 4, 25
N. 6, B.
Fou'laAs, an amiable negro race,
widely diffused through Western
Africa.
Free'town, the capital of the co-
lony of Sierra Leone, situate on a
bay at the mouth of the Rokelle.
Pop. 10,500.-8, 28 N. 13, 18 W.
Fun'chal, thecapiUl of the island
of Madeira. Pop. 30,000.
Fun'da, a large town of Central
Africa, on the Tchadda, near its
junction with the Niger. P.60,000,
GA M'Bl A, a large river of WesU
ern Africa, which rises among the
mountains of Kong, and falls into
the Atlantic, south of Cape Verde.
Oibrai'tar Straits of, between
Europ* and Africa, uniting the
Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
The breadth of the channel, la the
narrowest part, is 15 miles.
Gold Coast, a country of Dpper
Guinea, extending from Cipe
Apollonia to the Rio Volta, on
which the British have several set.
tlements.
Gon'dar, the capital of Abyui-
nia, now in possession of the Galla.
Pop. 6000.- 12. 35 N. 37, 3d E.
Good Hope, Cape of, a celebrated
promontory of Southern Africa,
which was discovered by the Por-
tuguese navigator Diax in 1487,
and was doubled by Vasoo de Oa-
ma on 20th Nov. 1497 — 34, 23 S.
18, 28 £. The British colony 'of
the Cape of Good Hope, called the
Cape Colony, oocui}ies the S. ex-
tremity of the continent, and ex-
tends from near the Orange River
on the west, to beyond the Great
Fish River on the east.
Goree', a small rocky ifland on
the west coast, about a mile to tho
S. of Cape Verde, belonging to the
French ; with a town ot the same,
name, strongly fortified, the capi-
tal of all their African settlements.
Population 3000.
Graham Town, a town of Cape
Colony, to the W. of the Great
Fish River. Pop. 3000.
Guardafui (GardafweeO, Cape,
a bold headland, the mo«t eastern
point of Africa, near the Straits of
Babelmandeb.— 11, 41 N. 51. 13 £.
Guin'ea, the name at first given
to the countries on the western
coast, deeply indented by the great
fulf of the same name, from Cape
lesurada to Cape Lopos, and
afterwards extended to the Angola
coast. See Remarks, p. 243.
HELB' V A, St, an island in the
South Atlantic, about 120U miles
from Cape Negro, the nearest
point of the African coast It is
s;8 miles in circuit, and presents an
immense wall of perpendicular
rock from 6oO to 1200 feet high.
St Helena is famous, as having
been the alx>de of Napoleon Bona-
parte, from 16th Oct 1816, till his
death on 5th May 1821. Pop.
5000.-1.5, 55 S. 5, 4S W.
Hous'sa. See Remarks, p. 250.
JACCB A, a city of Central Af-
Ilea, on the Tchadda, said to be
large and flourishing.
258
AFRICA.
JtfM Kum'iahtOr MoanUimof
the Moon, an extensive chain in
CeotfBl Africa.
Jeo'nd, a city of Bambarra, In
Central AMca. FSop. 10*000.
K A A RTA^ a kingdom of Cen.
tral Africa, W. orBambamu
Kair'wan, a citT of Tunis, ooee
a Saracen capital ; with a grand
lootque, cupported by 500 granite
c-oiumnfc Pop.40.00a-^35,4ON.
lU, 25E.
Ka'no, a city, once the capital of
HouMa, and tciU the chief icat of
the canvan-crade. Fop. 40,00a
— W, 5 N. 9, 20 E.
Kash'na or Kastlna, a kingdom
and city of Central Africa, to the
north of Kano.
Kem'moo, the c^>ital of Kaarta,
in Central Africa.
Kla'ma, a country and city to
the W. of the Niger. I1ie inha-
bitant« are rude, but hospitable.
The Landers found many of them
dressed in Manchester cottons, and
the royal house adorned witti por-
traits of British characters. Fop.
30,000.
Kir'ree, a large trading town on
the Niger, near which commences
the Delta formed by that river.
Kong, a kingdom of Central Af-
rica, between Bambarra and Ash-
antee, traversed by lofty moun-
Uins, of which the Jebel Kumrah
appear to be a continuation.
Kordofati', a country between
Darfttr and Sennaar, at present
subject to the Pasha of Egypt.
KouHia, a city near Lake Tchad,
the capital of Bomou.
Kurree'chanee', a town of the
Bosbuanas, in 8. Africa. P. 16.000.
LA'GOS, a town on the Gulf of
Benin, at the mouth of a river of
the same name. Pop. 5000.
Lai'takoo, a town of S. Africa,
the capital of the Boshuanas. PoDi
60U0.—X7, 10 S. U, 30 E.
Lilie'ria, a colony on the coast of
Upper Guinea, near Cape Mesu-
rads, founded by the Americans
for the settlement of free negroes
from the Uniteil States. Monrovia,
the capital, has a population of
1000,
Loan'da, St Paul de, a fortified
«>«ftport of Lower Guinea, theca-
^-^wn'go* a town of Lower Gui-
nea, the capital of a kingdom to
which it gives name. Pop. 19,000.
—4,37 8.11. 48 E.
Log'gun, a popnlow district of
Bomou, & of take Tchad.
Lo'pcs, Cape, a long and nanow
peninsula, on the coast of Lower
Guinea.— 0, 57 S. 8, 35 E.
Lmfis, Fort St, a town of W.
Afk-ica, ntuate on an island at the
mouth of the SenegaL Pop. £000.
Lod'amar, a country of Central
Africa, N. of Bambarra. The na.
tives are Moors, and the moit in-
tolerant Molummedans.
Lupa'ta, a chain of moontaios
in E. Africa, on the wett of Mo-
xambique and Zangnebar.
MAlJAGAS'CAli, a large and
beautiful island to the E. of Af-
rica, from which it is separated by
the Moxambique Channel It Is
850 mites in length and 2S0 in
breadth : the interior is traversed
by a chain of lofty mountains,
covered with valuable trees ; the
fertile plains along the coast are
watered by numerous streams.
Pop. estimated at 2,000,000.
Madet'ra, a fine island olTthe N.
W. coast, belonging to Portu^l,
37 miles in len^h by 1 lin breadth.
It Is famous for its wine, and alv
for its salubrious climate. Poi^
100,000.— 3f, 37 N. 16, 54 W.
Magadox'a, thecapiul of a king-
dom <M the same name, on the east,
em coast The inhabttaou have
always shown great hostility to
Europeans.— 2, 5 N. 45,49 E.
Manda'ra, a kingdom of Central
AfKca, to the S. of Bomou, bor-
dering on a chain of lofty moun-
tains.
Mandin'goes, a mild and hospl.
table race of negroes, widely difTun-
ed over Senegambia and the in-
terior of W. Africa.
Ma'nica, a town in the interior
of E« Africa, on the Bofala, the
principal mart for the trade is
gold and ivorv.
Maru'vi, a lake in the interior of
E. Africa, said to be 300 miles long
and 30 broad.
Mareo'tis, a lake of Egypt, to
the south of Alexandria ; it is 20
miles long, and 20 broad.
Ma'suaA, a seaport of Abysnnis,
on an island in the Red Sea, with
a considerable tradew PopulatioB
2000.
AFRICA.
257
Mauri'tius n Isle of France, «n
island In the Indian Ocean, AOO
miles E. of Madagascar. It Is about
150 miles in circumference, and
produces sugar, coffbe, cotton, in-
digo» and ebony. Since 1810 it
has belonged to Britain. Popula.
tion 93..308.— 20, 9 S. 57, 28 £.
Mejer'daA, the Ba'gradas of the
ancients, a river which flows into
the Mediterranean near Tunis.
Metin'da, once a flourishing city
on the eastern coast, now com-
pletely destroyed by the Galla.
Meq'uinez, a city of Morocco,
situate in a flne plain, watered by
numerous rivulets. It is a favour-
ite residence of the emperor.
Pop. 60.000.--33,58 N. 5, 32 W.
Mera'wd, a town of Oongola, in
Nubia, on the Nile.— 18, 17 N. 31,
58E.
Mesura'da, a rapid river of W.
Africa, which rises in the moun-
tains of Kong, and falls into the
Atlantic at Cape Mesurada.
Mesura'ta, a town of Tripoli,
near the cape of the same name :
it carries on a trade with Central
Africa.— 3«, 23 N. 15, 9 E.
Mocaran'ga or Monomota'pa, a
country of E. Afirica, to the west
of the Sofala coast. Gold>mines
are found in it ; but the interior
is almost unknown to Europeans.
Mog'adore, a sea^Mrt of Morocco,
on the Atlantia It is situate in
the neighbourhood of a l)arren
waste, but makes a flne appearance
fh>m the sea, and is the emporium
of the trade with Europe. Po-
pulation 17,000.-31, 30 N. 9,
44 W.
Momba'aa, a seaport on the
coast of Zanguebar, situate on an
island, with a good harbour, and
a considerable trade. — 4, 4 S. 39,38
£.
Monasteer', a seaport of Tunis,
with a considerable trade. Popu-
lation 12,000.
Moroc'co or Maroc'co, the an-
cient Mauri to'nia, an empire in the
N. W. of Africa, and the most im>
portant of the Barbary States.
Mount Atlas traverses it from W.
to E. and Arom N. to S. The re-
£ion beyond the Atlas, compre-
ending Darah, Tafilet, and Segel-
missa, yields the flnest dates, but
loses itself gradually in the sands
of the Sahara, The government is
the moat rigid dcipotiim« the will
of the emperor being the only law,
and the lives and properties of his
subjects being at his sole disposal.
Moroc'co, the capital of the
above empire, situate on the N.
of Mount Atlas, in a vast plain
covered with date and olive trees.
Pop. 50,000 31, 39 N. 7, 38 W.
Mou r zouk ( M oorzook') ,the capi -
tal of Fezsan. and the chief seat of
the trade with Interior AArica.
Population above 8500.
Mozambiq««', a seaport of East-
em Africa, the capital of the Por-
tuguese settlements on that coast.
It is situate on an island, and is
fortified. Fop. 10.000.— 15, 3 S.
40, 43 E.
Mozambique' Channel, a strait,
or, more properly, an arm of the
Indian Ocean.between Madagascar
and the continent, nearly 30 miles
broad.
NATAL'. SeeSoDTHBEN Af-
BICA, p. S44.
Ne'gro, Cape, a promontory of
Benguela, in Lower Guinea*— 15,
50 S. 11, 55 £.
Mi'ger or Quor'ra, a great river,
whose termination was long mys-
terious, has its source in the lofty
mountains about 200 miles inland
from Sierra Leone ; flowing N« E.,
it is called the Joliba as far as Sego,
and even to Timbuctoo. It then
turns to the S. E. and S., and, after
a course estimated at 2300 miles,
falls, by numerous estuaries, into
the Gulf of Benin.
Ni'ki, a large city of Central
Africa, the capital of Borgoa
Nile, the river of Egvpt, and one
of the most celebrated of the Old
World, was an object of wonder
and veneration to the ancients, and
of eager curiositv to the moderns.
The main branch, called Bahr el
Abiad, or White Kiver, is now un-
derstood to have its source (which,
however, has never been visited
by any European) among the
mountains of Central Arrica,tothe
S. of DarfOr. Uniting in Sennaar
with the Bahr el Azrek, or Blue
River, from Abyssinia, itforms one
large stream, which flows through
Nubia and Upper Egypt, where
it is conflned between the raoun-
tain.ranges. Near Cairo, the val-
ley widens, and the Nile, sepa-
rating into two great branches^
258 AFRICA.
cnteif the extentive and level
plain of the Delta, which ft en-
closet, and AlU into the Mediter-
ranean hj the western branch at
Botetta, and by the eaitem at Da.
mletta. The length ot'lti course if
supposed to be upwards of S500
miles. See Egypt, p. 246.
Nu'bia. See Remarks, p. S47.
Nyfft, a fine country of Central
Africa, east of the Niger, where
trade and manufactures are very
flourishing.
OB EID^the capiUl of Kordofan,
Central Africa. Pop. 2(),000.
OLI PH A N T or El'ephant Hlver,
rises in the mountains of the
Cape Colony, and falls into the
Atlantic.
Cran, a seaport of Algiers. Pop.
4000.— 35, 49 N. 0, 30 W.
Or'ange or Oareep, a river of S.
AfriCH, formed by the union of
several streams which descend ftom
the Snowy Mountains ; after a cir.
ct'itous rourse of above 1000 miles,
It falls into the Atlantic near Cape
Volia. *^
PAL'MAS, Cape, a promontory
of W Africa, fonning the western
termination of the Ivory Coast —
4, «3 N. 7. 98 W.
Port Lou'is, the capital of the
island of Mauritius, with a good
harbour. Pop. 85,000.
Por'to Fari''na, on the site of the
ancient I/'/Ira, a seaport of Tunis,
at the mouth of the Mejerdah.
Prince's Island, a small island
in the Gulf of Guinea* Pop. 400a
QUILLI'MANE, a seaport of £.
At'rica.at the mouth of theZambeiU
Pop. 3O00.— 17, 58 8. 37, E.
Quil'ua, a seaport of Zanguebar,
suUect to the Imam of MaM>aL
It AB'BA. a large city of Central
Africa, capital of the kingdom of
Nylld. It excels in the manuCsc-
tureofmats.
Red Sea. See p. 23%
Ri'o Grande, a river of W. Af-
rica, which opens into the Atlantic
by several estUHries, opposite to
which is a group of islands called
the Archipelago of Bissagos.
Roset'ra, a town of Egvpt, at the
mouth of the western liranch of the
Nite. Pop. 15,000—51, 85 N. 30,
Rox'o, a cape on the W. coast.
SACK'ATOO, the largest city of
-ntral Africa, capital of Hous.
fa, on a trlbottry of th« KIgcr.
Pop. SO.OOa— 18, N. 9, 15 E/
Saf fee,a seaportof Morocco, wltb
a fine harbour. Pop. 12,000.— A,
17 N 9. 12 W.
Saha'ra, or the Great Desert.
See p. 249.
SaldanOia, a bay on the S, W.
coast of the Cape Colony.
Sallee', a seaport on the W. coast
of Morocco, at the mouth of s river
of the same name. 1 1 was formerly
a great stronghold of the Mooiisn
pirate*. Pop. 10,000. New Sallee,
or Rabat', is on the opposite sideof
the river. Population S5,00a
SaKvador, St, or Con'go, a city
of W. Africa, the capital of Congo,
on a steep and rocky hiU. Popu-
lation about 24,000.
Se'go, a flourishing city of Cen-
tral Africa, capital of Bambaixa,
on the Niger. Pop. 30,00a
Sen'egal, a large river of West-
em Africa, which has Its source in
the Mountains of Kong, not fu
from those of the Oamba and Rio
Grande. In its progress through
the country of the Foulahs it is
swelled by numerous streams, and,
after a course of atx>ut 950 mUcs,
falls into the Atlantic
Senegam'bia, the name given to
the countries of W. Africa, water-
ed by the Senegal, Gambia, and
Rio Grande, extending southwards
to Sierra Leone. This extensive
region is divided into a number of
states or kingdoms, and InhaMtcd
chiefly by tne Foulahs, Maodin-
goes, and YaloA.
Senna'ar, a city of Nubia, ou
the Bahr el Axrek, or Blue Bivcr.
Pop. yoOO.^13, S3 N. 35, 30 R
Seychelles, a group of 30 Islands,
in the Indian Ocean, of which
Mah^ is the chief. Pop. 70^0.
Shar'y, a large river of Central
Africa, which fklls into Lake
Tcltad. See Tchadda.
Shen'dy or Chen'dy, a town of
Nubia, near the Nile, the empori-
um of the trade of Interior Africa
with Rgypt and Arabia. Fop.flOOO.
Si'dra, a large gulf on the coasts
of Tripnli and Barca ; the Syr'tit
Ma'jor of the ancients, by whom
the navigation was considered very
dani.'erous, from its quicksands.
Sler'ra Leo'n^, a country of West-
ern Africa, watered by the Rokelle,
or Sierra Leone, oo which iheBri-
AI^RICA.
369
^ ibffmtd « ftttlemtnt in 1787*
To* dimat* 1« extremely un-
fcealthj and fktal to fiuropcaai.
^ in 1886, 97,468.
viout' or Essiout' a city of Up.
pet Egypt, on the Nile, a place of
oooBiderable trade. Pop. I f .000.
84iire Coast, a country of Upper
Guiaea, extending from Rio Volta
to th* Bay of Lagos.
SoQ/tra or Boco'tora, an island
in tht Indian Ocean, about 180
mileteut from Cape OuardaAit.
It ia tn-iuntainous, and produces
tb« fines', aloes.
Sorala, a country, with a town
of the sanif name, on the coast of
Eastern Africa.
Soiidan' vr NleTi'tia, the name
applied to th« partof Central Africa
lying to the a of the Great Desert,
and to the £. of Senegambla. It
comprehends ^.he basin of Lake
Tctud and the regions watered by
the Niger and iis tributaries.
Sparnel, Cape, a promontory at
the W. extremtt) of tlie Straita of
Oibralur.^35, A N. 6, 53 W.
Sualtin, a seaport of Nubia, on
the Red Sea, with & good harbour.
Pop. 8000.-19, 5 N.87, 33 E.
Su'es, a celebrated itthmuswhich
oonnects the continents of Asia and
Africa, and separates the Mediter-
mnean from the Red Qea. It it
about 70 miles broad.
Su'ei, a maritime to^m, at the
head of the W. arm of the Red Seju
top. 1000.— S9, 58 N. 82, Bl £.
Sye'nA See Assouan.
TA'BLE BAY, in the Cape Co-
lony, S. Africa, formed by three
lofty mountains.
Ta'bra, a city of Ny(F8, In Cen-
tral AfHca. Pop. 18,000.
TaPllet, a large district south of
Mount Atlas, tributary toMorocco.
It Is a vast level plain, of whieb
d^ites are the chief produce.
Tan'gier, a seaport of Morocco,
OQ the StraiU of Gibraltar. Pop.
lOj^.— 85, 47 N. 5, 48 W.
Tkn'ta, a town of Lower Egypt,
oontaining a sacred shrine, which
ia visited at a particular season by
150,000 pilgrims. Pop. 10.000.
Taroudaiit', a city of Morocco,
famous for the manufacture oi
Iwther. Pop. 80,000.— 30, 10 N.
8,A0W.
Tatf ta, and Akfka, two towns on
the S. frontier of Morocco, the
prlnetptl •tatient firom whlcl^ the
caravans fbrTimbuctoo take tta^
departure.
Tchad, a large lake or Inland tea
of Central Aflrica, about 800 miles
long and 150 broad, in which are
numerous islands, covered with
rich pastures, and well peopled.
Tcnad'da or Sharpy, alarge river
of Central Africa, which falls into
the Niger.
Temiv'sa, a town of Feszan, the
flrst reached by the cdravans from
Cairo, after crossing the Libyan
Desert.
Te'tuan, a seaport of Morocco,
within the Straits of Gibraltar.
Pop. 16,000.-35, 38 N. 5, 24 W.
TAom'as,St,an island in the Gulf
of Guinea, situate nearly oa the
Equator. It is remarluble fur ita
fertihty, but is very unhealthy.
