United States Senate election in Alabama, 2020
- Election date: Nov. 3
- Registration deadline(s): Oct. 19
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: No
- Recount laws
- Early voting starts: N/A
- Absentee/mail voting deadline(s): Nov. 2 (postmarked); Nov. 3 (received)
- Processing, counting, and challenging absentee/mail-in ballots
- Voter ID: Photo ID
- Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
2022 →
← 2016
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| U.S. Senate, Alabama |
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| Democratic primary Republican primary Republican primary runoff General election |
| Election details |
| Filing deadline: November 8, 2019 |
| Primary: March 3, 2020 Primary runoff: July 14, 2020 General: November 3, 2020 Pre-election incumbent: Doug Jones (Democrat) |
| How to vote |
| Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Voting in Alabama |
| Race ratings |
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Likely Republican Inside Elections: Lean Republican |
| Ballotpedia analysis |
| U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2020 |
| See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th Alabama elections, 2020 U.S. Congress elections, 2020 U.S. Senate elections, 2020 U.S. House elections, 2020 |
Tommy Tuberville (R) defeated incumbent Doug Jones (D) in the U.S. Senate election in Alabama on November 3, 2020. Primary elections took place on March 3, 2020, and a Republican primary runoff took place July 14.
Jones was first elected in 2017, receiving 50% of the vote to Roy Moore (R)'s 48%. Jones was the first Democrat to win a Senate seat in Alabama since 1992. Major independent observers rated the general election as Lean Republican or Likely Republican. In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) defeated Hillary Clinton in Alabama 62% to 34%.
The outcome of this race affected partisan control of the U.S. Senate. Thirty-five of 100 seats were up for election, including two special elections. At the time of the election, Republicans had a 53-45 majority over Democrats in the Senate. Independents who caucus with the Democrats held the two remaining seats. Republicans faced greater partisan risk in the election. They defended 23 seats while Democrats defended 12. Both parties had two incumbents representing states the opposite party's presidential nominee won in 2016.
For more information about the Democratic primary, click here.
For more information about the Republican primary, click here.
Election procedure changes in 2020
Ballotpedia provided comprehensive coverage of how election dates and procedures changed in 2020. While the majority of changes occurred as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, some changes occurred for other reasons.
Alabama modified its absentee/mail-in voting and candidate filing procedures for the November 3, 2020, general election as follows:
- Absentee/mail-in voting: Any qualified voter could cast an absentee ballot in the general election.
- Candidate filing procedures: The petition deadline for unaffiliated presidential candidates was extended to August 20, 2020.
For a full timeline about election modifications made in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, click here.
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for U.S. Senate Alabama
Tommy Tuberville defeated incumbent Doug Jones in the general election for U.S. Senate Alabama on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Tommy Tuberville (R) | 60.1 | 1,392,076 |
 | Doug Jones (D) | 39.7 | 920,478 | |
| Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 3,891 | ||
| Total votes: 2,316,445 | |||
 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Michael Parrish (Unaffiliated)
- Marcus Jejaun Williams (Independent Conservative Democratic Party)
Republican primary runoff election
Republican primary runoff for U.S. Senate Alabama
Tommy Tuberville defeated Jeff Sessions in the Republican primary runoff for U.S. Senate Alabama on July 14, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Tommy Tuberville | 60.7 | 334,675 |
 | Jeff Sessions | 39.3 | 216,452 | |
| Total votes: 551,127 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Incumbent Doug Jones advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Alabama.
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. Senate Alabama
The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate Alabama on March 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Tommy Tuberville | 33.4 | 239,616 |
| ✔ | | Jeff Sessions | 31.6 | 227,088 |
 | Bradley Byrne | 24.9 | 178,627 | |
 | Roy Moore | 7.2 | 51,377 | |
 | Ruth Page Nelson | 1.0 | 7,200 | |
 | Arnold Mooney | 1.0 | 7,149 | |
 | Stanley Adair | 0.9 | 6,608 | |
| Total votes: 717,665 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles created in one of two ways. Either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey or Ballotpedia staff created a profile after identifying the candidate as noteworthy.[1] Ballotpedia staff compiled profiles based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements.
