Kingdom of Hungary
Central European monarchy (1000–1946) / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000;[12] his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European power.[12]
Kingdom of Hungary Names ↓ | |
|---|---|
| 1000–1918[lower-alpha 1]
1920–1946 | |
| Motto: Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin)[1] Mária királysága, Magyarország védőnője (Hungarian) Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary (English) | |
| Anthem: Himnusz (1844–1946) "Hymn" Royal anthem God save, God protect Our Emperor, Our Country! (1797–1918) | |
 The Kingdom of Hungary (green) in 1190 | |
 The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (light green) within Austria-Hungary in 1914 | |
| Capital | Budapest
Historical capitals: |
| Official languages | Other spoken languages: Carpathian Romani, Croatian, Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Yiddish |
| Religion | Catholicism (Latin and Eastern Catholic),[2] Calvinism, Lutheranism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Unitarianism, Judaism |
| Government | Feudal monarchy (1000–1301) Absolute monarchy (1301–1868) Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1848–1918; 1920–46) |
| Monarch | |
• 1000–38 (first) | Stephen I |
• 1916–18 (last) | Charles IV |
• 1920–44 (Regent) | Miklós Horthy |
| Palatine | |
• 1009–38 (first) | Samuel Aba |
• 1847–48 (last) | Stephen Francis Victor |
| Prime Minister | |
• 1848 (first) | Lajos Batthyány |
• 1945–46 (last) | Zoltán Tildy |
| Legislature | Diet (from the 1290s) |
| House of Magnates (1867–1918; 1926–45) | |
| House of Representatives (1867–1918; 1927–45) | |
| Historical era | 2nd millennium |
• Coronation of Stephen I | 25 December 1000 |
| 24 April 1222 | |
| 11 April 1241 | |
| 29 August 1526 | |
| 29 August 1541 | |
| 26 January 1699 | |
| 15 March 1848 | |
| 30 March 1867 | |
| 4 June 1920 | |
| 1 February 1946 | |
| Area | |
| 1200[3] | 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi) |
| 1910[4] | 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi) |
| 1930[5] | 93,073 km2 (35,936 sq mi) |
| 1941[6] | 172,149 km2 (66,467 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1200[7] | 2,000,000 |
• 1790[8] | 8,000,000 |
• 1910[9] | 18,264,533 |
• 1930[10] | 8,688,319 |
• 1941[11] | 14,669,100 |
| Currency | |
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Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania.[12] The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 continuously until 1918 and also played a key role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire.
From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "Regency" of 1920–46, ending under the Soviet occupation in 1946.[12]
The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic[13] state from its inception[14] until the Treaty of Trianon and it covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts of Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), the territory of Burgenland (now part of Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia) and a few villages which are now part of Poland. From 1102 it also included the Kingdom of Croatia, being in personal union with it, united under the King of Hungary.
According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however in the mid-19th century out of a population of 14 million less than 6 million were Hungarian due to the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries.[15][16] Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. More than nine-tenths of the population of modern Hungary is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as their mother tongue.
Today, the feast day of the first king Stephen I (20 August) is a national holiday in Hungary, commemorating the foundation of the state (Foundation Day).[17]