Pop. 18,000.
Timbuc'too or Tombuc'too. ace-
lebrated commercial city and em-
IKjrium of Central Africa, situate
atooxii 8 miles from the bank of the
Niger, on the borders of the Great
Desert. Europeans for three cen-
turies madetruitless eflbrts to pene-
trate to Timbuctoo ; at last MiOor
Laing succeeded In reaching it in
1826, but was murdered on his
return homewards. Poa al)Out
1S,000.— 15, 48 N. S, 40 &
IVem'ecen or Tlem'san, a city
of Algiers, once the capital of u
Moorish kingdom. Pop. 10,000.
-35, 5 N. 1. 5 W.
Trip'oli, the most easterly of the
Barbarv Sutes, to the E. of Tunis,
consisting of a long line of coast.
For a few miles inland it U ex-
tremely fertile, but beyond that
is occupied with deserta of sand,
or with mountainous districts.
Poix 60O,OOa
Trlp'oli, the capiUI of the above
state, sunds on a rock washed by
the sea, and is defended by nume-
rous batteries. It is the ch ief seat
of the intercourse with Bornou
and Houssa, the finest countriee
of Interior Africa. Pop. 85,000.
— 3S, 53N. 13, II E
Tris'tan d'Acun'ha, three smaU
Islands in the S. Atlantic, nearly
1500 miles to the west of the Cape
of Good Hope, and about midway
between Africa and Americ .
Tu'nis, one of the Barbery
Statety fituate hetween Algiers
260
AY&ICA*
and Tripoli, and remarkable for its
beauty and fertility; Stretching
into the Mediterranean, iu north-
ern extremity is only about 80
miles from the coast of Sicily. To
the commercial advantage of its
situation is to be ascribed the
greatness of RncieotCarthage, once
the rival of Rome. Pop. 1,800,000.
Tu'nis, the capital of tho above
state, situate 10 miles &. W. ft-om
the site of Car*tkage, on a spacious
bay, and strongly fortiBed. Its
traide and manufactures are exten-
sive. Pop. iOO,0.)0, of whom 30,000
are Jews.— 36, 48 N. 10, HE.
VE (ID B.C A P£, a bold headland,
stretching into the Atlantic, and
forming the extreme western point
of Africa.— 14,43 N. 17,32 W.
Verde, Cape, Islands, a group
belonging to Portugal, about 80
miles W. flrom Cape Verde, are
ten in number, three of which are
large, St Jago, St Antonio, and St
Nicholas. Pogo, one of the small,
est, has a volcano, of which the
eruptions are frequent. Cotton
and sea-salt are the staple produc-
tions of these iflands. Pop. 35,000.
Vol'ta, a river of W. Africa,
which forms the boundary l)etween
the Gold and Slave Coasts.
WA'LET, a city of Central Af-
rica, the capital of Beeroo ; it car-
ries on a large trade in salt.
War'rafa considerable cityof Cen-
tral Africa, the capital of Bergoo.
Waree', a city of Upper Guinea,
capital of a district of Benin. Po-
pulation 5000.
Wa'wa', a town of Central Africa,
subject to Biussa. Population
18,000.-9, 55 N. 5, 55 £.
WhydflJk, n ■wport, autbm Save
Coast, now subject to the King oC
Dahomey. Pop. 7000.
YAR'RIBA or Bye'o, a larsr
kingdom. W. of the Niger. It J
very fruitful, and Is inhabited by a
mild and industrious people.
You'ri, a kingdom of Centil
Africa, productive in rice md
other grains, and very populon
Vou'ri, a large city, the cfMal
of the above lungdom. os the
Niger.— 10, 35 N. 6, 23 £.
ZAA'RAorSah«Va. Seeputll
Zago'shl, an island in th» Niger,
opposite Bai)ba, ^x>at i5 miles
long and 3 broad. Ihe inlis-
bitants manufacture |oe finest
cloths in this part of A^ica.
Zalrff. See Congo.
2Sambe^2i or Cua.'nui» a large
river of Eastern Atica, which
flows through the >. of Motam*
bique into the Indian Ocem.
zanguebar', a oovntry of Eaaten
Africa, stretching along the coast,
to the north of Moxambique.
Zanzibar', an ^land in the In-
dian Ocean, neartbe coast of Zan-
guebar. It is £nrtile, but very un-
healthy. Pop. 150,0(X).
Zanzibar', the cafrftal of the
island ; has a good trade, with a
population of 10.000.
Zar'ia, a .sity of Central Africa,
the capiUl of Zeg-zeg. P. 50,000.
— 11, 4 N, 8, 38 a
Zeg-zeg, a flourishing ooontry
of Central Afriea, B. of Kano, now
subject to the Fellatahs.
Zei'la, a aeaport, the cafntal of
A del, on an Islet, near the Straits
of Babelmandeb, a place of cowi*
derable trade — 11, 16 N. 42, 56 E.
AMERICA
Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by the
Pacific Ocean ; S. by the Soathern Ocean ; and £ . by
the Atlantic Ocean. The superficial area has been esti-
mated at 1 5^000^000 square miles^ and its population
at 40 millions.
REMARKS.
America extends from about 74* N. to 56"* S. lat, aod
from 35» to 168» W. long. Its length from N. to & is
nearly 9000 miles, and its average breadth about 2000
lUes.
AHBRIOA. 261
The dtiooveiy of America forms one of the mott remark4
able eras in the history of the world. Till the close of th«
fifteenth century this vast continent was unknown to £uro«
peans. The celebrated Christopher Columbus, a natiTe of
Genoa, having engaged in the senrice of Ferdinand and Isa«
bella of Spain, sailed on the Sci^ of August 1492 in search of
a western passage to India, and on the 12th of October ar*
rived at St Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands. In a second
expedition he touched at several large islands, supposed
by him to belong to India, and which were therefore called
the Wett Indies. In his third voyage, in 1498, he reached
the American continent, which had been discovered in the
preceding year by John Calx>t, a Venetian in the service of
Henry VII. of England. Amerigo Vespucci, a native of
Florence, sailed thither as pilot to Hojeda, a Spanish com*
mander, in 1499 ; and having published an account of thcf
country, of which he insinuated that he was the discoverer,
it came gradually to be called after his name, America,
which it has ever since retained.
The discovery of this immense region excited, in a very
high degree, the curiosity of Europe, and it became the
grand object of commercial adventure and scientific re-
search* In magnitude it seemed far to exceed any
of the great continents hitherto known; while the un.*
usual aspect which Nature here assumed, led the beholders
to regard it as a New World, which had risen but recently
under the Creator*8 hand. Forests of new species of trees,
surpassing in extent and magnificence all that they had
ever seen, vast mountain-ranges* with a single exception,
the loftiest on the globe, and rivers which rolled to the
ocean with the majesty x)f seas, — were the sublime features
of this Western World. Its animals differed no less from
those with which Europeans were familiar, and it appeared
inhabited by a peculiar race of human beings. Its soil
abounded with the richest productions ; and mines of the
precious metals offered the tempting prospect of immediate
and incalculable wealth.
The unhappy natives soon had reason to deplore the ar.
rival of these strangers on their shores. The Spaniards and
Portuguese, having obtained from the Pope a grant of those
lands, as if they had been at his absolute disposal, fitted out
large expeditions, waged a relentless and almost exterminate
ing war» and spread themselves widely over both the North*
em and Southern Continents. The natives, supposed by
some to have originally migrated from Asia by Behring*s
l2
062 AMERICA.
Scrftita, were of a copper colour, tall, and well fonnedy-4ii
Couth America, generally slender,— >in North America,
more vigorous and robust. When first visited by the Span-
iardsy Peru and Mexico were populous and companitively
ciTilized kingdoms, and native tribes occupied, though par-
tially, both continents from Jthe Northern to the Southern
Oceans. According to recent estimates, the whole amount
of the Indian population in the New World does not ex.
ceed 8^600,000.
EXERCISK8.
How is America bounded ? What is its extent in square
miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Between
what d^ms of latitude and lonipimde is it situate ? What
are its lenrth and breadth ? When did America become
known to Europeans ? What island of America was first
discovered? B^ whom, and in what attempt ? What islands
did he discover m his second voyaf^e? In what year did he
reach the American continent? By whom had it been dis-
covered the year preceding ? From whom did America re-
ceive its name ? What effect did the discovery of this con-
tinent produce in Europe? Was this effect increased the
farther it was explored ? In what light were the new visitants
of this continent led to regard it ? What were the sublime
features of the New World ? Did its animals and natives
differ from those of other continents ? By what circumstances
was the cupidity of its adventurous discoverers inflamed ? Had
the natives reason to rejoice in the arrival of these strangers
on their shores ? What European nations fitted out expedi-
tions for America ? How did they treat the natives ? From
whence are the natives of America supposed to have come ?
What was their personal appearance? In what state were
Mexico and Peru when first visited by the Spaniards ? Weie
there many tribes scattered over the continent ? What is
now the estimated amount of the Indian population ?
This continent is divided into North and South
America hy the Isthmus of Panama.
NORTH AMERICA
Is bounded N. hy the Northern Ocean : W. hy the
Pacific Ocean; South by the Gulf of Mexico and
the Pacific Ocean ; and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. It
extends from 7" SO' to 74° N. lat, and from 65** 30'
to 168* W. long., being in length, from N. to S., 4500
miles, and in breadth, from the E. of Nova Scotia to
*he mouth of the Columbia River, nearly 3000 miles.
2_»
NORTH AMBHICA. 263
The superficial area has been estimated at 8^000,000
square miles, and its population at S7 millions.
The divisions of North America are^ 1. RusnAN
Tbrritoby; 2. Bbitish America; 3. United
States; 4. Mexico and Guatimala; 5. West In-
dia Islands; 6. Greenland.
Its Islands, besides the West Indies, are New-
foundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, Bermudas,
Aleutian Islands, Queen Charlotte's Isles, Vancouver
Island, North Georgian Islands, Cockburn Island,
Southampton Island.
Lakes. — Superior., Michigan, Huron, Erie, Onta^*
rio; Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Athabasca^
W^innipeg, Mtstassin ; Champlain, Nicaragua.
KivERS. — Mississippi, Missouri, Oliio, St Lawrence^
Hudson, Arkansas, Red River, Rio Colorado^ Rio del
Norte, Columbia, Mackenzie.
Bays, Gulfs, and Straits. — Baffin's Bay, Davis'
Straits, Prince Regent's Inlet, Coronation Gulf, Hud«
son's Bay, James' Bay, Straits of Belleisle, Gulf of
St Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Cbesapeak Bay, Gulf of
Mexico, Florida Channel, Bay of Campeachy, Bay of
Honduras, Gulf of California; Nootka Sound, Behring*8
Straits, Barrow's Strait, Strait of the Fury and Hecla.
Cafes. — Farewell, Chidley, Charles, Sable, Cod,
Hatteras, Tancha, St Lucas, Prince of Wales, Icy Cape.
Mountains. — Appalachian or Alleghany Moun-
tains, Rocky Mountains, Mount St Elias, Mount Fair*
weather, the Mountains of Mexico.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of North America? Between
what degrees of hititude and longitude does it extend ? What
are its length and breadth? What is its extent in square
miles? What is the estimated amount of its population?
What are the divisions of North America? Name its
islands. Name its lakes. Name its rivers. Mention its
bays, gulfs, and straits. Name its capes and moantaini«
Point out on the map its islands, lakes, &c.
THE RUSSIAN TERRITORY
CoKSiSTS of the extreme north-western region of Ame->
rica, and a narrow tract of coast extending to 55** N. lat.
S64 NORTH AMBBIOA*
It is bounded N. by the Northern Ooein; W. md &
by the North Pacific; and £. by Biitidi America.
Population 50,000.
BBMARK8.
' This region, which is in general dreary and unproductive,
is thinly inhabited by tribes, many of which are very ferod-
ous. It yields valuable furs ; and the fisheries of the whale,
sea-otter, and other animals, are very importanL The long
chain of the Aleutian Islands hers extends between Asia
and America ?
EXERCISES.
What portion of North America belongs to Russia ? What
are its boundaries ? What is the general aspect of this region ?
What is the character of its tribes ? What valuable produc-
tions does this region afford ? What chain of islands extends
between America and Asia ?
BRITISH AMERICA
la bounded N. by Baffin *8 Bay and the Arctic Ocean;
W. by the Russian Territory; S. by the United
States ; and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. It is eatimated
to contain 2.360^000 square miles. The white popn«
lation, in 1836, amounted to 1,500>000.
DIvltionf. Cliief Towns.
Hudson's Bay Territories, in-
cluding Labrador. York Fort, Nain.
Upper Canada Toronto. Kingston.
Lower Canada Quebec, MontreaL
New Brunswick Fredericton, St John.
Nova Scotia. Halifax, Annapolis, PictOH.
Islands. Chief Towns.
Newfoundland St John.
Gape Breton Sydney.
Prince Edward Charlotte Town.
Bermudas St George.
A nticostij Southampton, North Georgian Islands.
Capes. — Rosier^ Sable, Canso, Breton, Ray, Race,
Charles, Chidley.
Bays, &c. — Baffin's Bay, Davis' Straits, Hudson's
Straiu, Hudson's Bay, James* Bay, Straits of Belleisle,
Gulf of St Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Coronation Gulf,
Barrow's Strait, Prince Regent's Inlet.
Lakes. — Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Winni«
3BITI8H AXBBIOA. 265
peg, Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, Great Bear Lake,
Mistaasin.
Biters.— St Lawrence, Ottawa, St John, Niagara,
Coppermine, Mackenzie, Nelson.
REMARKS.
British America, including the Indian countries, extends
from 43** to 74*' K. lat., and from 55° SC/ to Ml*"^. long.
Its length from Cape Charles to the North Pacific, is S500
miles ; and its breadth, from Barrow's Strait to the Missouri
Territory, is SOCX) miles.
The great river St Lawrence, with the chain of immense
fresh-water lakes, unequalled by any in the world, forms
one of the most striking features of British America.
The St Lawrence issues from Lake Superior, and, pass-
ing successiyely through Lakes Huron, Erie, and On-
tario, falls into the Atlantic, after a course of nearly 2000
miles. This migestic stream is 90 miles wide at its mouth,
and is nayigable by ships of the line for 400 miles from the
ocean. These magnificent expanses of water are bordered
by deep and lofty forests ; and even the mountain-ranges,
whi(*h are of great extent, are in general covered with wood.
Canada was colonized in 1608 by the French, and con-
tinued in their possession till 1759, when it was conquered
by th» British. It is divided into two provinces or govern-
ments, called Upper and Lower Canada. Cold and heat are
here felt in their extremes, and the transition from winter
to summer is very sudden. Although lying under the same
parallel of latitude as France, the thermometer sometimes in
winter sinks SI* below aero ; while in summer it occasionally
rises as high as 90 '^ or even 100°. Tlie year is divided between
these seasons,*— spring and autumn being almost unknown.
The frost begins in October ; and the snow disappears about
the end of April, when vegetation proceeds with great ac«
tivity. The climate, however, is very congenial to health.
The soil of the Lower Province is fertile, and produces
good crops of grain. The Upper has beautiful plains and
verdant meadows, scarcely excelled by any portion of North
America, and there are large tracts of rich land, stretching
far to the north, covered with extensive forests. The most
populous and improved districts are along the banks of
the St Lawrence, and the shores of Lake Ontario. Apples
and pears arrive at great perfection in the neighbour.
hood of Montreal; fruits of various kinds, particularly
the melon, appear indigenous to the country. Oak^
266 BRITISH AJfBRICA.
pine, maple, bircfa, elm, and limes, are the most commoa
trees in the forests. The lakes and riven abound vitfa
excellent fish. Tha moose-deer and the bearer may be
mentioned among tlie wild animab; the Canadian hun*
roing-bird is the smallest known; the rattlesnake is the moit
dangerous of its reptiles. The exports are chiefly forsy tim-
ber, potash, fish, wheat, and flour.
The population of Lower Canada in 1836 was 600,000,
of whom the greater number are still of French descend and
the French language and manners are generally retained.
Upper Canada has been colonized from Britain, and partly
from the United States. For the two years preriouato 18SS
the emigrants amounted to above 50,000 annually ; in 18S7
there were 29,884. The population in 1836 was 400,000.
Both the Canadas are under one goremor ; and, pteriousto
the late in»urrf ction, the government of each province was
administered by a lieutenant-governor, executiye coundl,
and a legislative council, appointed by the sovereign^ and
a house of assembly, chosen by the people.
All the Regions Noaru of Canada, are claimed by Bri-
tain, and admitted by the other powers to belong to her,
though occupying only a few trading forts or factories at
different points. This immense region is separated fnm
the territory of the Uniud States by the 49th degree of K.
lat, and from the Russian Territory by the 14lBt degree of
W. long. .
The countries around Hudson*s Bay, included under the
name of New Britain, comprehending Labrador, East
Main, New North and South Wales, present an aspect
dreary in the extreme, being buried under snow for half
the year. The chief native tribes dlfilised over this region
are the Esquimaux, who are scattered over the N. coast of
Hudson*s Bay, and along the shores of the Polar Ocean;
the Chippeway and Cree Indians ; and to the north of tbelat^
ter the Dog.ribbed, Copper-coloured, and Hare-foot In-
dians, who are described as a hospitable and harmless race.
The enterprise of British navigators has added lately to
our knowledge some large tracts and islands, within the Arc*
tic Zone, — Melville Peninsula, the North Georgian Islands
&c. Nearly the whole northern coast of America has also
being recently explored by Captain Ross and the Hudson's
Bay Company ; these regions, being still more barren and
dreary, are interesting almost solely to science and euriwty.
For an account of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ac, see
Psscairrivx Tavle.
BBXTISH AUERICA, 26?
EXERCISES.
How is British America bounded ? What is its extent in
sauaie miles ? What is the amount of its white population ?
Name the divisions and chief towns. What are its capes, bays,
&C., lakes, and rivers ? Between what degrees of latitude and
longitude is it situate ? What is its extent in length and
breadth ? What is the most striking feature in the aspect of
British America? Name its great lakes. By what river
are they connected ? What is the length of its course ? Uow
wide is it at its mouth ? How far is it navigable for ships of
the line ? With what are these lakes bordered ? When and
bjr whom was Canada colonized ? When was it conquered
by the British ? What is remarkable in the climate ? What
are the states of the thermometer, occasionally, in winter and
summer respectively ? Into what seasons is the year divided ?
At what periods does winter begin and disappear? Is its
climate congenial to health ? What is the quality of the
soil of Ix>wer Canada ? What are the principal features of
Upper Canada ? Which are the most populous and improved
districts ? Name the principal fruits. What are the most
common forest-trees? With what do the lakes and rivers
abound ? Mention some of the animals worthy of notice.
What are the chief exports ?
What is the amount of the population of Lower Canada,
and of what descent is the greater part ? What language and
manners are generally retained? From what countries has
Upper Canada been colonized ? What was the annual
amount of the emigrants for some years? Wiiat is the
amount of its population ? What is the form of government
of the Canadas ? By whom are the Regions North of Canada
claimed? How are they occupied? By what parallel of
latitude are they separated from the United States ? and by
what meridian of longitude from the Russian Territory ?