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: Yes
Political Office:
- U.S. Senator (Assumed office: 2018)
- U.S. Attorney, Northern District of Alabama - Appointed (1997-2001)
Biography: Jones received a B.S. from the University of Alabama and a J.D. from Samford University's Cumberland School of Law. He served as staff counsel to Sen. Howell Heflin (D-Ala.) on the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. Jones was an assistant U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Alabama before being appointed U.S. attorney by President Bill Clinton (D).
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. Senate Alabama in 2020.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Biography: Tuberville graduated from Southern Arkansas University. He was head coach for several college football teams between 1995 and 2016, including at Auburn University and the University of Cincinnati. He retired in 2016, when he became a member of ESPN's broadcast staff.
Show sources
Sources: Tommy Tuberville's 2020 campaign website, "Tuberville Attending President Donald Trump’s Republican Nomination Acceptance Speech at the White House," August 27, 2020; YouTube, "Tommy Tuberville's victory speech after GOP Senate runoff," July 14, 2020; YouTube, "Tommy Tuberville," accessed August 27, 2020; Tommy Tuberville's 2020 campaign website, "About," accessed January 30, 2020
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. Senate Alabama in 2020.
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
| U.S. Senate election in Alabama, 2020: General election polls | |||||||||
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| Poll | Date | Jones
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Tuberville
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Other | Margin of error | Sample size | Sponsor | ||
| Data for Progress | Oct. 27-Nov. 1 | 44% | 56% | 0% | ± 3.0 | 1,045 | -- | ||
| Morning Consult | Oct. 22-31 | 39% | 51% | -- | ± 3 | 850 | -- | ||
| Auburn University Montgomery | Oct. 23-28 | 43% | 54% | 3% | ± 4.4 | 853 | -- | ||
| Cygnal | Oct. 21-23 | 41% | 55% | 4% | ± 3.9 | 645 | Ready Education Network | ||
| Auburn University Montgomery | Sept. 30-Oct. 3 | 42% | 54% | 4% | ± 4.0 | 1,072 | -- | ||
Noteworthy endorsements
This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.
| Noteworthy endorsements | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endorsement | Jones (D) | Tuberville (R) | ||||
| Elected officials | ||||||
| President Donald Trump (R)[2] | ✔ | |||||
| Former President Barack Obama (D)[3] | ✔ | |||||
| 2020 vice presidential nominee/Sen. Kamala Harris (D-Calif.)[4] | ✔ | |||||
| Individuals | ||||||
| Retired Marine Corps Gen./Former Joint Chiefs of Staff member Charles Krulak (R)[5] | ✔ | |||||
| Former Sen./2020 Republican primary runoff candidate Jeff Sessions[6] | ✔ | |||||
| Click here to see a list of endorsements in the July 14, 2020, Republican primary runoff and the March 3 Republican primary. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Timeline
2020
Campaign advertisements
This section shows advertisements released in this race. Ads released by campaigns and, if applicable, satellite groups are embedded or linked below. If you are aware of advertisements that should be included, please email us.
Doug Jones
Supporting Jones
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Opposing Tuberville
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Tommy Tuberville
Supporting Tuberville
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Campaign themes
- See also: Campaign themes
Doug Jones
Jones' campaign website stated the following:
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Education Every child in Alabama deserves access to a quality education, regardless of his or her gender, race, socioeconomic status, or where he or she lives. From pre-K to college to job training and apprenticeships, our students need to be well prepared for the future. Goals & Accomplishments
Health care We all want access to quality health care we can afford. Every Alabamian deserves high-quality, affordable health care, and we have to protect access to health care for those with pre-existing conditions. As a member of the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee, Doug is working across the aisle to expand access to medical care while keeping costs for hard-working Alabama families low. Goals & Accomplishments
Jobs and the Economy We all want the opportunity to earn a living with a good wage and a secure retirement. We need to build a strong economy for Alabama, one that both attracts new businesses while supporting the industries that have been in our state for generations. These businesses provide opportunities for Alabamians to make a living wage and have access to equal opportunity. Goals & Accomplishments
Rural Issues With all the chaos in Washington, it’s easy for politicians to lose sight of the issues that plague rural communities. Doug is committed to making sure no Alabamians are left behind, no matter where they live. From protecting rural hospitals and addressing nursing shortages in rural areas to working to improve rural internet access to taking on the challenges facing our farmers, Doug has a proven record of addressing the needs of rural Alabamians. Goals & Accomplishments
Veterans and Military Families Those who serve our nation in the armed forces deserve more than our thanks and gratitude. Veterans deserve the best medical care and benefits possible when returning to civilian life, and Doug is committed to standing up for our veterans and their families to ensure they have the support and resources they need. Goals & Accomplishments
Civil & Human Rights For his entire career, Doug has been committed to standing up for the rights of all Alabamians and all Americans. Doug is working to bring people together and combat hate and discrimination of any kind – from protecting the right to vote to advancing civil rights. Goals & Accomplishments
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” |
| —Doug Jones' campaign website (2020)[25] | ||
Tommy Tuberville
Tuberville's campaign website stated the following:
| “ |
SERVING THOSE WHO SERVED Changing The Way We Treat Our Veterans My father was a highly decorated WWII veteran and Purple Heart recipient, and that is why I am so passionate about changing the way our nation treats its Veterans. President Trump is off to a good start – Veteran unemployment is at its lowest point in history: 2.3%. But we can and must do more to help our Veterans re-enter the workforce and society. We must provide them with high-quality care and job training, and ensure that those who need it get the psychological care and attention they need to deal with the issues they face being back home. CORE VALUES Tommy Believes the First Duty of Government Is to Protect Our Individual Liberty I am running for the United States Senate because I believe liberals in Washington are out-of-control. I believe the first duty of government is to protect our individual liberty. I will be a leader in Washington fighting for smaller government, less taxes, and our national sovereignty. I am running to defend the Constitution, and I understand that the freedoms we enjoy must be protected and preserved for future generations. As a father and husband, I understand that decisions made in Washington have an immediate impact on families and shape the world we will leave to our children. I understand the profound blessing it is to be a citizen of the United States, and I will be responsible to help conserve that blessing for future generations. IMPROVING EDUCATION The Federal Government Is Not the Solution to Improving Our Nation’s Education System The best and most viable solutions come from the local level where parents, students, and local administrators can collaborate and work towards success together. And I believe that school choice, charter schools, and improving our existing public schools are all things that need to be a part of the education mix for Alabama children. ECONOMY Lower Taxes and Less Spending Thankfully we have a President who thinks like we do: lower taxes create jobs and less spending reduces the size and scope of the federal government. After eight long years of a declining economy, we are now seeing record job growth across the board and the lowest unemployment rates for Veterans and African-Americans in history. President Trump’s tax cuts and economic policies have driven this success – and I will join in the fight and support our President as we continue to grow our economy. IMMIGRATION & BORDER SECURITY It’s Simple — A Secure Border Means a More Secure Nation We must first secure our border as we attempt real immigration reforms that will impact our nation for decades to come. I fully support President Trump’s plan to build a wall and make our nation more secure. And I will make sure our border patrol, detention centers, and law enforcement officers along and near the border have the resources they need to fight the scourge of illegal immigration that brings