What aspect do the countries around Hudson's Bay pre-
sent ? What are the chief native tribes diffused over this re-
fion ? Which of them are described as a hospitable and
armless race? What has the enterprise of British navigators
lately added to our knowledge ? What coast has recently
been explored by Captain Ross and the Hudson's Bay Com-
pany ? What are its peculiar features ?
THE UNITED STATES
Abe bounded N. by British America ; W. by the Pa-
cific Ocean and Mexico ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico ;
and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. They contain 2,257,300
square miles. Population above 13,000,000, of whom
2,000,000 are slaves.
268 VniTED BTATnU
Dirmooa, CbicTToinC.
Northern, or New Eng-
UndSUttt.
Maine AugattA,* PortlMid, Bith, Bclfttt
New Hamptbue. CotookI, Portsmoath, Dover.
Vermont. HoDtpelier, Barlio|^toa,MiddlelHif7'
MaMadiusetta^ Boston, Salem, Camliridge, LovcO.
Rhode Island Proridenee, Newport.
Connecticut. Haitfind^Nev Haven, New London.
Middle Statea. ^, ,» ^ « ^,
New York. Albany, New Yorlu BaflBlo.
Pennnylvania HarrUbuTK. Philadelphia, Pitttbmg.
New Jersey Trenton, Newark, Pattetaon.
Delaware. Dorer, Wilmington.
Southern Stotes. ^ , ,
MaryUnd. Annapolis. Baltimore.
Virginia Ricbmond, Norfolk, Petmbotg.
Dintrictof Columbia WASHiKOTOif.
North Carolina Raleigh, Newbem, FayetteriDe.
8outh Carolina. Columbia, Charleston.
Georgia MilledgeVille, SaTannah, Aagnsta.
Alabama Tuscaloosa, Mobile, Cahavba.
Western States.
Ohio Columbus, CincinnatL
Indiana. Indianapolis, Vincennea.
Illinois Vandalla, Kaskaskia, Shawneetovn.
Missouri Jefferson, 8t Louis, Fnmklin.
Kentucky Frankfort, LouUville, Lexingtsn.
Tennessee Nashville, Knozville.
Mississippi Jackson, Natchez.
Louisiana. New Orleans. '
Arkansas Little Rock.
Michigan Dctroiu
Territories not yet erect-
ed into States.
Florida Tallaha88cc,8tAugu8tinc, Pensacolt.
Wisconsin
North-west, Missouri,
Western, Territories.
Islands.— Rhode, Long, Staten, Nantucket.
Bays. — Penobscot, Massachusetts, Delaware, Chett-
peak. Long Island Sound, Florida CbanneL
Capes. — Ann, Cod, May, Charles, Henry, Hatteras,
Lookout, Fear, Tancha or Sable Point.
Mountains. — Appalachian or Alleghany Moun-
tains, Rocky Mounuins, Osark Mountains.
* The state.capitals, M given in the American Almanac for I838i
are placed artt.
UNITBD 6TATB8. 269
Lakes. — Michigan^ Champlain^ the southern shores
of the Lakes of Canada^ Pontchartrain.
Rivers. — Mississippi with its tributaries, Missouri,
Arkansas, Red River, Ohio» Wabash, Tennessee, Illi-
nois, St Peters ; St Croix, Connecticut, Hudson, De-
laware^ Susquehannah, Potomac^ Savannah^ Columbia.
REMARKS.
The territory of the United States extends frona 25^ to
49'' N. laL, and from 67** to 124** W. long. Its length,
from the Pacific Ocean to the mouth of the Bay of Fundy,
is 2750 miles ; and its breadth, from the south of Loui-
siana to the Lake of the Woods, is 1300 miles.
This vast region is traversed by two great chains of
mountains, in a direction nearly N. and S., viz. the AU
legbanies on the £. and the Rocky Mountains on tlie W.
These divide the country into the eastern, western, and
middle regions ; the latter comprising the great and fertile
basin .or valley of the MississippL The range of the Alle-
ghanies is about 900 miles ip length, and stretehes, in
several ridges, nearly parallel to the Atlantic, at a distance
from the coast varying from 50 to 200 miles. Mount Wash-
ington, in New Hampshire, the highest peak, is 6634 feet
above the sea, though the elevation of the range south of
the Hudson rarely exceeds 3000 feet. The Rocky Moun.
taius, which are upon a grander scale, run parallel to the
Pacific, and bound on the W. the valleys of the Missouri
and the Mississippi. Long's Peak is 15,000 feet above the
sea. Nearly midway between the Alleghany and Rocky
Mountains is a ridge called the Ozarks, extending from S.W.
to N.E., and varying In height from 1000 to 3000 feet above
the sea.
Of the magnificent rivers that flow through the United
States, the most important are the Mississippi and the Mis-
souri. Although the latter has been classed as a tributary
of the former, it has recently been found to have the longer
course before their junction, and consequently the better
claim to be regarded as the principal stream. The dis-
tance between its source in the Rocky Mountains and its
confluence with the Mississippi is 3000 miles ; thence to its
mouth, in the Gulf of Mexico, 1265 miles. The length of
the Missouri, including ite windings, is therefore 4265 miles;
while that of the Mississippi, from its source to the sea, is
8160 miles. The Missouri is deep and rapid, and receives
numerous rivers in its course, many of them of considerable
270 UNITED 8TATB9.
•Stent. The MiHissippi bat itt aonree from mom oaaU
Ukes in Ut. 47* N. About 160 miles, below its jantim
with the Minouri, it receives the Ohio, swelled hj tbe
wmtere of the Wabssh, Cumberland^ and Tennessee ; asi
lower down tbe Arkansas and Red River. The Misusuppi
flows through a vast plain, which it so gradual in its de-
scent, that the river is navigable to the Falls of St AntboDj,
upwards of 1500 miles from its mouth ; while most of its
great tributaries are navigable nearly to their source. Such
is tbe importance of these western streams, that there are now
from SOO to 400 steam- vessels constantly pi jing on them.
The United States are distinguished for tbe facilities sC-
forded to internal commerce, by means of magnificotf
canals and railroads. Of the former it may be sufficient to
mention the Erie Canal, which connects the river Hudsoa
with Lake Erie. It commences at Albany^ tenninatcsat
Buffalo, and is 363 miles in length. The Ohio State Canal,
uniting Lake Erie with the Ohio River, is 806 miles long.
Tbe Chesapeak and Ohio Canal, commenced in 1828, and
designed to unite the Potpmac at Washington with the
Ohio at Pittsburg, will be 341 miles long, and €0 feet wide;
tbe tunnel through the Alleghany mountains is upwards olf
4 miles in length.
The climate is remarkable for its inconstancy; pe^^BS
suddenly from extreme cold to scorching heat, and froo
drenching rains to withering droughts. To the west of the
Alleghany Mountains the weather is more equable and ten-
perate. The general aspect of the country is that of a vast
forest, becoming denser as the traveller proceeds westward.
On the west of the Alleghany Mountains, it expands iaio
immense level meadows or savannahs, called prairies. Tbe
soil in general is fertile. Among the trees which it popdnce*
are the larch and pine, several species of oak» walnut, popbr»
maple, tbe white cedar, the occidental plane, tbe tulip-trsCi
and the magnolia. The last of these, for its gigantic sise,
its splendid flowers and fruit, stands unrivalled even amidst
the wonders of these magnificent forests.
In the northern and middle states, the common species of
grain are raised. Maise and wheat are cultivated with
success. Tbe potato is here in its native soil. Bice, eet-
ton, indigo, and tobacco, are the chief productions is tbe
southern states. Apples and pears, of the finest flsvour,
ebound in the northern and middle regions ; and there aie
urge orchards of peaches, from which brandy is distilled.
Ihe bison or buffido, the moose^er^ the elk> and cwiboa
UNITED STATES. 27^
or rein-deer ar« found in the plains and forests ; the more
ferocious Animals are the bear, the wolf, the spotted tiger,
and the couguar or American panther. The feathered
creation are highly distinguished by the splendour of their
plumage. In general, however, their notes have little of
beauty or Tariety, though the power of imitation in the
mocking-bird is very surprising;. The humming.bird is the
most beautiful of all birds. The serpent brood is numerous
and formidable. The rattlesnake, armed with a deadly
poison, is peculiarly terrible, and various other species are
met with in the forests. The coasts abound with fishes, ge-
nerally of the same species as in Europe ; there are also
numerous amphibia, the most important of which is the
otter, inhabiting the western coast, and whose rich skin is a
▼aluable article in commerce.
The United States have the more useful metals in abund-
ance, and the gold mines of North Carolina have risen to
some importance. Coal is found in the New England
States, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia ; and on the
west aide of the Alleghany Mountains there is an immense
coal-field. Salt-springs are numerous in the great valley
of the Mississippi ; and on its western side are plains of great
extent, which are periodically incrusted with salt.
The government of the United States is republican. The
administration of affairs is confided to a Congress, consist-
ing of a Senate and House of Representatives, and to a
president The Senate is composed of 52 members, two
from each state, who retain their places for six years, one.
third of them being elected every two years. The House
of Representatives is composed of members from the several
states, elected by the people for the term of two years; in the
26ih congress, the number of representatives is 242, besides
one delegate from each of the territories of Florida and
Wisconsin. The president, chosen by delegates from each
state, holds his office four years. The Union at present
consists of 26 states, 2 territories, and 1 district.
Each state has, besides, its own government, for the re-
gulation of its internal concerns. These local administrations
have the power of making or altering laws relative to pro.
perty and private rights, police, the appointment of judges
and civil officers, the levying of taxes, and all other rights
and powers not vested in the federal government.
There is no religious establishment supported by the
state ; but Christianity, in some form, is generally profess-
ed. The most numerous sects are the Presbyterian, Epi»<
273 UNITBD 6TATBS.
copalian, Methodist, Baptist, and Independent. The Ame-
ricans are characterized by the good and bad qualities diat
naturally spring from the freedom enjoyed under a pure
democracy, lliey are active, enterprising* acute, frank,
high.spirited, and brave ; but Uiere is a coarse blunlness in
their manners, with a prying inquisitiveness into the busi-
ness of others, that is often extremely ofiensive to strangers.
Much attention is paid to education, particularly in the
northern and middle states. They have many literary insti-
tutionsy and can boast of some very distinguished names in
science and letters.
This vast and important country belonged to Britain till
the year 1775, when the colonists were roused to rebellion
by the attempts of the government to tax them against their
will, and they finally succeeded in throwing off* the British
yoke. Their independence was acknowledged in 1783.
EXERCISES.
How are the United States bounded ? What is their ex^
tent in square miles ? What is the amount of the population ?
What states are included in the Northern Divi&ion ? Name
their chief towns. What states are contained in liie Middle
Division ? Name their chief towns. Of what does the South-
ern Division consist ? Name the chief towns. What are
the Western States ? Name the chief towns. What aie the
territories not yet erected into states ? What towns do they
contain ? Name the islands, bays, capes, mountains, lakes,
and rivers.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does the
territOTy of the United States extend ? What are its length
and breadth ? By what chains 'of mountains, and in what
directions, is it traversed ? Into what re^ons do those mons-
tains divide the country? At what distance are the Alle-
ifhanies from the Atlantic ? What is the height of Mount
Washington ? Describe the Rocky Mountains. In whst
direction do the Ozarks extend ? What is their height ?
What are the most important rivers in the United States?
Which is the larger of these two rivers ? What is the whole
length of its course ? What length of course has the Minis-
sippi ? What is the character of the Missouri ? What riven
does the Mississippi receive after its junction with the Mis-
souri ? How far can vessels ascend the Mississippi and iti
tributaries? What are the number of steam-vessels con-
stantly upon them ?
For what are the United States distinguished ? What river
and lake does the Erie Canal connect ? Mention its com-
mencement and termination, with its length. What lake and
pver are united by the Ohio State Canal ? What canid was
MBXICO AND GUATIMALA. 273
commenced in 1828 ? What is its desipfii ? M'hat are its
leofi^di and width ?
For what is the climate of the United States remarkable ?
What is the general aspect of the country ? What is the ge-
neral quality of the soil ? Mention some of the forest-trees.
Which of these is the most remarkable? What are the chief
agricultural products ? Mention some of the fruits of this
country. What wild animals are to be found? B7 what
nuality are the feathered creation distinguished ? Which of
tnese is the most beautiful ? What power does the mocking,
bird possess ? What dangerous reptiles swarm in the forests ?
Do the coasts abound with fishes ? What valuable animal is to
be found on the western coast ? Does this country possess much
mineral wealth? Where is coal found ? What is remarkable
about some of the plains in the valley of the Mississippi ?
What is the form of government in the United States ?
To whom is the administration of affairs confided ? Of how
many members is the Senate composed ? Mention the num.
ber composing the House of Representatives. How and
for what period is the jiresident elected ? Of what does
the Union at present consist ? How are the internal concerns
of each State regulated ? What power have these local ad-
ministrations ? Is there any established religion ? What re-
ligion is generally professed ? What are the most numerous
sects ? Describe the manners of the Americans. Is much
attention paid to education and literature ? Till what period
did this important country belong to Britain ? By what were
the colonists then roused to rebellion ? When was their in-
dependence acknowledged ?
MEXICO AND GUATIMALA
Abe bounded N. by the United States and the Gulf
of Mexico ; W. and S. by the Pacific Ocean ; and E.
by the United States^ the Gulf of Mexico, and the
Caribbean Sea. Mexico contains 1,640,000 square
miles, and Guatiniala 184,000. Population of Mexico
7,500,000, — of Guatimala 1,650,000.
Divisions of Mexico. Chief Towns.
New Mexico Santa F^, Taos.
New CaUfomia Monterey, San Francisco, Santa Bar-
bara.
Old California. Loretto.
Sonora Arispc, Cinaloa, Culiacan, Ouaymas.
Durango or New Bis-
cay. Durango, Chihuahua.
Sanliuis P-iosi San.Luii Potosi, Monterey, Tampico.
Zacatecas Zantecas.
274 nXIOO AND GUATnUIsA^
DmriMMofMexieo. ClnfT«
Oaadalaxara. Goadalaxaza, ssan Bba, Tepic.
iruanaxuato. Gwmaxnato, Zdaya.
Valladohd. Valladolid, Paacnaio.
Mexico Mexico, Queretaro, Aeapnleo.
Puebla Puebla, Tiaacalm, CtolaU.
Oaxaca Oaxaca or Gnaxaca.
Vera Cruz. Vera Cnii, XalaM, OriacalM.
Yucatao Merida, Ca mp ear hy , Balize.
Cbiapa ChJApiu
Tcxa*
DiTiibnisofOiiatfaittla. GUBrTOwns.
Ouaiimala. Ouatimala, Vera Pax.
8t Salvador St Salvador.
Honduras Comayaffna, Tnixill©.
Nicarajma. Leon, Nicaiagua.
Costa-Rica. Costa-Rica, Cartapk
Cafes.— Mendocino, St Lucas, Corrientes, Gndas
a Dios, Catoche.
Gulfs akb Bays. — Gulfs of Mexico, Califoniia;
Bays of Campeachy, Honduras.
MouKTAiMS. — Popocatepetl, or the Smokiiig Moun-
tain, Peak of Orizaba, Jorullo.
Rivers. — Rio Bravo or del Norte, Rio Colorado.
Lares. — Nicaragua, Chapala, Pascuaro.
BE MARKS.
Mexico, formerly New Spain, with GuatimaU, extends
from 8' to 42** N. laL, and from 8S" to 124* W. long;
The length, in a direct line from N. to S., is about IjOO
miles ; the breadth varies from 120 to 1000 miles.
The most remarkable feature in their aspect is the exten.
sive plateau or table-land, of which they chiefly consist,
varying in elevation from 6000 to 8000 feet above the lerd
of the sea, and from which, as from a base, the volcsoic
peaks of Orizaba and Popocatepetl tower to the height of
1 7,000 or 1 8,000 feet. A necessary eflQtCt of this great ele-
vation is, that the climate of this country, though great put
of it is situate within the torrid zone, is more generally cold
and temperate than excessively hot. Indeed, the temperatare
of all the three zones, torrid, temperate, and frigid, is heie
experienced according to the varying elevation ; andthetrs-
veller, in ascending from the burning coasts of Vera Crtis to
Mexico, the capital, situated 7000 feet above the ocean, pissei
through several distinct climates and aones of vegetatioo.
Another consequence of this striking inequality of tetn.
peraiure it the great variety of trees and other vegtttble
MEXICO AND OUATIMALAk 275
productions. While the parched aridity of the soil is con-
fined to the most elevated plains, the fertile tracts bordering
on the ocean are clothed in the richest tropical vegetation.
The common articles of cultivation are cotton, indigo,
sugar, tobacco, pimento, the vine, and cochineal. Among the
alimentary plants, the banana holds the first rank. Maize,
"wheat, barley, a species of Indian cress, potatoes, and yams,
are the other articles of food. Fruits of the finest kinds,
and varying according to the altitude, abound in this country.
One of the matest inconveniences under which Mexico
suffers, is its deficiency in navigable rivers. The Rio del
Norte, which rises among the Rocky Mountains, is of little
commercial importance, owing to the numerous bars which
impede navigation, and the uncultivated tracts through
which it flows. The Rio Colorado, though more navi.
gable, passes through an equally unproductive country. Al-
though Mexico abounds in lakes, none of them can vie in
extent or importance with those of Canada and the United
States. The lake of Nicaragua, in Guatimala, 150 miles in
length by 50 in breadth, and navigable for the largest vessels,
communicates with the Atlantic by the river San Juan ; and
by this expanse of water it has been proposed to unite the
Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
Among the animals are diflTerent breeds of dogs. The co-
endoo, a species of porcupine, the apaxa or Mexican stag, the
Mexican squirrel, and the wild sheep of California, are peculiar
to these regions. Of the other animals the most remarkable
are the jaguar andcouguar, resembling the tigerand lion, and
the tapir, whose bite is said to cut through the hardest wood.
No region in the world is richer in minerals than this
portion of the American continent. Previous to the revolu-
tion, its mines produced gold and silver to the amount of
more than £4,500,000 annually; but the political disorders
reduced their value to one-half of this sum, and the efforts
of British capitalists have not yet availed to restore them
to their former productiveness. There are, besides, mines
of copper, iron, lead, and tin.
This fine country was wrested from the natives by the
Spaniards Under Cortex, in 1521. From that time it con-
tinued in the possession of Spain till her oppressions roused
the people to rebellion, and in 1821 Mexico became an in.
dependent federal republic. Its constitution is modelled
after that of the United States ; the government being vested
in a congress, consisting of two houses and a president. The
Catholic religion is established by the new constitutioa, the
276 MBXICO AND GUATIMAI^A.
public exercise of every other being prohibited. The natite
Indians, who amount to nearly three milfions, still main
many of their Pagan superstitions.
EXERCISES.
How are Mexico and Ouadroahi bounded ? What is die
extent of Mexico in square miles ? Of Guatimala? Vhat
is the amount of the population of Mexico ? Of Guatimala ?
What are the divisions of Mexico? Name its chief towns.
What are die divisions of Guatimala ? Name iu chief towns.
Name the capes, &c Between what degrees of latitude and
longitude are Mexico. and Guatimala situate? What are
their length and breadth ? What is the most remarkable fea-
ture in their aspect ? What is the height of the tableJand ?
To what height do some of the mountains rise from it? What
is remarkable about some of those mountains ? What effixt
has this elevadon upon the climate ? To what changes of tem-
perature is the traveller sometimes exposed ? What other con-
sequence arises from this variety of climate ? What are the
common ardcles of cultivation ? What holds the first rsak
among the alimentary plants ? What are the other ardcles of
food ? Does the country produce fine fruits ? Under what
inconvenience does it labour? What renders the prindpal
rivers of little commercial importance ? Does Mexico contain
very important lakes ? Describe the principal of them.
Enumerate some of the animals of Mexico. What is die
annual produce of its gold and silver mines ? What other
metals does it possess ? By whom and at what dme was this
country wrested from the nadves ? When did it become an
independent republic ? On what model is its conadtudon form-
ed ? What is the established religion ? What is the number
of the nadve Indians ?
THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS
Abe situate in the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance of
the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and extend
in a curved line from near the S. point of Florida to the
coast of South America. They contain about 78»500
square miles, and a population of 2,600,000, of whom
only 460,000 are whites.
Of these islands there are five principal groups.
Inlandi. Chief Towm.
1. The Bahamas BriUan,
Bahama.
New Providence Nassau*
8t Salvador.
2. llie great Antilles.
Cuba ^pain Havannali.
WBST IN1>IA IBtiANDl. 377
tilMida. OliiefTovni.
Jaouucn *^ritain, SpAnuh TowDi King*
■ton.
Hi DommgQotHtLytLIndependent. .,Vori au Prince, St
Domingo.
Porto Rico. Spain San Juan.
9. The Little Antilles.
Oura^oa. Holland Williamstadt.
Bonaire do.
Oruba. do.
4. The Virgin Isles.
StGroix Denmark Chnstianstadt.
St Thomas. do St Thomas.
St John do.
Tortohu Britain TortoUu
Virgin Gorda. do.
AnegacUu do,
6. The Caribbee Islands.
Leeward Islands.
Asgnilla Britain AnguiUa.
St Christopher do Basseterre.
Barbuda. do.
Antigua do. St John.
Montsetrat do Plymouth.
Nevis do Charlestown.
Dominica. (/o. Charlotte-town.
St Martin /*r.a7ui /To/... Philipsburg.
Saba Holland.
St Eustatius do St BusUtius.
St Bartholomew Sweden Gustavia.
Guadaloupe France. Bassetene.
Deseada do.
Manegalaote do.
Windward Islands.
St JUida Britain. Castries.
St Vincent do. Kingstown.
Grenada do St George.
Barbadoes do. Bridgetown.
Tobago do Scarborough.
Trinidad do Port of Spain*
Martinique. Franpe, FortRoyaL
Mountains. — Blue Mountains, Jamaica ; Copper
Mountains, Cuba; Volcano of Mome Oarou, St Vincent.
REMARKS.
The West India Islands lie between 10" and 527** SO' N.
lat., and between 59* and 85" W. long. They received the
name of West Indies from the belief at first entertained that
Aey were connected with India. In honour of ^eir disco-
verer ^ey are sometimes called tiie Columbian Archipelago.
27S WK8T INDIA 18I«JUiI»8»
Here, as in all tropical countries, the jcar is
between tfae wet and the dry seasons. Spring may be nid
to commence about the middle of May. when tbe first peri-
odical rains set in : these continue to fidl every day at nooo
for about a fortnight, creating a bright verdure and a rafwl
and luxuriant yegetation. Tlie weather then becomes dry,
clear, and settled. Tbe sun glows with a heat that is ahnost
insupportable, till, the sea-breeze springing op about ten in
the forenoon, all nature revives, and the temperature in tbe
shade' becomes pleasant. At this time the nighta tae ex-
tremely beautiful ; the moon is so bright that the smallest
print may be read by her light ; and tbe planet Venus diines
with such lustre, that a shade is cast from trees, buildings,
and other objects that intercept her rays, liiis stale of
tbe weather ceases about the middle of August, when the
steady diurnal wind from the sea is succeeded by faint
breezes and alternate calms, tbe preludes to the second or
autumnal rainy season. In Octdl>er the rains become ge-
neral, pouring down in torrents. Between the beginning
of August and the end of October, these islands are occa-
sionally visited by dreadful hurricanes, which spread ruin
and devastation far and wide. In November or Decemb e r,
tbe weather becomes serene and pleasant, and continues
cool and refreshing till tbe end of April. In general tbe
low parts of the islands may be described as exposed to a hot
and unhealthy temperature ; while the mountainous i^oos
enjoy an equable and salutary climate.
These islands are rich in almost every tropical produc
tion. Fruits are delicious and abundant, a s oranges^ le.
mons, limes, shaddocks, cocoa, citrons, pomegranates^ |Mne-
apples, melons, &c. Great variety of valuable trees grotr
on tbe mountains, as cedars, lignumvitae, mahogany, and
others, which take tbe finest polish, and are admirably
adapted for cabinet-work. Sugar, coffee, and cotton, are
tbe staple articles of culture ; but ginger, indigo, pimento,
tobacco, maize, and various medicinal drugs, are likewise to
be numbered among the productions of this archipelago.
Tbe annual exports from tbe British West Indies alone
amount in value to above six millions sterling.
Of the wild animals indigenous in these islands, it bss
been observed that they are in general small. Those de-
serving notice are the agouti, which appears to be an interme-
diate species between the rabbit and the rat ; the armadillo,
opossum, racoon, musk-rat, alco, and snudler monkeys ; one
ffoimal peculiar to these islands is the land crab, which h
WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 279
esteemed exceUent food. The feathered creation are dls-
tinguished by brilliancy of plumage and elegance of form,
and comprise the parrot In all its Tarieties, the flamingo,
and the humming-bird. In the woods and marshes wild-
fowl abound in the greatest yariety, and of exquisite flavour.
Lizards and different kinds of serpents are not unfrequent ;
but few of them are noxious.
A most important change in the social condition of the
British West Indies was effected by the Slave Emancipation
Act, which came into operation on the 1st of August 1834 ;
when slavery ceased throughout the British dominions,
and the sum of 20 millions sterling was appropriated by
Parliament as a compensation to the planters. Population
of the British West India Islands about 700,0QP, of whom
70,000 are whites.
EXERCISES.
How are the West India Islands situate ? What is their
extent in square miles ? What is the amount of their popu-
lation ? How many principal grou|)s are there ? Name the
first group and the islands of wnich it consists. What is the
chief town of New Providence ? Name the second group and
its islands. What are the principal towns in the meat An-
tilles ? Name the third group with its islands. What is the
principal town of Curayoa ? Name the fourth group and its
islands ? What are the chief towns ? Name the fifth group
and its islands. What are the chief towns ? Distinguish the
Windward from the Leeward Islands. Name the mountains.
Between what degrees of latitude and longitude do the West
India Islands lie ? By what name are they now sometimes
called ? How is the year divided in these islands ? When
do the first periodical rains set in ? How long, and at what time
of the day do thev continue to fall ? What kind of weather
succeeds ? At what hour does the sea-breeze usually spring
up ? What effect does it produce ? Describe the appearance
of the nights during this season. When does this state of the
weather cease ? By what is the steady sea-breeze then suc-
ceeded ? When do the runs become general ? At what sea-
son are these islands occasionally visited by hurricanes?
When does the weather become serene and pleasant ? How
long does it continue so ? In what respects does the climate
in general differ in the low grounds and the mountains ?
iiinumerate some of the fine fruits of the West India
Islands. Mention some of their viduable trees. What are
the staple articles of culture ? What other articles are to be
numbered among their productions? What is the amount
of the annual exports ? What observation has been made
concerning their wild animals ? Mention those most worthy
Qf notice. For what are the feathered creation here distia*.,
980 OBBBNLAKD.
Elihcd ? McDtioii Mnt 0r Aem. Whit liii|i0rtant chaagt
• bcm iMtnUy diectiid in the British West Inditt ? At
what period did tlmwetj oeaae thxouglioat the British domi-
nioM ? What sam was appropriated by ParliaoDcntas a cem-
E^nsation lo the planters r What is the amount of tiie popu-
tiou of the Brituh West India Islands ?
GREENLAND
It an extensive region which lies between Baffin's Baj
and the Northern Ocean ; irom Cape Farewell^ in lat.
00% it stretches northward indefinitely towards the Pole.
BEMABK8.
Greenland, long supposed to be part of America, but
now ascertained to be disjoined from that continent, is de.
scribed as *' a mass of rocks, intermingled with immcose
blocks of ice.** Yet there is some land that admits of cul*
tivation. During the short summer, the air is pure on the
mainland ; but obscured in the islands by fogs. The long
night of winter is relieved by the shifting splendours of the
aurora borealis. The animal productions of the country
constitute the subsistence and the wealth of the inhabitants.
Of the landoinimals the principal are large hares, valuable
for their flesh and fur, rein-deer, foxes, and large dogs enu
ployed in drawingsledges,and distinguished bythe peculiarity
of howling instead of barking. The seas swarm with turbot,
herrings, and whales. But the marine animal most prised
by the natives is the seal. Its flesh is their principal food,—
its skin supplies them with dress, and with a covering for
their canoes, — its tendons are made into thread, and to
essential an article of subsistence does the Greeolander ac-
count the seal, that he cannot comprehend bow man cooU
live without it. Large flocks of aquatic birds frequent the
seas, rivers, and lakes.
Providence, which adapts the endless diversity of prodoc
tions to every variety of climate and soil, supplying the de-
ficiencies of one region by the abundance of another, fur-
nishes thesteril shores of Greenland and other arctic regions
with timber, which is borne by the tides and currents of tbs
ocean from the coasts of America and Asia, in such quan-
tities, that a year*s fuel may sometimes be collected during
the short season of summer ; and in such preservation is it
found, as to afibrd excellent materials for building houses
VMcanoes.
NOBTH AMBBICAi
SBl
The Greenlandera are a branch of the Etquimaux : tbey
are of short stature, with long black hair, small eyes, and
flat faces. The country is subject to Denmark, which main-
tains a few small settlements on the W. coast, whose laud-
able exertions for the conversion of the natives to Christian-
ity are at length beginning to be crowned with success.
The population, including the Moravian establishments, is
estimated at 20,000.
EXERCISES.
What is Greenland, and where is it situate ? What de-
scription is ffiven of it ? How does the weather of the short
summer differ on the mainland and in the islands ? Mow is
the long night of winter relieved ? In what does the wealth
of the inhabitants consist ? What are the piincipal land-ani-
inals? What kinds of fish abound in the seas? What
marine animal is most prized by the natives ? To what useful
Iiurposes do they convert it ? How are the shores of Green-
and and other arctic regions supplied with timber ? In what
quantities and in what state of preservation doen it arrive ?
Of what people are the Greenlanders a branch ? What is their
personal appearance ? To what European power is Green-
land subject ? At what number is the population estimated ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OP NORTH AMERICA.
ACAPUL'CO, a seaport of Mex-
ico, on the Pacific, with an excel-
lent harbour. Pop. 40(X).^16o «/
N. lat. »8« AV W. long.
Alatja'ma, one of the United
States, to the west of Georgia. The
soil is fertile, producing cotton,
^ugar, wheat, oats, and k>arley. Ex.
tent 50,800 square miles. Popi
aOB,ft27. Tuscaloo'sa is the state-
capital. Pop. 160a
Alas'lca, a narrow peninsula, with
rocky coasts, nearly 400 miles in
length, on the N.W. coast, between
Bristol Bay and Cook's Inlet.
Al'bany, a city of Kew York,
United States, situate on the Hud-
son, at its junction with the Erie
Canal. It is a plAre of considerable
trade. Pop. 24,238.-43, 39 N. 73,
44 W.
Aleu'tian Islands, a volcanic
group, situate iu the N. Pacific,
etween Cape Alaska, and Kamt-
schatka in Asia. The surround,
ing seas swarm with fish and the
sea-otter. The Fox Islands are
the moat important of the group,
and of these Oonemak and Oo&a-
lashka are the priadpaL
Alexan'drla, a town of the Unit-
ed States, district of Columbia, on
the Potomac. Pop. 8263.
Al'legAany, or Appala'ehlan,
Mountains. See Remarks, p. 269.
Am'herstburgA, a town and fbrt
of Upper Canada, on the Detroit,
at its entrance into Lake Erie.
An'dnver, a town of Massachu.
setts. United States, with several
manufactures. Pop. 4540.
Anega'da, the most northern of
the Virgin Islands, West Indies.
Pop. 250.
Anguil'la, or Snake Island, one
of the Leeward Islands, to the N.
of St Martin. Pop. 2000.
Ann, Cape, on the north point
of Boston Bay, in Massachusetts,
Uniteti States — 42, 44 N. 70, 45 W.
Annap'olis, a seaport of Nova
Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy.
Fop 2578.-44, 60 N. 65, 35 W.
Bee Maryland.
Anticoh'ti, an island at the mouth
of the river Bt Lawrence, 125 miles
in length bv 80 in breadth. It is
covered with wood, and dangerous
rocky reefs extend to a considctable
dUtance ftom the short.
282
MOETH AMERICA.
AntKgua, om of the Leeward
Iilandfl, about SO mllcfl long, and
nearly of the lame breadth. The
•taple article! of export are ra^r,
molaMca^ and rum* Pop. 35,000,
of whom SOOO are wbitet. St John
ii the capita], with a population of
5000.
AntiVlet, « name given to por.
t'tons of the Weft India Islands.
The French apply the term to the
West Indies generally, exclusiire
of the Bahamas. See p. 276.
Aris^, a city of Mexico, in the
province of Sonora.
Arkan'sas, a larse river which
rises in the Rocky Mountains, and
flowing S.E. falls into the Missis-
hippi, aft«r « course of fiUOO miles.
Arkan'sas, one of the United
States, extending from the Missis.
Bippi westward to the frontier of
Mexico. The region along the
lower course of the Arkansas is
lertile but swampy, and covered
with dense forests. Extent 121,0(i0
fouare miles. Pop. in 1890, 30,S,s8.
Little Rock, en the Arkansas, is the
state capital. Fop. 800.
Atbabas'ca, or Atbapes'cow, call-
ed also the Lake of the Hills, in
British America, Is situate atxnit
170 miles S. £. of the Great Slave
Lake. It is nearly 200 miles long ;
at its K. W. extremity is Fort Chip'-
pewyan, a trading station.
Augus'ta, a town of Georgia,
United States, on the Sa%'annah.
It is the great dep6t for the cotton
of Upper Georgia. Population
6696. See Maine.
BAF'FIN'S BAY, a large gulf,
between the N. E. shores of the
continent and the western coast
of Greenland, opening into the At-
lantic by Davis' Straits ; and into
the Polar Sea by Barrow's Strait.
Baha'^mas, or Lucay'os, a nume-
rous group of islands stretching
from Florida to St Domingo, on
those remarkable sandlmnks and
coral reefs called the Bahama
Banks. They export cotton, fine
timber, dyewoods, and salt. The
principal islands are New Provi-
dence, St Salvador, Long Island,
and Crooked Island. Total popu-
lation 20,000. Nassau^ the capi-
tal of New Providence, Is also tne
■«^ of government. Pop. 6000.
of theBrltMi setttemeae of Hon,
duiaa, on tbeooMt of Mexico, it
the mouth of the river of the sane
name. Population 3794.— 17« SON*
88, 8 W.
BaPtimore, an important city and
seaport of Maryland, United States,
situate near the bead of Che»apesk
Bay. It has one of the finest har-
bours in America, and carries on a
very extensive trade. Pop. 80,635.
—39, 17 N. 78, 38 W.
Barba'dces, the most eastern of
the Windward Islands, 22 miles in
length, and 12 in breadth. Besides
sugar, which is the great staple, it
exports molasses, ginger, cottoo,
and arrow^root Pop. 101,000, of
whom 15,000 are whites. Bridge'-
town, the capital, is one of the
handsomest towns In the West
Indies. Pop. 20,000.-15, 15 N.
50, 45 W.
Barbu'da, one of the Leeward
Islands, to the N. of Antigua.
Poo. 150a
Bam'stable, « seaport of Uasn-
chusetta, on « bay of the same
name, which is also called Hassa-
chusetts, or Cape Cod Bay. Pop-
3975.— 41, 42 N. 70, 18 W.
Bar'row's Strait, a broad mict.
leading from BaflBn's Bay into the
Polar Ocean.
Bar'row, Point, the extreme
N. W. point of the cootinent vet
discovered.— 71, 23 N. 156,21 W.
Bath, a considerable se^xnt of
Maine,United States^ the mouth
of the Kennebeck. rojx 3773.
BeA'ringl Straits. See Asu,
p. 216.
Belfast', a seaport of Maine,
United States, situate on Penob.
scot Bay. Pop. 3077.— 14, SO X.
69, 5 W.
Belimle', a small rocky Island at
the N. E. end of the channel be-
tween Labrador and Newfound-
land, called the Straits of Betteisle.
Ben'nington, a townof Vermoot,
United Sutes, at the foot of the
Green Mountams. Pop. 3419.
Bermu'das, or Som'ers Ulaads,s
group in the Atlantic, about 6o0
miles E. of 8. Carolina, and sur.
rounded by coral reefs. Tbey pro-
duce cedar, coffee, and oottoo.
PopuUtion 10,000. St Georae,
the largest, has a town of the
same name, with a population oif
9000,
Booth'ia, a large peninsula, eoa>
NORTB AHEBICA.
283
Tiected by a narrow isthmus with
the most northern part of Ame-
rica. It is about 300 miles from S.
to N., but its extent from E. to W.
is unknown. Thiscountry,recentIy
explored by Captain Uoss, in naked
and barren, but contains valuable
furJ>earing animals, and is inhabit-
ed by some tribes of Esquimaux.
Bos'ton, the principal city and
seaport of Massachusetts, United
Stales, beautifully situate on a
peninsula of Massachusetts Bay.
It possesses a secure harbour,
with a very extensive trade. Bos.
ton is celebrated as the birthplace
of FrankJin, and the cradle of
American independence, and may
be considered the literary capital
of the union. Pop. 61,392.-42,
«1 N. 71, 4 W.
Bristol, a seaport of Rhode Isl-
and, United States, situate on a
t)ay. P. 3054. — A twautiAil town
of Pennsylvania, on the Delaware,
30 miles above Philadelphia.
Brooklyn, a town of New York,
United States, situate on Long Isl-
and, opposite the city of New
York. Pop. 15.396.
Buffalo, a flourishing commer-
cial town of New York, United
States, situate at the junction of
the Erie Canal with the lake, 18
miles from Niagara, and .523 from
the city of New York. P. 12,000.
—42, 53 N. 78, 55 W.
Burlington, a town of Vermont,
United States, on the E. shore of
Lake Champlain ; It is the seat of
a university. Pop. 3526.
CAH AW'BA, a town of Alaba.
ma. United States, at the junction
of the Cahawba with the Alabama,
90 miles from Mobile.
Califor'nia, a long narrow pe-
ninsula of Mexico, in the Pacific,
separated ft-om the continent by Its
gulf 800 miles in length, and from
00 to 80 in breadth. Pop. 12,000.