drugs, terrorists, and criminals into our country on a daily basis. NATIONAL SECURITY The First Role of Government Is to Protect Citizens The first role of our government is to protect its citizens and that is why I will support a strong and robust military. I know we must provide our Armed Forces with the tools and resources they need to protect Americans at home and abroad. Alabamians are proud and we stand with our military and our Veterans who have given so much for our nation. PROTECTING LIFE Stand for the Right to Life A Christian conservative, I will always stand up for those who can’t do so on their own. I will fight to protect the sanctity of every human life because future generations may very well look back at the current wave of infanticide sweeping across our nation as this generation’s holocaust. GUN RIGHTS Defending The Second Amendment While we are fighting out-of-touch liberals to protect life and liberty, we must also stand up for the time-honored traditions we hold dear in Alabama. Being a sportsman has always been a part of my life. That is why I will always vote to protect and preserve our Second Amendment rights. INVESTIGATE THE INVESTIGATORS Tommy Will Stand With President Trump If I was in U.S. Senate today, I would be calling for a full and thorough investigation into the now-disproved Russian collusion probe of the 2016 elections. I believe that this witch-hunt was a political stunt to try and call into question President Trump’s legitimacy. I will stand with President Trump and fight any attempt to discredit his Presidency. HEALTHCARE Reforming A Broken Healthcare System Obamacare must go. This failed experiment has led to higher costs, less quality care, and a system that hurts patients and doctors more than it helps. I believe that we need a return to the free-market where companies compete for your business, while ensuring that pre-existing conditions are not a deterrent to obtaining quality insurance and care.[24] |
” |
| —Tommy Tuberville's campaign website (2020)[26] | ||
Runoff elections in Alabama
In Alabama, a primary election candidate for congressional, state, or county office must receive a majority of the vote (more than 50%) to be declared the winner. If no candidate wins the requisite majority, a runoff election is held between the top two vote-getters.[27]
As of 2020, the Alabama Secretary of State office stated that "if you vote in a primary election and want to vote in a primary runoff election, you must vote in the primary runoff election of the same political party that you chose in the primary election. However, if you did not vote in a political party's primary election and would like to vote in the primary runoff election, you may choose which political party's primary runoff election you would like to vote in."[28]
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[29] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[30]
| Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doug Jones | Democratic Party | $31,053,566 | $32,710,699 | $474,033 | As of December 31, 2020 |
| Tommy Tuberville | Republican Party | $9,605,815 | $9,432,335 | $173,480 | As of December 31, 2020 |
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Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2020. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
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Race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from three outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[31]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[32][33][34]
| Race ratings: U.S. Senate election in Alabama, 2020 | |||||||||
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| Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
| November 3, 2020 | October 27, 2020 | October 20, 2020 | October 13, 2020 | ||||||
| The Cook Political Report | Lean Republican | Lean Republican | Lean Republican | Lean Republican | |||||
| Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Lean Republican | Lean Republican | Lean Republican | Lean Republican | |||||
| Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Likely Republican | Likely Republican | Likely Republican | Likely Republican | |||||
| Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every week throughout the election season. | |||||||||
Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. Senate candidates in Alabama in the 2020 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Alabama, click here.
| Filing requirements for U.S. Senate candidates, 2020 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Signature formula | Filing fee | Filing fee formula | Filing deadline | Source |
| Alabama | U.S. Senate | Democratic | N/A | N/A | $3,480.00 | 2% of annual salary | 11/8/2019 | Source |
| Alabama | U.S. Senate | Republican | N/A | N/A | $3,480.00 | 2% of annual salary | 11/8/2019 | Source |
| Alabama | U.S. Senate | Unaffiliated | 51,588 | 3% of votes cast for governor in the last election | N/A | N/A | 3/3/2020 | Source |
Election history
2017
| U.S. Senate, Alabama General Election, 2017 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Democrat |  Doug Jones |
50% | 673,896 | |
| Republican | Roy Moore | 48.3% | 651,972 | |
| Independent | Write-in | 1.7% | 22,852 | |
| Total Votes | 1,348,720 | |||
| Source: Alabama Secretary of State | ||||
2016
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Richard Shelby Incumbent |
64% | 1,335,104 | |
| Democratic | Ron Crumpton | 35.9% | 748,709 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0.2% | 3,631 | |
| Total Votes | 2,087,444 | |||
| Source: Alabama Secretary of State | ||||
2014
On November 4, 2014, Jeff Sessions won re-election to the United States Senate. He ran completely unopposed in both the primary and general elections.