Cam'bridge, a tovrn of Massa-
chusetts, United States, 3 miles
from Boston, the seat of a univer-
sity. Pop. 6071.
Campeach'y, a town of Mexico,
province of Yucatan, on the bay of
the same name.— 19,51 N. 90,30 W.
Can'ada. See Remarks, p. S65.
Can'so, a small island at the N.
E. extremity of Nova Scotia, with
a. cape of the tame name.— 45. 19
Cape Bret'on, an island, sepa.
rated from Nova Scotia by the
narrow strait called the Gut of
Canso. It is about 100 miles in
length and 80 In breadth, and is
penetrated by a navigable arm of
the sea, which divides it nearly
into two parts. The climate, like
that of Newfoundland, is cold and
fogsy* The coal-mines and fish,
eries are of great importance. Pop.
S0,000. The once strong town of
Louisburg is now deserted; Syd-
ney lias a population of 500.
Cape Bret'on, the eastern point
of the island of the same name.
Cape Cod, the eastern projection
of Massachusetts, United Slates,
forming the S. E. point of Mas-
sachusetts Bay.— 4]j, 2 N. 70, 4
W.
Car'ibbee Islands, the most east-
em of the West India Islands, ex-
tending in a semicircle from Porto
Rico to Trinidad, and divided into
Leeward and Windward Islands.
Caribbe'au Sea, that part of the
Atlantic lying between the islands
of Jamaica, St Domingo, and Por-
to Rico on the north, and the coast
of Colombia on the south.
Caroli'na, North, one of the
United States, to the south of Vir-
ginia, which it resembles in soil
and climate. Its gold-mines are
productive, but its manufactures
and commerce are limited. Ex.
tent 43,800 square miles. Pup.
737,987, of whom 245,601 are
slaves. Ra'leigh is the siate-capi-
tal. Pop. 1700.
Caroli'na, South, one of the Uni-
ted States, to the south of North
Carolma. For 100 miles inland
from the coast, the country is low,
swampy, and unhealthy ; beyond
this it is finely diversified wit h hill
and dale, and is fertile and richly
wooded. The chief products, cot-
ton and rice, are extensively cuU
tivated. Extent 30,080 square
miles. Pop. 681,185, of whom
315,401 are slavei^. Colum'bia is
the state-capital. Pop. 331U.
Carta'go, a town of Guatimala,
province of Costa Rica. P. 8000.
Catoche', a cape of Mexico, in
the province of Yucatan. — 21, 34
N. 86, 68 W.
Cham'plaln, Lake, in Vermont,
United States, 128 miles in length
and 14 in its greatait breadth.
984
NOBTH AMBBICA.
Ctia|itla» a lake of McKico, pco-
▼ince of Ovadalaxam.
Charles, Cape, at the eastern ex-
tremity of Ubrador. -^-St, SO N. &5,
45 W.~.Anotber in Virginia, Unit,
ed States, on the N. point of Che>
aapeak Baf.— 37, SO N* 75, 60 W.
Charles'ton, the principal cltv
and seaport of South Carolina, si-
tuate at the bead of a bay onape.
nintula Ibrmed by the Ashley and
Cooper. It carries on a consider-
able trade. Popw 30,S89.~^S, 46
N. 79, 57 W.*^A. town of Massa.
chusetts, near the celebrated Bun-
kef's HiU, and connected with
Boston by a bridge. Pop. 8787.
Cbes'apeak, the largest and
safest bay of the United States,
extending N. about 180 mllci, ftom
between Cape Charles and Cape
Henry, In Virginia.
Chla^pa, a town of Mexico, in a
proTtnce of the same name, for-
merly belonging to Ouatimala*
Population 4OU0.
Chid'ley, or Chudleigh, Cape,
the northern point of Labrador, at
the entrance of Hudson's Straits.
-40, 95 N. 64, SO W.
Chihuahua, a city of Mexico,
province of Durango, in the vici-
nity of rich silver-mines. Popular
tion 90,000.-38, 45 N. 104, 30 W.
Chllilc(/lbd. a manufacturing
town of Ohio, united States. Po-
pulation S846.
Cholu^, a city of Mexico, pro-
vince of Puebla. Here is a great
pyramid 177 feet high ; the length
of iU ba<e is 14S3 feet. P. 16,000.
»>19, N. 98, 16 W.
Cinalof'a, a town of Mexico^
province of Bonora. Pop. 9500.
Cincinna'ti, the chief town of
Ohio. United States, finely situate
on tne Ohio. It has a collie,
flourishing manufactures, and is
a great emporium of trade. Pop,
above 30.000.-^9, 6 N. 84, S7 WT
Cleve'lHud, a thriving town of
Ohio, United States, situate on
Lake Erie. Pop. 1076>
Colum'bia, a dUtrict of the Unit.
ed States, situate on both sides of
the Potomac, and surrounded by
Virginia and Maryland. It is under
the Immediate Jurisdiction of Con-
gren, and conUins Washington,
we scat of government, and capU
» of the Union. Extent 100
*l"««iilUeB, Fep.aM34.
Colani^)ia« oc Qre^KOB^ s
river of Nortii
the Rocky M oaotaio^ «od. l
# course of 1090 adlai^ &lb inta
the Padfle Oeean.
Comaya'gua, a dty of Oiu6-
mala, capital of the provioee of
HonduFsa. Fbp. li^jOOCL— 14» 18
N. 88, 16 17.
Connec<ticut, one of Uie trailed
States, to the south of Maasadm-
setts. It possesses a liertUe aail,
with considerable trade and i
factures. Extent 4074
miles. Popi WjfiSS.
Coaoec<tieut, a river of the VniU
ed States, baa its soo^ oo the
K. borders of Vermont snd Hew
Hampshire, and flowa aoathwavd
Into Long Island Sound.
Cook's InOet, an«m o< th«aaa
oo the M. W. eoast, which, vith
Prince William^ Sound,
a large peninsula of the
Territory.
Cop'pennlne River,
by Heamein I77I s it flowa
ward into the Arctic Oeean.
Corona'tion Gulf; a line hn ef
the Northern Ocean, dneovocd
by CapUin Franklin. At ite east-
ern entrance is Point Tumagalik
Corrien'ces, a cape of Ifexice,
Srovince of Gnsdalaxara.i SB, <i
r. 106, 39 W.
Cos'ta Ri'ca, a town of Gnaii-
mala, capital of a province of the
same name. Pop. 20,000.
Cu'in, the larjcest of the Ifeat
India Islands. It is 700 mites is
length bj nearly 80 of average
breadth, and is traversed from EL
to W. by a chain of mountaina, oo.
vered with noble forests. Its sofl
is very fertile, producing ezedleat
sugar, coflSse, and tobacco ; and it
contains rich copperwminea. This
island enjoys a oelightful dtmatc^
and hurricanes are rare. Extent
54,000 square miles. Popalatien
432,000.
Culia'can, a town of Mexico,
province of Sonora. Poo. IO,800t.
Curaf ya, an Island or the Little
Antilles, about 80 miles long and
10 broad. Pop. I3^KML Wllliaaa.
stadt, iu capital, haa a flue har-
bour. Poo. 8000.
DAVas^STRAlTS. a narrow
fea.disoovered byCapt JlobnQatvia,
In 1685, when m scaJrch of a |I.W.
passage.
extends ^ibosil Hide*
NOKTH AMERICA.
285
greet from Cape Farewell, in
Greenland, and connects the At-
lantic Ocean with Baffin's Bay.
DeKaware, one of the smallest of
the United States, lying along the
western coastof thebay ofthe same
name. It produces fine wheat,
and has some important manufac
turea. Extent 2068 square miles.
Pop. 76,748. Do'ver is the sUte-
capital, with a pop. of 1000.
Dei'aware, a river of the United
States, is formed by two streams
in the state of New York ; sepa-
rating Pennsylvania Arom New
Jersey, it flows past Philadelphia,
and enters Delaware Bay, an arm
of the sea about 60 miles long, be-
tween Delaware and New Jersey.
Desea'da, or Dcslrade', one of
the Leeward Islands, to the east of
Guadaloupe. Pop. 1240.
Detroit (DetroawO. See Michi-
gan, Territory of.
Domini'ca, one of the Leeward
Islands, about 29 miles in length,
and 16 in breadth. Its lofty rug-
ged mountains, interspersed with
xertUe valleys, yield large quanti-
ties of coffiee, sugar, and fine tim-
ber. Population 18,660. Roseau'
is the capital, with a population of
2250.
Do'ver, a town of New Hamp-
shire, United States. Pop. 544a
See Delaware, State of.
Duran'go, a city of Mexico, pro-
vince of Durango, Population
25,000.
E'RIE, Lake, one of the great
chain of lakes which divides Ca-
nada from the United States. It
is 280 miles in length, and 50 in
breadth, covering an area of about
12,000 square miles, and discharg.
ing its waters by the Niagara into
lake Ontario. It is subject to
violent storms, which, with rocks
projecting many miles from the
shore, render the navigation dan-
gerous. In 1834 there were 30
steam-boau on the lake.
E^tie Canal. See Remarks,
p. 270.
FAIB'WEATHER, Mount, a
lofty mountain in the Russian Ter-
ritory, rising to the height of
14,736 feet above the sea.
Fare'well, Cape, the most south-
ern point of W. Greenland.— 59,
49 N. 43, 54 W.
Fayett«'viUe, ^ town of North
Carolina, United States, with con-
siderable trade. Fop.S8eB.
Fear, Cape, on the coast of K.
Carolina, at the entrance of Cape
Fear River, where thore is a dan-
gerous shoal.— 34, N. 78, 5 W«
Flattery, Cape, on the W. coast
so named by Captain Cook in 1778.
—48, 20 N. 124, 30 W.
Flor'ida, a territory of the Unit-
ed States, to the south of Geor-
gia. It forms a peninsula 380 miles
in length, stretching southward
between the Gulf of Mexico and
the Atlantic The seacoast and the
banks of the rivers are swampy,
but well adapted for rice and corn,
the interior is hilly, and covered
with valuable timber. Florida be-
longed to Spain till 1821. Extent
57,750 square miles. Pop. 34,750,
of whom 15,510 are slaves. Tal-
lahas'see is the capiUI. Pop. 2000.
Flor'ida, or Baha'ma Channel
between the coast of Florida, Cu-
ba, and the Bahamas, through
which a remarkable current, called
the Gulf Stream, from the Gulf of
Mexicuy rushes with such impc-
tuosity to the N. E, that it is i)er-
ceptibleupon the northern coasts
of Europe.
Fox Islands. See Aleutian
Islands, p. 281.
Franli'iin, a town of Missouri,
United States, on the Missouri ;
also the name of several other
towns in the Union.
Fred'ericksburg, a town of Vir-
ginia, United States, 56 miles N.
from Richmond. Pop. 3307.
Fred'erickton, the capital of New
Brunswick, situate on the river St
John, 85 miles from its mouth.
Pop. 5000.— 46, 3 N. 66, 45 W.
Fred'erickstown, a town in Mary-
land, United States. Pop. 4427.
Fun'dy, a bay which extends
about 200 miles between Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick, and
at the upper part divides into two
arms, where the rise of the tidea
sometimes exceeds 60 feet ; while
in Verte Bay, on the St Lawrence
side of the isthmus, the rise is not
more than 10 feet.
Fu'ry and Hec'la Strait, between
Hudson's Bay and the Northern
Ocean, discovered by Capt. Parry,
but rendered impassable by ice,
GEORGETOWN, a town in
the district of Columbia, Unitecl
m2
986
NORTH AMERICA*
StetM, «n a* PoConae» mmr the
citj of WadXngtoQ. P. 844I^A
town of 8. CaroUna, at the noiich
of the Great Pedce. Pop.SOOO.
Oeofgfa, one of tbe United
States, separated from South Ca.
ffriioa by the Bavaonah. Id the
lower districts, the climate Is un-
healthy: its chief products are
cotton, rice, and Indian com.
Extent 58,90 * square mi les. Pop.
51 0,823,of whom SI 7>53S are slavec
MiKledgertlle, the AUte-eapiUl,
has a piipulation of 1599.
Oloucenrer (Glos'ter), a seaport
of Massachusetts, United Sutes,
OB Boston Day. Pop. 7513.
Ora'cias a Dt'os, Cape, on the
north of Guatimala, province of
Honduras.— 15. N. 83, 10 W.
Great Bear Lake, in the N. W.
of British America. It is 150
miles In diameter, and commu-
nicates with Maciiensie River,
and also with the Great Slave
LMkB. Fort Franklin is on iu N.
IV. Shore.
Great SUve Lake^ in the N. W.
of British America, said to be 950
miles long and 60 broad. It re-
oelTes Trom the south the Macken-
aie, under the name of the SUve
River, which again issues from its
W. extremity.
Green'land. See p. S80.
Grena'da, one of the Windward
Islands, S5 miles in length and
19 in iu greatest breadth. This
beautiful and picturesque island
is finely wooded, and produces
sugar, rum, cocoa, and cotton.
Pop. 23,638. St George Is tbe ca-
pital, with an excellent harbour.
Pm. 4000.— 12, 4 N. 61, 49 W.
Ouadalaxa'ra, a city of Mexico,
capital of a province of the same
name, situate on the Rio Grande.
Pop. 45,000.— 21. 9 N. 103, 2 W.
Ouadaloupe (Gadeloop'), one of
the Leeward IsUnds, West Indies,
about 60 miles long and 95 broad,
divided into two pirts by a narrow
channel Its plains are fruitful,
and in it is a volcano, called the
Mountain of Sulphur. Population
197,668. BassAerre', which ranks
as the capital, ha<i a population of
9000; but Pointe-A-Pitre is the
chief commercial town, with a
population of 15,0001
GuauiULua'to, a city of Mexico,
the capital of a province of the
which are deamci the Hehmt fa
the world. Pof. 60,000^-fl, «
N. 100, 54 W.
Guatimala, the capitBl of the
repuUic of Guatimala, eitoaAe la
a large plain sorrouDded by hBlt.
Pop. 50,000.-14, 15 N. 91. W.
Old Guatimala, about 25
south of the pr es en t capital
totally destroyed by an earthquake
in 1774, and moat of Ito inhabitants
C>rished ; it now contains a pope-
tion of 18,000.
Guay'mas, a seaport of Meziea.
on the Gulf of Caliibmla.— 97, 51
N. ill, 50 W.
HAL'I PAX, the capital of Nov*
Scotia, situate on tbe soalli<«ast
eoasL Its noble harbour is the
chief naval station of Bntiab An>e'
rica. It is the seat of a consadcta-
ble fishery, and carries on an ex-
tensive trade. Pop. 91,000.'— 44.
39, N. 63. 36 W.
Har'risburg. See Pcnnsylvaaia.
Hart'ford, a manuCactnringtowa
of Connecticut, United States, en
the river Connecticut, 50 aiks
from its mouth. Pop. 97S9L
Hal'teras, a remarkable and dan-
gerous cape of N. Carolina, United
States, which extends far itMo tbe
ocean.-35, 14 N. 75, 34 W.
Havan'nab, or Havan'a, the ca-
pital of Cuba, situate on the K.
coast of the Island. It is stroagiy
fortified, and iU port is the finest ia
the West Indies, or perhaps ia the
world : u a commercial city, it is
one of the greatest and naat
ishing ia the New WorkL
115,000.-^ 9 N. 82, £8 W.
Hay'ti, or Hai^ti. See St
mingo.
Hen'ry, Cape, in Virginia, at the
& point of the entrance of CiMBa*
peak Bay.-^37, 5 N. 75, 56 W.
Hondu'raa, a province of GaaO.
mala, lying along the Bay of Hoa-
duras, between the pcninsala af
Yucatan and the Mosquito tbon.
It consists of mountains and ferblc
plains, covered with laige fiaests
of mahogany and logwood tieCL
For the British settlement on the
Honduras coast, see Balise.
Hud'son, a city of New Task,
United States, on the river Hud.
son, 30 miles south of Albany, with
• goodtisda, rop.a»k
NORTH AMXRIOA.
Uiid'^ion, a flne riTcr ofthe United
State*, has its loiirca in the moun-
taina between Lakes Ontario and
Ohamplaln, and flowing southward,
ialla into the sea at New Yoric,
after a eourne of SiO miles.
Hud'soa's Baj, a great inland
saa, about 750 miies in length
and 600 at its greatest breadth,
communicating with the Atlantic
by Hudson's Strait, and on the
north, by the Strait of the Fury
and Hecla, with Baffin's Bay, and
alio with the Arctic Ocean. Its
navigation ia open during only four
months in the summer, and m, be-
aides, extremely dangerous from
its numerous shoals, roclcs,and isl-
ands. Yhe British settlements of
Churchill Fort, York Fort, Albany
Fort, and Moose Fort, are all on
the western coasts of Hudson's and
James' Bays.
Hu'ron, Lake, one of the great
lakes which separate Canada from
the United SUtes; in length 250
miles by 190 in breadth, with a
depth of 860 feet. It communi-
cates by straits with Lake Superior
and also with Lake Michigan on
the W., and by the Lake of St Clair
and the river Detnrit with Lake
Erie on the S. B. Along its north,
em shore is a chain of richly,
wooded islands, called the Mani.
toulin or Sacred Isles.
I'Cy CAPE, on the N. W. coast,
the farthest point reached by Cap-
tain Cook.— 70, 89 N. 161, 42 W.
Illinois (li'iinay), one of the
United States, bounded E. by In-
diana; 8. by the Ohio; and W.
by the Miaissippi, which separates
it from Missouri. The greater por-
tion of this fine state is composed
of fertile prairies, interspersed
with groves of wood. It possesses
rich lead-mines, aliounds in coal
and in salt-springs, and has besides
the advantage of extensive water,
communication. Extent 59,000
sq. miles. Fop. in 1830, 157.455;
in 1 8S4 nearly 300,000. Vanda'lta,
on the Kaskaskia, la the sutecapi-
tal. Pop. 600.
IKlinois, a river of the United
States, flows 40U miles throngh
Illinois, and falls into the Missis-
Am\ 18 miles above the Missouri
India'na, one ofthe United SUtes,
between lllinoiB and Ohio, bound-
ed on the & by the Ohio, whleh
387
separates it from Kentucky. The
soil is rich, resembling that of
Illinois. Extent 36,S50 square
miles. Pop. 345,031. Indianap'olls
is the stoteucapitaL Pop. 1200L
Ith'aca, a town of New York,
United States, at the south end of
Cayuga Lake. Pop. 5f7Q.
JACK'SONSVILLE, a town of
Illinois, United States. Pop. 1800.
Jamai'ca, the largest and most
valuable of the British West India
Islands, situate 90 miles W. of St
Domingo and the same distance
S. of Cuba, is 150 miles long, by
40 in average breadth. It is tra
versed from B. to W. by the lefty
range of the Blue Mountains, co-
vered with majestic forests, Tlic
principal exports are sugar, rum,
cofifee, spices, and a great variety of
tropical fhiits. F. 480,000, of whom
35,000 are Europeans. Span'ish
Town, 16 miles from Kingston, is
the seat of government. P. 6000.
James' Bay, at the southern ex-
tremity of Hudson's Bay.
James River, in Virginia, Unit-
ed States, rises in the Alleghany
Mountains, and flowing eastward,
falls into Chesapeak Bay.
Jorul'lo, a remarkable volcano
of Mexico, province of ValUdolid,
which rose from the plain to the
heiglit of 1040 feet, S8th Septem-
ber 1759, and continues to throw
up smoke and lava from thousanik
of small cones.
KASKAS'KIA, a town of nil.
nois. United States, in a flne plain,
on a river of the same name.
Kentuck'y, one of the United
States, to the W. of Virginia, and
bounded on tlie N. by the Ohio,
wliich separates it from Ohio
and Indiana. The soil is in gene-
ral remarkably fertile ; wheat,
maise, hemp, and tok)aoco being
the chief objects of culture. Ex-
tent 99,000 square miles. Pop.
687,917. Frank'fort, on the Ken-
tucky, is the state capiUl. P. 1987.
Kings'ton, the principal city and
seaport of Jamaica, situate in a
fine plain, on the N. side of Port
Roval Bay. It is strongly fortified,
and is the seat of a great trade.
Fop. 33,000.— 17, 68 N. 76, 46 W.
Kings' ton, a strongly, fortified
town ci Upper Canada, situate at
the entrance of the Rideau Canal
oo the N. EL point of Lake Ontav'
288
KORTH AMERICA.
and ncftr Its outlet by the St Lbv.
renoe. It 1« a naval depot, and a
8 lace of oonriderable trade. Popt
) I0.~44, 8 N. 76, 40 W.
KnoxMDe ,a town of Tenncwee,
United 8ut^ on the Hobtoo.
Pop. 20m.~.35, 55 N. 84, 5 W.
Kotsc'bue'* Sound, a hag9 bay
in Behring*s Stralta, discovered by
tbe RuMian navigator of that name.
LABRADOR', a wild and tteril
icgioo between Hudion*i Bay and
tbe Atlantic, extending from 60"
to 01* N. lat and fh>m 56* to 78"
W. long. Itf prevailing features
are rocks, swamps, and mountains
covered with forests. I%e Mora-
vian Missionaries have several set-
tlements on Ito inclement shores,
which are inhabited chiefly by the
Esquimaux.
Lao'caster, a town of Pennsyl-
▼ania. United States, 64 miles from
Philadelphia. Pop. 7704.
Le'on, a city of Ouatlmala, ca-
Pltal of the province of Nicaragua,
op. 38.000^1f, Jl N. 86, 45 W.
Lex'ington, atown of Kentucky,
United States, with a college and
several manufiictures. Pop. 6104.
Ljtch'fleld. a town of Connecti-
cut, United States. Pop. 44.56.
Long r«land, an island of New
York, United States,separatedfrom
Connecticut by Long Island Sound.
It extends about 140 miles by 10
of medium breadth. Pop. 09,493.
Lookout^ Cape, in K. Carolina,
United States, S. of Cape Hatteras.
—34, 37 N. 76, 35 W.
Loret^o, a town of Mexico, in
the province of California, on the
gulf of that name.
Louisla'na, one of the United
States, bounded 8. by the Gulf of
Mexico, and W. by the river Sa-
Mne. which leparntes it from Mexi.
CO It comprehends the Deltaof the
Mississippi, which anniully over-
flowsalargeextentofcountry. The
aoil generally is very rich, produc-
ing sugar, rice, and cotton. Extent
48,220 square mile«. Pop. 815,739.
New Or'leans is the capital
Lou'isvilie, the principal oom-
nercial town of Kentucky, United
States, situate on the Ohio, Just
•bove the rapids. Pop. 10,35«.—
«8, 3 N. 85, 30 W.
*flf*'f"» ■ flourishing town of
2IS!Si2^*H United States, at
tnejuBcttonortheliecrimackaBd i
the ConooRl, fft mile* ftom Boston.
It U the chief seat of thecottOD and
wooDen manatetotes. P. 10,254.
MACKEN'ZIB RIVER, so
named from its lUseovaner in 1788,
is formed hj the union of the Atha-
basca and the Peaee livera, whidi
hare thtir aooroes in titf Rocky
Mountains ; flowing northward, it
passes through the Great Stave
Lake, and fidla into the Fnwm
Ocean. aRer a oourse estimated at
1600 miles.
I Maine, one of tbe United Rt^aa,
at the N. E. extremity. Tbe suU
along the seacoasf is fertile^ but
there are large tracts oonsiating of
swamps, and mountains covered
with timber. A great trade Is car-
ried on in shipbuilding and Che
flsheriea. Extent 35,000 square
miles. Pop. 399,fi5& August
on the Kennel>eck, is the slate c»>
piUL Popi 3960.
Mar^lehead, a seaport of Mas.
sachusetts. United Sutes, lOaailcs
N. E. of Boston. Pop. 515a
Mariegalante', ooe or theLeewsn!
Islands, West Indies, to the & of
Guadaloupe. Pop. 12.385.
Martiniq'tttf, or Martini'oo, one
of the Windward laianda. West
Indies, 46 miles long by 16 broad,
in which are three lofty mountains
and several fertile vallejv. Pop.
1 17,50a Fort Royal ii the caoitaL
Pop. 7000.— 14, 85 N. 61, W.
Ma'ryland, ooe of tlie United
States, situate on both sides of
Chesapeak Bay, and sqiarated from
Virgiiiia by the Potomac. It ex-
porU largely, iron, t<4»aoco, flour,
and other agricultural productiL
Extent 10,800 square mliek Pop.
447,040. Annap'olls is the state-
capiUl. Pop. S623.
BCassach u'setts, one of tlie United
States. In manufactures it is rs-
{ridly rising into importanee ; while
n commerce, shipping, and flsliefy,
it takes a decidea lead of all the
sutes. Extent 7800 squaf« miles.
Pop. 610,408. Bos'ton is thecapitai.
Massachu^'setts, a bMj of the
United States, extending from
Cape Ann on the N. to Cape Cod
on theS.
Matan'sas, a seaport of Cuba, on
its N. coast, with a considerable
trade. P. 15,00a-^, N. 81, 38 W.
May, Cape, the 8. point of Mew
Jersey, United Scatei» at tha «•-
NORTH AMEBIC A.
289
tnnee of Delaware Bay.-^38, 56 N.
74, WW.
Maxaf Ian, a fleapoit of Mexico,
near the entrance of the Gulf of
California— 23, 15 N. 107. W.
Mendoci'no, Cape, in Mexico, on
the coast of New California*— 40,
20 N. 124, 29 W.
Mer^da, a city of Mexico, capital
of the province of YucaUn, situate
c»n an arid plain. Pop. 10,000.—
lil, 45 N. 89, 35 W.
Mex'ico, the capital of the re-
public of Mexico, situate in the
centre of an elevated plain, sur-
rounded by lofty mountains, with
the beautiful lake of Tezcuco in
(he vicinity. Its streets and squares
are very spacious, and many of its
public edifices are of great extent
and magnificence. Pop. 180,000.
—19, 25 N. 99, 6 W.
Mex'ico, Gulf of, a large bay or
gulf of the Atlantic, extending, at
Us entrance, from the coast of Flo-
rida to that of Yucatan, and
bounded N. by Florida and W.
and S. by Mexico.
Mi'chigan, a large lake of the
United States, 300 miles long by
55 broad, and navigable for vessels
of any burden. It communicates
with the N. W. extremity of Lake
Huron, by the Straits of Michilti-
makinac.
Mi'chigan, one of the United
States, surrounded on three sides
by Lakes Eiie, St Clair, Huron, and
Michigan. Extent 54,000 square
in iles. Pop. 3 1 , 639. Detroit, on
the strait of the same name, be-
tween Lakes St Clair and Erie, is
tbestate-capital. Pop. 3000.
Mid'dlebury, a town of Ver-
mont, United States, with a col-
lege. In its vicinity are fine mar.
ble^uarries. Population 3468.
Mid'dletown, a town of Connec
ticut. United States, on the Con-
necticut ; it has considerable trade.
Population 6876.
Mtramichi', a port and river of
New Brunswick ; the latter falling
into a bay of the same name, and
distinguished for the extensive fo-
rests on its banks, whence large
shipments of timber are made.
Mississip'pi, River. See Remarks,
p. 269.
Mississip'in, one of the United
States, bounded on the west by the
great river of the same name, and
eastward bordering on Alabama.
Though liable to inundation, the
soil in general is very rich, pro-
ducing corn, cotton, and toliaoca
Extent 46,350 square miles. Pop.
156,621. Jack'son, on Pearl River,
is the state-capital. Pop. 1 000.
Misjou'ri, River. See Remarks,
p. 269.
Missou'ri, one of the 'United
States, Iving on t>oth sides of the
Missouri, and bounded on the east
by the Mississippi, which separates
it from Illinois. It possesses a fer-
tile soil, and abounds in lead. Ex-
tent 60,300 square miles. Fop.
140,445. Jefferson, on the Mis.
souri, is the state-capital. Popu-
lation 500.
Mistas'sin, a lake of 'British
America, to the N. of Lower Ca-
nada. It is above 250 miles in
circuit, surrounded by mountains,
and discharges its waters by the
Rupert into James* Bav.
Mo'bile, the principal seaport of
Alabama, United States, situate
at the head of a l)ay on the Gulf of
Mexico, with a flourishing trade.
Pop. 10,000.-30, 40 N. 88, 11 W.
Monte'go Bay, a senport of Ja-
maica, on the N. W. side of the isl-
land. Fop. 4000.— 18, 83 N. 78,
low.
Mon'terey, a city of Mexico, pro-
vince of San Luis Potosi, on the
Fernando. Pop. 15,000.— A sea-
port of Mexico, province of New
California. Pop. 25U0.
Montreal^ a city of Lower Ca-
nada, situate on the S. side of the
island of Montreal, which is form-
ed by the confluence of the St
Lawrence and the Ottawa. It is
the centre of the fur-trade, and
also of the commerce between
Canada and the United States.
Vessels of 600 tons come up to
Montreal, which is 180 miles above
Quel)ec. Pop. 35,000.-45, 31 N.
73, 35 W.
.Montserrat', one of the Leeward
Islands, West Indies, 12 miles
long and 7 broad. Pop. 7000, of
whom 300 are whites. Plymouth
is the capital. Pop. 600.
NAIN, a town on the coast of
Labrador.
Nantuck'et, a town of Massa-
chusetts, United States, on an
island of the same name, 15 miles
long and 11 broad. It is a grea"*
290
iMt of the loufchem whal^-flshery.
Pop. 7«W.— 41, 17 N. 70, 6 W.
NMb'ville. See Tei/ne*ace.
Nawau'. See Bahanuu.
Natcb'es, the principal town of
MiMisMppi, United Sutet, situate
on the river of that name, with «
thriving trade. Pop. 8790.
Nel'ion, a river of British Anie>
rica, issues from Lake Winnipeg,
and falls into Huds<»*s Baj near
York Fort.
Ne'vis, one of the Leeward Isl.
ands. West Indies,7 miles long and
6 broad, separated from St Chris,
topher bT a narrow channel Pop.
10,0()0. Charlet'townisthecapitaL
New'ark, the principal town of
New Jersey, United States, beau,
tifully situaU at the bead of a
bay, 9 miles from New York. It
has extensive manufisctures. Pop.
10,9M.— 40, 45 N. 74, 10 W.
New Bed'ford, a seaport of Mas.
sachusetts, United SUtea. P. 7502.
Newbern', the principal town of
North Carolina, United States,
carries on a considerable trade.
Population 3776.
New Bruns'wlck, a large pro-
vince of British America, to the
N. W. of Nova Scotia, and £. of
the United Sutes. The greater
part is covered with forests, inter-
sected by numerous riven and
lakes. Extent ^,704 square miles.
Pop. 119,457.
New Brxins'wick,atown of New
Jersey, United Sutes, with consL
derable trade. Pop. 7831.
New'burvport, a flourishing sea-
port of Masisacbusctts, United
States, near the mouth of the Mer-
rimack, over which is an ii-on sus-
pension bridge 244 feet long.
Population 6398.
Newfound'land, a large island,
situate near the entrance of the
Gulf of St Lawrence, and separat-
ed from Labrador by the Straits
of Belleisle. Dense fogs render
the climate particularly unpleas-
ant. Newfoundland is chiefly va^
luable for the great cod-fishery on
its banks, and along iu shores, in
which 3U,U00 persons, and ship-
ping to the amount of 95,000 tons,
are annually engaged from April to
October. Extent S6,000 square
miles. Pop. about 75,00a
rrl?.*^ Ham'pshire, one of the
United States, bounded E. by
NORTH JkMBRICA.
Bfaine, and W. by th« xf rcr
necticut, which separatee it
Vermont. Although prinetpalty
devoted to agriculture, Ito txadt,
manulkctuies, and Odiery, are eaa-
sideraUe. Extent 9f80 eqaaic
miles. Pop. 169,388. Con'oonl.on
the Merrimack, is Uieilate>cafttaL
P0&3737.
Newhav'cB, the pi i nc ipal tows
and seaport of Coimeeticttt. Unit-
ed States, situate at the head of
a bay. It oootains Yale oolk^et
a flourishing seminary, and has «
good trade. Pop. 10,678.— 41, U
N. 72, 57 W,
New Jer'sey, one of Che UnilBd
States, bounded on the B. by the
Atlantic, and on the other aidci by
New York, Pennsylvania, and
D^ware. Tbesoillavarioas,biit
it possesses thriving manulacCona.
Extent 6900 square mUca. Pop.
320,8S3. Tren'ton, on the Deln.
ware, b the state-capital. Popw
3925.
New Lon'doD, a town ai Coo-
necticut. United States, on the
Thames, with consid«rable tiade.
Pop. 435&— 41, 82 N. 7S, 9 W.
New Orleans, the capital ot
Louisiana, United SUtes, siUiale
on the Mississippi, about 10ft mllca
from its mouth. It has an exten-
sive foreign trade, with a great
command of internal navi gat io n .
It is built on low marshy groond.
and is very unhealthy. Popb
46,310.-29, 57 N. 90, 6 W.
New'port, a seaport in Rhode
Island, United Sutes, with a fine
harbour and considerable trad&
Pop. 80ia— 41. 28 N. 71. «l W.
New Prov^tdence. See Bahamas.
New York, the most popukms,
and one of the most extensive of
the United Sutes, bounded N. nA
W. by the St Lawrence, and Lake*
OnUrio and Erie; Sl by Pennsyl-
vania, lu aspect and ito soil are
equally various. Possessing a grant
extent of inland navigatton, its
trade and manufactures are in a
flourisbini? sUte. Bxtent 46k800
square mUea. Pop. 1,918,608. AK-
ban y is the sUtc-«apiUL
New York, the commerdal en-
piUl of the United iStaXm, situate
on the S. extremity of ffanh a t -
ten Island, at the mouth of the
Hudson. Many of IU public bnUd.
Ings are elcgnnta and U ia " "
NORTH AMERICA.
291
gaUbtd by Bttmeraut tenevolent
and litorary Imtitutloni. Ita admi-
nd>le situation and excellent har-
bvur bare rendered New York the
greatest emporium of the New
World. Pop. in 1830 was 203,007;
in IS85, S0d,873.— 40, 49 N. 74, 1
NittKara, ffiver. Issues from
Lake Erie, and fiills into Lake On-
tarioi. Its course Is only 36 miles,
but it Taries from half a mile to a
mile and a half in breadth. Its
Alls are peculiarly stupendous,
tbefr magnificence consisting In
tbe TOlume of water precipitated,
which has been computed at 100
millions of tuns per hour. That
on the Canadian side is the Great,
or, as it is called from its forming
a creacetit, the Horse-shoe Fall.
Here the breadth of the stream is
600 yards, and it is precipitated
orer a height of 150 feet; the
other, on the United States side,
ia 330 yards wide and IM feet high.
Niag'ara, a town of New York,
United SUtes, defended by a fort.
It is 17 miles N. from the falls of
Niagara.~Pop. 1401.
Kioarag'ua, a city of Ouatima.
la, on the B. W. shore of the Lake
Nicaragua.— 11, 82 N. 85, 7 W.
Kicarag'ua.Lake. ttee Remarks,
p. 975.
Noot'ka Bound, a bay of the Pa-
eiflc, on the west side of Vancou-
ver Island.
Nor'i'olk, a feapwt of Virginia,
United States, near the mouth of
James River. Its trade is consi.
derable. Pop. 9816.-36, 60 N.
76, 18 W.
North Oeor^gian Islands. Bee
Remarks,]). 266.
Noc^ivieb, a town of Connecti-
cut, United States, with consider-
able manufactures. Pop. 5169.
No^va Seo'tia, a province of Bri-
tish America, connected with New
Brunswick by a narrow isthmus,
• miles broaiL Although the soil
Is in general steril, there are
many fertile districts. A great
part of the country is covered with
forests interspersed with lakes.
Fish, flour, and timl)er are the chief
articles of export. Extent 15,617
square miles. Pop. 150,000.
OAX'ACA, a city of Mexico,
capital of a province of the same
fumtf on th« Rio Yerdet It is a
place of oonsldMrabIa trade. Po-
pulation 40,000^13, 45 N. 97* 20
OhKo, one of the United States,
between Pennsylvania and Indl.
ana, iMunded on the S. by the
great river of the same name, is in
beauty, fertility, and climate, one
of tbe finest states of the Union.
It is watered by several navigable
streams, and offiers so many ad-
vantages, that it has risen with re-
markable rapidity. Ex tent 39,300
square miles. P. 9.37,903. Colum'-
bus ii the state capital. P. 8437.
Ohi'o, an important river of the
United States, is formed by the
union of the Alleghany and Mo-
nongahela, at Pittsburg, and, after
a iouth.westem course of I2(l0
miles, joins the Mississippi 160
miles below the Miwouri.
Ohi'o State Canal. See Remarks,
p. 270.
Onta'rio, the most eastern of the
Great American Lakes, is 172 miles
in length by 50 in breadth, and
is of great depth. It receives the
waters of Lake Erie by the Niag.
ara, and discharges them by the
St Lawrence. There are above 30
steam- vessels, one of them 740
tons, which ply between the Bri-
tish and American sides. The
country along its shores is rich
and well wooded.
Oonalash'ka. See Aleutian Isl.
ands.
Oriaa'ba, a town of Mexico, pro-
vince of Vera Crus, near which i^
the Peak of Orizaba, a volcanic
mountain, 17,890 feet high. Pop.
8000.— 18, 25 N. 96, 35 W.
Ot'tewa, a river of British Ame-
rica; it forms the principal liound.
ary between Upper and Lower
Canada, and enters the St Law-
rence above the island of Mon-
treal, after a course of 420 miles,
in which are numerous rapids and
islands.
Ozark' Mountains. See Re-
marks, p. S60.
PASC (J A'KO, a town of Mexico,
province of Valladolid, beautifully
situate near the E. shore of the
lake of the same name.— 19, 80 N.
101,20 W.
Pas'so del Nor't^, a town of Mex-
ico, province of New Mexico, on
the Rio del Norte.
Pal'tenon, a town of New Je-
292
NOBTH AMERICA.
■ey. United Stotei, 14 miles from
New York; it hM great cotton-
manufacturet. pop. 7731.