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jeff Sessions Incumbent |
97.3% | 795,606 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 2.7% | 22,484 | |
| Total Votes | 818,090 | |||
| Source: Alabama Secretary of State | ||||
2010
On November 2, 2010, Richard Shelby won re-election to the United States Senate. He defeated William Barnes (D) in the general election.[35]
| U.S. Senate, Alabama General Election, 2010 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
| Republican | Richard Shelby incumbent |
65.2% | 968,181 | |
| Democratic | William Barnes | 34.7% | 515,619 | |
| N/A | Write-in | 0.1% | 1,699 | |
| Total Votes | 1,485,499 | |||
See also
- United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama, 2020
- United States Senate elections, 2020
Footnotes
- ↑ Candidate Connection surveys completed before September 26, 2019, were not used to generate candidate profiles. In battleground primaries, Ballotpedia based its selection of noteworthy candidates on polling, fundraising, and noteworthy endorsements. In battleground general elections, all major party candidates and any other candidates with the potential to impact the outcome of the race were included.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Twitter, "Donald Trump on March 10, 2020," accessed March 11, 2020
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Alabama Political Reporter, "President Obama pushes support for Doug Jones in robocall," November 2, 2020
- ↑ AL.com, "Senator Harris on Jones: 'Please send him back, Alabama,'" March 8, 2020
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alabama Political Reporter, "Retired U.S. Marines general endorses Doug Jones," October 20, 2020
- ↑ YouTube, "Tuberville and Sessions Joint Video Release" October 15, 2020
- ↑ YouTube, "Ed Meese Endorses Jeff Sessions in New Radio Ad," June 16, 2020
- ↑ Facebook, "Jeff Sessions on July 10, 2020," accessed July 13, 2020
- ↑ Facebook, "Jeff Sessions on March 13, 2020," accessed March 13, 2020
- ↑ Eagle Forum PAC, "Eagle Forum PAC Endorses Jeff Sessions for U.S. Senate," March 10, 2020
- ↑ Facebook, "Jeff Sessions on May 5, 2020," accessed May 7, 2020
- ↑ Politico, "Club for Growth spurns Sessions, endorses Tuberville in Alabama," March 16, 2020
- ↑ Yellow Hammer News, "National Association for Gun Rights endorses Tuberville in Alabama Senate race," June 30, 2020
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 The Hill, "Eleven GOP senators sign open letter backing Sessions's comeback bid," November 8, 2019
- ↑ Twitter, "Mike Lee on May 22, 2019," accessed January 24, 2020
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Yellow Hammer, "Rand Paul endorses Arnold Mooney for Senate — ‘True freedom-loving conservative,’" October 31, 2019
- ↑ Twitter, "Liz Cheney on February 26, 2020," accessed February 27, 2020
- ↑ Yellow Hammer News, "Trump tax cuts architect: Trump probably would not be president without Jeff Sessions," accessed February 24, 2020
- ↑ Protect Freedom PAC, "Protect Freedom PAC Endorses Arnold Mooney for Senate in Alabama," November 1, 2019
- ↑ Jeff Sessions' 2020 campaign website, "FRCA PAC Endorsement Jeff Sessions," February 19, 2020
- ↑ Facebook, "Jeff Sessions on March 1, 2020," accessed March 2, 2020
- ↑ Scribd, "AUM poll Oct 5 2020," October 5, 2020
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Alabama - Senate," accessed August 27, 2020
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Doug Jones' campaign website, "Priorities," accessed August 27, 2020
- ↑ Tommy Tuberville's campaign website, "Issues," accessed August 27, 2020
- ↑ Code of Alabama, "Section 17-13-18," accessed July 10, 2020
- ↑ Alabama Secretary of State, "FAQs," accessed July 10, 2020
- ↑ Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
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