Penntylva'nia, one of the United
States, and, next to New Yoric, the
moat important in the Union, ic
bounded N. by New York, and E.
by the Delaware, which divides it
from New Jersey ; with a soil ge-
nerally rich, itatNiundsin coal and
iron. Iti trade and manuractures
are both extensive and flourish-
ing. Extent 4.1,950 square miles.
Pop. 1,318.233. Har'risburg, on
the Su.squc-h nnah, ii the state-ca-
pital. Pop. 4311.
Penob'scot, a river of Maine,
United States, which flows into
Penobscot Bay.
Pensaco'la, a seaport of Florida,
United States, on a bay of the
Gulf of Mexico. Fop. 1000.— 30,
28 N. 87, 12 W.
Pe'tersburg, a thriving town of
Virginia, United States, on the
Appomatox. Fop. 8522.-57* 15
N. 77, 20 W.
Philadel'phia, the principal city
of Pennsylvania, United States,
situate on the Delaware, near its
junction with the Schuylkill, 120
miles from the Atlantic Besides
a flourishing university. It contains
various literary and scientific es-
talilishments. In extent of ship-
ping, Philadelphia ranks next to
New York and Boston. Popula-
tion 167.811.— 59, 57 N. 16, 11 W.
Pictou', a seaport of Nova Sco.
tla, on its north coast, with a safe
and capacious harbour. Its trade
in timber, coals, and flsh, has ra-
pldly increased. Pop. 4500.
Pitts'burg, a flourishing town of
Pennsylvania, United Suites, situ,
ate at the point where the Alle-
Jphany and Monongahela unite in
ormingthe Ohio. Its numerous
manufactures, {>articularly its iron-
works, are very'exten»ive. Pop. In
1830 was 12,542 ; in 1854, 25,00a
-^0, 32 N. 80, 2 W.
Platte, a river of the United
States, has its source near that of
the Arkxmsas. and, flowing east-
ward. Joins the Missouri after a
course of 1600 miles.
Platts'burg, a town of New
York, United SUtes, on Lake
Ohamplain, a place of some trade.
Pop. «i3.
Flym'9uth. a seaport of M«tfa- 1
chusetts. United States, vttb i
siderable trade. Pop. 4761^^1
S7N.70,40W.
Pontchar'train Lake, In Ijoaaai-
ana. United States, 86 miles kwg
and 24 broad; it conununieatcs
with the Gulf of Mexieo» and also
with the Mississippi.
Port-au-Prince, the cs|Mtal of St
Domingo or Hayti, situate on the
W. coast of the island, at the bot-
tom of a deep gulf. Pop. 20,000.
—18, 33 N. 72, s?7 W.
Port Hay'tien, a seaport of St Do-
mingo, on its N. coasL P. IO.OOOl
Porl'land, the principal city and
sea|X)rt of Maine, United States,
on Casco Bay. lu foreign trade is
considerable. Pop. 12,601.— 43,
39 N. 70. 20 W.
Port of Spain, or Spanish Town.
See Trinidad.
Por'to.Ri'co,one of the Great An-
tilles, West Indies, to the easb of
St Domingo, about 110 miles looft
and 36 broad. It is very fertile,
with fine woods and pastures, ana
is the centre of an extensive emn-
merce. Pop. 1 j0,00a San Ju^an^
on the north coast. Is the capitaL
Pop. 20,000.-18, 38 N. 66, W.
Portfc'mouth, the principal city
and seaport of New Hampshire,
United States, strongly fortified,
with an excellent harbour. Fap»
8082.— 43, 4 N. 70, 45 W.
Poto'mac, a river of the United
States, which rises in the AUe-
ghanv Mountains, and, after form-
ing the boundary betwei-n Mary.
land and Virginia, flows Into Che-
sapeak Bay.
Poy'aii, a town and district of
Guatimala, on the Hooduraa or
Mosquito coast.
Prince Ed'ward Island, called
formerly St John, is situate in a
Bay of the Gulf of St Lawrence,
and separated from New Bnins-
wick and Nova Scotia by Nor-
thumberland Straits. It is about
140 miles in lensth br 20 in mean
breadth. This fine island is deq;>>
ly indented by bays, and is favour-
ably situate for agriculture and
flsheriesL Pop. 33,000. Cbaflotte-
town is the capital. Pop. 2500.
Prince of Wales, Cape, the most
western point of North America,
separated by Behring's Slraiu, 58
miles broad, from the Eastern
Cap« Cf Aiia,--<S5ai5 K. 168»17 W,
MOBTH AMKBIOA.
203
Gxrt
nil
Pitoee Winiam*« Sound, a gulf
of the Faeifle, on the W.W. cowt,
M named bj Cook in 177R.
Prev^idenee, a flourishing let.
ort, the capital of Rhode Island,
Jnited States, situate on both sides
of the river of the same name.
Pop. I6,83f.— 41, 49 N. 71. 2i W.
Pueb'ia.a city of Mexico, the capU
tal of a province of the same name.
Ita churchca are uncommonly
splendid, and it has flourishing ma.
nufictures. Pop. 70,000.->19,
N.98, OW.
QUEBEC/, the capital of Ca-
nada and of British America, on
the north bank of the St Law.
renoe, about 400 miles flrom its
mouth. It is very strongly JbrtU
fled, and possesses an extensive
trade. In 1759 it was taken from
■the French by the British, under
G«nend Wolfe, who ftell in the en.
mement Pop. S0,Oua— 46, 49
*•• 71# 16 W.
Quereu'ro, a olty of Mexico, not-
ed for the beauty of ito edifices
and its eotton-manufactures. Pop.
30,000.-20, 3U N. 100, 10 W.
RAY, CAPE, the S. W. extre^
mlty of Newfouiidland.--47, 4U N.
50, 21 W.
RewKing, atownof Pomsylvania,
United States, on the Schuylkill,
with considerable trade and ma-
nufiictures. Pop. 5K59.
Red River, or Ri'o Rox'o, rises
near the Rocky Mountains, in
New Mexico, and, after a south-
easterly course of 1500 miles. Joins
the Mississippi about f40 miles
above New Orleans.
RAode Island, one of the United
States, the smallest in the union,
between Connecticut and Massa.
chusetts. It is celebrated for its
orchards and dairy produce. Ex.
tent 1360 square miles, P. 07, 199.
Ptov'idence is the capital.
Rich'mond, the capital of Vir.
glnia, on James River, about 159
iliiles fh>m its mouth. It is flourish,
ing and opulent, and its situation
is highly oicturesque. Pop. in
1830 was 16,060; in 1834, 23,000.
—87, 32 N. 77, X6 W.
Rideau Canai (Rido'), In Canada,
extending fkom Kingston, on J^ake
Oatario. to the OtUwa or Grand
River, has been executed by the
British govemmeht, at an expense
«r ooAftiy £1,0001000 fterllBg.
RFo Colora'do, a river of Mexico,
rises in the Rocky Mountains, and,
after a south-west course of 70O
miles, falls into the Gulf ofCali.
fbrnia.— Another river in the State
of Texas, also rifes in the Rocky
Mountains, and flows into the Gulf
of Mexico.
Ri'o del Nor't^.a river of Mexi-
CO, which has its source in the
Rocky Mountains, and, flowing S.
£. falls into the Gulf of Mexico. '
Roch'ester, a flourishing town
of New York, United Sutes, on
the Erie Canal, at the great falls of
the Genesee. Pop. 14,000.^43, 8
N.77,61W.
Rock'y Moun'tains. See Re.
marks, p. 269.
RoiKier, a Cape of Lower Cana-
da, at the moulh of the St Law.
rence.-48, 50 N. 64, 15 W.
SA'BA, one of the Leeward
Islands, West Indies, N. W. of St
Eustatius. Fop. 500.
SaTble, Cape, the S. W. point of
Nova Scotia.^43, 24 N. 65, 38 W.
See TanchH, or Sable Puint
Sa'ble, a small and barren island
in the Atlantic, about 85 miles S.E.
of Cape Canseau, iu Nova Scotia ;
dangerous to mariners..-43, 59 N.
50,48 W.
Sack'ett*s Harbour, a town of
New York, United States, on the
shore of Lake Ontario, strongly
fbrtified.— 43, 55 N. 75, 57 W.
St Au'gustine, a seaport of Flo-
rida, United Sutes. Pop. 5000.—
29, 48 N. 81, 36 W.
St Bartho'lomew, one of the
Leeward Islands, West Indies, 24
miles in circuit. Pup. 8UC0. Gu«-
ta'via is the capital.
St CArii/toplier, or St KittK, one
of the Leeward Islands, West In-
dies, 72 miles in circuit Princi-
pal exports, sugar, molasses, and
rum. Pop. 23,)!90. Ba8»«terre' is
the capiul. Pop. 800U.— 17, 20 N.
62, 58 W.
St Croix <CroawO, or San'U
Cms, one of the Virgin Islands,
West Indies, 24 miles long and 9
broad. Pop. 31,387. Chris'iian-
•tad/ is the capital. Pop. 5U00.
St Croix', a river which separates
New Brunswick from the United
States.
Bt Domin'go, or Hay'ti, one of
the Great Antilles, and, next »
Cubtt the largest of the West
294
NORTH AMERICA.
dia Ulandfl, beinff about 450 miles
in leogth and 110 in biesdth. The
soil of the plains Is exceedingly fer-
tile. It aliounds in excellent tim-
ber and valuable mines. This 6ne
island is now an independent negro
republic. Pop. upwards of 500,000.
Port-au-Prince is the capital.
St Domin'go, a seaport of the
above island, on its 8. £. coast.
Pop. 10,000.— 18, 28 N. 69, 59 W.
St Eli'as, a lofty mountain on
the N. W. coast, rising to the
height of 15,000 feet above the
level of the nea.
St Eusta'tius, one of the Lee-
ward Islands, West Indies, N. W.
of St Christopher. Pop. 20,000. St
EuRta'tius is the capital. Pop. 6000.
St John, one of the Virgin Isl-
ands, West Indies, 18 miles in cir.
cuit. Pop. 2500.
St John, the principal seaport of
New Brunswick, on the Bay of
Fundy, at the mouth of the river
St John, which has a course of
nearly 600 miles. Pop. 846S.— 45,
16N.66,6 W.
St John, the chief town of New.
foundland, on the S. E. side of the
island. It is strongly fortified, and
has a great trade in the cod-flshery.
Population about 20,000.-47, 33
N. 52, 38 W.
St John. See Antigua.
St Kitt's. See St Christopher.
St Law'rence, Rirer. See Re-
mariis, p. 26.5.
St Law'rence, Gulf of, a large
bay or gulf of the Atlantic, the
principal entrance to which, from
the ocean, is between Cape Breton
and Newfoundland. It receives
the waters of the St Lawrence.
St Lou'is. the principal town of
Missouri, United Sutes, situate on
the Musissippi, 25 miles below the
influx of the Missouri, and 1200
miles from New Orleans. It is the
centre of a considerable trade. P.
in 1 850 was 5852 ; in 1834, 10,000.
—38, 36 N. 89, 36 W.
St Lu'cas, a cape of Mexico, the
southern extremity of California.
—22, 50 N. 109, 45 W.
St Lu'cla, one of the Windward
Islands, West Indies, between
Martinique and St Vincent, 32
railet long and 12 broad. Pop.
10,116. Cat'tries is the capital.
Pop. 3300.
Bt Mar'tiii, one of the Leeward
Islands, West Indief, 44 miles in
circuit. Pop. 7400.
St Pesters, a river of the United
States, flows into the Miasiastopi
a few miles belov the Falla of St
Anthony.
St Pierre', the principal com-
mercial town and seaport of Mar-
tinique, West Indies. Pop. ISjOOO.
—14, 45 N. 61, 13 W.
St Sal'vador, or Guanaba'ni UU
and. See Bahamas.
St SaKvador, a city of Guatina-
la, capital of the province of the
same name ; it has a great trade in
indigo. Fop. 39,000^13, 40 N.
89, OW.
St TAom'as, one of the Virgin
Islands, West Indies, 25 miles In
circuit. Pop. 7000. St Tbonss
is the capital. Pop. 3000.
St Vin'cent, one of the Wind-
ward Islands, West ladies, 18 miles
long and 11 broad. It is very
mountainous, with fertile interme-
diate valleys. Chief exports, sufFsr,
mm, and molasses. Pop. 36400.
Kings'town is tbe capitaL Am.
8000.— 13, 11 N. ei, 17 W.
Sainttfs, three small lalands.
West Indies, between Guadaloupe
and Dominica.
Sa'lem, a flourishing seapott of
Massachussets, United States^ P.
13,886.-42, 31 N. 70, 54 W.
fe'an Bias, a seaport of Mexico,
province of Guadalaxara, at the
mouth of the Santiago. P. 3000.
San Francis'co, a seaport of Mex-
ico, province of New California, on
an extensive bay^-^T, 40 N. 121,
SOW.
San'dy-Hook, a small island of
the United SUtes, near the W.
end of Long Island.
San Ju'an. See Porto Bico.
San-Lu'is Pou/si, a city of Mex-
ico, capital of a province of the
same name. Pop. 20^000.-22, IS
N. 100. 30 W.
San'ta Fd, a town of Mexieo,
province of New Mexico, with se-
veral manufactures. Pop. 4000l
Santia'go, a seaport of Cuba, on
the S. E. side of tbe teland, with a
flne harbour. Pop. 27/N)0.— 20,0
N. 76,0W.
Savan'naA, a river of the United
States, forming the boundary be-
tween Georgia and S« Carolina,
and falling into tbe Atlantic.
Saran'iuiA, t&e principal inapoit
NORTH AMSRICA.
295
of Georgia, United States, on the
Savannah, 17 miles firom its mouth.
Pop. 7303.— 32. 4 N. 81, 7 W.
Sci'tuate, a town of Rhode Isl-
and. United States, II miles ftom
Providence. Pop. 6853.
Shaw'neeiown.a town of Illinois,
United States, on the Ohio, below
its junction with the Wabash.
Sonoma, a town of Mexico, in
the province of the same name.
Span'ish Town. See Jamaica.
Spring^fleld, a thriving; town of
Massachusetts, United Slates, on
the Connecticut. Fop, 6784.
Sta'ten Island, lielonging to New
York, United States, 18 miles
long and 8 broad, and divided firom
Long Island hj the strait called
the Narrows.
Supc'rior, Lake, the largest of
toe great American lakes, and
the greatest body of fresh water on
the globe. It is 400 miles in length
and 140 in breadth. Its depth is
792 feet, and It is 617 above the
level of the sea. Numerous islands
are scattered over this lake, which
receives 220 rivers and streams,
and discharges Its waters through
St Mary's Strait into Lake Huron.
SusquehanliaA, a river of the
United States, has its source from
Lake Otsego, flows through Penn-
sylvania, and enters the head of
Chesapeak Bay.
TAMPI'CO.aseaport of Mexico,
on the gulf of that name— 22, 20
N. 9S, 40 W.
Tan'cha, or Sa^ble Point, the
southern extremity of Florida,
United States.— 24, 50 N. 81, 15 W.
Ta'os, a town of Mexico, pro-
▼ince of New Mexico.
Taun'ton, a town of Massacbu-
setts. United States, on the Taun-
ton; with several manufactures.
Pop. 604&
Ten'ne^see, one of the United
States, bounded N. by Kentucky,
and W. by the Mississippi. It
ranks among the most fertile states
of the Union, and is distinguished
for picturesque scenery. Extent
42,000 souare miles. Pop. 681,iK)4.
Nash'ville is the capital. P. 5566.
Ten'nessee, a river of the United
States, is formed by the union of
the Holston and Broad, near Knox-
ville, and, after a circuitous course,
joins the Ohio. fiO miles above its
Qonflutnce witn the Mississippi.
Tep'ic, a town of Mexico, pro-
vince of Guadalaxara, on the sum-
mit of a mountain.
Texas, a province of Mexico to
the £. of Rio del Norte, but now
erected into an independent re-
public. Pop. 65,000.
Three Riv'ers, a town of Lower
Canada, situate at the confluence
of the St Maurice and the St Law.
rence. Pop. 3500.
Tlascal'a, a town of Mexico, pro-
vince of Puebla, once a most po-
pulous city; with some manufac-
tures. Pop. 3400.
Toba'go, one of the Windward
Islands, West Indies, N. E. of
Trinidad, 32 miles long and 12
broad. It is finely diversified by
hills and vales. Population 13,200.
Soar'borough is the capital. P. 3000.
Toronto, until lately called
York, the capital of Upper Canada,
situate near the head of Lake On-
tario, 184 miles alx>ve Kingston,
with an excellent harbour. Pop.
9500.— 43, 33 N. 79, 20 W.
Torto'la, the principal of the
Virgin I^les, West Indies, 12 miles
long and 4 broad. Pop. 7731.
Torto'la is the capital.
Trinidad', next to Jamaica, is
the largest of the British West In-
dia Islands, being 90 miles long, by
50 broad. It is separated from the
coast of S. America by the Gulf of
Paria, and is equally distinguished
for its uncommon fertility, pictur-
esque scenery, and magnificent fu.
rests. Exports, sugar, molasses, co-
coa. Pop. 39,045. Port of Spatn or
Span'ish Town on the west coast
is the capital. Pop. 10,800.
Trinidad', a seaport of Cuba, on
the S. coast of the island. Pop.
13,000.-21, 37 N. 80, 3 W.
Troy, a flourishing town of New
York, United States, on the Hud-
son, 6 miles above Albany. Pop.
11,405.-42, 44 N. 73,40 W.
Truxil'lo, a seaport of Guati-
mala, province of Honduras.— 15,
51 N. 86, 7 W.
U'TICA, a flourishing town of
New York, United States, on the
Mohawk, where the Erie Canal
joins that river. Pop. 8323.-43,
6 N. 75, 13 W.
VAL'LADOLID',a city of Mex-
ico, capital of the province of Val-
ladolid or Mechoacan. P. 25,000
YftncouT'er» called also Quai*
296
NOBTB AHBBIOA*
and VancouT'er, an Ulsnd oo the
N. W. coast, about aOO milea long
and 80 broad, covered with im-
nenite woodt. See Nootka Bound.
Ve'ra Crui. the principai waport
of Mexico, and capital of the pro-
vince of the tame name. It is si-
tuate on the Gulf of Mexico, and
is defended by the strong castle of
flan Juan de Ulloa. Pop, lA,O00i
—19, 11 N. 9e,8VV.
Ve'ra Pas, or Ck/ban, a town of
Ouatimala, on a river which flows
intu the Lake of Dulce.
Ver'monc, one of the United
States, bounded on the west by
New York, and on the east by the
Connecticut, which separates it
from New Hampshire. The centre
is traversed by parallel ranees of the
Green Mountains, which enclose
many fertile valleys. It carries on
a very active commeroe by Lake
Champlain. Extent lU,8l2square
miles. Pup. 880,662. Muntpe'lier
is the sUte-capltal. Pop. 1 193.
Viria del Prin'cip^. a town d
Cuba, in the interior or the island,
the seat of the supreme court.
Pop. 49,000—80, 51 N. 77, 50 W.
Vincenn^s', a town of Indiana,
United States, on the Wabash.
Pop. 1800.
Virgin'ia, one of the United
States, the largest and most power-
ful of all the Southern Strttes, is
bounded on the south by North
Carolina, and traversed by succes-
sive ranges of the Alleghanies,
from which descend numerous
streams. Although the soil is va-
rious, it is highly favourable for
agriculture. Tobacco, wheat, and
maize, are its great staples. Ex-
tent G4,000 square miles. Pop.
1.211,409, of whom 469,757 are
slaves. Itich'mond is the capital.
Vit'gin Isles, a numerous croup
in the Went Indies, between Porto
Kico and the leeward Island*, be-
longing to the British and Danes.
Pop. 7730.
Vir'gin Gor'da,one of the Virgin
Islands, West Indies. Pop^ 80 0.
WA'BASU, a river of the United
Statat, riiM oa tb* W. bovdcr ef
Ohio, separates ladteiua from lUi-
Dob, and joins the Ohio 100 mUei
above itaooofliieoee with the 16*-
•iselppi,
War'tvick* a town of Rhode Isl.
and. United States, at tbe bead of
Naraganset Bay, with eouoM-ms-
nufaeturts. Pop. 5589.
Wash'ington, the capital of tbe
United States, flnely altuate on tbe
Potomac, in the diatrtct of Colum-
bia, about IM miles from Its Jbdc-
tion with Cbesapeak Bav. Pop.
18,827.-«, 5S N. 77, 1 W.
Wheel^iOf, a town of Virginia,
United States, on the Ohio. Po-
pulation Stil,
Wil'mington* tbe principal tom
of Delaware, United Sleiea, with
flourishiog tnide and manuAc-
tures. Pop. 66t8.-*A thriving lOi-
E>rt of N. Carolina on Cape Fcsr
iver. PopwStiaS.
Wind^sor, a town of Veimoat,
United States, oo the Conoeetimt.
Pop. 3134.
\Vin'nipeg,a Ui|e laheof British
America, N. W. of Lehe Superior,
880 miles in length and from 80
to 15 in breadth. It receives seve-
ral large rivers, and diachargei its
waters into Hudson's Bay« bjr the
Nelson and the Severn.
XA'LAPA, a handsome city of
Mexico, province of Vera Crux,
situate 40i)O feet atwve tbe lea.
Pop. 13,00a-l9, 90 N. 96, 50 W.
YaR'MOUTH, a thriving lea.
port of Nova Scotia, on the weit
coast. P. 4500.— 43, 55 N. fitt, 5 W.
York. See Toronta
Yu'catau, a province and pcoin-
sula of Mexico, projecting fron
the continent 360 miles, and sepa-
rated firom the island of Cuba liy
a channel about ISfO miles fmaML
It U washed on the S. B. by tbe
Bay of Honduras^ on which is a
British settlement.
ZaCAT£'CA8, a city oi Mat-
eo, capital of a province of tlie
same name, surrounded by rieb
silver-mines. Pop, it5,000.— S8,
N. 10i,36W.
SOUTH AMERICA
^f, funded N. by the Isthmus of Panama and the Ct-
nobean Sea; W. by the Paeific Ocean; S. by tbe
SOUTH AMERICA. 297
Southern Ocean; and £. by the Atlantic. The su-
perficial area has been estimated at 7,000^000 square
miles^ and its population at 13^000^000.
Divifioiu. ^ Chief Towns.
Colombia SaktaFe de Bogota, Carthagena,
Popayan ; Caraccas, La Guayra,
Maracaibo, Cumana ; Quito, Guay-
aquil, Cuen^a.
Guiana George Town, Paramaribo, Cayenne.
Brazil Rio Janeiro, Bahia or St Sal vador,
Pernambuco, Maranham, Para.
Peru LiiiA,Callao, Cuzco,Guamanga,Are«
quipa, Puno, Truxillo.
Bolivia or Upper Peru..Larlata,LaPaz,Potosi,Cocbabainba.
Paraguay. Assumption, Villa Rica.
La Plata Buenos Ayres, Cordova, Men-
doza, Santa Fe.
Banda Oriental Monte Video.
Chili Santiago, Valparaiso, Conception.
Patagonia PortfUesire.
Capes — St Roque, Frio, St Maria, St Antonio,Horn.
Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. — GuIfofParia, Gulf of
Maracaibo, Gulf of Darien, Bay of Panama, Gulf of
Guayaquil, Bay of All Saints^ Straits of Magellan^
Straits of Le Maire.
JsTHKus. — Panama or Darien.
Mountains. — Andes or Cordilleras^ Parime Moun*
tains^ Mountains of Brazil.
Lakes.— Maracaibo, Titicaca, Xarayes.
Rivers.— Amazon or Maranon, La Plata, Orinoco,
Magdalena, Essequibo, Madeira, Rio Negro, Paraguay,
Parana, Para or Tocantin, San Francisco, Mendoza
or Colorado.
Islands. — Margarita, Galapagos Islands, Juan Fer-
nandez, Chilo^, Terra del Fuego, Falkland Islands^
South Georgia^ New South Shetland Islands.
REMARKS.
South America extends from 12** N. to 56° S. lat, and
from S5" to 81* W. long. ; being upwards of 4660 miles in
length from north to south, and SI 60 miles in breadtb from
•oat to west.
In DO part of the world are the features of nature so bolit
and marked as in Soulh America. Its mountains, it?
Tart, and derated plains^ are oa a scale of unusual mr
298 SOUTH AMERICA*
ficence. The gigantic Andes form the longest unbroken
range of lofty summits on the globe. They extend abo?e
4000 miles, from the Straits of Magellan to the Isthmus of
Panama, and consist of parallel chains or insulated moun-
tains, rising far within the region of perpetual snow, and
enclosing table-lands, whose general elevation is 6000 feet
above the level of the ocean. Cotopaxi, one of the loftiest,
and the most dreaded of all the volcanoes of the Andes, is
described by Humboldt as a perfect cone, which, covered
to an enormous depth with snow, shines with a dazzling
splendour at sunset against the azure vault of heaven.
Still farther to the east rises another plateau, inferior in ele^
vation and extent to the western table-land. Chimborazo,
whose summit is 21,436 feet above the level of the sea, has
been hitherto supposed to be the loftiest of the Andes; but,
by the late observations of Mr Pentland, it would appear
that the peaks of lUimani and Sorata, in Upper Peru, rise,
the first to 24,200, and the second to 25,250 feet, and are
consequently the highest in America.
The mountains and plateaus of Thibet may vie in eleva-
tion with those of South America ; but in the magnitude
of its streams the latter is altogether unrivalled. The CordiU
leras contain the sources of the two greatest rivers in the
world. Of these the Amazon, called likewise the Maraoon,
which is navigable for about 2000 miles, holds the first
rank. It is composed of the united waters of the Ucayal
and Tunguragua ; and is swelled in its course by numerous
tributaries, which are in themselves majestic rlversw It
rolls nearly eastward through a space of 3300 miles, ex.
panding, before it reaches the Atlantic, under the equator,
into an estuary 180 miles wide. So great is the force of its
current that it repels the waters of the ocean, and forces
itself, pure and unmixed, upwards of 200 miles into the sea.
The tide, on the other hand, is perceptible at Obidos, 400
miles from its mouth. The second in magnitude is the La
Plata, formed by the union of several large streams, of which
the most important are the Parana and Paraguay. At Bu-
enos Ayres, 200 miles from its mouth, this river is about SO
miles broad ; and after a southerly course of nearly 2200
miles, pours its waters into the Atlantic by a magnificent
estuary, 150 miles wide. Next, though much inferior to
these, is the Orinoco, which issues from a small lake in the
Parimd Mountains, and, after winding round them, pursues
a northern direction. It is increased by many important
itreams, when, bending ewtwAtd, it rolls along with gr«»4
SOUTH AMERICA. 299
force and rat>Idity, until it enters the Atlantic to the south
of Trinidad, by a delta of about fifty channels, and after a
course of 1480 miles. It is navigable for about 1000 miles
from its mouth, and in an early part of its course forms a
remarkable communication by the Cassiquiari with the Rio
Negro, a tributary of the Amazon.
In South America the climate varies with the elevation
no less than with the latitude. Under the equator the infe-
rior limit of perpetual snow is at the height of 15,800 feet,
—and this boundary is invariably and strongly defined. The
climate and vegetable productions of different regions of the
globe are found in regular succession, as the traveller as>
cends from the level of the ocean to the summit of the Andes.
Between the tropics, cassava, cocoa, maize, plantains, indi-
go, sugar, cotton, and coffee, are cultivated from the level of
the sea to the height of from 3000 to 5000 feet. There, too,
oranges, pine. apples, and the most delicious fruits, grow
luxuriantly.
Extreme fertility is the general character of the soil in
South America, and its magnificent rivers and internal re-
sources seem to mark it out as destined to become the most
important part of the globe. Under the thraldom of the old
governments of Spain and Portugal, the colonists seemed
scarcely aware of the advantages of their situation ; but now
that they have succeeded in throwing off the yoke, the con-
sciousness of independence, and the security of a free go-
vernment, may be expected to call forth their energies, and
prompt them to avail themselves of their exhaustless re-
sources.
Of this vast continent, Spain, before the late revolutions,
possessed New Granada and the Caraccas, Peru, Chili, and
Baraguay, which are now independent countries; Brazil
belonged to the Portuguese ; Guiana now belongs to the
British, Dutch, and French; Patagonia is occupied by
native tribes. Of her former extensive possessions in South
America, Spain retains not a single spot. Her oppression,
long endured with servile patience, at last provoked her
subjects to rebellion, and several important republics have
been founded on the ruins of the old government.
EXERCISES.
What are the boundaries of South America ? What is its
extent in square miles ? What is the estimated amount of
its population ? Name its divisions. What are the chief
towns of Colombia ? Of Guiana ? Of Brazil ? Of Peru ?
Of BoUYia ? Of Paraguay ? Of U Plata ? Of ChiU ?
300 SOUTH AXBBICA.
What are the principal capes of South America ? What art
its gulfs, ba?a« and straits ? Mention ita iathmiis. Nam* its
mountains, lakes, riven, and islands.
Between wtiat degrees of latitude and longitude does South
America extend ? What are its length and breadth ? Of
what character are its features ? Describe the Andes. What
in their extent ? What is the height of the table-lands ?
Describe Cotopaxi. What are the respective heights of
Chimborazo, Illimani, and Sorata? In what circumstance
is South America unrivalled P Which is the ffreatest of its
rivers ? Of what streams is it composed ? What is the
length of its course, and its width before reaching the Atlan-
tic ? How far does it penetrate pure and unmixed into the
ocean ? How far from its mouth is the influence of the tide
distinctly felt ? What is the next river in magnitude ? What
are the most important of the streams which unite to form it?
What is its width at Buenos Ayres. and at its mouth ? What
river is next to these in magnitude ? Where does it rise ?
How is it connected with the Amazon ? What is the Isogth
of its course ?
With what circumstances does the dimateof South Ame-
rica vary ? What is the inferior limit of perpetual snow under
the equator? What producu are cultivated between the
tronics from the level or the sea to the height of from 3000 to
6000 feet ? Wliat is the general character of the soil in South
America? By what circumstance does it seem destined to
become a most important part of the globe ? What formerly
prevented the colonists from availing themselves o( their ad-
vantages ? By what circumstances are they now likely to be
stimulated to great energy ? What part of it did Spain pos-
sess before the late revolutions ? Wnat portion of it bdoBg-
ed ^o Portugal ? To whom does Guiana belong ? Wlut
country is occupied by native tribes ? Does Spain retain any
of her South American possessions ?
DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OF SOUTH AMERICA.
AL AGCAS, a town in Brazil, the
capital of a province. P 14,000.
All Saints, Bay of, a large and
commodiouf liay of Brazil, on the
coast of Bahia, containing leveral
fertile inlands.
Am'azon or Msr'anon Hirer.
See Remarks, p. 398.
An'des, or Gurdil'leras. Bee Re-
marks, p. 898.
Arequi'pa, a city of Peru, capi-
tal of a province, on the Chile, in
« fine valley. Near it is a great
JSt. 71" 5V W. long
Anump'tioD, the capital of Par*
aguay, on the river of that luone.
Pop. 18,000.^25, 15 & 57, 35 W.
BAHl'A, or St Sal'vador, s
large commercial oitf and seaport
of Brazil, situate at the entmee
of the noble Bay of AU Sainti.
The public tHilldmgt are oumeroMi,
Pop. lyO.OOOw— 13, 5 8. 38. ?8 W.
Ban'da UrientaK, or Ur^uguaf.
bounded N. by Brazil, and W, by
La Plata, was 'erected into an In-
dependent state in 18S8. Extant
60,000 square miles. Pop. 170,000.
Berbice', a distirict of Ooiina,
belonging to Britain, S. JS. of De-
merara. Its chief exportB aice of*
SOUTH AMERICA.
301
fte and lugar. Extent 30,000
square miles. Population S{4,560l
New Amsterdam, at the mouth of
Bei'bice River, is the capital.
Blan'oo, Cape, In the Pacific
Ocean, the S. point of tlie Oulf of
GnayaquiL— 4, 17 S. 81, 20 W.
Bogota' or San'U Fd de Bogota',
a city of Colombia, the capital of
New Granada, situate in a lux-
uriant plain, elevated 87S0 feet
above the sea, and surrounded by
grand mountain-scenery. Pop.
40,000.-4, 85 N. 74, 13 W.
Boliv'ia or Upper Peru'. See
Peru.
Brazil', an extensive empire, ex-
tending from the Amazon to the
La Plata ; bounded N. by Ouiana
and Colombia ; W. by Peru, Boli-
via, Paraguay, and La Plata; S.
by Banda Oriental, and E. by the
Atlantic. This country belonged to
Portugal till 1821,when it asserted
its independence, and, having ob>
tained a free constitution, is now
governed by a prince of the bouse
of Braganza, with the title of em-
peror. Extent 5,000,000 square
miles. Population 5,000,000.
Bue'nos Ay'res, a dty of La Pla-
ts, capital of the province of Bue-
nos Ayres, situate on the S. shore
of tbe Rib de la Plata, about 200
miles from the ocean. It is well
fortified, and is a great emporium
of trade. Though the river is here
30 miles broad, owing to its shaU
lowness large vessels cannot ap-
proach nearer than 5 or 6 miles
from the city. Pop. 80,000.-34,
36 S. 56, 24 W.
CALLA'O, a seaport of Peru,
{province of Lima, with an excel-
ent harbour. It is the port of
Lima, from which it is 5 miles
distant. Pop. 4000.— 12, 3 & 77, 14
W.
Canu/cas, a city of Colombia,
capital of Venezuela, in a fertile
valley, surrounded by lofty moun-
tains. It carries on considerable
trade. P.30,000.— 10,31 N. 67,5W.
Carthage'na, a seaport of Colom-
bia, capital of the province of the
same name. It has a fine harbour,
with a naval arsenal, and is strong-
]y fortified. Popu 18,00a— 10, 25
N. 75, SOW.
Caxamar'ca, a town of Peru,
province of TruxiIlo,distingui6bed
as the place where, in ISn, Ata^
hualpa, the last of the Incai, was
put to death by Pizarro. P. 7000.
CaxoeJ'ra, atown of Brasil, pro-
vince of Bahia, themartlbrthepro*
duce of the gold mines. P. 1 6,000.
Cayenne', a district of Guiana be-
longing to the French, bounded on
the W. by the colony of Surinam.
It is extremely unhealthy, beinv
low and swampy, and covered with
majestic forests. Extent 38,000
square milea. Population 22,684.
Cayenne', the capital, is situate on
an island, at the mouth of a river,
both of the same name. Pop. 3000.
Chi'li, a long and narrow terri-
tory between the Padflc Ocean
and the Andes, which separate it
ftom La Plata. In 1818 it wat
proclaimed an independent state,
and *« for ever" separated tnm
the monarchy of Spain. Extent
^70,UU0 square miles. Population
1,400,000.
Chi'lod, a cluster of islanda at
the S. extremity of Chili. Chflod^
the largest, is 140 miles long and
40 broad. The soil is fertile and
the climate salubrious.
Ch imbora'so,a celebrated moun.
tain of Colombia, province of Qui.
to, one of the loftiest of the Andes,
being 21,436 feet above the level
of the sea. On 23d June 1802,
Humboldt and Boopland ascend-
ed it to the height of 19,2^0 feet
above the sea. The upper region
is covered with perpetual snow.
Cochabam'ba, a town of Bolivia,
capital of the province of the same
name, in a fruitful valley. Pop.
30,000—17, 21 S. 67, 25 W.
Colom'bia, formerly the Spanish
viceroyalty of New Granada and
the Caraccas, is bounded N. by the
Caribbean Sea ; W. by Guatimala
and the Pacific Ocean ; S. by Pern
and Brazil ; and E. by British Gui-
ana. It established its independ-
ence in 1820, after a struggle of
ten years, but has been more r»>
oently divided into the three re-
publics of New Granada, Vene-
zuela, and Ecuador; united,
however, by a federal compact,— a
form of government framed up(m
that of the United States. Extent
1,100,000 sq. miles. P. 2,800,000«
Concep'tion, a seaport of Chili,
on a fine bay, near the mouth of
the Biobio. Pop. 10,000.-^,
49 S. 73, 4 W.
N
303
Coqaimfbo, a leaport of Chili,
cipitol of a province aboanding in
gold, iilrer, and copper, Popi
U,000.— 39, 54 & 71, 19 W.
CordiiHeras, a name freqnentljr
ap^ied to the chains of the Andes.
See Remaifcs, p. 396.
Cordof'ra, acity of La Plata, ca-
pital of a prorioce; with consider,
able manuftcturca. Fop. 15,000.
— <1, 80 & 62, 58 W.
Cotopax'i, a rolcanie mountain
of Colombia, 41 mUct S. E. of Qui-
to. It It a perfect cone, rising
18,858 feet abore the level of the
8ea,and is the most beautiful of the
colossal heights of the Andes.
Cuen'f a, a citjr of Colombia, ca-
pital of aprorioceof the samename.
Fop. SO,00a-8, 55 S. 79, 13 W.
Cuma^na, a seaport of Colombia,
capital of the province of Cumana,
oo a gulf of the Caribbean Sea,
noted for its commercial activity
and enterprise. Fop. 10,000—10,
t7 N. 64. 9 W.
Cujra'ba. a town of Brazil, pro-
vince of Matto Orosso, on a river
of the same name. Pop. 10,000.
Cux'co, a city of Peru, formerly
the capital of tne Incas, and held
sacred by thePeruvians. It retains
traces of Its ancient splendour.
Pop. 32,000.-13. 40 S. 71, 20 W.
DA'RIEN, an extensive gulf of
Colombia, on the coast of the isth-
mus of Panama or Daricn.
DemenvYa, including Essequibo,
a district of Guiana, bounded on
the W. by Colombia and on the
B. by Berbice, extending nearly
SOO miles along the coast. The
toil is naturally very rich, produc-
ing cotton, coffee, sugar, rum, and
molasses. Extent 70,000 aq. raiies.
Fop. 80,000. George Town, at
the mouth of the: river Demerara,
it the capital of the united colony.
Population 6000.
ECUADOR (Equador'). See
Colombia.
Essequi'bo, a river of British
Guiana, rises in the Farimd 
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